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  • Phosphorylation
  • American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)  (1,100)
  • Nature Publishing Group (NPG)  (150)
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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2016-04-09
    Description: Activation of various cell surface receptors triggers the reorganization of downstream signaling molecules into micrometer- or submicrometer-sized clusters. However, the functional consequences of such clustering have been unclear. We biochemically reconstituted a 12-component signaling pathway on model membranes, beginning with T cell receptor (TCR) activation and ending with actin assembly. When TCR phosphorylation was triggered, downstream signaling proteins spontaneously separated into liquid-like clusters that promoted signaling outputs both in vitro and in human Jurkat T cells. Reconstituted clusters were enriched in kinases but excluded phosphatases and enhanced actin filament assembly by recruiting and organizing actin regulators. These results demonstrate that protein phase separation can create a distinct physical and biochemical compartment that facilitates signaling.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Su, Xiaolei -- Ditlev, Jonathon A -- Hui, Enfu -- Xing, Wenmin -- Banjade, Sudeep -- Okrut, Julia -- King, David S -- Taunton, Jack -- Rosen, Michael K -- Vale, Ronald D -- 5-F32-DK101188/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- F32 DK101188/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM056322/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01-GM56322/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2016 Apr 29;352(6285):595-9. doi: 10.1126/science.aad9964. Epub 2016 Apr 7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI) Summer Institute, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA. Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA. ; Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI) Summer Institute, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA. Department of Biophysics and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA. ; HHMI Mass Spectrometry Laboratory and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. ; Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI) Summer Institute, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA. Department of Biophysics and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA. ron.vale@ucsf.edu michael.rosen@utsouthwestern.edu. ; Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI) Summer Institute, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA. Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA. ron.vale@ucsf.edu michael.rosen@utsouthwestern.edu.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27056844" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Actins/*metabolism ; Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/*metabolism ; Fluorescence Recovery After Photobleaching ; Humans ; Jurkat Cells ; Membrane Proteins/*metabolism ; Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases ; Phosphorylation ; Polymerization ; Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/*agonists ; Signal Transduction ; T-Lymphocytes/*metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2016-02-26
    Description: In response to growth signals, mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) stimulates anabolic processes underlying cell growth. We found that mTORC1 increases metabolic flux through the de novo purine synthesis pathway in various mouse and human cells, thereby influencing the nucleotide pool available for nucleic acid synthesis. mTORC1 had transcriptional effects on multiple enzymes contributing to purine synthesis, with expression of the mitochondrial tetrahydrofolate (mTHF) cycle enzyme methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase 2 (MTHFD2) being closely associated with mTORC1 signaling in both normal and cancer cells. MTHFD2 expression and purine synthesis were stimulated by activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4), which was activated by mTORC1 independent of its canonical induction downstream of eukaryotic initiation factor 2alpha eIF2alpha phosphorylation. Thus, mTORC1 stimulates the mTHF cycle, which contributes one-carbon units to enhance production of purine nucleotides in response to growth signals.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ben-Sahra, Issam -- Hoxhaj, Gerta -- Ricoult, Stephane J H -- Asara, John M -- Manning, Brendan D -- K99-CA194192/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- P01 CA120964/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- P01-CA120964/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- P30-CA006516/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA181390/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01-CA181390/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R35 CA197459/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R35-CA197459/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2016 Feb 12;351(6274):728-33. doi: 10.1126/science.aad0489.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA. ; Division of Signal Transduction, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA. ; Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA. bmanning@hsph.harvard.edu.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26912861" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Activating Transcription Factor 4/genetics/metabolism ; Animals ; Eukaryotic Initiation Factor-2/metabolism ; HEK293 Cells ; Humans ; Methenyltetrahydrofolate Cyclohydrolase/genetics ; Methylenetetrahydrofolate Dehydrogenase (NADP)/genetics ; Mice ; Mitochondria/*metabolism ; Multiprotein Complexes/genetics/*metabolism ; Phosphorylation ; Protein Biosynthesis ; Purines/*biosynthesis ; TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases/genetics/*metabolism ; Tetrahydrofolates/*metabolism ; Transcription, Genetic
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2016-02-06
    Description: SH3 and multiple ankyrin repeat domains 3 (SHANK3) haploinsufficiency is causative for the neurological features of Phelan-McDermid syndrome (PMDS), including a high risk of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). We used unbiased, quantitative proteomics to identify changes in the phosphoproteome of Shank3-deficient neurons. Down-regulation of protein kinase B (PKB/Akt)-mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling resulted from enhanced phosphorylation and activation of serine/threonine protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) regulatory subunit, B56beta, due to increased steady-state levels of its kinase, Cdc2-like kinase 2 (CLK2). Pharmacological and genetic activation of Akt or inhibition of CLK2 relieved synaptic deficits in Shank3-deficient and PMDS patient-derived neurons. CLK2 inhibition also restored normal sociability in a Shank3-deficient mouse model. Our study thereby provides a novel mechanistic and potentially therapeutic understanding of deregulated signaling downstream of Shank3 deficiency.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bidinosti, Michael -- Botta, Paolo -- Kruttner, Sebastian -- Proenca, Catia C -- Stoehr, Natacha -- Bernhard, Mario -- Fruh, Isabelle -- Mueller, Matthias -- Bonenfant, Debora -- Voshol, Hans -- Carbone, Walter -- Neal, Sarah J -- McTighe, Stephanie M -- Roma, Guglielmo -- Dolmetsch, Ricardo E -- Porter, Jeffrey A -- Caroni, Pico -- Bouwmeester, Tewis -- Luthi, Andreas -- Galimberti, Ivan -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2016 Mar 11;351(6278):1199-203. doi: 10.1126/science.aad5487. Epub 2016 Feb 4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Developmental Molecular Pathways, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland. ; Friedrich Miescher Institute, Basel, Switzerland. ; Analytical Sciences and Imaging, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland. ; Neuroscience, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, USA. ; Developmental Molecular Pathways, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland. ivan.galimberti@novartis.com.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26847545" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Autism Spectrum Disorder/*drug therapy/enzymology/genetics ; Chromosome Deletion ; Chromosome Disorders/genetics ; Chromosomes, Human, Pair 22/genetics ; Disease Models, Animal ; Down-Regulation ; Gene Knockdown Techniques ; Humans ; Insulin-Like Growth Factor I/metabolism ; Mice ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Multiprotein Complexes/metabolism ; Nerve Tissue Proteins/*genetics ; Neurons/enzymology ; Phosphorylation ; Protein Phosphatase 2/metabolism ; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases/*antagonists & inhibitors/metabolism ; Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/*antagonists & inhibitors/metabolism ; Proteomics ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/genetics/metabolism ; Rats ; Signal Transduction ; TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2016-02-24
    Description: Eukaryotic cells restrict protein synthesis under various stress conditions, by inhibiting the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2B (eIF2B). eIF2B is the guanine nucleotide exchange factor for eIF2, a heterotrimeric G protein consisting of alpha-, beta- and gamma-subunits. eIF2B exchanges GDP for GTP on the gamma-subunit of eIF2 (eIF2gamma), and is inhibited by stress-induced phosphorylation of eIF2alpha. eIF2B is a heterodecameric complex of two copies each of the alpha-, beta-, gamma-, delta- and epsilon-subunits; its alpha-, beta- and delta-subunits constitute the regulatory subcomplex, while the gamma- and epsilon-subunits form the catalytic subcomplex. The three-dimensional structure of the entire eIF2B complex has not been determined. Here we present the crystal structure of Schizosaccharomyces pombe eIF2B with an unprecedented subunit arrangement, in which the alpha2beta2delta2 hexameric regulatory subcomplex binds two gammaepsilon dimeric catalytic subcomplexes on its opposite sides. A structure-based in vitro analysis by a surface-scanning site-directed photo-cross-linking method identified the eIF2alpha-binding and eIF2gamma-binding interfaces, located far apart on the regulatory and catalytic subcomplexes, respectively. The eIF2gamma-binding interface is located close to the conserved 'NF motif', which is important for nucleotide exchange. A structural model was constructed for the complex of eIF2B with phosphorylated eIF2alpha, which binds to eIF2B more strongly than the unphosphorylated form. These results indicate that the eIF2alpha phosphorylation generates the 'nonproductive' eIF2-eIF2B complex, which prevents nucleotide exchange on eIF2gamma, and thus provide a structural framework for the eIF2B-mediated mechanism of stress-induced translational control.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kashiwagi, Kazuhiro -- Takahashi, Mari -- Nishimoto, Madoka -- Hiyama, Takuya B -- Higo, Toshiaki -- Umehara, Takashi -- Sakamoto, Kensaku -- Ito, Takuhiro -- Yokoyama, Shigeyuki -- England -- Nature. 2016 Mar 3;531(7592):122-5. doi: 10.1038/nature16991. Epub 2016 Feb 22.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan. ; RIKEN Systems and Structural Biology Center, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan. ; RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan. ; RIKEN Structural Biology Laboratory, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26901872" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Motifs ; Binding Sites ; Biocatalysis ; Cross-Linking Reagents/chemistry ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Eukaryotic Initiation Factor-2B/*chemistry/metabolism ; Guanosine Diphosphate/metabolism ; Guanosine Triphosphate/metabolism ; Models, Molecular ; Phosphorylation ; Protein Binding ; Protein Biosynthesis ; Protein Structure, Quaternary ; Protein Subunits/chemistry/metabolism ; Schizosaccharomyces/*chemistry
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    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2016-01-07
    Description: Mechanisms that maintain cancer stem cells are crucial to tumour progression. The ID2 protein supports cancer hallmarks including the cancer stem cell state. HIFalpha transcription factors, most notably HIF2alpha (also known as EPAS1), are expressed in and required for maintenance of cancer stem cells (CSCs). However, the pathways that are engaged by ID2 or drive HIF2alpha accumulation in CSCs have remained unclear. Here we report that DYRK1A and DYRK1B kinases phosphorylate ID2 on threonine 27 (Thr27). Hypoxia downregulates this phosphorylation via inactivation of DYRK1A and DYRK1B. The activity of these kinases is stimulated in normoxia by the oxygen-sensing prolyl hydroxylase PHD1 (also known as EGLN2). ID2 binds to the VHL ubiquitin ligase complex, displaces VHL-associated Cullin 2, and impairs HIF2alpha ubiquitylation and degradation. Phosphorylation of Thr27 of ID2 by DYRK1 blocks ID2-VHL interaction and preserves HIF2alpha ubiquitylation. In glioblastoma, ID2 positively modulates HIF2alpha activity. Conversely, elevated expression of DYRK1 phosphorylates Thr27 of ID2, leading to HIF2alpha destabilization, loss of glioma stemness, inhibition of tumour growth, and a more favourable outcome for patients with glioblastoma.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lee, Sang Bae -- Frattini, Veronique -- Bansal, Mukesh -- Castano, Angelica M -- Sherman, Dan -- Hutchinson, Keino -- Bruce, Jeffrey N -- Califano, Andrea -- Liu, Guangchao -- Cardozo, Timothy -- Iavarone, Antonio -- Lasorella, Anna -- R01CA101644/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01CA131126/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01CA178546/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01NS061776/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2016 Jan 14;529(7585):172-7. doi: 10.1038/nature16475. Epub 2016 Jan 6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York 10032, USA. ; Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York 10032, USA. ; Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York 10032, USA. ; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU School of Medicine, New York 10014, USA. ; Department of Neurosurgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York 10032, USA. ; Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York 10032, USA. ; Department of Pathology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York 10032, USA. ; Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York 10032, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26735018" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factors/metabolism ; Cell Hypoxia ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Cullin Proteins/metabolism ; Glioblastoma/*metabolism/*pathology ; Humans ; Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-Proline Dioxygenases/metabolism ; Inhibitor of Differentiation Protein 2/*metabolism ; Male ; Mice ; Neoplastic Stem Cells/*metabolism/pathology ; Oxygen/metabolism ; Phosphorylation ; Phosphothreonine/metabolism ; Protein Binding ; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors/metabolism ; Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors/metabolism ; Ubiquitination ; Von Hippel-Lindau Tumor Suppressor Protein/*antagonists & inhibitors/metabolism ; Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2016-01-21
    Description: Regulatory T (Treg) cells expressing the transcription factor Foxp3 have a pivotal role in maintaining immunological self-tolerance; yet, excessive Treg cell activities suppress anti-tumour immune responses. Compared to the resting Treg (rTreg) cell phenotype in secondary lymphoid organs, Treg cells in non-lymphoid tissues exhibit an activated Treg (aTreg) cell phenotype. However, the function of aTreg cells and whether their generation can be manipulated are largely unexplored. Here we show that the transcription factor Foxo1, previously demonstrated to promote Treg cell suppression of lymphoproliferative diseases, has an unexpected function in inhibiting aTreg-cell-mediated immune tolerance in mice. We find that aTreg cells turned over at a slower rate than rTreg cells, but were not locally maintained in tissues. aTreg cell differentiation was associated with repression of Foxo1-dependent gene transcription, concomitant with reduced Foxo1 expression, cytoplasmic localization and enhanced phosphorylation at the Akt sites. Treg-cell-specific expression of an Akt-insensitive Foxo1 mutant prevented downregulation of lymphoid organ homing molecules, and impeded Treg cell homing to non-lymphoid organs, causing CD8(+) T-cell-mediated autoimmune diseases. Compared to Treg cells from healthy tissues, tumour-infiltrating Treg cells downregulated Foxo1 target genes more substantially. Expression of the Foxo1 mutant at a lower dose was sufficient to deplete tumour-associated Treg cells, activate effector CD8(+) T cells, and inhibit tumour growth without inflicting autoimmunity. Thus, Foxo1 inactivation is essential for the migration of aTreg cells that have a crucial function in suppressing CD8(+) T-cell responses; and the Foxo signalling pathway in Treg cells can be titrated to break tumour immune tolerance preferentially.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Luo, Chong T -- Liao, Will -- Dadi, Saida -- Toure, Ahmed -- Li, Ming O -- P30 CA008748/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI102888-01A1/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2016 Jan 28;529(7587):532-6. doi: 10.1038/nature16486. Epub 2016 Jan 20.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA. ; Louis V. Gerstner Jr Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA. ; New York Genome Center, New York, New York 10013, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26789248" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Autoimmunity/*immunology ; CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/*immunology ; Cell Differentiation ; Cell Movement/immunology ; Down-Regulation ; Female ; Forkhead Transcription Factors/biosynthesis/genetics/*metabolism ; Immune Tolerance/*immunology ; Lymphocyte Activation ; Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/cytology/immunology/metabolism ; Male ; Mice ; Mutation ; Neoplasms/*immunology ; Phosphorylation ; Signal Transduction/immunology ; T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/cytology/*immunology/*metabolism ; Transcription, Genetic
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2016-03-11
    Description: Two-pore channels (TPCs) comprise a subfamily (TPC1-3) of eukaryotic voltage- and ligand-gated cation channels with two non-equivalent tandem pore-forming subunits that dimerize to form quasi-tetramers. Found in vacuolar or endolysosomal membranes, they regulate the conductance of sodium and calcium ions, intravesicular pH, trafficking and excitability. TPCs are activated by a decrease in transmembrane potential and an increase in cytosolic calcium concentrations, are inhibited by low luminal pH and calcium, and are regulated by phosphorylation. Here we report the crystal structure of TPC1 from Arabidopsis thaliana at 2.87 A resolution as a basis for understanding ion permeation, channel activation, the location of voltage-sensing domains and regulatory ion-binding sites. We determined sites of phosphorylation in the amino-terminal and carboxy-terminal domains that are positioned to allosterically modulate cytoplasmic Ca(2+) activation. One of the two voltage-sensing domains (VSD2) encodes voltage sensitivity and inhibition by luminal Ca(2+) and adopts a conformation distinct from the activated state observed in structures of other voltage-gated ion channels. The structure shows that potent pharmacophore trans-Ned-19 (ref. 17) acts allosterically by clamping the pore domains to VSD2. In animals, Ned-19 prevents infection by Ebola virus and other filoviruses, presumably by altering their fusion with the endolysosome and delivery of their contents into the cytoplasm.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4863712/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4863712/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kintzer, Alexander F -- Stroud, Robert M -- GM24485/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- P41-GM103311/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- P41-RR001614/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- P41GM103393/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R37 GM024485/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- England -- Nature. 2016 Mar 10;531(7593):258-62. doi: 10.1038/nature17194.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26961658" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Allosteric Regulation/drug effects ; Arabidopsis/*chemistry ; Arabidopsis Proteins/*antagonists & inhibitors/*chemistry/metabolism ; Binding Sites ; Calcium/metabolism/pharmacology ; Calcium Channels/*chemistry/metabolism ; Carbolines/metabolism/pharmacology ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Ebolavirus/drug effects ; Endosomes/drug effects/metabolism/virology ; *Ion Channel Gating/drug effects ; Ion Transport/drug effects ; Models, Molecular ; Phosphorylation ; Piperazines/metabolism/pharmacology ; Protein Structure, Tertiary/drug effects
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2016-03-31
    Description: Accurate chromosome segregation requires timely dissolution of chromosome cohesion after chromosomes are properly attached to the mitotic spindle. Separase is absolutely essential for cohesion dissolution in organisms from yeast to man. It cleaves the kleisin subunit of cohesin and opens the cohesin ring to allow chromosome segregation. Cohesin cleavage is spatiotemporally controlled by separase-associated regulatory proteins, including the inhibitory chaperone securin, and by phosphorylation of both the enzyme and substrates. Dysregulation of this process causes chromosome missegregation and aneuploidy, contributing to cancer and birth defects. Despite its essential functions, atomic structures of separase have not been determined. Here we report crystal structures of the separase protease domain from the thermophilic fungus Chaetomium thermophilum, alone or covalently bound to unphosphorylated and phosphorylated inhibitory peptides derived from a cohesin cleavage site. These structures reveal how separase recognizes cohesin and how cohesin phosphorylation by polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1) enhances cleavage. Consistent with a previous cellular study, mutating two securin residues in a conserved motif that partly matches the separase cleavage consensus converts securin from a separase inhibitor to a substrate. Our study establishes atomic mechanisms of substrate cleavage by separase and suggests competitive inhibition by securin.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4847710/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4847710/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lin, Zhonghui -- Luo, Xuelian -- Yu, Hongtao -- GM107415/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- England -- Nature. 2016 Apr 7;532(7597):131-4. doi: 10.1038/nature17402. Epub 2016 Mar 30.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6001 Forest Park Road, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA. ; Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6001 Forest Park Road, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA. ; Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6001 Forest Park Road, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27027290" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Binding, Competitive/drug effects ; Cell Cycle Proteins/chemistry/*metabolism ; Chaetomium/*enzymology ; Chromosomal Proteins, Non-Histone/chemistry/*metabolism ; Chromosome Segregation ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Models, Molecular ; Phosphorylation ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism ; Proteolysis ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins/metabolism ; Securin/chemistry/genetics/metabolism/pharmacology ; Separase/antagonists & inhibitors/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Structure-Activity Relationship ; Substrate Specificity/genetics
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2015-12-10
    Description: Epithelial regeneration is critical for barrier maintenance and organ function after intestinal injury. The intestinal stem cell (ISC) niche provides Wnt, Notch and epidermal growth factor (EGF) signals supporting Lgr5(+) crypt base columnar ISCs for normal epithelial maintenance. However, little is known about the regulation of the ISC compartment after tissue damage. Using ex vivo organoid cultures, here we show that innate lymphoid cells (ILCs), potent producers of interleukin-22 (IL-22) after intestinal injury, increase the growth of mouse small intestine organoids in an IL-22-dependent fashion. Recombinant IL-22 directly targeted ISCs, augmenting the growth of both mouse and human intestinal organoids, increasing proliferation and promoting ISC expansion. IL-22 induced STAT3 phosphorylation in Lgr5(+) ISCs, and STAT3 was crucial for both organoid formation and IL-22-mediated regeneration. Treatment with IL-22 in vivo after mouse allogeneic bone marrow transplantation enhanced the recovery of ISCs, increased epithelial regeneration and reduced intestinal pathology and mortality from graft-versus-host disease. ATOH1-deficient organoid culture demonstrated that IL-22 induced epithelial regeneration independently of the Paneth cell niche. Our findings reveal a fundamental mechanism by which the immune system is able to support the intestinal epithelium, activating ISCs to promote regeneration.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4720437/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4720437/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lindemans, Caroline A -- Calafiore, Marco -- Mertelsmann, Anna M -- O'Connor, Margaret H -- Dudakov, Jarrod A -- Jenq, Robert R -- Velardi, Enrico -- Young, Lauren F -- Smith, Odette M -- Lawrence, Gillian -- Ivanov, Juliet A -- Fu, Ya-Yuan -- Takashima, Shuichiro -- Hua, Guoqiang -- Martin, Maria L -- O'Rourke, Kevin P -- Lo, Yuan-Hung -- Mokry, Michal -- Romera-Hernandez, Monica -- Cupedo, Tom -- Dow, Lukas E -- Nieuwenhuis, Edward E -- Shroyer, Noah F -- Liu, Chen -- Kolesnick, Richard -- van den Brink, Marcel R M -- Hanash, Alan M -- HHSN272200900059C/PHS HHS/ -- K08 HL115355/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- K08-HL115355/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- K99 CA176376/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- K99-CA176376/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- P01 CA023766/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- P01-CA023766/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- P30 CA008748/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- P30-CA008748/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI080455/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI100288/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI101406/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 HL069929/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- R01 HL125571/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- R01-AI080455/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01-AI100288/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01-AI101406/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01-HL069929/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- R01-HL125571/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- U19 AI116497/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2015 Dec 24;528(7583):560-4. doi: 10.1038/nature16460. Epub 2015 Dec 9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA. ; Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3508 AB Utrecht, The Netherlands. ; Department of Immunology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA. ; Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton 3800, Australia. ; Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York 10021, USA. ; Department of Radiation Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA. ; Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA. ; Department of Cancer Biology &Genetics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA. ; Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA. ; Department of Hematology, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands. ; Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26649819" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Epithelial Cells/*cytology/immunology/pathology ; Female ; Graft vs Host Disease/pathology ; Humans ; Immunity, Mucosal ; Interleukins/deficiency/*immunology ; Intestinal Mucosa/*cytology/immunology/pathology ; Intestine, Small/*cytology/immunology/pathology ; Mice ; Organoids/cytology/growth & development/immunology ; Paneth Cells/cytology ; Phosphorylation ; *Regeneration ; STAT3 Transcription Factor/metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; Stem Cell Niche ; Stem Cells/*cytology/*metabolism
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2015-03-25
    Description: Cell migration is a stepwise process that coordinates multiple molecular machineries. Using in vitro angiogenesis screens with short interfering RNA and chemical inhibitors, we define here a MAP4K4-moesin-talin-beta1-integrin molecular pathway that promotes efficient plasma membrane retraction during endothelial cell migration. Loss of MAP4K4 decreased membrane dynamics, slowed endothelial cell migration, and impaired angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo. In migrating endothelial cells, MAP4K4 phosphorylates moesin in retracting membranes at sites of focal adhesion disassembly. Epistasis analyses indicated that moesin functions downstream of MAP4K4 to inactivate integrin by competing with talin for binding to beta1-integrin intracellular domain. Consequently, loss of moesin (encoded by the MSN gene) or MAP4K4 reduced adhesion disassembly rate in endothelial cells. Additionally, alpha5beta1-integrin blockade reversed the membrane retraction defects associated with loss of Map4k4 in vitro and in vivo. Our study uncovers a novel aspect of endothelial cell migration. Finally, loss of MAP4K4 function suppressed pathological angiogenesis in disease models, identifying MAP4K4 as a potential therapeutic target.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Vitorino, Philip -- Yeung, Stacey -- Crow, Ailey -- Bakke, Jesse -- Smyczek, Tanya -- West, Kristina -- McNamara, Erin -- Eastham-Anderson, Jeffrey -- Gould, Stephen -- Harris, Seth F -- Ndubaku, Chudi -- Ye, Weilan -- England -- Nature. 2015 Mar 26;519(7544):425-30. doi: 10.1038/nature14323. Epub 2015 Mar 18.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Molecular Biology Department, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA. ; Chemical Biology and Therapeutics Department, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA. ; Translational Oncology Department, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA. ; Pathology Department, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA. ; Structural Biology Department, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA. ; Discovery Chemistry Department, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25799996" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Motifs ; Animals ; Antigens, CD29/chemistry/drug effects/metabolism ; Cell Membrane/drug effects/metabolism ; *Cell Movement ; Cell Shape/drug effects ; Endothelial Cells/*cytology/drug effects/*metabolism ; Epistasis, Genetic ; Focal Adhesions/metabolism ; Humans ; Integrin alpha1/drug effects/metabolism ; Integrins/drug effects/*metabolism ; Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/antagonists & ; inhibitors/deficiency/genetics/*metabolism ; Male ; Mice ; Microfilament Proteins/deficiency/genetics/metabolism ; Neovascularization, Pathologic ; Phosphorylation ; Protein Binding ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases/antagonists & ; inhibitors/deficiency/genetics/*metabolism ; Talin/chemistry/metabolism
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 11
    Publication Date: 2015-03-06
    Description: Eukaryotic cells initiate DNA replication from multiple origins, which must be tightly regulated to promote precise genome duplication in every cell cycle. To accomplish this, initiation is partitioned into two temporally discrete steps: a double hexameric minichromosome maintenance (MCM) complex is first loaded at replication origins during G1 phase, and then converted to the active CMG (Cdc45-MCM-GINS) helicase during S phase. Here we describe the reconstitution of budding yeast DNA replication initiation with 16 purified replication factors, made from 42 polypeptides. Origin-dependent initiation recapitulates regulation seen in vivo. Cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibits MCM loading by phosphorylating the origin recognition complex (ORC) and promotes CMG formation by phosphorylating Sld2 and Sld3. Dbf4-dependent kinase (DDK) promotes replication by phosphorylating MCM, and can act either before or after CDK. These experiments define the minimum complement of proteins, protein kinase substrates and co-factors required for regulated eukaryotic DNA replication.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Yeeles, Joseph T P -- Deegan, Tom D -- Janska, Agnieszka -- Early, Anne -- Diffley, John F X -- Cancer Research UK/United Kingdom -- England -- Nature. 2015 Mar 26;519(7544):431-5. doi: 10.1038/nature14285. Epub 2015 Mar 4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, Clare Hall Laboratories, South Mimms EN6 3LD, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25739503" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Cell Cycle Proteins/metabolism ; Cyclin-Dependent Kinases/metabolism ; *DNA Replication ; DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism ; DNA-Directed DNA Polymerase/metabolism ; Minichromosome Maintenance Proteins/metabolism ; Multienzyme Complexes/metabolism ; Multiprotein Complexes/chemistry/metabolism ; Nuclear Proteins/metabolism ; Phosphorylation ; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism ; Replication Origin/genetics/*physiology ; Replication Protein A/metabolism ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae/enzymology/*genetics/*metabolism ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins/*isolation & purification/*metabolism
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  • 12
    Publication Date: 2015-07-07
    Description: Abnormal accumulation of triglycerides in the liver, caused in part by increased de novo lipogenesis, results in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and insulin resistance. Sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 (SREBP1), an important transcriptional regulator of lipogenesis, is synthesized as an inactive precursor that binds to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). In response to insulin signalling, SREBP1 is transported from the ER to the Golgi in a COPII-dependent manner, processed by proteases in the Golgi, and then shuttled to the nucleus to induce lipogenic gene expression; however, the mechanisms underlying enhanced SREBP1 activity in insulin-resistant obesity and diabetes remain unclear. Here we show in mice that CREB regulated transcription coactivator 2 (CRTC2) functions as a mediator of mTOR signalling to modulate COPII-dependent SREBP1 processing. CRTC2 competes with Sec23A, a subunit of the COPII complex, to interact with Sec31A, another COPII subunit, thus disrupting SREBP1 transport. During feeding, mTOR phosphorylates CRTC2 and attenuates its inhibitory effect on COPII-dependent SREBP1 maturation. As hepatic overexpression of an mTOR-defective CRTC2 mutant in obese mice improved the lipogenic program and insulin sensitivity, these results demonstrate how the transcriptional coactivator CRTC2 regulates mTOR-mediated lipid homeostasis in the fed state and in obesity.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Han, Jinbo -- Li, Erwei -- Chen, Liqun -- Zhang, Yuanyuan -- Wei, Fangchao -- Liu, Jieyuan -- Deng, Haiteng -- Wang, Yiguo -- England -- Nature. 2015 Aug 13;524(7564):243-6. doi: 10.1038/nature14557. Epub 2015 Jul 6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China. ; Proteomics Facility, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26147081" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Binding, Competitive ; COP-Coated Vesicles/chemistry/metabolism ; Homeostasis ; Insulin Resistance ; *Lipid Metabolism ; Lipogenesis ; Liver/*metabolism ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Obese ; Obesity/metabolism ; Phosphorylation ; Protein Processing, Post-Translational ; Protein Transport ; Signal Transduction ; Sterol Regulatory Element Binding Protein 1/*metabolism ; TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism ; Transcription Factors/deficiency/genetics/*metabolism ; Vesicular Transport Proteins/metabolism
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  • 13
    Publication Date: 2015-12-10
    Description: Inactivation of the TNFAIP3 gene, encoding the A20 protein, is associated with critical inflammatory diseases including multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis and Crohn's disease. However, the role of A20 in attenuating inflammatory signalling is unclear owing to paradoxical in vitro and in vivo findings. Here we utilize genetically engineered mice bearing mutations in the A20 ovarian tumour (OTU)-type deubiquitinase domain or in the zinc finger-4 (ZnF4) ubiquitin-binding motif to investigate these discrepancies. We find that phosphorylation of A20 promotes cleavage of Lys63-linked polyubiquitin chains by the OTU domain and enhances ZnF4-mediated substrate ubiquitination. Additionally, levels of linear ubiquitination dictate whether A20-deficient cells die in response to tumour necrosis factor. Mechanistically, linear ubiquitin chains preserve the architecture of the TNFR1 signalling complex by blocking A20-mediated disassembly of Lys63-linked polyubiquitin scaffolds. Collectively, our studies reveal molecular mechanisms whereby A20 deubiquitinase activity and ubiquitin binding, linear ubiquitination, and cellular kinases cooperate to regulate inflammation and cell death.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wertz, Ingrid E -- Newton, Kim -- Seshasayee, Dhaya -- Kusam, Saritha -- Lam, Cynthia -- Zhang, Juan -- Popovych, Nataliya -- Helgason, Elizabeth -- Schoeffler, Allyn -- Jeet, Surinder -- Ramamoorthi, Nandhini -- Kategaya, Lorna -- Newman, Robert J -- Horikawa, Keisuke -- Dugger, Debra -- Sandoval, Wendy -- Mukund, Susmith -- Zindal, Anuradha -- Martin, Flavius -- Quan, Clifford -- Tom, Jeffrey -- Fairbrother, Wayne J -- Townsend, Michael -- Warming, Soren -- DeVoss, Jason -- Liu, Jinfeng -- Dueber, Erin -- Caplazi, Patrick -- Lee, Wyne P -- Goodnow, Christopher C -- Balazs, Mercedesz -- Yu, Kebing -- Kolumam, Ganesh -- Dixit, Vishva M -- England -- Nature. 2015 Dec 17;528(7582):370-5. doi: 10.1038/nature16165. Epub 2015 Dec 9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Discovery Oncology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA. ; Early Discovery Biochemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA. ; Physiological Chemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA. ; Immunology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA. ; Molecular Biology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA. ; Department of Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia. ; Protein Chemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA. ; Structural Biology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA. ; Bioinformatics, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA. ; Pathology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA. ; Immunogenomics Laboratory, Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Sydney, Australia.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26649818" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cell Death ; Cysteine Endopeptidases/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Female ; Inflammation/genetics/*metabolism/pathology ; Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Lysine/metabolism ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mutation ; Phosphorylation ; Polyubiquitin/chemistry/metabolism ; Protein Binding ; Protein Kinases/metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolism ; Ubiquitin/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Ubiquitination
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  • 14
    Publication Date: 2015-11-03
    Description: Ever since Stephen Paget's 1889 hypothesis, metastatic organotropism has remained one of cancer's greatest mysteries. Here we demonstrate that exosomes from mouse and human lung-, liver- and brain-tropic tumour cells fuse preferentially with resident cells at their predicted destination, namely lung fibroblasts and epithelial cells, liver Kupffer cells and brain endothelial cells. We show that tumour-derived exosomes uptaken by organ-specific cells prepare the pre-metastatic niche. Treatment with exosomes from lung-tropic models redirected the metastasis of bone-tropic tumour cells. Exosome proteomics revealed distinct integrin expression patterns, in which the exosomal integrins alpha6beta4 and alpha6beta1 were associated with lung metastasis, while exosomal integrin alphavbeta5 was linked to liver metastasis. Targeting the integrins alpha6beta4 and alphavbeta5 decreased exosome uptake, as well as lung and liver metastasis, respectively. We demonstrate that exosome integrin uptake by resident cells activates Src phosphorylation and pro-inflammatory S100 gene expression. Finally, our clinical data indicate that exosomal integrins could be used to predict organ-specific metastasis.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hoshino, Ayuko -- Costa-Silva, Bruno -- Shen, Tang-Long -- Rodrigues, Goncalo -- Hashimoto, Ayako -- Tesic Mark, Milica -- Molina, Henrik -- Kohsaka, Shinji -- Di Giannatale, Angela -- Ceder, Sophia -- Singh, Swarnima -- Williams, Caitlin -- Soplop, Nadine -- Uryu, Kunihiro -- Pharmer, Lindsay -- King, Tari -- Bojmar, Linda -- Davies, Alexander E -- Ararso, Yonathan -- Zhang, Tuo -- Zhang, Haiying -- Hernandez, Jonathan -- Weiss, Joshua M -- Dumont-Cole, Vanessa D -- Kramer, Kimberly -- Wexler, Leonard H -- Narendran, Aru -- Schwartz, Gary K -- Healey, John H -- Sandstrom, Per -- Labori, Knut Jorgen -- Kure, Elin H -- Grandgenett, Paul M -- Hollingsworth, Michael A -- de Sousa, Maria -- Kaur, Sukhwinder -- Jain, Maneesh -- Mallya, Kavita -- Batra, Surinder K -- Jarnagin, William R -- Brady, Mary S -- Fodstad, Oystein -- Muller, Volkmar -- Pantel, Klaus -- Minn, Andy J -- Bissell, Mina J -- Garcia, Benjamin A -- Kang, Yibin -- Rajasekhar, Vinagolu K -- Ghajar, Cyrus M -- Matei, Irina -- Peinado, Hector -- Bromberg, Jacqueline -- Lyden, David -- R01 CA169416/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01-CA169416/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- U01 CA169538/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- U01-CA169538/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2015 Nov 19;527(7578):329-35. doi: 10.1038/nature15756. Epub 2015 Oct 28.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Children's Cancer and Blood Foundation Laboratories, Departments of Pediatrics, and Cell and Developmental Biology, Drukier Institute for Children's Health, Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York 10021, USA. ; Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology and Center for Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan. ; Graduate Program in Areas of Basic and Applied Biology, Abel Salazar Biomedical Sciences Institute, University of Porto, 4099-003 Porto, Portugal. ; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan. ; Proteomics Resource Center, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065, USA. ; Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA. ; Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden. ; Electron Microscopy Resource Center (EMRC), Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065, USA. ; Breast Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, 10065, USA. ; Department of Surgery, County Council of Ostergotland, and Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linkoping University, 58185 Linkoping, Sweden. ; Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA. ; Genomics Resources Core Facility, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York 10021, USA. ; Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA. ; Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA. ; Division of Pediatric Oncology, Alberta Children's Hospital, Calgary, Alberta T3B 6A8, Canada. ; Division of Hematology/Oncology, Columbia University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10032, USA. ; Orthopaedic Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA. ; Department of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Surgery, Oslo University Hospital, Nydalen, Oslo 0424, Norway. ; Department of Cancer Genetics, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Nydalen, Oslo 0424, Norway. ; Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, USA. ; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, USA. ; Gastric and Mixed Tumor Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA. ; Department of Tumor Biology, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Nydalen, Oslo 0424, Norway. ; Institute for Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Blindern, Oslo 0318, Norway. ; Department of Gynecology, University Medical Center, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany. ; Department of Tumor Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany. ; Department of Radiation Oncology, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA. ; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA. ; Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA. ; Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, USA. ; Breast Medicine Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA. ; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA. ; Microenvironment and Metastasis Laboratory, Department of Molecular Oncology, Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO), Madrid 28029, Spain. ; Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA. ; Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York 10021, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26524530" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biomarkers/metabolism ; Brain/cytology/*metabolism ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Endothelial Cells/cytology/metabolism ; Epithelial Cells/cytology/metabolism ; Exosomes/*metabolism ; Female ; Fibroblasts/cytology/metabolism ; Genes, src ; Humans ; Integrin alpha6beta1/metabolism ; Integrin alpha6beta4/antagonists & inhibitors/metabolism ; Integrin beta Chains/metabolism ; Integrin beta4/metabolism ; Integrins/antagonists & inhibitors/*metabolism ; Kupffer Cells/cytology/metabolism ; Liver/cytology/*metabolism ; Lung/cytology/*metabolism ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Neoplasm Metastasis/*pathology/*prevention & control ; Organ Specificity ; Phosphorylation ; Receptors, Vitronectin/antagonists & inhibitors/metabolism ; S100 Proteins/genetics ; *Tropism
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  • 15
    Publication Date: 2015-11-13
    Description: Cancer cells hijack and remodel existing metabolic pathways for their benefit. Argininosuccinate synthase (ASS1) is a urea cycle enzyme that is essential in the conversion of nitrogen from ammonia and aspartate to urea. A decrease in nitrogen flux through ASS1 in the liver causes the urea cycle disorder citrullinaemia. In contrast to the well-studied consequences of loss of ASS1 activity on ureagenesis, the purpose of its somatic silencing in multiple cancers is largely unknown. Here we show that decreased activity of ASS1 in cancers supports proliferation by facilitating pyrimidine synthesis via CAD (carbamoyl-phosphate synthase 2, aspartate transcarbamylase, and dihydroorotase complex) activation. Our studies were initiated by delineating the consequences of loss of ASS1 activity in humans with two types of citrullinaemia. We find that in citrullinaemia type I (CTLN I), which is caused by deficiency of ASS1, there is increased pyrimidine synthesis and proliferation compared with citrullinaemia type II (CTLN II), in which there is decreased substrate availability for ASS1 caused by deficiency of the aspartate transporter citrin. Building on these results, we demonstrate that ASS1 deficiency in cancer increases cytosolic aspartate levels, which increases CAD activation by upregulating its substrate availability and by increasing its phosphorylation by S6K1 through the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway. Decreasing CAD activity by blocking citrin, the mTOR signalling, or pyrimidine synthesis decreases proliferation and thus may serve as a therapeutic strategy in multiple cancers where ASS1 is downregulated. Our results demonstrate that ASS1 downregulation is a novel mechanism supporting cancerous proliferation, and they provide a metabolic link between the urea cycle enzymes and pyrimidine synthesis.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4655447/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4655447/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Rabinovich, Shiran -- Adler, Lital -- Yizhak, Keren -- Sarver, Alona -- Silberman, Alon -- Agron, Shani -- Stettner, Noa -- Sun, Qin -- Brandis, Alexander -- Helbling, Daniel -- Korman, Stanley -- Itzkovitz, Shalev -- Dimmock, David -- Ulitsky, Igor -- Nagamani, Sandesh C S -- Ruppin, Eytan -- Erez, Ayelet -- 1 U54 HD083092/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2015 Nov 19;527(7578):379-83. doi: 10.1038/nature15529. Epub 2015 Nov 11.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel. ; The Blavatnik School of Computer Science, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel. ; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA. ; Biological Services, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 69978, Israel. ; Human and Molecular Genetic and Biochemistry Center, Medical College Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226, USA. ; Genetic and Metabolic Center, Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem 91120, Israel. ; Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 69978, Israel. ; Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas 77030, USA. ; The Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel. ; Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology &Department of Computer Science, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26560030" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Argininosuccinate Synthase/*deficiency/metabolism ; Aspartate Carbamoyltransferase/metabolism ; Aspartic Acid/*metabolism ; Calcium-Binding Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors/metabolism ; Carbamoyl-Phosphate Synthase (Glutamine-Hydrolyzing)/metabolism ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Cell Proliferation ; Citrullinemia/metabolism ; Cytosol/metabolism ; Dihydroorotase/metabolism ; Down-Regulation ; Enzyme Activation ; Humans ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, SCID ; Neoplasms/enzymology/*metabolism/pathology ; Organic Anion Transporters/antagonists & inhibitors/metabolism ; Phosphorylation ; Pyrimidines/*biosynthesis ; TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism
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  • 16
    Publication Date: 2015-06-18
    Description: During development, cells interpret complex and often conflicting signals to make optimal decisions. Plant stomata, the cellular interface between a plant and the atmosphere, develop according to positional cues, which include a family of secreted peptides called epidermal patterning factors (EPFs). How these signalling peptides orchestrate pattern formation at a molecular level remains unclear. Here we report in Arabidopsis that Stomagen (also called EPF-LIKE9) peptide, which promotes stomatal development, requires ERECTA (ER)-family receptor kinases and interferes with the inhibition of stomatal development by the EPIDERMAL PATTERNING FACTOR 2 (EPF2)-ER module. Both EPF2 and Stomagen directly bind to ER and its co-receptor TOO MANY MOUTHS. Stomagen peptide competitively replaced EPF2 binding to ER. Furthermore, application of EPF2, but not Stomagen, elicited rapid phosphorylation of downstream signalling components in vivo. Our findings demonstrate how a plant receptor agonist and antagonist define inhibitory and inductive cues to fine-tune tissue patterning on the plant epidermis.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4532310/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4532310/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lee, Jin Suk -- Hnilova, Marketa -- Maes, Michal -- Lin, Ya-Chen Lisa -- Putarjunan, Aarthi -- Han, Soon-Ki -- Avila, Julian -- Torii, Keiko U -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- England -- Nature. 2015 Jun 25;522(7557):439-43. doi: 10.1038/nature14561. Epub 2015 Jun 17.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉1] Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA [2] Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA. ; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA. ; Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26083750" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Arabidopsis/genetics/growth & development/*metabolism ; Arabidopsis Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; *Binding, Competitive ; DNA-Binding Proteins/*metabolism ; Enzyme Activation ; Hypocotyl/metabolism ; MAP Kinase Signaling System ; Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism ; Phosphorylation ; Plant Stomata/*growth & development/*metabolism ; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases/deficiency/genetics/*metabolism ; Receptors, Cell Surface/deficiency/genetics/*metabolism ; Seedlings/enzymology/metabolism ; Transcription Factors/*metabolism
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  • 17
    Publication Date: 2015-06-18
    Description: The anaphase-promoting complex (APC/C) is a multimeric RING E3 ubiquitin ligase that controls chromosome segregation and mitotic exit. Its regulation by coactivator subunits, phosphorylation, the mitotic checkpoint complex and interphase early mitotic inhibitor 1 (Emi1) ensures the correct order and timing of distinct cell-cycle transitions. Here we use cryo-electron microscopy to determine atomic structures of APC/C-coactivator complexes with either Emi1 or a UbcH10-ubiquitin conjugate. These structures define the architecture of all APC/C subunits, the position of the catalytic module and explain how Emi1 mediates inhibition of the two E2s UbcH10 and Ube2S. Definition of Cdh1 interactions with the APC/C indicates how they are antagonized by Cdh1 phosphorylation. The structure of the APC/C with UbcH10-ubiquitin reveals insights into the initiating ubiquitination reaction. Our results provide a quantitative framework for the design of future experiments to investigate APC/C functions in vivo.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4608048/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4608048/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Chang, Leifu -- Zhang, Ziguo -- Yang, Jing -- McLaughlin, Stephen H -- Barford, David -- A8022/Cancer Research UK/United Kingdom -- MC_UP_1201/6/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- Cancer Research UK/United Kingdom -- England -- Nature. 2015 Jun 25;522(7557):450-4. doi: 10.1038/nature14471. Epub 2015 Jun 15.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26083744" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Anaphase-Promoting Complex-Cyclosome/chemistry/*metabolism/*ultrastructure ; Apc1 Subunit, Anaphase-Promoting ; Complex-Cyclosome/chemistry/metabolism/ultrastructure ; Apc10 Subunit, Anaphase-Promoting ; Complex-Cyclosome/chemistry/metabolism/ultrastructure ; Apc11 Subunit, Anaphase-Promoting Complex-Cyclosome/chemistry/metabolism ; Apc3 Subunit, Anaphase-Promoting Complex-Cyclosome/chemistry/metabolism ; Apc8 Subunit, Anaphase-Promoting ; Complex-Cyclosome/chemistry/metabolism/ultrastructure ; Cadherins/chemistry/metabolism/ultrastructure ; Catalytic Domain ; Cell Cycle Proteins/chemistry/metabolism/ultrastructure ; Cryoelectron Microscopy ; Cytoskeletal Proteins/chemistry/metabolism ; F-Box Proteins/chemistry/metabolism/ultrastructure ; Humans ; Lysine/metabolism ; Models, Molecular ; Phosphorylation ; Protein Binding ; Protein Subunits/chemistry/metabolism ; Structure-Activity Relationship ; Substrate Specificity ; Ubiquitin/chemistry/metabolism/ultrastructure ; Ubiquitin-Conjugating Enzymes/chemistry/metabolism/ultrastructure ; *Ubiquitination
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  • 18
    Publication Date: 2015-07-15
    Description: The E3 ubiquitin ligase PARKIN (encoded by PARK2) and the protein kinase PINK1 (encoded by PARK6) are mutated in autosomal-recessive juvenile Parkinsonism (AR-JP) and work together in the disposal of damaged mitochondria by mitophagy. PINK1 is stabilized on the outside of depolarized mitochondria and phosphorylates polyubiquitin as well as the PARKIN ubiquitin-like (Ubl) domain. These phosphorylation events lead to PARKIN recruitment to mitochondria, and activation by an unknown allosteric mechanism. Here we present the crystal structure of Pediculus humanus PARKIN in complex with Ser65-phosphorylated ubiquitin (phosphoUb), revealing the molecular basis for PARKIN recruitment and activation. The phosphoUb binding site on PARKIN comprises a conserved phosphate pocket and harbours residues mutated in patients with AR-JP. PhosphoUb binding leads to straightening of a helix in the RING1 domain, and the resulting conformational changes release the Ubl domain from the PARKIN core; this activates PARKIN. Moreover, phosphoUb-mediated Ubl release enhances Ubl phosphorylation by PINK1, leading to conformational changes within the Ubl domain and stabilization of an open, active conformation of PARKIN. We redefine the role of the Ubl domain not only as an inhibitory but also as an activating element that is restrained in inactive PARKIN and released by phosphoUb. Our work opens up new avenues to identify small-molecule PARKIN activators.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wauer, Tobias -- Simicek, Michal -- Schubert, Alexander -- Komander, David -- U105192732/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- England -- Nature. 2015 Aug 20;524(7565):370-4. doi: 10.1038/nature14879. Epub 2015 Jul 10.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26161729" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Binding Sites/genetics ; Conserved Sequence/genetics ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Enzyme Activation ; Humans ; Models, Molecular ; Mutation/genetics ; Parkinsonian Disorders/genetics ; Pediculus/*chemistry ; Phosphates/metabolism ; Phosphoproteins/chemistry/metabolism ; Phosphorylation ; Protein Binding ; Protein Kinases/metabolism ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Structure-Activity Relationship ; Ubiquitin/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases/*chemistry/genetics/*metabolism
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  • 19
    Publication Date: 2015-08-13
    Description: Protein aggregates and damaged organelles are tagged with ubiquitin chains to trigger selective autophagy. To initiate mitophagy, the ubiquitin kinase PINK1 phosphorylates ubiquitin to activate the ubiquitin ligase parkin, which builds ubiquitin chains on mitochondrial outer membrane proteins, where they act to recruit autophagy receptors. Using genome editing to knockout five autophagy receptors in HeLa cells, here we show that two receptors previously linked to xenophagy, NDP52 and optineurin, are the primary receptors for PINK1- and parkin-mediated mitophagy. PINK1 recruits NDP52 and optineurin, but not p62, to mitochondria to activate mitophagy directly, independently of parkin. Once recruited to mitochondria, NDP52 and optineurin recruit the autophagy factors ULK1, DFCP1 and WIPI1 to focal spots proximal to mitochondria, revealing a function for these autophagy receptors upstream of LC3. This supports a new model in which PINK1-generated phospho-ubiquitin serves as the autophagy signal on mitochondria, and parkin then acts to amplify this signal. This work also suggests direct and broader roles for ubiquitin phosphorylation in other autophagy pathways.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lazarou, Michael -- Sliter, Danielle A -- Kane, Lesley A -- Sarraf, Shireen A -- Wang, Chunxin -- Burman, Jonathon L -- Sideris, Dionisia P -- Fogel, Adam I -- Youle, Richard J -- Intramural NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2015 Aug 20;524(7565):309-14. doi: 10.1038/nature14893. Epub 2015 Aug 12.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Biochemistry Section, Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26266977" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Autophagy/*physiology ; Carrier Proteins/metabolism ; HeLa Cells ; Humans ; Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/metabolism ; Membrane Proteins/metabolism ; Microtubule-Associated Proteins/metabolism ; Mitochondria/metabolism ; Mitochondrial Degradation/*physiology ; Mitochondrial Proteins/metabolism ; Models, Biological ; Nuclear Proteins/*metabolism ; Phosphorylation ; Protein Kinases/*metabolism ; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; Transcription Factor TFIIIA/*metabolism ; Ubiquitin/metabolism ; Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases/metabolism
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  • 20
    Publication Date: 2015-07-28
    Description: Tissue morphogenesis is orchestrated by cell shape changes. Forces required to power these changes are generated by non-muscle myosin II (MyoII) motor proteins pulling filamentous actin (F-actin). Actomyosin networks undergo cycles of assembly and disassembly (pulses) to cause cell deformations alternating with steps of stabilization to result in irreversible shape changes. Although this ratchet-like behaviour operates in a variety of contexts, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Here we investigate the role of MyoII regulation through the conserved Rho1-Rok pathway during Drosophila melanogaster germband extension. This morphogenetic process is powered by cell intercalation, which involves the shrinkage of junctions in the dorsal-ventral axis (vertical junctions) followed by junction extension in the anterior-posterior axis. While polarized flows of medial-apical MyoII pulses deform vertical junctions, MyoII enrichment on these junctions (planar polarity) stabilizes them. We identify two critical properties of MyoII dynamics that underlie stability and pulsatility: exchange kinetics governed by phosphorylation-dephosphorylation cycles of the MyoII regulatory light chain; and advection due to contraction of the motors on F-actin networks. Spatial control over MyoII exchange kinetics establishes two stable regimes of high and low dissociation rates, resulting in MyoII planar polarity. Pulsatility emerges at intermediate dissociation rates, enabling convergent advection of MyoII and its upstream regulators Rho1 GTP, Rok and MyoII phosphatase. Notably, pulsatility is not an outcome of an upstream Rho1 pacemaker. Rather, it is a self-organized system that involves positive and negative biomechanical feedback between MyoII advection and dissociation rates.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Munjal, Akankshi -- Philippe, Jean-Marc -- Munro, Edwin -- Lecuit, Thomas -- England -- Nature. 2015 Aug 20;524(7565):351-5. doi: 10.1038/nature14603. Epub 2015 Jul 27.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Aix Marseille Universite, CNRS, IBDM UMR7288, 13009 Marseille, France. ; Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26214737" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Actins/metabolism ; Actomyosin/*metabolism ; Animals ; Cell Polarity ; *Cell Shape ; Drosophila Proteins/*metabolism ; Drosophila melanogaster/*cytology/*embryology/metabolism ; Female ; Kinetics ; Male ; *Morphogenesis ; Myosin Light Chains/metabolism ; Myosin Type II/metabolism ; Myosin-Light-Chain Phosphatase/metabolism ; Phosphorylation ; rho GTP-Binding Proteins/metabolism ; rho-Associated Kinases/metabolism
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  • 21
    Publication Date: 2015-05-15
    Description: The tumour microenvironment may contribute to tumorigenesis owing to mechanical forces such as fibrotic stiffness or mechanical pressure caused by the expansion of hyper-proliferative cells. Here we explore the contribution of the mechanical pressure exerted by tumour growth onto non-tumorous adjacent epithelium. In the early stage of mouse colon tumour development in the Notch(+)Apc(+/1638N) mouse model, we observed mechanistic pressure stress in the non-tumorous epithelial cells caused by hyper-proliferative adjacent crypts overexpressing active Notch, which is associated with increased Ret and beta-catenin signalling. We thus developed a method that allows the delivery of a defined mechanical pressure in vivo, by subcutaneously inserting a magnet close to the mouse colon. The implanted magnet generated a magnetic force on ultra-magnetic liposomes, stabilized in the mesenchymal cells of the connective tissue surrounding colonic crypts after intravenous injection. The magnetically induced pressure quantitatively mimicked the endogenous early tumour growth stress in the order of 1,200 Pa, without affecting tissue stiffness, as monitored by ultrasound strain imaging and shear wave elastography. The exertion of pressure mimicking that of tumour growth led to rapid Ret activation and downstream phosphorylation of beta-catenin on Tyr654, imparing its interaction with the E-cadherin in adherens junctions, and which was followed by beta-catenin nuclear translocation after 15 days. As a consequence, increased expression of beta-catenin-target genes was observed at 1 month, together with crypt enlargement accompanying the formation of early tumorous aberrant crypt foci. Mechanical activation of the tumorigenic beta-catenin pathway suggests unexplored modes of tumour propagation based on mechanical signalling pathways in healthy epithelial cells surrounding the tumour, which may contribute to tumour heterogeneity.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Fernandez-Sanchez, Maria Elena -- Barbier, Sandrine -- Whitehead, Joanne -- Bealle, Gaelle -- Michel, Aude -- Latorre-Ossa, Heldmuth -- Rey, Colette -- Fouassier, Laura -- Claperon, Audrey -- Brulle, Laura -- Girard, Elodie -- Servant, Nicolas -- Rio-Frio, Thomas -- Marie, Helene -- Lesieur, Sylviane -- Housset, Chantal -- Gennisson, Jean-Luc -- Tanter, Mickael -- Menager, Christine -- Fre, Silvia -- Robine, Sylvie -- Farge, Emmanuel -- England -- Nature. 2015 Jul 2;523(7558):92-5. doi: 10.1038/nature14329. Epub 2015 May 11.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR 168, Physicochimie Curie Mechanics and Genetics of Embryonic and Tumour Development, INSERM, Fondation Pierre-Gilles de Gennes, F-75005 Paris, France. ; UPMC, Sorbonne Universites, Laboratoire PHENIX Physico-chimie des Electrolytes et Nanosystemes Interfaciaux, CNRS UMR 8234, F-75005 Paris, France. ; Langevin Institut, Waves and Images ESPCI ParisTech, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR7587, Inserm U979. F-75005 Paris, France. ; Sorbonne Universites, UPMC and INSERM, UMR-S 938, CDR Saint-Antoine, F-75012 Paris, France. ; CNRS UMR3666/INSERM U1143, Endocytic Trafficking and Therapeutic Delivery, Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, F-75005 Paris, France. ; Bioinformatic platform, U900, Institut Curie, MINES ParisTech, F-75005 Paris, France. ; Next-generation sequencing platform, Institut Curie, F-75005 Paris, France. ; CNRS UMR 8612, Laboratoire Physico-Chimie des Systemes Polyphases, Institut Galien Paris-Sud, LabEx LERMIT, Faculte de Pharmacie, Universite Paris-Sud, 92 296 Chatenay-Malabry, France. ; CNRS UMR 3215/INSERM U934, Unite de Genetique et Biologie du Developpement, Notch Signaling in Stem Cells and Tumors, Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, F-75005 Paris, France. ; CNRS UMR144, Compartimentation et dynamique cellulaires, Morphogenesis and Cell Signalling Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, F-75005 Paris, France.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25970250" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Active Transport, Cell Nucleus ; Animals ; Carcinogenesis/*pathology ; Colonic Neoplasms/*physiopathology ; Epithelial Cells/cytology/pathology ; Female ; Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic ; Magnets ; Male ; Metal Nanoparticles ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Phosphorylation ; *Pressure ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-ret/metabolism ; Receptors, Notch/genetics/metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; *Tumor Microenvironment ; beta Catenin/*genetics/metabolism
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  • 22
    Publication Date: 2015-04-11
    Description: Protein phosphorylation regulates virtually all biological processes. Although protein kinases are popular drug targets, targeting protein phosphatases remains a challenge. Here, we describe Sephin1 (selective inhibitor of a holophosphatase), a small molecule that safely and selectively inhibited a regulatory subunit of protein phosphatase 1 in vivo. Sephin1 selectively bound and inhibited the stress-induced PPP1R15A, but not the related and constitutive PPP1R15B, to prolong the benefit of an adaptive phospho-signaling pathway, protecting cells from otherwise lethal protein misfolding stress. In vivo, Sephin1 safely prevented the motor, morphological, and molecular defects of two otherwise unrelated protein-misfolding diseases in mice, Charcot-Marie-Tooth 1B, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Thus, regulatory subunits of phosphatases are drug targets, a property exploited here to safely prevent two protein misfolding diseases.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4490275/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4490275/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Das, Indrajit -- Krzyzosiak, Agnieszka -- Schneider, Kim -- Wrabetz, Lawrence -- D'Antonio, Maurizio -- Barry, Nicholas -- Sigurdardottir, Anna -- Bertolotti, Anne -- 309516/European Research Council/International -- MC_U105185860/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- R01-NS55256/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2015 Apr 10;348(6231):239-42. doi: 10.1126/science.aaa4484.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, UK. ; Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy. ; Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, UK. aberto@mrc-lmb.cam.ac.uk.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25859045" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis/drug therapy/metabolism/pathology ; Animals ; Cells, Cultured ; Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease/drug therapy/metabolism/pathology ; Disease Models, Animal ; Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress/drug effects ; Enzyme Inhibitors/metabolism/pharmacokinetics/*pharmacology/toxicity ; Guanabenz/*analogs & derivatives/chemical ; synthesis/metabolism/pharmacology/toxicity ; HeLa Cells ; Humans ; Mice ; Mice, Transgenic ; Molecular Targeted Therapy ; Phosphorylation ; Protein Folding ; Protein Phosphatase 1/*antagonists & inhibitors ; Proteostasis Deficiencies/*drug therapy/*prevention & control ; Signal Transduction
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 23
    Publication Date: 2015-01-31
    Description: The mechanistic basis of eukaryotic circadian oscillators in model systems as diverse as Neurospora, Drosophila, and mammalian cells is thought to be a transcription-and-translation-based negative feedback loop, wherein progressive and controlled phosphorylation of one or more negative elements ultimately elicits their own proteasome-mediated degradation, thereby releasing negative feedback and determining circadian period length. The Neurospora crassa circadian negative element FREQUENCY (FRQ) exemplifies such proteins; it is progressively phosphorylated at more than 100 sites, and strains bearing alleles of frq with anomalous phosphorylation display abnormal stability of FRQ that is well correlated with altered periods or apparent arrhythmicity. Unexpectedly, we unveiled normal circadian oscillations that reflect the allelic state of frq but that persist in the absence of typical degradation of FRQ. This manifest uncoupling of negative element turnover from circadian period length determination is not consistent with the consensus eukaryotic circadian model.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4432837/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4432837/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Larrondo, Luis F -- Olivares-Yanez, Consuelo -- Baker, Christopher L -- Loros, Jennifer J -- Dunlap, Jay C -- P01 GM68087/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM034985/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM083336/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM34985/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2015 Jan 30;347(6221):1257277. doi: 10.1126/science.1257277.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Millennium Nucleus for Fungal Integrative and Synthetic Biology, Departamento de Genetica Molecular y Microbiologia, Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Casilla 114-D, Santiago, Chile. Department of Genetics, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, USA. jay.c.dunlap@dartmouth.edu llarrondo@bio.puc.cl. ; Millennium Nucleus for Fungal Integrative and Synthetic Biology, Departamento de Genetica Molecular y Microbiologia, Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Casilla 114-D, Santiago, Chile. ; Department of Genetics, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, USA. ; Department of Genetics, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, USA. Department of Biochemistry, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, USA. ; Department of Genetics, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, USA. jay.c.dunlap@dartmouth.edu llarrondo@bio.puc.cl.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25635104" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenine/analogs & derivatives/pharmacology ; Alleles ; *Circadian Clocks ; *Circadian Rhythm ; Feedback, Physiological ; Fungal Proteins/biosynthesis/*genetics/*metabolism ; Half-Life ; Neurospora crassa/*physiology ; Phosphorylation ; Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex/metabolism ; Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacology ; Protein Stability ; Proteolysis ; Signal Transduction
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  • 24
    Publication Date: 2015-06-13
    Description: Cell division progresses to anaphase only after all chromosomes are connected to spindle microtubules through kinetochores and the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) is satisfied. We show that the amino-terminal localization module of the SAC protein kinase MPS1 (monopolar spindle 1) directly interacts with the HEC1 (highly expressed in cancer 1) calponin homology domain in the NDC80 (nuclear division cycle 80) kinetochore complex in vitro, in a phosphorylation-dependent manner. Microtubule polymers disrupted this interaction. In cells, MPS1 binding to kinetochores or to ectopic NDC80 complexes was prevented by end-on microtubule attachment, independent of known kinetochore protein-removal mechanisms. Competition for kinetochore binding between SAC proteins and microtubules provides a direct and perhaps evolutionarily conserved way to detect a properly organized spindle ready for cell division.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hiruma, Yoshitaka -- Sacristan, Carlos -- Pachis, Spyridon T -- Adamopoulos, Athanassios -- Kuijt, Timo -- Ubbink, Marcellus -- von Castelmur, Eleonore -- Perrakis, Anastassis -- Kops, Geert J P L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2015 Jun 12;348(6240):1264-7. doi: 10.1126/science.aaa4055. Epub 2015 Jun 11.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Biochemistry, Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, Netherlands. Molecular Cancer Research, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CG Utrecht, Netherlands. Cancer Genomics Netherlands, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CG Utrecht, Netherlands. ; Molecular Cancer Research, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CG Utrecht, Netherlands. Cancer Genomics Netherlands, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CG Utrecht, Netherlands. ; Division of Biochemistry, Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, Netherlands. ; Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Post Office Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands. ; Division of Biochemistry, Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, Netherlands. g.j.p.l.kops@umcutrecht.nl a.perrakis@nki.nl. ; Molecular Cancer Research, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CG Utrecht, Netherlands. Cancer Genomics Netherlands, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CG Utrecht, Netherlands. g.j.p.l.kops@umcutrecht.nl a.perrakis@nki.nl.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26068855" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Anaphase ; Binding, Competitive ; Calcium-Binding Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; *Cell Cycle Checkpoints ; Cell Cycle Proteins/*metabolism ; HeLa Cells ; Humans ; Kinetochores/*metabolism ; Microfilament Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Microtubules/*metabolism ; Nuclear Proteins/chemistry/*metabolism ; Phosphorylation ; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases/*metabolism ; Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/*metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; Spindle Apparatus/*metabolism
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  • 25
    Publication Date: 2015-06-27
    Description: Organisms are adapted to the relentless cycles of day and night, because they evolved timekeeping systems called circadian clocks, which regulate biological activities with ~24-hour rhythms. The clock of cyanobacteria is driven by a three-protein oscillator composed of KaiA, KaiB, and KaiC, which together generate a circadian rhythm of KaiC phosphorylation. We show that KaiB flips between two distinct three-dimensional folds, and its rare transition to an active state provides a time delay that is required to match the timing of the oscillator to that of Earth's rotation. Once KaiB switches folds, it binds phosphorylated KaiC and captures KaiA, which initiates a phase transition of the circadian cycle, and it regulates components of the clock-output pathway, which provides the link that joins the timekeeping and signaling functions of the oscillator.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4506712/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4506712/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Chang, Yong-Gang -- Cohen, Susan E -- Phong, Connie -- Myers, William K -- Kim, Yong-Ick -- Tseng, Roger -- Lin, Jenny -- Zhang, Li -- Boyd, Joseph S -- Lee, Yvonne -- Kang, Shannon -- Lee, David -- Li, Sheng -- Britt, R David -- Rust, Michael J -- Golden, Susan S -- LiWang, Andy -- AI081982/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI101436/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- GM062419/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM100116/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM107521/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM062419/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM100116/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2015 Jul 17;349(6245):324-8. doi: 10.1126/science.1260031. Epub 2015 Jun 25.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, CA 95343, USA. ; Center for Circadian Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA. ; Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA. ; Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA. ; School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, CA 95343, USA. Quantitative and Systems Biology, University of California, Merced, CA 95343, USA. ; Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA. ; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA. ; Center for Circadian Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA. Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA. ; School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, CA 95343, USA. Center for Circadian Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA. Quantitative and Systems Biology, University of California, Merced, CA 95343, USA. Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of California, Merced, CA 95343, USA. Health Sciences Research Institute, University of California, Merced, CA 95343, USA. aliwang@ucmerced.edu.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26113641" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Bacterial Proteins/*chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; *Circadian Rhythm ; Circadian Rhythm Signaling Peptides and Proteins/*chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Phosphorylation ; Protein Folding ; Protein Structure, Secondary ; Synechococcus/metabolism/*physiology
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  • 26
    Publication Date: 2015-02-01
    Description: During virus infection, the adaptor proteins MAVS and STING transduce signals from the cytosolic nucleic acid sensors RIG-I and cGAS, respectively, to induce type I interferons (IFNs) and other antiviral molecules. Here we show that MAVS and STING harbor two conserved serine and threonine clusters that are phosphorylated by the kinases IKK and/or TBK1 in response to stimulation. Phosphorylated MAVS and STING then bind to a positively charged surface of interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) and thereby recruit IRF3 for its phosphorylation and activation by TBK1. We further show that TRIF, an adaptor protein in Toll-like receptor signaling, activates IRF3 through a similar phosphorylation-dependent mechanism. These results reveal that phosphorylation of innate adaptor proteins is an essential and conserved mechanism that selectively recruits IRF3 to activate the type I IFN pathway.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Liu, Siqi -- Cai, Xin -- Wu, Jiaxi -- Cong, Qian -- Chen, Xiang -- Li, Tuo -- Du, Fenghe -- Ren, Junyao -- Wu, You-Tong -- Grishin, Nick V -- Chen, Zhijian J -- AI-93967/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- GM-094575/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM-63692/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2015 Mar 13;347(6227):aaa2630. doi: 10.1126/science.aaa2630. Epub 2015 Jan 29.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9148, USA. ; Departments of Biophysics and Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9148, USA. ; Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9148, USA. Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9148, USA. ; Departments of Biophysics and Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9148, USA. Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9148, USA. ; Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9148, USA. Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9148, USA. zhijian.chen@utsouthwestern.edu.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25636800" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/chemistry/*metabolism ; Adaptor Proteins, Vesicular Transport/chemistry/*metabolism ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Cell Line ; Humans ; I-kappa B Kinase/metabolism ; Interferon Regulatory Factor-3/chemistry/*metabolism ; Interferon-alpha/biosynthesis ; Interferon-beta/biosynthesis ; Membrane Proteins/chemistry/*metabolism ; Mice ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Phosphorylation ; Protein Binding ; Protein Multimerization ; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism ; Recombinant Proteins/metabolism ; Sendai virus/physiology ; Serine/metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; Ubiquitination ; Vesiculovirus/physiology
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  • 27
    Publication Date: 2015-05-16
    Description: The centrosome organizes microtubule arrays within animal cells and comprises two centrioles surrounded by an amorphous protein mass called the pericentriolar material (PCM). Despite the importance of centrosomes as microtubule-organizing centers, the mechanism and regulation of PCM assembly are not well understood. In Caenorhabditis elegans, PCM assembly requires the coiled-coil protein SPD-5. We found that recombinant SPD-5 could polymerize to form micrometer-sized porous networks in vitro. Network assembly was accelerated by two conserved regulators that control PCM assembly in vivo, Polo-like kinase-1 and SPD-2/Cep192. Only the assembled SPD-5 networks, and not unassembled SPD-5 protein, functioned as a scaffold for other PCM proteins. Thus, PCM size and binding capacity emerge from the regulated polymerization of one coiled-coil protein to form a porous network.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Woodruff, Jeffrey B -- Wueseke, Oliver -- Viscardi, Valeria -- Mahamid, Julia -- Ochoa, Stacy D -- Bunkenborg, Jakob -- Widlund, Per O -- Pozniakovsky, Andrei -- Zanin, Esther -- Bahmanyar, Shirin -- Zinke, Andrea -- Hong, Sun Hae -- Decker, Marcus -- Baumeister, Wolfgang -- Andersen, Jens S -- Oegema, Karen -- Hyman, Anthony A -- R01-GM074207/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2015 May 15;348(6236):808-12. doi: 10.1126/science.aaa3923.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany. ; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA. ; Department of Molecular Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried 82152, Germany. ; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Copenhagen University Hospital, Hvidovre 2650, Denmark. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark. ; Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. ; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark. ; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA. hyman@mpi-cbg.de koegema@ucsd.edu. ; Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany. hyman@mpi-cbg.de koegema@ucsd.edu.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25977552" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Caenorhabditis elegans/*genetics/*metabolism ; Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Cell Cycle Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Centrosome/*metabolism/ultrasonography ; Metabolic Networks and Pathways ; Phosphorylation ; Polymerization ; Protein Binding ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases/*metabolism ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins/*metabolism
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  • 28
    Publication Date: 2015-12-15
    Description: Release of promoter-proximal paused RNA polymerase II (Pol II) during early elongation is a critical step in transcriptional regulation in metazoan cells. Paused Pol II release is thought to require the kinase activity of cyclin-dependent kinase 9 (CDK9) for the phosphorylation of DRB sensitivity-inducing factor, negative elongation factor, and C-terminal domain (CTD) serine-2 of Pol II. We found that Pol II-associated factor 1 (PAF1) is a critical regulator of paused Pol II release, that positive transcription elongation factor b (P-TEFb) directly regulates the initial recruitment of PAF1 complex (PAF1C) to genes, and that the subsequent recruitment of CDK12 is dependent on PAF1C. These findings reveal cooperativity among P-TEFb, PAF1C, and CDK12 in pausing release and Pol II CTD phosphorylation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Yu, Ming -- Yang, Wenjing -- Ni, Ting -- Tang, Zhanyun -- Nakadai, Tomoyoshi -- Zhu, Jun -- Roeder, Robert G -- Intramural NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2015 Dec 11;350(6266):1383-6. doi: 10.1126/science.aad2338.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA. ; Systems Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA. ; State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, P.R. China. ; Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA. roeder@rockefeller.edu.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26659056" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Cell Line, Tumor ; Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 9/metabolism ; Cyclin-Dependent Kinases/metabolism ; *Gene Expression Regulation ; Humans ; Nuclear Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Phosphorylation ; Positive Transcriptional Elongation Factor B/metabolism ; Promoter Regions, Genetic ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; RNA Polymerase II/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; *Transcription Elongation, Genetic ; Transcription Factors/metabolism
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  • 29
    Publication Date: 2015-08-08
    Description: The hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) coordinate cellular adaptations to low oxygen stress by regulating transcriptional programs in erythropoiesis, angiogenesis and metabolism. These programs promote the growth and progression of many tumours, making HIFs attractive anticancer targets. Transcriptionally active HIFs consist of HIF-alpha and ARNT (also called HIF-1beta) subunits. Here we describe crystal structures for each of mouse HIF-2alpha-ARNT and HIF-1alpha-ARNT heterodimers in states that include bound small molecules and their hypoxia response element. A highly integrated quaternary architecture is shared by HIF-2alpha-ARNT and HIF-1alpha-ARNT, wherein ARNT spirals around the outside of each HIF-alpha subunit. Five distinct pockets are observed that permit small-molecule binding, including PAS domain encapsulated sites and an interfacial cavity formed through subunit heterodimerization. The DNA-reading head rotates, extends and cooperates with a distal PAS domain to bind hypoxia response elements. HIF-alpha mutations linked to human cancers map to sensitive sites that establish DNA binding and the stability of PAS domains and pockets.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wu, Dalei -- Potluri, Nalini -- Lu, Jingping -- Kim, Youngchang -- Rastinejad, Fraydoon -- England -- Nature. 2015 Aug 20;524(7565):303-8. doi: 10.1038/nature14883. Epub 2015 Aug 5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Metabolic Disease Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Orlando, Florida 32827, USA. ; Structural Biology Center, Biosciences Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26245371" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: ARNTL Transcription Factors/chemistry/metabolism ; Animals ; Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Nuclear Translocator/*chemistry/metabolism ; Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factors/*chemistry/metabolism ; Binding Sites ; CLOCK Proteins/chemistry/metabolism ; Cell Hypoxia/genetics ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; DNA/chemistry/metabolism ; Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit/*chemistry/metabolism ; Mice ; Models, Molecular ; Mutation/genetics ; Neoplasms/genetics ; Phosphorylation ; Protein Multimerization ; Protein Structure, Quaternary ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Response Elements/genetics
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  • 30
    Publication Date: 2015-12-18
    Description: Variant rs351855-G/A is a commonly occurring single-nucleotide polymorphism of coding regions in exon 9 of the fibroblast growth factor receptor FGFR4 (CD334) gene (c.1162G〉A). It results in an amino-acid change at codon 388 from glycine to arginine (p.Gly388Arg) in the transmembrane domain of the receptor. Despite compelling genetic evidence for the association of this common variant with cancers of the bone, breast, colon, prostate, skin, lung, head and neck, as well as soft-tissue sarcomas and non-Hodgkin lymphoma, the underlying biological mechanism has remained elusive. Here we show that substitution of the conserved glycine 388 residue to a charged arginine residue alters the transmembrane spanning segment and exposes a membrane-proximal cytoplasmic signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) binding site Y(390)-(P)XXQ(393). We demonstrate that such membrane-proximal STAT3 binding motifs in the germline of type I membrane receptors enhance STAT3 tyrosine phosphorylation by recruiting STAT3 proteins to the inner cell membrane. Remarkably, such germline variants frequently co-localize with somatic mutations in the Catalogue of Somatic Mutations in Cancer (COSMIC) database. Using Fgfr4 single nucleotide polymorphism knock-in mice and transgenic mouse models for breast and lung cancers, we validate the enhanced STAT3 signalling induced by the FGFR4 Arg388-variant in vivo. Thus, our findings elucidate the molecular mechanism behind the genetic association of rs351855 with accelerated cancer progression and suggest that germline variants of cell-surface molecules that recruit STAT3 to the inner cell membrane are a significant risk for cancer prognosis and disease progression.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ulaganathan, Vijay K -- Sperl, Bianca -- Rapp, Ulf R -- Ullrich, Axel -- HL-102923/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- HL-102924/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- HL-102925/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- HL-102926/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- HL-103010/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2015 Dec 24;528(7583):570-4. doi: 10.1038/nature16449. Epub 2015 Dec 16.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Max Planck Institute for Biochemistry, Department of Molecular Biology, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152, Martinsried. Germany. ; Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Molecular Mechanisms of Lung Cancer, Parkstrasse 1, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26675719" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Motifs/genetics ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Binding Sites/genetics ; Breast Neoplasms/genetics/metabolism ; Cell Line ; Cell Membrane/*metabolism ; Disease Models, Animal ; Disease Progression ; Exons/genetics ; Female ; Gene Knock-In Techniques ; *Germ-Line Mutation ; Humans ; Lung Neoplasms/genetics/metabolism ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Transgenic ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Phosphorylation ; Phosphotyrosine/metabolism ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide/genetics ; Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 4/chemistry/*genetics/*metabolism ; STAT3 Transcription Factor/*metabolism ; Signal Transduction
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  • 31
    Publication Date: 2015-07-15
    Description: Cell division requires the precise coordination of chromosome segregation and cytokinesis. This coordination is achieved by the recruitment of an actomyosin regulator, Ect2, to overlapping microtubules at the centre of the elongating anaphase spindle. Ect2 then signals to the overlying cortex to promote the assembly and constriction of an actomyosin ring between segregating chromosomes. Here, by studying division in proliferating Drosophila and human cells, we demonstrate the existence of a second, parallel signalling pathway, which triggers the relaxation of the polar cell cortex at mid anaphase. This is independent of furrow formation, centrosomes and microtubules and, instead, depends on PP1 phosphatase and its regulatory subunit Sds22 (refs 2, 3). As separating chromosomes move towards the polar cortex at mid anaphase, kinetochore-localized PP1-Sds22 helps to break cortical symmetry by inducing the dephosphorylation and inactivation of ezrin/radixin/moesin proteins at cell poles. This promotes local softening of the cortex, facilitating anaphase elongation and orderly cell division. In summary, this identifies a conserved kinetochore-based phosphatase signal and substrate, which function together to link anaphase chromosome movements to cortical polarization, thereby coupling chromosome segregation to cell division.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Rodrigues, Nelio T L -- Lekomtsev, Sergey -- Jananji, Silvana -- Kriston-Vizi, Janos -- Hickson, Gilles R X -- Baum, Buzz -- BB/K009001/1/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom -- Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- Cancer Research UK/United Kingdom -- Canadian Institutes of Health Research/Canada -- England -- Nature. 2015 Aug 27;524(7566):489-92. doi: 10.1038/nature14496. Epub 2015 Jul 13.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK. ; Sainte-Justine Hospital Research Center, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1C5, Canada. ; Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Universite de Montreal, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1J4, Canada. ; Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK. ; CelTisPhyBio Labex, Institut Curie, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75248 Paris Cedex 05, France.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26168397" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Actins/metabolism ; Anaphase ; Animals ; Cell Polarity ; Centrosome/metabolism ; Chromatin/metabolism ; *Chromosome Segregation ; Cytoskeletal Proteins/metabolism ; Drosophila melanogaster/*cytology/enzymology/genetics/metabolism ; Female ; Humans ; Kinetochores/enzymology/*metabolism ; Male ; Membrane Proteins/metabolism ; Microfilament Proteins/metabolism ; Microtubules/metabolism ; Phosphorylation ; Protein Phosphatase 1/*metabolism ; Signal Transduction
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  • 32
    Publication Date: 2015-02-06
    Description: The conserved co-activator complex Mediator enables regulated transcription initiation by RNA polymerase (Pol) II. Here we reconstitute an active 15-subunit core Mediator (cMed) comprising all essential Mediator subunits from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The cryo-electron microscopic structure of cMed bound to a core initiation complex was determined at 9.7 A resolution. cMed binds Pol II around the Rpb4-Rpb7 stalk near the carboxy-terminal domain (CTD). The Mediator head module binds the Pol II dock and the TFIIB ribbon and stabilizes the initiation complex. The Mediator middle module extends to the Pol II foot with a 'plank' that may influence polymerase conformation. The Mediator subunit Med14 forms a 'beam' between the head and middle modules and connects to the tail module that is predicted to bind transcription activators located on upstream DNA. The Mediator 'arm' and 'hook' domains contribute to a 'cradle' that may position the CTD and TFIIH kinase to stimulate Pol II phosphorylation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Plaschka, C -- Lariviere, L -- Wenzeck, L -- Seizl, M -- Hemann, M -- Tegunov, D -- Petrotchenko, E V -- Borchers, C H -- Baumeister, W -- Herzog, F -- Villa, E -- Cramer, P -- England -- Nature. 2015 Feb 19;518(7539):376-80. doi: 10.1038/nature14229. Epub 2015 Feb 4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Department of Molecular Biology, Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Gottingen, Germany. ; Gene Center and Department of Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat Munchen, Feodor-Lynen-Strasse 25, 81377 Munich, Germany. ; Max Planck Institute for Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152 Martinsried, Germany. ; Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Genome British Columbia Protein Centre, University of Victoria, 3101-4464 Markham Street, Victoria, British Columbia V8Z7X8, Canada. ; 1] Max Planck Institute for Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152 Martinsried, Germany [2] Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25652824" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Allosteric Regulation ; Binding Sites ; *Cryoelectron Microscopy ; DNA/chemistry/metabolism ; Enzyme Activation ; Mediator Complex/*chemistry/metabolism/*ultrastructure ; Models, Molecular ; Phosphorylation ; Protein Stability ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Protein Subunits/chemistry/metabolism ; RNA Polymerase II/*chemistry/metabolism/*ultrastructure ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae/*chemistry/*ultrastructure ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins/chemistry/metabolism/ultrastructure ; Transcription Factor TFIIB/chemistry/metabolism ; Transcription Factor TFIIH/chemistry/metabolism ; Transcription Initiation, Genetic
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  • 33
    Publication Date: 2014-06-17
    Description: Disease tolerance is the ability of the host to reduce the effect of infection on host fitness. Analysis of disease tolerance pathways could provide new approaches for treating infections and other inflammatory diseases. Typically, an initial exposure to bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induces a state of refractoriness to further LPS challenge (endotoxin tolerance). We found that a first exposure of mice to LPS activated the ligand-operated transcription factor aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and the hepatic enzyme tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase, which provided an activating ligand to the former, to downregulate early inflammatory gene expression. However, on LPS rechallenge, AhR engaged in long-term regulation of systemic inflammation only in the presence of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1). AhR-complex-associated Src kinase activity promoted IDO1 phosphorylation and signalling ability. The resulting endotoxin-tolerant state was found to protect mice against immunopathology in Gram-negative and Gram-positive infections, pointing to a role for AhR in contributing to host fitness.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4098076/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4098076/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bessede, Alban -- Gargaro, Marco -- Pallotta, Maria T -- Matino, Davide -- Servillo, Giuseppe -- Brunacci, Cinzia -- Bicciato, Silvio -- Mazza, Emilia M C -- Macchiarulo, Antonio -- Vacca, Carmine -- Iannitti, Rossana -- Tissi, Luciana -- Volpi, Claudia -- Belladonna, Maria L -- Orabona, Ciriana -- Bianchi, Roberta -- Lanz, Tobias V -- Platten, Michael -- Della Fazia, Maria A -- Piobbico, Danilo -- Zelante, Teresa -- Funakoshi, Hiroshi -- Nakamura, Toshikazu -- Gilot, David -- Denison, Michael S -- Guillemin, Gilles J -- DuHadaway, James B -- Prendergast, George C -- Metz, Richard -- Geffard, Michel -- Boon, Louis -- Pirro, Matteo -- Iorio, Alfonso -- Veyret, Bernard -- Romani, Luigina -- Grohmann, Ursula -- Fallarino, Francesca -- Puccetti, Paolo -- P30 CA056036/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA109542/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 ES007685/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/ -- R01ES007685/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2014 Jul 10;511(7508):184-90. doi: 10.1038/nature13323.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉1] Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy [2] IMS Laboratory, University of Bordeaux, 33607 Pessac, France [3]. ; 1] Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy [2]. ; Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy. ; Center for Genome Research, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy. ; Department of Chemistry and Technology of Drugs, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy. ; 1] Experimental Neuroimmunology Unit, German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany [2] Department of Neurooncology, University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany. ; Center for Advanced Research and Education, Asahikawa Medical University, 078-8510 Asahikawa, Japan. ; Kringle Pharma Joint Research Division for Regenerative Drug Discovery, Center for Advanced Science and Innovation, Osaka University, 565-0871 Osaka, Japan. ; CNRS UMR6290, Institut de Genetique et Developpement de Rennes, Universite de Rennes 1, 35043 Rennes, France. ; Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, 95616 California, USA. ; Australian School of Advanced Medicine (ASAM), Macquarie University, 2109 New South Wales, Australia. ; Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, Wynnewood, 19096 Pennsylvania, USA. ; New Link Genetics Corporation, Ames, 50010 Iowa, USA. ; IMS Laboratory, University of Bordeaux, 33607 Pessac, France. ; Bioceros, 3584 Utrecht, The Netherlands. ; Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy. ; Department of Clinical Epidemiology & Biostatistics, McMaster University, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24930766" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Bacterial Infections/immunology/metabolism ; Disease Resistance/drug effects/*genetics/*immunology ; Endotoxemia/genetics/immunology/metabolism ; Enzyme Activation/drug effects ; Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects ; Indoleamine-Pyrrole 2,3,-Dioxygenase/metabolism ; Inflammation/enzymology/genetics/metabolism ; Kynurenine/metabolism ; Lipopolysaccharides/pharmacology ; Mice ; Phosphorylation ; Receptors, Aryl Hydrocarbon/genetics/*metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; Tryptophan Oxygenase/metabolism ; src-Family Kinases/metabolism
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  • 34
    Publication Date: 2014-02-28
    Description: The NRT1/PTR family of proton-coupled transporters are responsible for nitrogen assimilation in eukaryotes and bacteria through the uptake of peptides. However, in most plant species members of this family have evolved to transport nitrate as well as additional secondary metabolites and hormones. In response to falling nitrate levels, NRT1.1 is phosphorylated on an intracellular threonine that switches the transporter from a low-affinity to high-affinity state. Here we present both the apo and nitrate-bound crystal structures of Arabidopsis thaliana NRT1.1, which together with in vitro binding and transport data identify a key role for His 356 in nitrate binding. Our data support a model whereby phosphorylation increases structural flexibility and in turn the rate of transport. Comparison with peptide transporters further reveals how the NRT1/PTR family has evolved to recognize diverse nitrogenous ligands, while maintaining elements of a conserved coupling mechanism within this superfamily of nutrient transporters.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3982047/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3982047/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Parker, Joanne L -- Newstead, Simon -- G0900399/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- England -- Nature. 2014 Mar 6;507(7490):68-72. doi: 10.1038/nature13116. Epub 2014 Feb 26.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK. ; 1] Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK [2] Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot OX11 0FA, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24572366" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Anion Transport Proteins/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Arabidopsis/*chemistry/metabolism ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Histidine/chemistry/metabolism ; Ion Transport ; Models, Molecular ; Nitrates/chemistry/*metabolism ; Phosphorylation ; Phosphothreonine/metabolism ; Plant Proteins/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Protein Conformation ; Protons ; Structure-Activity Relationship ; Substrate Specificity
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  • 35
    Publication Date: 2014-12-10
    Description: The widespread reorganization of cellular architecture in mitosis is achieved through extensive protein phosphorylation, driven by the coordinated activation of a mitotic kinase network and repression of counteracting phosphatases. Phosphatase activity must subsequently be restored to promote mitotic exit. Although Cdc14 phosphatase drives this reversal in budding yeast, protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) and protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) activities have each been independently linked to mitotic exit control in other eukaryotes. Here we describe a mitotic phosphatase relay in which PP1 reactivation is required for the reactivation of both PP2A-B55 and PP2A-B56 to coordinate mitotic progression and exit in fission yeast. The staged recruitment of PP1 (the Dis2 isoform) to the regulatory subunits of the PP2A-B55 and PP2A-B56 (B55 also known as Pab1; B56 also known as Par1) holoenzymes sequentially activates each phosphatase. The pathway is blocked in early mitosis because the Cdk1-cyclin B kinase (Cdk1 also known as Cdc2) inhibits PP1 activity, but declining cyclin B levels later in mitosis permit PP1 to auto-reactivate. PP1 first reactivates PP2A-B55; this enables PP2A-B55 in turn to promote the reactivation of PP2A-B56 by dephosphorylating a PP1-docking site in PP2A-B56, thereby promoting the recruitment of PP1. PP1 recruitment to human, mitotic PP2A-B56 holoenzymes and the sequences of these conserved PP1-docking motifs suggest that PP1 regulates PP2A-B55 and PP2A-B56 activities in a variety of signalling contexts throughout eukaryotes.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4338534/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4338534/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Grallert, Agnes -- Boke, Elvan -- Hagting, Anja -- Hodgson, Ben -- Connolly, Yvonne -- Griffiths, John R -- Smith, Duncan L -- Pines, Jonathon -- Hagan, Iain M -- 092096/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- A13678/Cancer Research UK/United Kingdom -- A16406/Cancer Research UK/United Kingdom -- C147/A16406/Cancer Research UK/United Kingdom -- C29/A13678/Cancer Research UK/United Kingdom -- England -- Nature. 2015 Jan 1;517(7532):94-8. doi: 10.1038/nature14019. Epub 2014 Dec 10.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Cell Division Group, CRUK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Wilmslow Road, Manchester M20 4BX, UK. ; The Gurdon Institute, Tennis Court Road, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1QN, UK. ; Biological Mass Spectrometry, CRUK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Wilmslow Road, Manchester M20 4BX, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25487150" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Motifs ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Binding Sites ; CDC2 Protein Kinase/metabolism ; Chromosome Segregation ; Conserved Sequence ; Cyclin B/metabolism ; Enzyme Activation ; HeLa Cells ; Holoenzymes/metabolism ; Humans ; Isoenzymes/metabolism ; *Mitosis ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Phosphorylation ; Protein Phosphatase 1/*metabolism ; Protein Phosphatase 2/chemistry/*metabolism ; Protein Subunits/chemistry/metabolism ; Schizosaccharomyces/*cytology/*enzymology ; Schizosaccharomyces pombe Proteins/chemistry/metabolism ; Signal Transduction
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  • 36
    Publication Date: 2014-05-17
    Description: A switchlike response in nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) activity implies the existence of a threshold in the NF-kappaB signaling module. We show that the CARD-containing MAGUK protein 1 (CARMA1, also called CARD11)-TAK1 (MAP3K7)-inhibitor of NF-kappaB (IkappaB) kinase-beta (IKKbeta) module is a switch mechanism for NF-kappaB activation in B cell receptor (BCR) signaling. Experimental and mathematical modeling analyses showed that IKK activity is regulated by positive feedback from IKKbeta to TAK1, generating a steep dose response to BCR stimulation. Mutation of the scaffolding protein CARMA1 at serine-578, an IKKbeta target, abrogated not only late TAK1 activity, but also the switchlike activation of NF-kappaB in single cells, suggesting that phosphorylation of this residue accounts for the feedback.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Shinohara, Hisaaki -- Behar, Marcelo -- Inoue, Kentaro -- Hiroshima, Michio -- Yasuda, Tomoharu -- Nagashima, Takeshi -- Kimura, Shuhei -- Sanjo, Hideki -- Maeda, Shiori -- Yumoto, Noriko -- Ki, Sewon -- Akira, Shizuo -- Sako, Yasushi -- Hoffmann, Alexander -- Kurosaki, Tomohiro -- Okada-Hatakeyama, Mariko -- 5R01CA141722/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 May 16;344(6185):760-4. doi: 10.1126/science.1250020.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory for Integrated Cellular Systems, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS-RCAI), Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan. ; Signaling Systems Laboratory, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA. Institute for Quantitative and Computational Biosciences (QC Bio) and Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90025, USA. ; Laboratory for Cell Signaling Dynamics, RIKEN Quantitative Biology Center (QBiC), 6-2-3, Furuedai, Suita, Osaka 565-0874, Japan. Cellular Informatics Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako 351-0198, Japan. ; Laboratory for Lymphocyte Differentiation, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS-RCAI), Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan. ; Graduate School of Engineering, Tottori University 4-101, Koyama-minami, Tottori 680-8552, Japan. ; Laboratory of Host Defense, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan. ; Cellular Informatics Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako 351-0198, Japan. ; Signaling Systems Laboratory, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA. Institute for Quantitative and Computational Biosciences (QC Bio) and Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90025, USA. ahoffmann@ucla.edu kurosaki@rcai.riken.jp marikoh@rcai.riken.jp. ; Laboratory for Lymphocyte Differentiation, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS-RCAI), Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan. Laboratory for Lymphocyte Differentiation, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan. ahoffmann@ucla.edu kurosaki@rcai.riken.jp marikoh@rcai.riken.jp. ; Laboratory for Integrated Cellular Systems, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS-RCAI), Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan. ahoffmann@ucla.edu kurosaki@rcai.riken.jp marikoh@rcai.riken.jp.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24833394" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; B-Lymphocytes/metabolism ; CARD Signaling Adaptor Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Cell Line ; Chickens ; Feedback, Physiological ; Guanylate Cyclase/genetics/*metabolism ; I-kappa B Kinase/*metabolism ; MAP Kinase Kinase Kinases/genetics/*metabolism ; Mice ; Mice, Knockout ; Mutation ; NF-kappa B/*agonists ; Phosphorylation ; Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/genetics/*metabolism ; Serine/genetics/metabolism ; Signal Transduction
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  • 37
    Publication Date: 2014-01-05
    Description: Metaphase chromosomes are visible hallmarks of mitosis, yet our understanding of their structure and of the forces shaping them is rudimentary. Phosphorylation of histone H3 serine 10 (H3 S10) by Aurora B kinase is a signature event of mitosis, but its function in chromatin condensation is unclear. Using genetically encoded ultraviolet light-inducible cross-linkers, we monitored protein-protein interactions with spatiotemporal resolution in living yeast to identify the molecular details of the pathway downstream of H3 S10 phosphorylation. This modification leads to the recruitment of the histone deacetylase Hst2p that subsequently removes an acetyl group from histone H4 lysine 16, freeing the H4 tail to interact with the surface of neighboring nucleosomes and promoting fiber condensation. This cascade of events provides a condensin-independent driving force of chromatin hypercondensation during mitosis.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wilkins, Bryan J -- Rall, Nils A -- Ostwal, Yogesh -- Kruitwagen, Tom -- Hiragami-Hamada, Kyoko -- Winkler, Marco -- Barral, Yves -- Fischle, Wolfgang -- Neumann, Heinz -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Jan 3;343(6166):77-80. doi: 10.1126/science.1244508.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Free Floater (Junior) Research Group "Applied Synthetic Biology," Institute for Microbiology and Genetics, Georg-August University Gottingen, 37077 Gottingen, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24385627" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenosine Triphosphatases/metabolism ; Chromatin/*metabolism ; Chromosomes, Fungal/genetics/metabolism ; Cross-Linking Reagents/chemistry/radiation effects ; DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism ; Histones/*metabolism ; Lysine/metabolism ; *Mitosis ; Multiprotein Complexes/metabolism ; Phosphorylation ; Protein Interaction Mapping ; *Protein Processing, Post-Translational ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae/genetics/*metabolism ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins/metabolism ; Serine/*metabolism ; Sirtuin 2/metabolism
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  • 38
    Publication Date: 2014-09-23
    Description: Ribonucleotide reductase (RNR) supplies the balanced pools of deoxynucleotide triphosphates (dNTPs) necessary for DNA replication and maintenance of genomic integrity. RNR is subject to allosteric regulatory mechanisms in all eukaryotes, as well as to control by small protein inhibitors Sml1p and Spd1p in budding and fission yeast, respectively. Here, we show that the metazoan protein IRBIT forms a deoxyadenosine triphosphate (dATP)-dependent complex with RNR, which stabilizes dATP in the activity site of RNR and thus inhibits the enzyme. Formation of the RNR-IRBIT complex is regulated through phosphorylation of IRBIT, and ablation of IRBIT expression in HeLa cells causes imbalanced dNTP pools and altered cell cycle progression. We demonstrate a mechanism for RNR regulation in higher eukaryotes that acts by enhancing allosteric RNR inhibition by dATP.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Arnaoutov, Alexei -- Dasso, Mary -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Sep 19;345(6203):1512-5. doi: 10.1126/science.1251550.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Development, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA. arnaouta@mail.nih.gov. ; Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Development, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25237103" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Allosteric Regulation ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Catalytic Domain ; Deoxyadenine Nucleotides/*metabolism ; HeLa Cells ; Humans ; Immunoprecipitation ; Lectins, C-Type/genetics/*metabolism ; Membrane Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Phosphorylation ; Ribonucleotide Reductases/*antagonists & inhibitors/metabolism
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  • 39
    Publication Date: 2014-06-07
    Description: After light-induced nuclear translocation, phytochrome photoreceptors interact with and induce rapid phosphorylation and degradation of basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors, such as PHYTOCHROME-INTERACTING FACTOR 3 (PIF3), to regulate gene expression. Concomitantly, this interaction triggers feedback reduction of phytochrome B (phyB) levels. Light-induced phosphorylation of PIF3 is necessary for the degradation of both proteins. We report that this PIF3 phosphorylation induces, and is necessary for, recruitment of LRB [Light-Response Bric-a-Brack/Tramtrack/Broad (BTB)] E3 ubiquitin ligases to the PIF3-phyB complex. The recruited LRBs promote concurrent polyubiqutination and degradation of both PIF3 and phyB in vivo. These data reveal a linked signal-transmission and attenuation mechanism involving mutually assured destruction of the receptor and its immediate signaling partner.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4414656/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4414656/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ni, Weimin -- Xu, Shou-Ling -- Tepperman, James M -- Stanley, David J -- Maltby, Dave A -- Gross, John D -- Burlingame, Alma L -- Wang, Zhi-Yong -- Quail, Peter H -- 2R01 GM-047475/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- 5R01GM066258/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- 8P41GM103481/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- P41 GM103481/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- P50 GM082250/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM047475/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM066258/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- T32 GM008284/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Jun 6;344(6188):1160-4. doi: 10.1126/science.1250778.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. Plant Gene Expression Center, Agriculture Research Service (ARS), U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), Albany, CA 94710, USA. ; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA. Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. ; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA. ; Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. ; Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. Plant Gene Expression Center, Agriculture Research Service (ARS), U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), Albany, CA 94710, USA. quail@berkeley.edu.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24904166" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Active Transport, Cell Nucleus ; Arabidopsis/genetics/*growth & development/metabolism ; Arabidopsis Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factors/genetics/*metabolism ; Cell Nucleus/metabolism ; Cullin Proteins/*metabolism ; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ; HeLa Cells ; Humans ; *Light Signal Transduction ; Nuclear Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Phosphorylation ; Phytochrome B/*metabolism ; Polyubiquitin/metabolism ; Proteolysis ; *Ubiquitination
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  • 40
    Publication Date: 2014-02-28
    Description: Nitrate is a primary nutrient for plant growth, but its levels in soil can fluctuate by several orders of magnitude. Previous studies have identified Arabidopsis NRT1.1 as a dual-affinity nitrate transporter that can take up nitrate over a wide range of concentrations. The mode of action of NRT1.1 is controlled by phosphorylation of a key residue, Thr 101; however, how this post-translational modification switches the transporter between two affinity states remains unclear. Here we report the crystal structure of unphosphorylated NRT1.1, which reveals an unexpected homodimer in the inward-facing conformation. In this low-affinity state, the Thr 101 phosphorylation site is embedded in a pocket immediately adjacent to the dimer interface, linking the phosphorylation status of the transporter to its oligomeric state. Using a cell-based fluorescence resonance energy transfer assay, we show that functional NRT1.1 dimerizes in the cell membrane and that the phosphomimetic mutation of Thr 101 converts the protein into a monophasic high-affinity transporter by structurally decoupling the dimer. Together with analyses of the substrate transport tunnel, our results establish a phosphorylation-controlled dimerization switch that allows NRT1.1 to uptake nitrate with two distinct affinity modes.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3968801/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3968801/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sun, Ji -- Bankston, John R -- Payandeh, Jian -- Hinds, Thomas R -- Zagotta, William N -- Zheng, Ning -- NS074545/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R01EY10329/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- England -- Nature. 2014 Mar 6;507(7490):73-7. doi: 10.1038/nature13074. Epub 2014 Feb 26.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Pharmacology, Box 357280, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA. ; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Box 357290, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA. ; 1] Department of Pharmacology, Box 357280, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA [2] Department of Structural Biology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA. ; 1] Department of Pharmacology, Box 357280, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA [2] Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Box 357280, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24572362" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Anion Transport Proteins/*chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; Arabidopsis/*chemistry/genetics ; Binding Sites ; Biological Transport ; Cell Membrane/chemistry/metabolism ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer ; Models, Biological ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation/genetics ; Nitrates/chemistry/metabolism ; Phosphorylation ; Phosphothreonine/chemistry/metabolism ; Plant Proteins/*chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; *Protein Multimerization ; Protein Structure, Quaternary ; Protons ; Structure-Activity Relationship
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  • 41
    Publication Date: 2014-12-19
    Description: Naturally occurring variations of Polycomb repressive complex 1 (PRC1) comprise a core assembly of Polycomb group proteins and additional factors that include, surprisingly, autism susceptibility candidate 2 (AUTS2). Although AUTS2 is often disrupted in patients with neuronal disorders, the mechanism underlying the pathogenesis is unclear. We investigated the role of AUTS2 as part of a previously identified PRC1 complex (PRC1-AUTS2), and in the context of neurodevelopment. In contrast to the canonical role of PRC1 in gene repression, PRC1-AUTS2 activates transcription. Biochemical studies demonstrate that the CK2 component of PRC1-AUTS2 neutralizes PRC1 repressive activity, whereas AUTS2-mediated recruitment of P300 leads to gene activation. Chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by sequencing (ChIP-seq) demonstrated that AUTS2 regulates neuronal gene expression through promoter association. Conditional targeting of Auts2 in the mouse central nervous system (CNS) leads to various developmental defects. These findings reveal a natural means of subverting PRC1 activity, linking key epigenetic modulators with neuronal functions and diseases.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4323097/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4323097/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gao, Zhonghua -- Lee, Pedro -- Stafford, James M -- von Schimmelmann, Melanie -- Schaefer, Anne -- Reinberg, Danny -- 1DP2MH100012-01/DP/NCCDPHP CDC HHS/ -- 1F32GM105275/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- 5T32CA160002/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- DP2 MH100012/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- F32AA022842/AA/NIAAA NIH HHS/ -- GM-64844/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- P30 CA016087/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM064844/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- T32 CA160002/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- England -- Nature. 2014 Dec 18;516(7531):349-54. doi: 10.1038/nature13921.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York University Langone School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York, New York 10016, USA. ; Friedman Brain Institute, Department of Neuroscience, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25519132" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Behavior, Animal/physiology ; Cell Cycle Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Central Nervous System/*metabolism ; Female ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Gene Expression Regulation/*genetics ; Gene Knockout Techniques ; Genotype ; HEK293 Cells ; Histones/metabolism ; Humans ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Phosphorylation ; Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Ubiquitination
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  • 42
    Publication Date: 2014-05-03
    Description: PINK1 (PTEN induced putative kinase 1) and PARKIN (also known as PARK2) have been identified as the causal genes responsible for hereditary recessive early-onset Parkinsonism. PINK1 is a Ser/Thr kinase that specifically accumulates on depolarized mitochondria, whereas parkin is an E3 ubiquitin ligase that catalyses ubiquitin transfer to mitochondrial substrates. PINK1 acts as an upstream factor for parkin and is essential both for the activation of latent E3 parkin activity and for recruiting parkin onto depolarized mitochondria. Recently, mechanistic insights into mitochondrial quality control mediated by PINK1 and parkin have been revealed, and PINK1-dependent phosphorylation of parkin has been reported. However, the requirement of PINK1 for parkin activation was not bypassed by phosphomimetic parkin mutation, and how PINK1 accelerates the E3 activity of parkin on damaged mitochondria is still obscure. Here we report that ubiquitin is the genuine substrate of PINK1. PINK1 phosphorylated ubiquitin at Ser 65 both in vitro and in cells, and a Ser 65 phosphopeptide derived from endogenous ubiquitin was only detected in cells in the presence of PINK1 and following a decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential. Unexpectedly, phosphomimetic ubiquitin bypassed PINK1-dependent activation of a phosphomimetic parkin mutant in cells. Furthermore, phosphomimetic ubiquitin accelerates discharge of the thioester conjugate formed by UBCH7 (also known as UBE2L3) and ubiquitin (UBCH7 approximately ubiquitin) in the presence of parkin in vitro, indicating that it acts allosterically. The phosphorylation-dependent interaction between ubiquitin and parkin suggests that phosphorylated ubiquitin unlocks autoinhibition of the catalytic cysteine. Our results show that PINK1-dependent phosphorylation of both parkin and ubiquitin is sufficient for full activation of parkin E3 activity. These findings demonstrate that phosphorylated ubiquitin is a parkin activator.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Koyano, Fumika -- Okatsu, Kei -- Kosako, Hidetaka -- Tamura, Yasushi -- Go, Etsu -- Kimura, Mayumi -- Kimura, Yoko -- Tsuchiya, Hikaru -- Yoshihara, Hidehito -- Hirokawa, Takatsugu -- Endo, Toshiya -- Fon, Edward A -- Trempe, Jean-Francois -- Saeki, Yasushi -- Tanaka, Keiji -- Matsuda, Noriyuki -- Canadian Institutes of Health Research/Canada -- England -- Nature. 2014 Jun 5;510(7503):162-6. doi: 10.1038/nature13392. Epub 2014 Jun 4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉1] Laboratory of Protein Metabolism, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan [2] Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8561, Japan. ; Division of Cell Signaling, Fujii Memorial Institute of Medical Sciences, The University of Tokushima, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan. ; Research Center for Materials Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan. ; Laboratory of Protein Metabolism, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan. ; 1] Laboratory of Protein Metabolism, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan [2] Graduate School of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan. ; Molecular Profiling Research Center for Drug Discovery, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 2-4-7 Aomi, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-0064, Japan. ; 1] JST-CREST/Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan [2] JST-CREST/Faculty of Life Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kamigamo-motoyama, Kita-ku, Kyoto 603-8555, Japan. ; McGill Parkinson Program, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2B4, Canada. ; Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1Y6, Canada. ; 1] Laboratory of Protein Metabolism, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan [2] Protein Metabolism Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24784582" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Enzyme Activation ; Fibroblasts ; HeLa Cells ; Humans ; Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial ; Mice ; Mitochondria/metabolism ; Mutation/genetics ; Parkinson Disease ; Phosphorylation ; Phosphoserine/metabolism ; Protein Kinases/*metabolism ; Ubiquitin/chemistry/*metabolism ; Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases/genetics/*metabolism ; Ubiquitination
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  • 43
    Publication Date: 2014-08-19
    Description: Zinc is an essential micronutrient for all living organisms. It is required for signalling and proper functioning of a range of proteins involved in, for example, DNA binding and enzymatic catalysis. In prokaryotes and photosynthetic eukaryotes, Zn(2+)-transporting P-type ATPases of class IB (ZntA) are crucial for cellular redistribution and detoxification of Zn(2+) and related elements. Here we present crystal structures representing the phosphoenzyme ground state (E2P) and a dephosphorylation intermediate (E2.Pi) of ZntA from Shigella sonnei, determined at 3.2 A and 2.7 A resolution, respectively. The structures reveal a similar fold to Cu(+)-ATPases, with an amphipathic helix at the membrane interface. A conserved electronegative funnel connects this region to the intramembranous high-affinity ion-binding site and may promote specific uptake of cellular Zn(2+) ions by the transporter. The E2P structure displays a wide extracellular release pathway reaching the invariant residues at the high-affinity site, including C392, C394 and D714. The pathway closes in the E2.Pi state, in which D714 interacts with the conserved residue K693, which possibly stimulates Zn(2+) release as a built-in counter ion, as has been proposed for H(+)-ATPases. Indeed, transport studies in liposomes provide experimental support for ZntA activity without counter transport. These findings suggest a mechanistic link between PIB-type Zn(2+)-ATPases and PIII-type H(+)-ATPases and at the same time show structural features of the extracellular release pathway that resemble PII-type ATPases such as the sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+)-ATPase (SERCA) and Na(+), K(+)-ATPase. These findings considerably increase our understanding of zinc transport in cells and represent new possibilities for biotechnology and biomedicine.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4259247/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4259247/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wang, Kaituo -- Sitsel, Oleg -- Meloni, Gabriele -- Autzen, Henriette Elisabeth -- Andersson, Magnus -- Klymchuk, Tetyana -- Nielsen, Anna Marie -- Rees, Douglas C -- Nissen, Poul -- Gourdon, Pontus -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- England -- Nature. 2014 Oct 23;514(7523):518-22. doi: 10.1038/nature13618. Epub 2014 Aug 17.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉1] Centre for Membrane Pumps in Cells and Disease (PUMPkin), Danish National Research Foundation, Aarhus University, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Gustav Wieds Vej 10C, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark [2] Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark (K.W. and P.G.); Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Solvegatan 19, SE-221 84 Lund, Sweden (P.G.). [3]. ; 1] Centre for Membrane Pumps in Cells and Disease (PUMPkin), Danish National Research Foundation, Aarhus University, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Gustav Wieds Vej 10C, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark [2]. ; Centre for Membrane Pumps in Cells and Disease (PUMPkin), Danish National Research Foundation, Aarhus University, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Gustav Wieds Vej 10C, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark. ; Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Theoretical Physics, Swedish e-Science Research Center, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-171 21 Solna, Sweden. ; Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, California 91125, USA. ; 1] Centre for Membrane Pumps in Cells and Disease (PUMPkin), Danish National Research Foundation, Aarhus University, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Gustav Wieds Vej 10C, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark [2] Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark (K.W. and P.G.); Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Solvegatan 19, SE-221 84 Lund, Sweden (P.G.).〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25132545" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenosine Triphosphatases/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Adenosine Triphosphate/metabolism ; Binding Sites ; Cadmium/metabolism ; Calcium-Transporting ATPases/chemistry ; Conserved Sequence ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Lead/metabolism ; Models, Molecular ; Phosphorylation ; Proteolipids/chemistry/metabolism ; Proton-Translocating ATPases/chemistry/metabolism ; Shigella/*enzymology ; Sodium-Potassium-Exchanging ATPase/chemistry ; Zinc/metabolism
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  • 44
    Publication Date: 2014-05-30
    Description: Insulin constitutes a principal evolutionarily conserved hormonal axis for maintaining glucose homeostasis; dysregulation of this axis causes diabetes. PGC-1alpha (peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator-1alpha) links insulin signalling to the expression of glucose and lipid metabolic genes. The histone acetyltransferase GCN5 (general control non-repressed protein 5) acetylates PGC-1alpha and suppresses its transcriptional activity, whereas sirtuin 1 deacetylates and activates PGC-1alpha. Although insulin is a mitogenic signal in proliferative cells, whether components of the cell cycle machinery contribute to its metabolic action is poorly understood. Here we report that in mice insulin activates cyclin D1-cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (Cdk4), which, in turn, increases GCN5 acetyltransferase activity and suppresses hepatic glucose production independently of cell cycle progression. Through a cell-based high-throughput chemical screen, we identify a Cdk4 inhibitor that potently decreases PGC-1alpha acetylation. Insulin/GSK-3beta (glycogen synthase kinase 3-beta) signalling induces cyclin D1 protein stability by sequestering cyclin D1 in the nucleus. In parallel, dietary amino acids increase hepatic cyclin D1 messenger RNA transcripts. Activated cyclin D1-Cdk4 kinase phosphorylates and activates GCN5, which then acetylates and inhibits PGC-1alpha activity on gluconeogenic genes. Loss of hepatic cyclin D1 results in increased gluconeogenesis and hyperglycaemia. In diabetic models, cyclin D1-Cdk4 is chronically elevated and refractory to fasting/feeding transitions; nevertheless further activation of this kinase normalizes glycaemia. Our findings show that insulin uses components of the cell cycle machinery in post-mitotic cells to control glucose homeostasis independently of cell division.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4076706/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4076706/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lee, Yoonjin -- Dominy, John E -- Choi, Yoon Jong -- Jurczak, Michael -- Tolliday, Nicola -- Camporez, Joao Paulo -- Chim, Helen -- Lim, Ji-Hong -- Ruan, Hai-Bin -- Yang, Xiaoyong -- Vazquez, Francisca -- Sicinski, Piotr -- Shulman, Gerald I -- Puigserver, Pere -- DK059635/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- F32 DK083871/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- P30 DK034989/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA083688/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA108420/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 DK069966/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R01 DK089098/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R01069966/PHS HHS/ -- R03 DA032468/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- R03 MH092174/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- R24 DK080261/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R24DK080261-06/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- U24 DK059635/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2014 Jun 26;510(7506):547-51. doi: 10.1038/nature13267. Epub 2014 May 25.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉1] Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA [2] Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA [3] Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA. ; 1] Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA [2] Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. ; 1] Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA [2] Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. ; Yale's Mouse Metabolic Phenotyping Center and Departments of Internal Medicine and Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA. ; Chemical Biology Platform, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02141, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24870244" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acetylation ; Amino Acids/pharmacology ; Animals ; *Cell Cycle ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Cell Nucleus/metabolism ; Cells, Cultured ; Cyclin D1/deficiency/genetics/*metabolism ; Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 4/antagonists & inhibitors/*metabolism ; Diabetes Mellitus/metabolism ; Enzyme Activation ; Fasting ; Gene Deletion ; Gluconeogenesis/genetics ; Glucose/*metabolism ; Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3/metabolism ; Hepatocytes/cytology/drug effects/metabolism ; Histone Acetyltransferases/metabolism ; Homeostasis ; Humans ; Hyperglycemia/metabolism ; Hyperinsulinism/metabolism ; Insulin/*metabolism ; Male ; Mice ; Phosphorylation ; RNA, Messenger/analysis/genetics ; *Signal Transduction ; Transcription Factors/metabolism ; Transcription, Genetic/drug effects
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  • 45
    Publication Date: 2014-08-15
    Description: The study of cancer genes in mouse models has traditionally relied on genetically-engineered strains made via transgenesis or gene targeting in embryonic stem cells. Here we describe a new method of cancer model generation using the CRISPR/Cas (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR-associated proteins) system in vivo in wild-type mice. We used hydrodynamic injection to deliver a CRISPR plasmid DNA expressing Cas9 and single guide RNAs (sgRNAs) to the liver that directly target the tumour suppressor genes Pten (ref. 5) and p53 (also known as TP53 and Trp53) (ref. 6), alone and in combination. CRISPR-mediated Pten mutation led to elevated Akt phosphorylation and lipid accumulation in hepatocytes, phenocopying the effects of deletion of the gene using Cre-LoxP technology. Simultaneous targeting of Pten and p53 induced liver tumours that mimicked those caused by Cre-loxP-mediated deletion of Pten and p53. DNA sequencing of liver and tumour tissue revealed insertion or deletion mutations of the tumour suppressor genes, including bi-allelic mutations of both Pten and p53 in tumours. Furthermore, co-injection of Cas9 plasmids harbouring sgRNAs targeting the beta-catenin gene and a single-stranded DNA oligonucleotide donor carrying activating point mutations led to the generation of hepatocytes with nuclear localization of beta-catenin. This study demonstrates the feasibility of direct mutation of tumour suppressor genes and oncogenes in the liver using the CRISPR/Cas system, which presents a new avenue for rapid development of liver cancer models and functional genomics.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4199937/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4199937/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Xue, Wen -- Chen, Sidi -- Yin, Hao -- Tammela, Tuomas -- Papagiannakopoulos, Thales -- Joshi, Nikhil S -- Cai, Wenxin -- Yang, Gillian -- Bronson, Roderick -- Crowley, Denise G -- Zhang, Feng -- Anderson, Daniel G -- Sharp, Phillip A -- Jacks, Tyler -- 1K99CA169512/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- 2-P01-CA42063/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- 5-U54-CA151884-04/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- DP1 MH100706/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- K99 CA169512/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- P30 CA014051/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- P30-CA14051/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R00 CA169512/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 DK097768/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R01-CA115527/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01-CA132091/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01-CA133404/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01-EB000244/EB/NIBIB NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- England -- Nature. 2014 Oct 16;514(7522):380-4. doi: 10.1038/nature13589. Epub 2014 Aug 6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉1] David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA [2]. ; David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA. ; Tufts University and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. ; Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA. ; 1] David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA [2] Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA [3] Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences &Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA [4] Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA. ; 1] David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA [2] Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA. ; 1] David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA [2] Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA [3] Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25119044" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Base Sequence ; *CRISPR-Cas Systems ; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/genetics ; Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats/genetics ; Female ; *Genes, Tumor Suppressor ; Genes, p53/genetics ; Genetic Engineering/*methods ; Hepatocytes/metabolism/pathology ; Lipid Metabolism ; Liver/cytology/*metabolism/pathology ; Liver Neoplasms/genetics/metabolism/pathology ; Mice ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutagenesis/*genetics ; Mutation/*genetics ; Oncogenes/*genetics ; PTEN Phosphohydrolase/genetics ; Phosphorylation ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/metabolism ; beta Catenin/genetics
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  • 46
    Publication Date: 2014-03-29
    Description: Akt, also known as protein kinase B, plays key roles in cell proliferation, survival and metabolism. Akt hyperactivation contributes to many pathophysiological conditions, including human cancers, and is closely associated with poor prognosis and chemo- or radiotherapeutic resistance. Phosphorylation of Akt at S473 (ref. 5) and T308 (ref. 6) activates Akt. However, it remains unclear whether further mechanisms account for full Akt activation, and whether Akt hyperactivation is linked to misregulated cell cycle progression, another cancer hallmark. Here we report that Akt activity fluctuates across the cell cycle, mirroring cyclin A expression. Mechanistically, phosphorylation of S477 and T479 at the Akt extreme carboxy terminus by cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (Cdk2)/cyclin A or mTORC2, under distinct physiological conditions, promotes Akt activation through facilitating, or functionally compensating for, S473 phosphorylation. Furthermore, deletion of the cyclin A2 allele in the mouse olfactory bulb leads to reduced S477/T479 phosphorylation and elevated cellular apoptosis. Notably, cyclin A2-deletion-induced cellular apoptosis in mouse embryonic stem cells is partly rescued by S477D/T479E-Akt1, supporting a physiological role for cyclin A2 in governing Akt activation. Together, the results of our study show Akt S477/T479 phosphorylation to be an essential layer of the Akt activation mechanism to regulate its physiological functions, thereby providing a new mechanistic link between aberrant cell cycle progression and Akt hyperactivation in cancer.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4076493/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4076493/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Liu, Pengda -- Begley, Michael -- Michowski, Wojciech -- Inuzuka, Hiroyuki -- Ginzberg, Miriam -- Gao, Daming -- Tsou, Peiling -- Gan, Wenjian -- Papa, Antonella -- Kim, Byeong Mo -- Wan, Lixin -- Singh, Amrik -- Zhai, Bo -- Yuan, Min -- Wang, Zhiwei -- Gygi, Steven P -- Lee, Tae Ho -- Lu, Kun-Ping -- Toker, Alex -- Pandolfi, Pier Paolo -- Asara, John M -- Kirschner, Marc W -- Sicinski, Piotr -- Cantley, Lewis -- Wei, Wenyi -- 2P01CA120964/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- 5T32HL007893/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- CA177910/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- GM089763/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM094777/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- P01 CA120964/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA132740/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA167677/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA177910/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM041890/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM089763/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM094777/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 HL111430/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- R01CA132740/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- S10 OD010612/OD/NIH HHS/ -- T32 HL007893/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2014 Apr 24;508(7497):541-5. doi: 10.1038/nature13079. Epub 2014 Mar 9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA. ; 1] Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA [2] Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. ; Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. ; Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. ; 1] Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA [2] Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA [3] Cancer Genetics Program and Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. ; Division of Gerontology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA. ; Cell Signaling Technology, Danvers, Massachusetts 01923, USA. ; Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA. ; 1] Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA [2] The Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China (Z.W.); Cancer Center at Weill Cornell Medical College and NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York 10065, USA (L.C.). ; Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. ; 1] Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA [2] Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA [3] The Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China (Z.W.); Cancer Center at Weill Cornell Medical College and NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York 10065, USA (L.C.).〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24670654" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Apoptosis/genetics ; Cell Cycle/*physiology ; Cell Proliferation ; Cyclin A2/metabolism ; Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 2/metabolism ; Embryonic Stem Cells/cytology/metabolism ; Enzyme Activation ; Male ; Mice ; Multiprotein Complexes/metabolism ; Neoplasms/enzymology/pathology ; Olfactory Bulb/cytology/enzymology/metabolism ; Oncogene Protein v-akt/chemistry/metabolism ; Phosphorylation ; Phosphoserine/metabolism ; Phosphothreonine/metabolism ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/*chemistry/*metabolism ; TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism
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  • 47
    Publication Date: 2014-09-26
    Description: In eukaryotic cells, post-translational histone modifications have an important role in gene regulation. Starting with early work on histone acetylation, a variety of residue-specific modifications have now been linked to RNA polymerase II (RNAP2) activity, but it remains unclear if these markers are active regulators of transcription or just passive byproducts. This is because studies have traditionally relied on fixed cell populations, meaning temporal resolution is limited to minutes at best, and correlated factors may not actually be present in the same cell at the same time. Complementary approaches are therefore needed to probe the dynamic interplay of histone modifications and RNAP2 with higher temporal resolution in single living cells. Here we address this problem by developing a system to track residue-specific histone modifications and RNAP2 phosphorylation in living cells by fluorescence microscopy. This increases temporal resolution to the tens-of-seconds range. Our single-cell analysis reveals histone H3 lysine-27 acetylation at a gene locus can alter downstream transcription kinetics by as much as 50%, affecting two temporally separate events. First acetylation enhances the search kinetics of transcriptional activators, and later the acetylation accelerates the transition of RNAP2 from initiation to elongation. Signatures of the latter can be found genome-wide using chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by sequencing. We argue that this regulation leads to a robust and potentially tunable transcriptional response.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stasevich, Timothy J -- Hayashi-Takanaka, Yoko -- Sato, Yuko -- Maehara, Kazumitsu -- Ohkawa, Yasuyuki -- Sakata-Sogawa, Kumiko -- Tokunaga, Makio -- Nagase, Takahiro -- Nozaki, Naohito -- McNally, James G -- Kimura, Hiroshi -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- England -- Nature. 2014 Dec 11;516(7530):272-5. doi: 10.1038/nature13714. Epub 2014 Sep 21.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉1] Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan [2] Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1870, USA [3] Transcription Imaging Consortium, Janelia Farm Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, Virginia 20147, USA. ; 1] Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan [2] Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Kawaguchi, Saitama, 332-0012, Japan [3] Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, 226-8501, Japan. ; 1] Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan [2] Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, 226-8501, Japan. ; Department of Advanced Medical Initiatives, Faculty of Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan. ; 1] Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Kawaguchi, Saitama, 332-0012, Japan [2] Department of Advanced Medical Initiatives, Faculty of Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan. ; 1] Department of Biological Information, Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, 226-8501, Japan [2] RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS), Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan. ; Department of Biotechnology Research, Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Chiba, 292-0818, Japan. ; Mab Institute Inc., Sapporo, 001-0021, Japan. ; 1] Laboratory of Receptor Biology and Gene Expression, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA [2] Institute for Soft Matter and Functional Materials, Helmholtz Zentrum Berlin, Berlin, 14109, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25252976" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acetylation ; Animals ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Cell Survival ; Chromatin Immunoprecipitation ; Enzyme Activation ; Genome/genetics ; Histones/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Kinetics ; Lysine/metabolism ; Mice ; Microscopy, Fluorescence ; Phosphorylation ; RNA Polymerase II/*metabolism ; *Single-Cell Analysis ; Time Factors ; Transcription Elongation, Genetic ; Transcription Initiation, Genetic ; *Transcription, Genetic
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  • 48
    Publication Date: 2014-12-24
    Description: Intrinsically disordered proteins play important roles in cell signalling, transcription, translation and cell cycle regulation. Although they lack stable tertiary structure, many intrinsically disordered proteins undergo disorder-to-order transitions upon binding to partners. Similarly, several folded proteins use regulated order-to-disorder transitions to mediate biological function. In principle, the function of intrinsically disordered proteins may be controlled by post-translational modifications that lead to structural changes such as folding, although this has not been observed. Here we show that multisite phosphorylation induces folding of the intrinsically disordered 4E-BP2, the major neural isoform of the family of three mammalian proteins that bind eIF4E and suppress cap-dependent translation initiation. In its non-phosphorylated state, 4E-BP2 interacts tightly with eIF4E using both a canonical YXXXXLPhi motif (starting at Y54) that undergoes a disorder-to-helix transition upon binding and a dynamic secondary binding site. We demonstrate that phosphorylation at T37 and T46 induces folding of residues P18-R62 of 4E-BP2 into a four-stranded beta-domain that sequesters the helical YXXXXLPhi motif into a partly buried beta-strand, blocking its accessibility to eIF4E. The folded state of pT37pT46 4E-BP2 is weakly stable, decreasing affinity by 100-fold and leading to an order-to-disorder transition upon binding to eIF4E, whereas fully phosphorylated 4E-BP2 is more stable, decreasing affinity by a factor of approximately 4,000. These results highlight stabilization of a phosphorylation-induced fold as the essential mechanism for phospho-regulation of the 4E-BP:eIF4E interaction and exemplify a new mode of biological regulation mediated by intrinsically disordered proteins.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bah, Alaji -- Vernon, Robert M -- Siddiqui, Zeba -- Krzeminski, Mickael -- Muhandiram, Ranjith -- Zhao, Charlie -- Sonenberg, Nahum -- Kay, Lewis E -- Forman-Kay, Julie D -- MOP-114985/Canadian Institutes of Health Research/Canada -- MOP-119579/Canadian Institutes of Health Research/Canada -- England -- Nature. 2015 Mar 5;519(7541):106-9. doi: 10.1038/nature13999. Epub 2014 Dec 22.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉1] Molecular Structure and Function Program, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A4, Canada [2] Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada. ; Molecular Structure and Function Program, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A4, Canada. ; 1] Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada [2] Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada. ; Department of Biochemistry and Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1Y6, Canada. ; 1] Molecular Structure and Function Program, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A4, Canada [2] Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada [3] Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada [4] Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25533957" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Binding Sites ; Eukaryotic Initiation Factor-4E/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Eukaryotic Initiation Factors/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Humans ; Intrinsically Disordered Proteins/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Models, Molecular ; Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Biomolecular ; Phosphorylation ; Protein Binding ; *Protein Folding ; Protein Structure, Secondary ; Signal Transduction
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  • 49
    Publication Date: 2014-12-04
    Description: In every living organism, cell division requires accurate identification of the division site and placement of the division machinery. In bacteria, this process is traditionally considered to begin with the polymerization of the highly conserved tubulin-like protein FtsZ into a ring that locates precisely at mid-cell. Over the past decades, several systems have been reported to regulate the spatiotemporal assembly and placement of the FtsZ ring. However, the human pathogen Streptococcus pneumoniae, in common with many other organisms, is devoid of these canonical systems and the mechanisms of positioning the division machinery remain unknown. Here we characterize a novel factor that locates at the division site before FtsZ and guides septum positioning in pneumococcus. Mid-cell-anchored protein Z (MapZ) forms ring structures at the cell equator and moves apart as the cell elongates, therefore behaving as a permanent beacon of division sites. MapZ then positions the FtsZ ring through direct protein-protein interactions. MapZ-mediated control differs from previously described systems mostly on the basis of negative regulation of FtsZ assembly. Furthermore, MapZ is an endogenous target of the Ser/Thr kinase StkP, which was recently shown to have a central role in cytokinesis and morphogenesis of S. pneumoniae. We show that both phosphorylated and non-phosphorylated forms of MapZ are required for proper Z-ring formation and dynamics. Altogether, this work uncovers a new mechanism for bacterial cell division that is regulated by phosphorylation and illustrates that nature has evolved a diversity of cell division mechanisms adapted to the different bacterial clades.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4268495/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4268495/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Fleurie, Aurore -- Lesterlin, Christian -- Manuse, Sylvie -- Zhao, Chao -- Cluzel, Caroline -- Lavergne, Jean-Pierre -- Franz-Wachtel, Mirita -- Macek, Boris -- Combet, Christophe -- Kuru, Erkin -- VanNieuwenhze, Michael S -- Brun, Yves V -- Sherratt, David -- Grangeasse, Christophe -- 083469/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 091911/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- GM051986/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM051986/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- WT083469MA/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- England -- Nature. 2014 Dec 11;516(7530):259-62. doi: 10.1038/nature13966. Epub 2014 Nov 26.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Bases Moleculaires et Structurales des Systemes Infectieux, IBCP, Universite Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR 5086, Lyon 69007, France. ; Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK. ; Laboratoire de Biologie Tissulaire et d'Ingenierie Threrapeutique, IBCP, Universite Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR 5305, Lyon 69007, France. ; Proteome Center Tubingen, University of Tubingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, Tubingen 72076, Germany. ; Departments of Biology and Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25470041" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Bacterial Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; *Cytokinesis ; Cytoskeletal Proteins/*metabolism ; Phosphorylation ; Protein Transport ; Streptococcus pneumoniae/*cytology/*metabolism ; Tubulin/metabolism
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  • 50
    Publication Date: 2014-02-18
    Description: RNA interference is widely distributed in eukaryotes and has a variety of functions, including antiviral defence and gene regulation. All RNA interference pathways use small single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) molecules that guide proteins of the Argonaute (Ago) family to complementary ssRNA targets: RNA-guided RNA interference. The role of prokaryotic Ago variants has remained elusive, although bioinformatics analysis has suggested their involvement in host defence. Here we demonstrate that Ago of the bacterium Thermus thermophilus (TtAgo) acts as a barrier for the uptake and propagation of foreign DNA. In vivo, TtAgo is loaded with 5'-phosphorylated DNA guides, 13-25 nucleotides in length, that are mostly plasmid derived and have a strong bias for a 5'-end deoxycytidine. These small interfering DNAs guide TtAgo to cleave complementary DNA strands. Hence, despite structural homology to its eukaryotic counterparts, TtAgo functions in host defence by DNA-guided DNA interference.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4697943/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4697943/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Swarts, Daan C -- Jore, Matthijs M -- Westra, Edze R -- Zhu, Yifan -- Janssen, Jorijn H -- Snijders, Ambrosius P -- Wang, Yanli -- Patel, Dinshaw J -- Berenguer, Jose -- Brouns, Stan J J -- van der Oost, John -- P30 CA008748/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM104962/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2014 Mar 13;507(7491):258-61. doi: 10.1038/nature12971. Epub 2014 Feb 16.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉1] Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Agrotechnology and Food Sciences, Wageningen University, Dreijenplein 10, 6703 HB Wageningen, the Netherlands [2]. ; Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Agrotechnology and Food Sciences, Wageningen University, Dreijenplein 10, 6703 HB Wageningen, the Netherlands. ; Clare Hall Laboratories, Cancer Research UK, London Research Institute, South Mimms EN6 3LD, UK. ; Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China. ; Structural Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA. ; Centro de Biologia Molecular Severo Ochoa, UAM-CSIC, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24531762" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Argonaute Proteins/*metabolism ; Base Pairing/genetics ; Base Sequence ; DNA/genetics/*metabolism ; *DNA Cleavage ; Deoxycytidine/genetics/metabolism ; *Gene Silencing ; Phosphorylation ; Plasmids/genetics ; Prokaryotic Cells/*metabolism ; Thermus thermophilus/*genetics/*metabolism
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  • 51
    Publication Date: 2014-10-14
    Description: Alzheimer's disease is the most common form of dementia, characterized by two pathological hallmarks: amyloid-beta plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. The amyloid hypothesis of Alzheimer's disease posits that the excessive accumulation of amyloid-beta peptide leads to neurofibrillary tangles composed of aggregated hyperphosphorylated tau. However, to date, no single disease model has serially linked these two pathological events using human neuronal cells. Mouse models with familial Alzheimer's disease (FAD) mutations exhibit amyloid-beta-induced synaptic and memory deficits but they do not fully recapitulate other key pathological events of Alzheimer's disease, including distinct neurofibrillary tangle pathology. Human neurons derived from Alzheimer's disease patients have shown elevated levels of toxic amyloid-beta species and phosphorylated tau but did not demonstrate amyloid-beta plaques or neurofibrillary tangles. Here we report that FAD mutations in beta-amyloid precursor protein and presenilin 1 are able to induce robust extracellular deposition of amyloid-beta, including amyloid-beta plaques, in a human neural stem-cell-derived three-dimensional (3D) culture system. More importantly, the 3D-differentiated neuronal cells expressing FAD mutations exhibited high levels of detergent-resistant, silver-positive aggregates of phosphorylated tau in the soma and neurites, as well as filamentous tau, as detected by immunoelectron microscopy. Inhibition of amyloid-beta generation with beta- or gamma-secretase inhibitors not only decreased amyloid-beta pathology, but also attenuated tauopathy. We also found that glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) regulated amyloid-beta-mediated tau phosphorylation. We have successfully recapitulated amyloid-beta and tau pathology in a single 3D human neural cell culture system. Our unique strategy for recapitulating Alzheimer's disease pathology in a 3D neural cell culture model should also serve to facilitate the development of more precise human neural cell models of other neurodegenerative disorders.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4366007/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4366007/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Choi, Se Hoon -- Kim, Young Hye -- Hebisch, Matthias -- Sliwinski, Christopher -- Lee, Seungkyu -- D'Avanzo, Carla -- Chen, Hechao -- Hooli, Basavaraj -- Asselin, Caroline -- Muffat, Julien -- Klee, Justin B -- Zhang, Can -- Wainger, Brian J -- Peitz, Michael -- Kovacs, Dora M -- Woolf, Clifford J -- Wagner, Steven L -- Tanzi, Rudolph E -- Kim, Doo Yeon -- 5P01AG15379/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- 5R37MH060009/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- P01 AG004953/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- P01 AG015379/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- P30 HD018655/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- P30 NS045776/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- P50 AG005134/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- R01 AG014713/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- R01 NS045860/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R21 AG031483/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- RF1 AG048080/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2014 Nov 13;515(7526):274-8. doi: 10.1038/nature13800. Epub 2014 Oct 12.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉1] Genetics and Aging Research Unit, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA [2]. ; 1] Genetics and Aging Research Unit, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA [2] Division of Mass Spectrometry Research, Korea Basic Science Institute, Cheongju-si, Chungbuk 363-883, South Korea [3]. ; 1] Genetics and Aging Research Unit, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA [2] Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, Life and Brain Center, University of Bonn and Hertie Foundation, 53127 Bonn, Germany. ; Genetics and Aging Research Unit, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA. ; FM Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. ; The Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA. ; Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, Life and Brain Center, University of Bonn and Hertie Foundation, 53127 Bonn, Germany. ; Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25307057" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alzheimer Disease/genetics/*metabolism/*pathology ; Amyloid beta-Peptides/chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; Cell Culture Techniques/*methods ; Cell Differentiation ; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical/methods ; Extracellular Space/metabolism ; Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3/metabolism ; Humans ; Microtubule-Associated Proteins/metabolism ; *Models, Biological ; Neural Stem Cells/*metabolism/pathology ; Neurites/metabolism ; Phosphorylation ; Presenilin-1/metabolism ; Protein Aggregation, Pathological ; Reproducibility of Results ; tau Proteins/chemistry/metabolism
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  • 52
    Publication Date: 2014-09-26
    Description: Post-translational histone modifications have a critical role in regulating transcription, the cell cycle, DNA replication and DNA damage repair. The identification of new histone modifications critical for transcriptional regulation at initiation, elongation or termination is of particular interest. Here we report a new layer of regulation in transcriptional elongation that is conserved from yeast to mammals. This regulation is based on the phosphorylation of a highly conserved tyrosine residue, Tyr 57, in histone H2A and is mediated by the unsuspected tyrosine kinase activity of casein kinase 2 (CK2). Mutation of Tyr 57 in H2A in yeast or inhibition of CK2 activity impairs transcriptional elongation in yeast as well as in mammalian cells. Genome-wide binding analysis reveals that CK2alpha, the catalytic subunit of CK2, binds across RNA-polymerase-II-transcribed coding genes and active enhancers. Mutation of Tyr 57 causes a loss of H2B mono-ubiquitination as well as H3K4me3 and H3K79me3, histone marks associated with active transcription. Mechanistically, both CK2 inhibition and the H2A(Y57F) mutation enhance H2B deubiquitination activity of the Spt-Ada-Gcn5 acetyltransferase (SAGA) complex, suggesting a critical role of this phosphorylation in coordinating the activity of the SAGA complex during transcription. Together, these results identify a new component of regulation in transcriptional elongation based on CK2-dependent tyrosine phosphorylation of the globular domain of H2A.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4461219/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4461219/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Basnet, Harihar -- Su, Xue B -- Tan, Yuliang -- Meisenhelder, Jill -- Merkurjev, Daria -- Ohgi, Kenneth A -- Hunter, Tony -- Pillus, Lorraine -- Rosenfeld, Michael G -- CA173903/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- CA82683/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- DK018477/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- DK039949/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- GM033279/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- HL065445/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- NS034934/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- P30 CA023100/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 DK018477/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM033279/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 HL065445/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- R01 NS034934/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R37 DK039949/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- T32 DK007541/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- England -- Nature. 2014 Dec 11;516(7530):267-71. doi: 10.1038/nature13736. Epub 2014 Sep 24.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉1] Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA [2] Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA. ; Division of Biological Sciences, Section of Molecular Biology, UCSD Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0347, USA. ; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA. ; Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037, USA. ; 1] Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA [2] Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Program, Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25252977" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Casein Kinase II/*metabolism ; Cell Line ; Conserved Sequence ; Histones/*chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Humans ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Phosphorylation ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae/genetics/metabolism ; *Transcription Elongation, Genetic ; Tyrosine/chemistry/*metabolism ; Ubiquitination/genetics
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  • 53
    Publication Date: 2014-11-20
    Description: Obesity-linked insulin resistance is a major precursor to the development of type 2 diabetes. Previous work has shown that phosphorylation of PPARgamma (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma) at serine 273 by cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5) stimulates diabetogenic gene expression in adipose tissues. Inhibition of this modification is a key therapeutic mechanism for anti-diabetic drugs that bind PPARgamma, such as the thiazolidinediones and PPARgamma partial agonists or non-agonists. For a better understanding of the importance of this obesity-linked PPARgamma phosphorylation, we created mice that ablated Cdk5 specifically in adipose tissues. These mice have both a paradoxical increase in PPARgamma phosphorylation at serine 273 and worsened insulin resistance. Unbiased proteomic studies show that extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) kinases are activated in these knockout animals. Here we show that ERK directly phosphorylates serine 273 of PPARgamma in a robust manner and that Cdk5 suppresses ERKs through direct action on a novel site in MAP kinase/ERK kinase (MEK). Importantly, pharmacological inhibition of MEK and ERK markedly improves insulin resistance in both obese wild-type and ob/ob mice, and also completely reverses the deleterious effects of the Cdk5 ablation. These data show that an ERK/Cdk5 axis controls PPARgamma function and suggest that MEK/ERK inhibitors may hold promise for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4297557/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4297557/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Banks, Alexander S -- McAllister, Fiona E -- Camporez, Joao Paulo G -- Zushin, Peter-James H -- Jurczak, Michael J -- Laznik-Bogoslavski, Dina -- Shulman, Gerald I -- Gygi, Steven P -- Spiegelman, Bruce M -- DK31405/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- DK93638/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- K01 DK093638/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R01 DK031405/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2015 Jan 15;517(7534):391-5. doi: 10.1038/nature13887. Epub 2014 Nov 17.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. ; Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. ; Yale Mouse Metabolic Phenotyping Center and Departments of Internal Medicine and Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA. ; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. ; 1] Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA [2] Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25409143" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adipocytes/enzymology/metabolism ; Adipose Tissue/cytology/enzymology/metabolism ; Animals ; Cell Proliferation ; Cells, Cultured ; Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 5/deficiency/*metabolism ; Diabetes Mellitus/*metabolism ; Diet, High-Fat ; Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases/*metabolism ; Humans ; Insulin Resistance ; MAP Kinase Kinase 2/antagonists & inhibitors/metabolism ; MAP Kinase Signaling System ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mice, Obese ; PPAR gamma/chemistry/*metabolism ; Phosphorylation
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  • 54
    Publication Date: 2014-03-22
    Description: Biological oscillations are observed at many levels of cellular organization. In the social amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum, starvation-triggered multicellular development is organized by periodic cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP) waves, which provide both chemoattractant gradients and developmental signals. We report that GtaC, a GATA transcription factor, exhibits rapid nucleocytoplasmic shuttling in response to cAMP waves. This behavior requires coordinated action of a nuclear localization signal and reversible G protein (heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide-binding protein)-coupled receptor-mediated phosphorylation. Although both are required for developmental gene expression, receptor occupancy promotes nuclear exit of GtaC, which leads to a transient burst of transcription at each cAMP cycle. We demonstrate that this biological circuit filters out high-frequency signals and counts those admitted, thereby enabling cells to modulate gene expression according to the dynamic pattern of the external stimuli.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4061987/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4061987/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cai, Huaqing -- Katoh-Kurasawa, Mariko -- Muramoto, Tetsuya -- Santhanam, Balaji -- Long, Yu -- Li, Lei -- Ueda, Masahiro -- Iglesias, Pablo A -- Shaulsky, Gad -- Devreotes, Peter N -- GM 28007/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM 34933/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- HD 039691/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- P01 HD039691/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM028007/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM034933/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R37 GM028007/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Mar 21;343(6177):1249531. doi: 10.1126/science.1249531.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24653039" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Active Transport, Cell Nucleus ; Cell Nucleus/*metabolism ; Cyclic AMP/metabolism/pharmacology ; Cytoplasm/*metabolism ; Dictyostelium/growth & development/*metabolism ; GATA Transcription Factors/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Gene Expression Regulation ; Heterotrimeric GTP-Binding Proteins/metabolism ; Nuclear Localization Signals ; Phosphorylation ; Protozoan Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/metabolism
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  • 55
    Publication Date: 2014-02-08
    Description: Despite our understanding of actomyosin function in individual migrating cells, we know little about the mechanisms by which actomyosin drives collective cell movement in vertebrate embryos. The collective movements of convergent extension drive both global reorganization of the early embryo and local remodeling during organogenesis. We report here that planar cell polarity (PCP) proteins control convergent extension by exploiting an evolutionarily ancient function of the septin cytoskeleton. By directing septin-mediated compartmentalization of cortical actomyosin, PCP proteins coordinate the specific shortening of mesenchymal cell-cell contacts, which in turn powers cell interdigitation. These data illuminate the interface between developmental signaling systems and the fundamental machinery of cell behavior and should provide insights into the etiology of human birth defects, such as spina bifida and congenital kidney cysts.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4167615/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4167615/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Shindo, Asako -- Wallingford, John B -- R01 GM074104/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Feb 7;343(6171):649-52. doi: 10.1126/science.1243126.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute and University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24503851" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Actomyosin/*metabolism ; Animals ; *Cell Movement ; *Cell Polarity ; Embryo, Nonmammalian/cytology/metabolism ; Female ; Gastrula/cytology/metabolism ; Gene Knockdown Techniques ; Humans ; Mesoderm/cytology/metabolism ; Organogenesis ; Phosphorylation ; Septins/genetics/*metabolism ; Xenopus Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Xenopus laevis
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  • 56
    Publication Date: 2014-01-18
    Description: Btk29A is the Drosophila ortholog of the mammalian Bruton's tyrosine kinase (Btk), mutations of which in humans cause a heritable immunodeficiency disease. Btk29A mutations stabilized the proliferating cystoblast fate, leading to an ovarian tumor. This phenotype was rescued by overexpression of wild-type Btk29A and phenocopied by the interference of Wnt4-beta-catenin signaling or its putative downstream nuclear protein Piwi in somatic escort cells. Btk29A and mammalian Btk directly phosphorylated tyrosine residues of beta-catenin, leading to the up-regulation of its transcriptional activity. Thus, we identify a transcriptional switch involving the kinase Btk29A/Btk and its phosphorylation target, beta-catenin, which functions downstream of Wnt4 in escort cells to terminate Drosophila germ cell proliferation through up-regulation of piwi expression. This signaling mechanism likely represents a versatile developmental switch.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hamada-Kawaguchi, Noriko -- Nore, Beston F -- Kuwada, Yusuke -- Smith, C I Edvard -- Yamamoto, Daisuke -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Jan 17;343(6168):294-7. doi: 10.1126/science.1244512.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Developmental Biology and Neurosciences, Tohoku University Graduate School of Life Sciences, Sendai 980-8577, Japan.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24436419" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Argonaute Proteins/*biosynthesis ; *Cell Proliferation ; DNA Breaks, Double-Stranded ; Drosophila Proteins/*biosynthesis/genetics/*metabolism ; Drosophila melanogaster/genetics/metabolism/*physiology ; Gene Knockdown Techniques ; Genomic Instability ; Germ Cells/cytology/metabolism/*physiology ; Glycoproteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Phosphorylation ; Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/genetics/*metabolism ; RNA, Small Interfering/genetics/metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; Transcription, Genetic ; Tyrosine/genetics/metabolism ; Up-Regulation ; Wnt Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; beta Catenin/genetics/*metabolism
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  • 57
    Publication Date: 2014-11-08
    Description: Mitochondria play central roles in cellular energy conversion, metabolism, and apoptosis. Mitochondria import more than 1000 different proteins from the cytosol. It is unknown if the mitochondrial protein import machinery is connected to the cell division cycle. We found that the cyclin-dependent kinase Cdk1 stimulated assembly of the main mitochondrial entry gate, the translocase of the outer membrane (TOM), in mitosis. The molecular mechanism involved phosphorylation of the cytosolic precursor of Tom6 by cyclin Clb3-activated Cdk1, leading to enhanced import of Tom6 into mitochondria. Tom6 phosphorylation promoted assembly of the protein import channel Tom40 and import of fusion proteins, thus stimulating the respiratory activity of mitochondria in mitosis. Tom6 phosphorylation provides a direct means for regulating mitochondrial biogenesis and activity in a cell cycle-specific manner.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Harbauer, Angelika B -- Opalinska, Magdalena -- Gerbeth, Carolin -- Herman, Josip S -- Rao, Sanjana -- Schonfisch, Birgit -- Guiard, Bernard -- Schmidt, Oliver -- Pfanner, Nikolaus -- Meisinger, Chris -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Nov 28;346(6213):1109-13. doi: 10.1126/science.1261253. Epub 2014 Nov 6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institut fur Biochemie und Molekularbiologie, ZBMZ, Universitat Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany. Trinationales Graduiertenkolleg 1478, Universitat Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany. Faculty of Biology, Universitat Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany. BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, Universitat Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany. ; Institut fur Biochemie und Molekularbiologie, ZBMZ, Universitat Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany. ; Institut fur Biochemie und Molekularbiologie, ZBMZ, Universitat Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany. Trinationales Graduiertenkolleg 1478, Universitat Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany. Faculty of Biology, Universitat Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany. ; Institut fur Biochemie und Molekularbiologie, ZBMZ, Universitat Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany. Faculty of Biology, Universitat Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany. Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine, Universitat Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany. ; Centre de Genetique Moleculaire, CNRS, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France. ; Institut fur Biochemie und Molekularbiologie, ZBMZ, Universitat Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany. BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, Universitat Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany. ; Institut fur Biochemie und Molekularbiologie, ZBMZ, Universitat Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany. BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, Universitat Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany. nikolaus.pfanner@biochemie.uni-freiburg.de chris.meisinger@biochemie.uni-freiburg.de.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25378463" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: CDC2 Protein Kinase/metabolism ; *Cell Cycle ; Cyclin B/metabolism ; Cytosol/metabolism ; Mitochondria/*metabolism ; Mitochondrial Membrane Transport Proteins/*metabolism ; Phosphorylation ; Protein Precursors/*metabolism ; Protein Transport ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae/*cytology/*metabolism ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins/*metabolism
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  • 58
    Publication Date: 2014-08-02
    Description: Many RNA regulatory proteins controlling pre-messenger RNA splicing contain serine:arginine (SR) repeats. Here, we found that these SR domains bound hydrogel droplets composed of fibrous polymers of the low-complexity domain of heterogeneous ribonucleoprotein A2 (hnRNPA2). Hydrogel binding was reversed upon phosphorylation of the SR domain by CDC2-like kinases 1 and 2 (CLK1/2). Mutated variants of the SR domains changing serine to glycine (SR-to-GR variants) also bound to hnRNPA2 hydrogels but were not affected by CLK1/2. When expressed in mammalian cells, these variants bound nucleoli. The translation products of the sense and antisense transcripts of the expansion repeats associated with the C9orf72 gene altered in neurodegenerative disease encode GRn and PRn repeat polypeptides. Both peptides bound to hnRNPA2 hydrogels independent of CLK1/2 activity. When applied to cultured cells, both peptides entered cells, migrated to the nucleus, bound nucleoli, and poisoned RNA biogenesis, which caused cell death.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4459787/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4459787/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kwon, Ilmin -- Xiang, Siheng -- Kato, Masato -- Wu, Leeju -- Theodoropoulos, Pano -- Wang, Tao -- Kim, Jiwoong -- Yun, Jonghyun -- Xie, Yang -- McKnight, Steven L -- U01 GM107623/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Sep 5;345(6201):1139-45. doi: 10.1126/science.1254917. Epub 2014 Jul 31.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biochemistry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390-9152, USA. ; Quantitative Biomedical Research Center, Department of Clinical Sciences, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390-9152, USA. ; Department of Biochemistry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390-9152, USA. steven.mcknight@utsouthwestern.edu.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25081482" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alternative Splicing ; Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis/genetics/*metabolism/pathology ; Astrocytes/*metabolism/pathology ; Cell Death ; Cell Nucleolus/*metabolism ; Cells, Cultured ; Dipeptides/genetics/*metabolism/pharmacology ; Frontotemporal Dementia/genetics/*metabolism/pathology ; Glutamate Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins/genetics ; Heterogeneous-Nuclear Ribonucleoprotein Group A-B/*metabolism ; Humans ; Hydrogel ; Phosphorylation ; Protein Biosynthesis ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism ; Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/metabolism ; Proteins/*genetics ; RNA, Antisense/antagonists & inhibitors/biosynthesis ; RNA, Messenger/antagonists & inhibitors/biosynthesis ; RNA, Ribosomal/antagonists & inhibitors/biosynthesis ; Repetitive Sequences, Amino Acid ; Transcription, Genetic
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  • 59
    Publication Date: 2014-01-25
    Description: Plant cells are immobile; thus, plant growth and development depend on cell expansion rather than cell migration. The molecular mechanism by which the plasma membrane initiates changes in the cell expansion rate remains elusive. We found that a secreted peptide, RALF (rapid alkalinization factor), suppresses cell elongation of the primary root by activating the cell surface receptor FERONIA in Arabidopsis thaliana. A direct peptide-receptor interaction is supported by specific binding of RALF to FERONIA and reduced binding and insensitivity to RALF-induced growth inhibition in feronia mutants. Phosphoproteome measurements demonstrate that the RALF-FERONIA interaction causes phosphorylation of plasma membrane H(+)-adenosine triphosphatase 2 at Ser(899), mediating the inhibition of proton transport. The results reveal a molecular mechanism for RALF-induced extracellular alkalinization and a signaling pathway that regulates cell expansion.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4672726/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4672726/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Haruta, Miyoshi -- Sabat, Grzegorz -- Stecker, Kelly -- Minkoff, Benjamin B -- Sussman, Michael R -- 5T32HG002760/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- U54 GM074901/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Jan 24;343(6169):408-11. doi: 10.1126/science.1244454.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Biotechnology Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24458638" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Arabidopsis/*cytology/metabolism ; Arabidopsis Proteins/*agonists/genetics/*metabolism ; *Cell Enlargement ; Cell Membrane/*enzymology ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Peptide Hormones/genetics/*metabolism ; Phosphorylation ; Phosphotransferases/genetics/metabolism ; Plant Cells/metabolism/physiology ; Plant Roots/cytology/metabolism ; Protein Binding ; Proteome/metabolism ; Proton-Translocating ATPases/*metabolism ; Serine/metabolism
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  • 60
    Publication Date: 2014-04-20
    Description: Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) play important roles in diverse biological processes; however, few have been identified that regulate immune cell differentiation and function. Here, we identified lnc-DC, which was exclusively expressed in human conventional dendritic cells (DCs). Knockdown of lnc-DC impaired DC differentiation from human monocytes in vitro and from mouse bone marrow cells in vivo and reduced capacity of DCs to stimulate T cell activation. lnc-DC mediated these effects by activating the transcription factor STAT3 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 3). lnc-DC bound directly to STAT3 in the cytoplasm, which promoted STAT3 phosphorylation on tyrosine-705 by preventing STAT3 binding to and dephosphorylation by SHP1. Our work identifies a lncRNA that regulates DC differentiation and also broadens the known mechanisms of lncRNA action.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wang, Pin -- Xue, Yiquan -- Han, Yanmei -- Lin, Li -- Wu, Cong -- Xu, Sheng -- Jiang, Zhengping -- Xu, Junfang -- Liu, Qiuyan -- Cao, Xuetao -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Apr 18;344(6181):310-3. doi: 10.1126/science.1251456.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉National Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology and Institute of Immunology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24744378" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Bone Marrow Cells/cytology ; Cell Differentiation ; Chromatin/metabolism ; Cytoplasm/metabolism ; Dendritic Cells/*cytology/*immunology/physiology ; Epigenesis, Genetic ; Gene Expression Regulation ; Histones/metabolism ; Humans ; Lymphocyte Activation ; Mice ; Monocytes/cytology ; Nucleic Acid Conformation ; Phosphorylation ; Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 6/metabolism ; RNA, Long Noncoding/*metabolism ; STAT3 Transcription Factor/*metabolism ; T-Lymphocytes/immunology
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  • 61
    Publication Date: 2014-03-15
    Description: Innate immunity relies on the perception of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) by pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) located on the host cell's surface. Many plant PRRs are kinases. Here, we report that the Arabidopsis receptor kinase EF-TU RECEPTOR (EFR), which perceives the elf18 peptide derived from bacterial elongation factor Tu, is activated upon ligand binding by phosphorylation on its tyrosine residues. Phosphorylation of a single tyrosine residue, Y836, is required for activation of EFR and downstream immunity to the phytopathogenic bacterium Pseudomonas syringae. A tyrosine phosphatase, HopAO1, secreted by P. syringae, reduces EFR phosphorylation and prevents subsequent immune responses. Thus, host and pathogen compete to take control of PRR tyrosine phosphorylation used to initiate antibacterial immunity.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Macho, Alberto P -- Schwessinger, Benjamin -- Ntoukakis, Vardis -- Brutus, Alexandre -- Segonzac, Cecile -- Roy, Sonali -- Kadota, Yasuhiro -- Oh, Man-Ho -- Sklenar, Jan -- Derbyshire, Paul -- Lozano-Duran, Rosa -- Malinovsky, Frederikke Gro -- Monaghan, Jacqueline -- Menke, Frank L -- Huber, Steven C -- He, Sheng Yang -- Zipfel, Cyril -- BB/G024944/1/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom -- R01AI060761/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Mar 28;343(6178):1509-12. doi: 10.1126/science.1248849. Epub 2014 Mar 13.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24625928" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Arabidopsis/*immunology/*microbiology ; Arabidopsis Proteins/agonists/*metabolism ; Bacterial Proteins/*metabolism ; Peptide Elongation Factor Tu/*metabolism ; Peptides/metabolism/pharmacology ; Phosphorylation ; Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases/*metabolism ; Pseudomonas syringae/enzymology/*pathogenicity ; Receptors, Pattern Recognition/agonists/*metabolism ; Tyrosine/metabolism
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  • 62
    Publication Date: 2013-04-27
    Description: Senescent and damaged mitochondria undergo selective mitophagic elimination through mechanisms requiring two Parkinson's disease factors, the mitochondrial kinase PINK1 (PTEN-induced putative kinase protein 1; PTEN is phosphatase and tensin homolog) and the cytosolic ubiquitin ligase Parkin. The nature of the PINK-Parkin interaction and the identity of key factors directing Parkin to damaged mitochondria are unknown. We show that the mitochondrial outer membrane guanosine triphosphatase mitofusin (Mfn) 2 mediates Parkin recruitment to damaged mitochondria. Parkin bound to Mfn2 in a PINK1-dependent manner; PINK1 phosphorylated Mfn2 and promoted its Parkin-mediated ubiqitination. Ablation of Mfn2 in mouse cardiac myocytes prevented depolarization-induced translocation of Parkin to the mitochondria and suppressed mitophagy. Accumulation of morphologically and functionally abnormal mitochondria induced respiratory dysfunction in Mfn2-deficient mouse embryonic fibroblasts and cardiomyocytes and in Parkin-deficient Drosophila heart tubes, causing dilated cardiomyopathy. Thus, Mfn2 functions as a mitochondrial receptor for Parkin and is required for quality control of cardiac mitochondria.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3774525/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3774525/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Chen, Yun -- Dorn, Gerald W 2nd -- R01 HL059888/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- R21 HL107276/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Apr 26;340(6131):471-5. doi: 10.1126/science.1231031.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center for Pharmacogenomics, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23620051" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Autophagy ; Cardiomyopathies/enzymology ; Drosophila melanogaster ; Fibroblasts/ultrastructure ; GTP Phosphohydrolases/genetics/*metabolism ; HEK293 Cells ; Humans ; Mice ; Mice, Mutant Strains ; Mitochondria/enzymology ; Mitochondria, Heart/*enzymology ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Myocytes, Cardiac/*enzymology/ultrastructure ; Phosphorylation ; Protein Kinases/*metabolism ; Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases/*metabolism ; Ubiquitination
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 63
    Publication Date: 2013-01-26
    Description: Signaling pathways can induce different dynamics of transcription factor (TF) activation. We explored how TFs process signaling inputs to generate diverse dynamic responses. The budding yeast general stress-responsive TF Msn2 acted as a tunable signal processor that could track, filter, or integrate signals in an input-dependent manner. This tunable signal processing appears to originate from dual regulation of both nuclear import and export by phosphorylation, as mutants with one form of regulation sustained only one signal-processing function. Versatile signal processing by Msn2 is crucial for generating distinct dynamic responses to different natural stresses. Our findings reveal how complex signal-processing functions are integrated into a single molecule and provide a guide for the design of TFs with "programmable" signal-processing functions.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3746486/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3746486/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hao, Nan -- Budnik, Bogdan A -- Gunawardena, Jeremy -- O'Shea, Erin K -- R01 GM081578/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Jan 25;339(6118):460-4. doi: 10.1126/science.1227299.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Harvard University Faculty of Arts and Sciences Center for Systems Biology, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23349292" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Active Transport, Cell Nucleus ; Cell Nucleus/*metabolism ; Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors/genetics/metabolism ; Cytoplasm/metabolism ; DNA-Binding Proteins/*metabolism ; Models, Biological ; Nuclear Export Signals ; Nuclear Localization Signals ; Osmotic Pressure ; Oxidative Stress ; Phosphorylation ; Proteins/pharmacology ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae/genetics/*metabolism ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins/*metabolism ; *Signal Transduction ; Stress, Physiological ; Transcription Factors/*metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 64
    Publication Date: 2013-06-08
    Description: Phosphatase and tensin homolog on chromosome ten (PTEN) is a tumor suppressor and an antagonist of the phosphoinositide-3 kinase (PI3K) pathway. We identified a 576-amino acid translational variant of PTEN, termed PTEN-Long, that arises from an alternative translation start site 519 base pairs upstream of the ATG initiation sequence, adding 173 N-terminal amino acids to the normal PTEN open reading frame. PTEN-Long is a membrane-permeable lipid phosphatase that is secreted from cells and can enter other cells. As an exogenous agent, PTEN-Long antagonized PI3K signaling and induced tumor cell death in vitro and in vivo. By providing a means to restore a functional tumor-suppressor protein to tumor cells, PTEN-Long may have therapeutic uses.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3935617/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3935617/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hopkins, Benjamin D -- Fine, Barry -- Steinbach, Nicole -- Dendy, Meaghan -- Rapp, Zachary -- Shaw, Jacquelyn -- Pappas, Kyrie -- Yu, Jennifer S -- Hodakoski, Cindy -- Mense, Sarah -- Klein, Joshua -- Pegno, Sarah -- Sulis, Maria-Luisa -- Goldstein, Hannah -- Amendolara, Benjamin -- Lei, Liang -- Maurer, Matthew -- Bruce, Jeffrey -- Canoll, Peter -- Hibshoosh, Hanina -- Parsons, Ramon -- 2T32 CA09503/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- CA082783/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- CA097403/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- P01 CA097403/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA082783/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA155117/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 NS066955/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R01 NS073610/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R01NS066955/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- T32 CA009503/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- T32 GM008224/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Jul 26;341(6144):399-402. doi: 10.1126/science.1234907. Epub 2013 Jun 6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1470 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10029, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23744781" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Cell Line, Tumor ; *Cell Survival ; Embryonic Stem Cells ; Glioblastoma/drug therapy/metabolism/pathology ; HEK293 Cells ; Humans ; Mice ; Mice, Nude ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; PTEN Phosphohydrolase/*chemistry/genetics/*metabolism/pharmacology ; Peptide Chain Initiation, Translational ; Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase/*metabolism ; Phosphorylation ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/metabolism ; RNA, Messenger/genetics/metabolism ; *Signal Transduction/drug effects ; Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 65
    Publication Date: 2013-01-12
    Description: DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) represent a threat to the genome because they can lead to the loss of genetic information and chromosome rearrangements. The DNA repair protein p53 binding protein 1 (53BP1) protects the genome by limiting nucleolytic processing of DSBs by a mechanism that requires its phosphorylation, but whether 53BP1 does so directly is not known. Here, we identify Rap1-interacting factor 1 (Rif1) as an ATM (ataxia-telangiectasia mutated) phosphorylation-dependent interactor of 53BP1 and show that absence of Rif1 results in 5'-3' DNA-end resection in mice. Consistent with enhanced DNA resection, Rif1 deficiency impairs DNA repair in the G(1) and S phases of the cell cycle, interferes with class switch recombination in B lymphocytes, and leads to accumulation of chromosome DSBs.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3815530/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3815530/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Di Virgilio, Michela -- Callen, Elsa -- Yamane, Arito -- Zhang, Wenzhu -- Jankovic, Mila -- Gitlin, Alexander D -- Feldhahn, Niklas -- Resch, Wolfgang -- Oliveira, Thiago Y -- Chait, Brian T -- Nussenzweig, Andre -- Casellas, Rafael -- Robbiani, Davide F -- Nussenzweig, Michel C -- AI037526/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- GM007739/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM103314/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI037526/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- RR00862/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- RR022220/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- Intramural NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Feb 8;339(6120):711-5. doi: 10.1126/science.1230624. Epub 2013 Jan 10.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23306439" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated Proteins ; B-Lymphocytes/immunology/metabolism ; Cell Cycle Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors/metabolism ; Cells, Cultured ; Chromosomal Proteins, Non-Histone/*metabolism ; DNA/*metabolism ; *DNA Breaks, Double-Stranded ; DNA Repair ; DNA-Binding Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors/*metabolism ; G1 Phase ; G2 Phase ; Genomic Instability ; *Immunoglobulin Class Switching ; Mice ; Phosphorylation ; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors/metabolism ; S Phase ; Telomere-Binding Proteins/*metabolism ; Tumor Suppressor Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors/metabolism
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  • 66
    Publication Date: 2013-02-16
    Description: Casein kinase 1 (CK1) members play key roles in numerous biological processes. They are considered "rogue" kinases, because their enzymatic activity appears unregulated. Contrary to this notion, we have identified the DEAD-box RNA helicase DDX3 as a regulator of the Wnt-beta-catenin network, where it acts as a regulatory subunit of CK1epsilon: In a Wnt-dependent manner, DDX3 binds CK1epsilon and directly stimulates its kinase activity, and promotes phosphorylation of the scaffold protein dishevelled. DDX3 is required for Wnt-beta-catenin signaling in mammalian cells and during Xenopus and Caenorhabditis elegans development. The results also suggest that the kinase-stimulatory function extends to other DDX and CK1 members, opening fresh perspectives for one of the longest-studied protein kinase families.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cruciat, Cristina-Maria -- Dolde, Christine -- de Groot, Reinoud E A -- Ohkawara, Bisei -- Reinhard, Carmen -- Korswagen, Hendrik C -- Niehrs, Christof -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Mar 22;339(6126):1436-41. doi: 10.1126/science.1231499. Epub 2013 Feb 14.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Molecular Embryology, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23413191" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/metabolism ; Animals ; Caenorhabditis elegans/genetics/growth & development/metabolism ; Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Casein Kinase Iepsilon/chemistry/*metabolism ; DEAD-box RNA Helicases/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; HEK293 Cells ; Humans ; Phosphoproteins/metabolism ; Phosphorylation ; Protein Binding ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; RNA Helicases/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Wnt Proteins/metabolism ; *Wnt Signaling Pathway ; Xenopus/embryology/genetics/metabolism ; Xenopus Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; beta Catenin/metabolism
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  • 67
    Publication Date: 2013-02-02
    Description: Receptor-interacting protein kinase 4 (RIPK4) is required for epidermal differentiation and is mutated in Bartsocas-Papas syndrome. RIPK4 binds to protein kinase C, but its signaling mechanisms are largely unknown. Ectopic RIPK4, but not catalytically inactive or Bartsocas-Papas RIPK4 mutants, induced accumulation of cytosolic beta-catenin and a transcriptional program similar to that caused by Wnt3a. In Xenopus embryos, Ripk4 synergized with coexpressed Xwnt8, whereas Ripk4 morpholinos or catalytic inactive Ripk4 antagonized Wnt signaling. RIPK4 interacted constitutively with the adaptor protein DVL2 and, after Wnt3a stimulation, with the co-receptor LRP6. Phosphorylation of DVL2 by RIPK4 favored canonical Wnt signaling. Wnt-dependent growth of xenografted human tumor cells was suppressed by RIPK4 knockdown, suggesting that RIPK4 overexpression may contribute to the growth of certain tumor types.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4094295/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4094295/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Huang, XiaoDong -- McGann, James C -- Liu, Bob Y -- Hannoush, Rami N -- Lill, Jennie R -- Pham, Victoria -- Newton, Kim -- Kakunda, Michael -- Liu, Jinfeng -- Yu, Christine -- Hymowitz, Sarah G -- Hongo, Jo-Anne -- Wynshaw-Boris, Anthony -- Polakis, Paul -- Harland, Richard M -- Dixit, Vishva M -- R01 GM042341/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 NS073159/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Mar 22;339(6126):1441-5. doi: 10.1126/science.1232253. Epub 2013 Jan 31.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Physiological Chemistry, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23371553" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/*metabolism ; Animals ; Cell Line ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Cytosol/metabolism ; Female ; Gene Knockdown Techniques ; HEK293 Cells ; Humans ; Low Density Lipoprotein Receptor-Related Protein-6/metabolism ; Neoplasm Transplantation ; Neoplasms/metabolism ; Ovarian Neoplasms/metabolism ; Phosphoproteins/*metabolism ; Phosphorylation ; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases/genetics/*metabolism ; Transplantation, Heterologous ; *Wnt Signaling Pathway ; Wnt3A Protein/metabolism ; Xenopus Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Xenopus laevis/embryology/metabolism ; beta Catenin/metabolism
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  • 68
    Publication Date: 2013-04-13
    Description: Scaffold-assisted signaling cascades guide cellular decision-making. In budding yeast, one such signal transduction pathway called the mitotic exit network (MEN) governs the transition from mitosis to the G1 phase of the cell cycle. The MEN is conserved and in metazoans is known as the Hippo tumor-suppressor pathway. We found that signaling through the MEN kinase cascade was mediated by an unusual two-step process. The MEN kinase Cdc15 first phosphorylated the scaffold Nud1. This created a phospho-docking site on Nud1, to which the effector kinase complex Dbf2-Mob1 bound through a phosphoserine-threonine binding domain, in order to be activated by Cdc15. This mechanism of pathway activation has implications for signal transmission through other kinase cascades and might represent a general principle in scaffold-assisted signaling.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3884217/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3884217/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Rock, Jeremy M -- Lim, Daniel -- Stach, Lasse -- Ogrodowicz, Roksana W -- Keck, Jamie M -- Jones, Michele H -- Wong, Catherine C L -- Yates, John R 3rd -- Winey, Mark -- Smerdon, Stephen J -- Yaffe, Michael B -- Amon, Angelika -- CA112967/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- ES015339/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/ -- F32 GM086038/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM056800/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM51312/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- MC_U117584228/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- P30 CA014051/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- P41 GM103533/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- P41 RR011823/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- R01 ES015339/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM051312/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM056800/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R29 GM056800/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- U117584228/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- U54 CA112967/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 May 17;340(6134):871-5. doi: 10.1126/science.1235822. Epub 2013 Apr 11.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23579499" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Anaphase ; Cell Cycle Proteins/chemistry/*metabolism ; Deoxyribonucleases/chemistry/*metabolism ; Enzyme Activation ; GTP-Binding Proteins/*metabolism ; *Mitosis ; Phosphoproteins/chemistry/*metabolism ; Phosphorylation ; Protein Conformation ; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases/*metabolism ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae/cytology/*metabolism ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins/chemistry/*metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; tRNA Methyltransferases/chemistry/*metabolism
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  • 69
    Publication Date: 2013-01-22
    Description: Interferon-induced proteins with tetratricopeptide repeats (IFITs) are innate immune effector molecules that are thought to confer antiviral defence through disruption of protein-protein interactions in the host translation-initiation machinery. However, it was recently discovered that IFITs can directly recognize viral RNA bearing a 5'-triphosphate group (PPP-RNA), which is a molecular signature that distinguishes it from host RNA. Here we report crystal structures of human IFIT5, its complex with PPP-RNAs, and an amino-terminal fragment of IFIT1. The structures reveal a new helical domain that houses a positively charged cavity designed to specifically engage only single-stranded PPP-RNA, thus distinguishing it from the canonical cytosolic sensor of double-stranded viral PPP-RNA, retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I, also known as DDX58). Mutational analysis, proteolysis and gel-shift assays reveal that PPP-RNA is bound in a non-sequence-specific manner and requires a 5'-overhang of approximately three nucleotides. Abrogation of PPP-RNA binding in IFIT1 and IFIT5 was found to cause a defect in the antiviral response by human embryonic kidney cells. These results demonstrate the mechanism by which IFIT proteins selectively recognize viral RNA, and lend insight into their downstream effector function.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Abbas, Yazan M -- Pichlmair, Andreas -- Gorna, Maria W -- Superti-Furga, Giulio -- Nagar, Bhushan -- MOP-82929/Canadian Institutes of Health Research/Canada -- England -- Nature. 2013 Feb 7;494(7435):60-4. doi: 10.1038/nature11783. Epub 2013 Jan 13.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biochemistry, Groupe de Recherche Axe sur la Structure des Proteines, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 0B1, Canada.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23334420" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Motifs ; Binding Sites ; Carrier Proteins/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Humans ; Immunity, Innate/immunology ; Models, Molecular ; Neoplasm Proteins/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Phosphorylation ; Protein Conformation ; RNA, Viral/*chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Reproducibility of Results ; Substrate Specificity
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 70
    Publication Date: 2013-06-19
    Description: Rett syndrome (RTT) is an X-linked human neurodevelopmental disorder with features of autism and severe neurological dysfunction in females. RTT is caused by mutations in methyl-CpG-binding protein 2 (MeCP2), a nuclear protein that, in neurons, regulates transcription, is expressed at high levels similar to that of histones, and binds to methylated cytosines broadly across the genome. By phosphotryptic mapping, we identify three sites (S86, S274 and T308) of activity-dependent MeCP2 phosphorylation. Phosphorylation of these sites is differentially induced by neuronal activity, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, or agents that elevate the intracellular level of 3',5'-cyclic AMP (cAMP), indicating that MeCP2 may function as an epigenetic regulator of gene expression that integrates diverse signals from the environment. Here we show that the phosphorylation of T308 blocks the interaction of the repressor domain of MeCP2 with the nuclear receptor co-repressor (NCoR) complex and suppresses the ability of MeCP2 to repress transcription. In knock-in mice bearing the common human RTT missense mutation R306C, neuronal activity fails to induce MeCP2 T308 phosphorylation, suggesting that the loss of T308 phosphorylation might contribute to RTT. Consistent with this possibility, the mutation of MeCP2 T308A in mice leads to a decrease in the induction of a subset of activity-regulated genes and to RTT-like symptoms. These findings indicate that the activity-dependent phosphorylation of MeCP2 at T308 regulates the interaction of MeCP2 with the NCoR complex, and that RTT in humans may be due, in part, to the loss of activity-dependent MeCP2 T308 phosphorylation and a disruption of the phosphorylation-regulated interaction of MeCP2 with the NCoR complex.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3922283/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3922283/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ebert, Daniel H -- Gabel, Harrison W -- Robinson, Nathaniel D -- Kastan, Nathaniel R -- Hu, Linda S -- Cohen, Sonia -- Navarro, Adrija J -- Lyst, Matthew J -- Ekiert, Robert -- Bird, Adrian P -- Greenberg, Michael E -- 092076/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- K08 MH090306/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- K08MH90306/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- P30 HD018655/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- P30-HD 18655/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- R01 NS048276/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R01NS048276/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- T32 GM007753/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2013 Jul 18;499(7458):341-5. doi: 10.1038/nature12348.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, and Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23770587" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cells, Cultured ; Co-Repressor Proteins/*metabolism ; Humans ; Methyl-CpG-Binding Protein 2/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Mice ; Mutation ; Neurons/metabolism ; Phosphorylation ; Rett Syndrome/genetics ; Threonine/*metabolism ; Transcription, Genetic
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  • 71
    Publication Date: 2013-03-05
    Description: The contraction and relaxation of muscle cells is controlled by the successive rise and fall of cytosolic Ca(2+), initiated by the release of Ca(2+) from the sarcoplasmic reticulum and terminated by re-sequestration of Ca(2+) into the sarcoplasmic reticulum as the main mechanism of Ca(2+) removal. Re-sequestration requires active transport and is catalysed by the sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+)-ATPase (SERCA), which has a key role in defining the contractile properties of skeletal and heart muscle tissue. The activity of SERCA is regulated by two small, homologous membrane proteins called phospholamban (PLB, also known as PLN) and sarcolipin (SLN). Detailed structural information explaining this regulatory mechanism has been lacking, and the structural features defining the pathway through which cytoplasmic Ca(2+) enters the intramembranous binding sites of SERCA have remained unknown. Here we report the crystal structure of rabbit SERCA1a (also known as ATP2A1) in complex with SLN at 3.1 A resolution. The regulatory SLN traps the Ca(2+)-ATPase in a previously undescribed E1 state, with exposure of the Ca(2+) sites through an open cytoplasmic pathway stabilized by Mg(2+). The structure suggests a mechanism for selective Ca(2+) loading and activation of SERCA, and provides new insight into how SLN and PLB inhibition arises from stabilization of this E1 intermediate state without bound Ca(2+). These findings may prove useful in studying how autoinhibitory domains of other ion pumps modulate transport across biological membranes.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Winther, Anne-Marie L -- Bublitz, Maike -- Karlsen, Jesper L -- Moller, Jesper V -- Hansen, John B -- Nissen, Poul -- Buch-Pedersen, Morten J -- England -- Nature. 2013 Mar 14;495(7440):265-9. doi: 10.1038/nature11900. Epub 2013 Mar 3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Pcovery, Thorvaldsensvej 57, DK-1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23455424" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Binding Sites ; Calcium/*metabolism ; Calcium-Binding Proteins/chemistry/metabolism ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Cytoplasm/*metabolism ; Enzyme Activation ; Magnesium/metabolism ; Models, Molecular ; Muscle Proteins/chemistry/*metabolism ; Phosphorylation ; Protein Binding ; Proteolipids/chemistry/*metabolism ; Rabbits ; Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Calcium-Transporting ATPases/*chemistry/*metabolism
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  • 72
    Publication Date: 2013-03-01
    Description: Growth of basal cell carcinomas (BCCs) requires high levels of hedgehog (HH) signalling through the transcription factor GLI. Although inhibitors of membrane protein smoothened (SMO) effectively suppress HH signalling, early tumour resistance illustrates the need for additional downstream targets for therapy. Here we identify atypical protein kinase C iota/lambda (aPKC-iota/lambda) as a novel GLI regulator in mammals. aPKC-iota/lambda and its polarity signalling partners co-localize at the centrosome and form a complex with missing-in-metastasis (MIM), a scaffolding protein that potentiates HH signalling. Genetic or pharmacological loss of aPKC-iota/lambda function blocks HH signalling and proliferation of BCC cells. Prkci is a HH target gene that forms a positive feedback loop with GLI and exists at increased levels in BCCs. Genome-wide transcriptional profiling shows that aPKC-iota/lambda and SMO control the expression of similar genes in tumour cells. aPKC-iota/lambda functions downstream of SMO to phosphorylate and activate GLI1, resulting in maximal DNA binding and transcriptional activation. Activated aPKC-iota/lambda is upregulated in SMO-inhibitor-resistant tumours and targeting aPKC-iota/lambda suppresses signalling and growth of resistant BCC cell lines. These results demonstrate that aPKC-iota/lambda is critical for HH-dependent processes and implicates aPKC-iota/lambda as a new, tumour-selective therapeutic target for the treatment of SMO-inhibitor-resistant cancers.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3761364/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3761364/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Atwood, Scott X -- Li, Mischa -- Lee, Alex -- Tang, Jean Y -- Oro, Anthony E -- 1F32CA14208701/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- AR046786/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ -- AR052785/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 AR046786/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 AR052785/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 AR054780/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2013 Feb 28;494(7438):484-8. doi: 10.1038/nature11889.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Program in Epithelial Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23446420" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Carcinoma, Basal Cell/drug therapy/enzymology/*metabolism/*pathology ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Cell Proliferation/drug effects ; Cells, Cultured ; Centrosome/metabolism ; Drug Resistance, Neoplasm ; Feedback, Physiological ; Hedgehog Proteins/metabolism ; Humans ; Isoenzymes/antagonists & inhibitors/genetics/*metabolism ; Keratinocytes/metabolism ; Kruppel-Like Transcription Factors/genetics/*metabolism ; Mice ; Phosphorylation ; Protein Kinase C/antagonists & inhibitors/genetics/*metabolism ; Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/antagonists & inhibitors/metabolism ; Signal Transduction/drug effects ; Transcription Factors/*metabolism
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  • 73
    Publication Date: 2013-07-13
    Description: Cell-surface receptors frequently use scaffold proteins to recruit cytoplasmic targets, but the rationale for this is uncertain. Activated receptor tyrosine kinases, for example, engage scaffolds such as Shc1 that contain phosphotyrosine (pTyr)-binding (PTB) domains. Using quantitative mass spectrometry, here we show that mammalian Shc1 responds to epidermal growth factor (EGF) stimulation through multiple waves of distinct phosphorylation events and protein interactions. After stimulation, Shc1 rapidly binds a group of proteins that activate pro-mitogenic or survival pathways dependent on recruitment of the Grb2 adaptor to Shc1 pTyr sites. Akt-mediated feedback phosphorylation of Shc1 Ser 29 then recruits the Ptpn12 tyrosine phosphatase. This is followed by a sub-network of proteins involved in cytoskeletal reorganization, trafficking and signal termination that binds Shc1 with delayed kinetics, largely through the SgK269 pseudokinase/adaptor protein. Ptpn12 acts as a switch to convert Shc1 from pTyr/Grb2-based signalling to SgK269-mediated pathways that regulate cell invasion and morphogenesis. The Shc1 scaffold therefore directs the temporal flow of signalling information after EGF stimulation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zheng, Yong -- Zhang, Cunjie -- Croucher, David R -- Soliman, Mohamed A -- St-Denis, Nicole -- Pasculescu, Adrian -- Taylor, Lorne -- Tate, Stephen A -- Hardy, W Rod -- Colwill, Karen -- Dai, Anna Yue -- Bagshaw, Rick -- Dennis, James W -- Gingras, Anne-Claude -- Daly, Roger J -- Pawson, Tony -- MOP-13466-6849/Canadian Institutes of Health Research/Canada -- England -- Nature. 2013 Jul 11;499(7457):166-71. doi: 10.1038/nature12308.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, 600 University Avenue, Toronto M5G 1X5, Canada.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23846654" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Breast/cytology ; Cell Line ; Epidermal Growth Factor/*metabolism ; Epithelial Cells/cytology ; Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases/metabolism ; Feedback, Physiological ; GRB2 Adaptor Protein/deficiency/genetics/metabolism ; Humans ; Mice ; Multiprotein Complexes/chemistry/metabolism ; Phosphorylation ; Protein Binding ; Protein-Tyrosine Kinases ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/metabolism ; Rats ; Receptor, Epidermal Growth Factor/agonists/metabolism ; Shc Signaling Adaptor Proteins/deficiency/genetics/*metabolism ; *Signal Transduction ; Time Factors
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  • 74
    Publication Date: 2013-02-19
    Description: Codon-usage bias has been observed in almost all genomes and is thought to result from selection for efficient and accurate translation of highly expressed genes. Codon usage is also implicated in the control of transcription, splicing and RNA structure. Many genes exhibit little codon-usage bias, which is thought to reflect a lack of selection for messenger RNA translation. Alternatively, however, non-optimal codon usage may be of biological importance. The rhythmic expression and the proper function of the Neurospora FREQUENCY (FRQ) protein are essential for circadian clock function. Here we show that, unlike most genes in Neurospora, frq exhibits non-optimal codon usage across its entire open reading frame. Optimization of frq codon usage abolishes both overt and molecular circadian rhythms. Codon optimization not only increases FRQ levels but, unexpectedly, also results in conformational changes in FRQ protein, altered FRQ phosphorylation profile and stability, and impaired functions in the circadian feedback loops. These results indicate that non-optimal codon usage of frq is essential for its circadian clock function. Our study provides an example of how non-optimal codon usage functions to regulate protein expression and to achieve optimal protein structure and function.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3629845/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3629845/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zhou, Mian -- Guo, Jinhu -- Cha, Joonseok -- Chae, Michael -- Chen, She -- Barral, Jose M -- Sachs, Matthew S -- Liu, Yi -- GM062591/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM068496/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM47498/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- P01 GM068087/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- P30 AG024832/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM047498/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM062591/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM068496/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM084283/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2013 Mar 7;495(7439):111-5. doi: 10.1038/nature11833. Epub 2013 Feb 17.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Physiology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23417067" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: CLOCK Proteins/chemistry/*genetics/metabolism ; Circadian Clocks/genetics/physiology ; Circadian Rhythm/genetics/physiology ; Codon/*genetics ; Feedback, Physiological ; Fungal Proteins/*chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; *Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal ; *Neurospora crassa/chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; Open Reading Frames ; Phosphorylation ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Stability ; Trypsin/metabolism
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  • 75
    Publication Date: 2013-01-08
    Description: Glucose production by the liver is essential for providing a substrate for the brain during fasting. The inability of insulin to suppress hepatic glucose output is a major aetiological factor in the hyperglycaemia of type-2 diabetes mellitus and other diseases of insulin resistance. For fifty years, one of the few classes of therapeutics effective in reducing glucose production has been the biguanides, which include phenformin and metformin, the latter the most frequently prescribed drug for type-2 diabetes. Nonetheless, the mechanism of action of biguanides remains imperfectly understood. The suggestion a decade ago that metformin reduces glucose synthesis through activation of the enzyme AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) has recently been challenged by genetic loss-of-function experiments. Here we provide a novel mechanism by which metformin antagonizes the action of glucagon, thus reducing fasting glucose levels. In mouse hepatocytes, metformin leads to the accumulation of AMP and related nucleotides, which inhibit adenylate cyclase, reduce levels of cyclic AMP and protein kinase A (PKA) activity, abrogate phosphorylation of critical protein targets of PKA, and block glucagon-dependent glucose output from hepatocytes. These data support a mechanism of action for metformin involving antagonism of glucagon, and suggest an approach for the development of antidiabetic drugs.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3573218/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3573218/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Miller, Russell A -- Chu, Qingwei -- Xie, Jianxin -- Foretz, Marc -- Viollet, Benoit -- Birnbaum, Morris J -- F32 DK079572/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- P01 DK049210/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- P01 DK49210/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- P30 DK19525/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R01 DK056886/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R01 DK56886/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2013 Feb 14;494(7436):256-60. doi: 10.1038/nature11808. Epub 2013 Jan 6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23292513" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: AMP-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism ; Adenylyl Cyclases/metabolism ; Animals ; Biguanides/*pharmacology ; Cells, Cultured ; Cyclic AMP/biosynthesis/*metabolism ; Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases/metabolism ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/drug therapy ; Enzyme Activation/drug effects ; Glucagon/*antagonists & inhibitors/*metabolism ; Glucose/metabolism ; Hepatocytes/*drug effects/*metabolism ; Hypoglycemic Agents ; Liver/cytology/drug effects/metabolism ; Metformin/pharmacology/therapeutic use ; Mice ; Phenformin/pharmacology ; Phosphorylation ; Signal Transduction/*drug effects
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  • 76
    Publication Date: 2013-08-06
    Description: Regulatory T cells (Treg cells) have a crucial role in the immune system by preventing autoimmunity, limiting immunopathology, and maintaining immune homeostasis. However, they also represent a major barrier to effective anti-tumour immunity and sterilizing immunity to chronic viral infections. The transcription factor Foxp3 has a major role in the development and programming of Treg cells. The relative stability of Treg cells at inflammatory disease sites has been a highly contentious subject. There is considerable interest in identifying pathways that control the stability of Treg cells as many immune-mediated diseases are characterized by either exacerbated or limited Treg-cell function. Here we show that the immune-cell-expressed ligand semaphorin-4a (Sema4a) and the Treg-cell-expressed receptor neuropilin-1 (Nrp1) interact both in vitro, to potentiate Treg-cell function and survival, and in vivo, at inflammatory sites. Using mice with a Treg-cell-restricted deletion of Nrp1, we show that Nrp1 is dispensable for suppression of autoimmunity and maintenance of immune homeostasis, but is required by Treg cells to limit anti-tumour immune responses and to cure established inflammatory colitis. Sema4a ligation of Nrp1 restrained Akt phosphorylation cellularly and at the immunologic synapse by phosphatase and tensin homologue (PTEN), which increased nuclear localization of the transcription factor Foxo3a. The Nrp1-induced transcriptome promoted Treg-cell stability by enhancing quiescence and survival factors while inhibiting programs that promote differentiation. Importantly, this Nrp1-dependent molecular program is evident in intra-tumoral Treg cells. Our data support a model in which Treg-cell stability can be subverted in certain inflammatory sites, but is maintained by a Sema4a-Nrp1 axis, highlighting this pathway as a potential therapeutic target that could limit Treg-cell-mediated tumour-induced tolerance without inducing autoimmunity.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3867145/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3867145/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Delgoffe, Greg M -- Woo, Seng-Ryong -- Turnis, Meghan E -- Gravano, David M -- Guy, Cliff -- Overacre, Abigail E -- Bettini, Matthew L -- Vogel, Peter -- Finkelstein, David -- Bonnevier, Jody -- Workman, Creg J -- Vignali, Dario A A -- AI039480/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- CA21765/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- F32 AI098383/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- P30 CA021765/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI039480/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI091977/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- T32 AI007610/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2013 Sep 12;501(7466):252-6. doi: 10.1038/nature12428. Epub 2013 Aug 4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Immunology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23913274" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Autoimmunity/immunology ; Cell Survival ; Colitis/immunology ; Female ; Forkhead Transcription Factors/metabolism ; HEK293 Cells ; Homeostasis/immunology ; Humans ; Immune Tolerance/immunology ; Immunological Synapses ; Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/cytology/immunology/metabolism ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Neoplasms/genetics/immunology/pathology ; Neuropilin-1/deficiency/*metabolism ; PTEN Phosphohydrolase/metabolism ; Phosphorylation ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/metabolism ; Semaphorins/*metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/cytology/*immunology/*metabolism ; TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism
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  • 77
    Publication Date: 2013-04-02
    Description: Meristems encompass stem/progenitor cells that sustain postembryonic growth of all plant organs. How meristems are activated and sustained by nutrient signalling remains enigmatic in photosynthetic plants. Combining chemical manipulations and chemical genetics at the photoautotrophic transition checkpoint, we reveal that shoot photosynthesis-derived glucose drives target-of-rapamycin (TOR) signalling relays through glycolysis and mitochondrial bioenergetics to control root meristem activation, which is decoupled from direct glucose sensing, growth-hormone signalling and stem-cell maintenance. Surprisingly, glucose-TOR signalling dictates transcriptional reprogramming of remarkable gene sets involved in central and secondary metabolism, cell cycle, transcription, signalling, transport and protein folding. Systems, cellular and genetic analyses uncover TOR phosphorylation of E2Fa transcription factor for an unconventional activation of S-phase genes, and glucose-signalling defects in e2fa root meristems. Our findings establish pivotal roles of glucose-TOR signalling in unprecedented transcriptional networks wiring central metabolism and biosynthesis for energy and biomass production, and integrating localized stem/progenitor-cell proliferation through inter-organ nutrient coordination to control developmental transition and growth.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4140196/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4140196/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Xiong, Yan -- McCormack, Matthew -- Li, Lei -- Hall, Qi -- Xiang, Chengbin -- Sheen, Jen -- R01 GM060493/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM070567/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2013 Apr 11;496(7444):181-6. doi: 10.1038/nature12030. Epub 2013 Mar 31.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular Biology and Centre for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA. xiong@molbio.mgh.harvard.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23542588" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Arabidopsis/*genetics/growth & development/*metabolism ; Arabidopsis Proteins/*metabolism ; Cytokinins/metabolism ; E2F Transcription Factors/metabolism ; Enzyme Activation ; *Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ; Gene Regulatory Networks/genetics ; Glucose/*metabolism ; Indoleacetic Acids/metabolism ; Meristem/genetics/growth & development/*metabolism ; Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases/*metabolism ; Phosphorylation ; Photosynthesis ; S Phase/genetics ; *Signal Transduction ; Transcription, Genetic/genetics ; Transcriptional Activation ; *Transcriptome/genetics
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  • 78
    Publication Date: 2013-04-23
    Description: Accurate segregation of the replicated genome requires chromosome biorientation on the spindle. Biorientation is ensured by Aurora B kinase (Ipl1), a member of the four-subunit chromosomal passenger complex (CPC). Localization of the CPC to the inner centromere is central to the current model for how tension ensures chromosome biorientation: kinetochore-spindle attachments that are not under tension remain close to the inner centromere and are destabilized by Aurora B phosphorylation, whereas kinetochores under tension are pulled away from the influence of Aurora B, stabilizing their microtubule attachments. Here we show that an engineered truncation of the Sli15 (known as INCENP in humans) subunit of budding yeast CPC that eliminates association with the inner centromere nevertheless supports proper chromosome segregation during both mitosis and meiosis. Truncated Sli15 suppresses the deletion phenotypes of the inner-centromere-targeting proteins survivin (Bir1), borealin (Nbl1), Bub1 and Sgo1 (ref. 6). Unlike wild-type Sli15, truncated Sli15 localizes to pre-anaphase spindle microtubules. Premature targeting of full-length Sli15 to microtubules by preventing Cdk1 (also known as Cdc28) phosphorylation also suppresses the inviability of Bir1 deletion. These results suggest that activation of Aurora B kinase by clustering either on chromatin or on microtubules is sufficient for chromosome biorientation.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3644022/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3644022/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Campbell, Christopher S -- Desai, Arshad -- GM074215/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM074215/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2013 May 2;497(7447):118-21. doi: 10.1038/nature12057. Epub 2013 Apr 21.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research and Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23604256" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Aurora Kinase B ; Aurora Kinases ; CDC2 Protein Kinase/antagonists & inhibitors/metabolism ; Carrier Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Centromere/*metabolism ; Chromatin/metabolism ; Chromosome Segregation ; Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/*metabolism ; Kinetochores/metabolism ; Meiosis ; Microbial Viability ; Microtubule-Associated Proteins/deficiency/genetics/*metabolism ; Microtubules/metabolism ; Mitosis ; Models, Biological ; Movement ; Nuclear Proteins/metabolism ; Phosphorylation ; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases/*metabolism ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae/*cytology/enzymology/*metabolism ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Sequence Deletion/genetics
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  • 79
    Publication Date: 2013-03-05
    Description: P-type ATPases are ATP-powered ion pumps that establish ion concentration gradients across biological membranes, and are distinct from other ATPases in that the reaction cycle includes an autophosphorylation step. The best studied is Ca(2+)-ATPase from muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum (SERCA1a), a Ca(2+) pump that relaxes muscle cells after contraction, and crystal structures have been determined for most of the reaction intermediates. An important outstanding structure is that of the E1 intermediate, which has empty high-affinity Ca(2+)-binding sites ready to accept new cytosolic Ca(2+). In the absence of Ca(2+) and at pH 7 or higher, the ATPase is predominantly in E1, not in E2 (low affinity for Ca(2+)), and if millimolar Mg(2+) is present, one Mg(2+) is expected to occupy one of the Ca(2+)-binding sites with a millimolar dissociation constant. This Mg(2+) accelerates the reaction cycle, not permitting phosphorylation without Ca(2+) binding. Here we describe the crystal structure of native SERCA1a (from rabbit) in this E1.Mg(2+) state at 3.0 A resolution in addition to crystal structures of SERCA1a in E2 free from exogenous inhibitors, and address the structural basis of the activation signal for phosphoryl transfer. Unexpectedly, sarcolipin, a small regulatory membrane protein of Ca(2+)-ATPase, is bound, stabilizing the E1.Mg(2+) state. Sarcolipin is a close homologue of phospholamban, which is a critical mediator of beta-adrenergic signal in Ca(2+) regulation in heart (for reviews, see, for example, refs 8-10), and seems to play an important role in muscle-based thermogenesis. We also determined the crystal structure of recombinant SERCA1a devoid of sarcolipin, and describe the structural basis of inhibition by sarcolipin/phospholamban. Thus, the crystal structures reported here fill a gap in the structural elucidation of the reaction cycle and provide a solid basis for understanding the physiological regulation of the calcium pump.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Toyoshima, Chikashi -- Iwasawa, Shiho -- Ogawa, Haruo -- Hirata, Ayami -- Tsueda, Junko -- Inesi, Giuseppe -- England -- Nature. 2013 Mar 14;495(7440):260-4. doi: 10.1038/nature11899. Epub 2013 Mar 3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan. ct@iam.u-tokyo.ac.jp〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23455422" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Binding Sites/drug effects ; Calcium-Binding Proteins/pharmacology ; Cell Membrane/metabolism ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Magnesium/chemistry/*metabolism/pharmacology ; Models, Molecular ; Muscle Proteins/*chemistry/*metabolism/pharmacology ; Phosphorylation ; Protein Binding ; Protein Conformation/drug effects ; Proteolipids/*chemistry/*metabolism/pharmacology ; Rabbits ; Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Calcium-Transporting ATPases/antagonists & ; inhibitors/*chemistry/*metabolism
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  • 80
    Publication Date: 2013-05-31
    Description: Many neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and polyglutamine diseases, share a common pathogenic mechanism: the abnormal accumulation of disease-causing proteins, due to either the mutant protein's resistance to degradation or overexpression of the wild-type protein. We have developed a strategy to identify therapeutic entry points for such neurodegenerative disorders by screening for genetic networks that influence the levels of disease-driving proteins. We applied this approach, which integrates parallel cell-based and Drosophila genetic screens, to spinocerebellar ataxia type 1 (SCA1), a disease caused by expansion of a polyglutamine tract in ataxin 1 (ATXN1). Our approach revealed that downregulation of several components of the RAS-MAPK-MSK1 pathway decreases ATXN1 levels and suppresses neurodegeneration in Drosophila and mice. Importantly, pharmacological inhibitors of components of this pathway also decrease ATXN1 levels, suggesting that these components represent new therapeutic targets in mitigating SCA1. Collectively, these data reveal new therapeutic entry points for SCA1 and provide a proof-of-principle for tackling other classes of intractable neurodegenerative diseases.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4020154/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4020154/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Park, Jeehye -- Al-Ramahi, Ismael -- Tan, Qiumin -- Mollema, Nissa -- Diaz-Garcia, Javier R -- Gallego-Flores, Tatiana -- Lu, Hsiang-Chih -- Lagalwar, Sarita -- Duvick, Lisa -- Kang, Hyojin -- Lee, Yoontae -- Jafar-Nejad, Paymaan -- Sayegh, Layal S -- Richman, Ronald -- Liu, Xiuyun -- Gao, Yan -- Shaw, Chad A -- Arthur, J Simon C -- Orr, Harry T -- Westbrook, Thomas F -- Botas, Juan -- Zoghbi, Huda Y -- HD024064/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- MC_U127081014/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- NS42179/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- P30 HD024064/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- R01 NS027699/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R01 NS042179/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- T32 GM007526/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- England -- Nature. 2013 Jun 20;498(7454):325-31. doi: 10.1038/nature12204. Epub 2013 May 29.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23719381" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Animals, Genetically Modified ; Ataxin-1 ; Ataxins ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Disease Models, Animal ; Down-Regulation/drug effects ; Drosophila melanogaster/genetics/*metabolism ; Female ; Humans ; MAP Kinase Signaling System/drug effects ; Male ; Mice ; Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/*metabolism ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Molecular Targeted Therapy ; Nerve Tissue Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism/*toxicity ; Nuclear Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism/*toxicity ; Phosphorylation ; Protein Stability/drug effects ; Ribosomal Protein S6 Kinases, 90-kDa/deficiency/genetics/*metabolism ; Spinocerebellar Ataxias/*metabolism/*pathology ; Transgenes ; ras Proteins/*metabolism
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  • 81
    Publication Date: 2013-05-28
    Description: The detection of DNA lesions within chromatin represents a critical step in cellular responses to DNA damage. However, the regulatory mechanisms that couple chromatin sensing to DNA-damage signalling in mammalian cells are not well understood. Here we show that tyrosine phosphorylation of the protein acetyltransferase KAT5 (also known as TIP60) increases after DNA damage in a manner that promotes KAT5 binding to the histone mark H3K9me3. This triggers KAT5-mediated acetylation of the ATM kinase, promoting DNA-damage-checkpoint activation and cell survival. We also establish that chromatin alterations can themselves enhance KAT5 tyrosine phosphorylation and ATM-dependent signalling, and identify the proto-oncogene c-Abl as a mediator of this modification. These findings define KAT5 tyrosine phosphorylation as a key event in the sensing of genomic and chromatin perturbations, and highlight a key role for c-Abl in such processes.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3859897/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3859897/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kaidi, Abderrahmane -- Jackson, Stephen P -- 092096/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 11224/Cancer Research UK/United Kingdom -- 268536/European Research Council/International -- A11224/Cancer Research UK/United Kingdom -- C6/A11224/Cancer Research UK/United Kingdom -- WT092096/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- England -- Nature. 2013 Jun 6;498(7452):70-4. doi: 10.1038/nature12201. Epub 2013 May 26.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉The Gurdon Institute and Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23708966" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated Proteins ; Cell Cycle Checkpoints ; Cell Cycle Proteins/*metabolism ; Cell Line ; Cell Survival/radiation effects ; Chromatin/*metabolism ; DNA Damage ; DNA-Binding Proteins/*metabolism ; Enzyme Activation ; HeLa Cells ; Histone Acetyltransferases/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Histones/chemistry/metabolism ; Humans ; Lysine/chemistry/metabolism ; Methylation ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Phosphorylation ; Phosphotyrosine/*metabolism ; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases/*metabolism ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-abl/metabolism ; *Signal Transduction ; Tumor Suppressor Proteins/*metabolism
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  • 82
    Publication Date: 2013-04-23
    Description: The functions of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are primarily mediated and modulated by three families of proteins: the heterotrimeric G proteins, the G-protein-coupled receptor kinases (GRKs) and the arrestins. G proteins mediate activation of second-messenger-generating enzymes and other effectors, GRKs phosphorylate activated receptors, and arrestins subsequently bind phosphorylated receptors and cause receptor desensitization. Arrestins activated by interaction with phosphorylated receptors can also mediate G-protein-independent signalling by serving as adaptors to link receptors to numerous signalling pathways. Despite their central role in regulation and signalling of GPCRs, a structural understanding of beta-arrestin activation and interaction with GPCRs is still lacking. Here we report the crystal structure of beta-arrestin-1 (also called arrestin-2) in complex with a fully phosphorylated 29-amino-acid carboxy-terminal peptide derived from the human V2 vasopressin receptor (V2Rpp). This peptide has previously been shown to functionally and conformationally activate beta-arrestin-1 (ref. 5). To capture this active conformation, we used a conformationally selective synthetic antibody fragment (Fab30) that recognizes the phosphopeptide-activated state of beta-arrestin-1. The structure of the beta-arrestin-1-V2Rpp-Fab30 complex shows marked conformational differences in beta-arrestin-1 compared to its inactive conformation. These include rotation of the amino- and carboxy-terminal domains relative to each other, and a major reorientation of the 'lariat loop' implicated in maintaining the inactive state of beta-arrestin-1. These results reveal, at high resolution, a receptor-interacting interface on beta-arrestin, and they indicate a potentially general molecular mechanism for activation of these multifunctional signalling and regulatory proteins.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3654799/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3654799/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Shukla, Arun K -- Manglik, Aashish -- Kruse, Andrew C -- Xiao, Kunhong -- Reis, Rosana I -- Tseng, Wei-Chou -- Staus, Dean P -- Hilger, Daniel -- Uysal, Serdar -- Huang, Li-Yin -- Paduch, Marcin -- Tripathi-Shukla, Prachi -- Koide, Akiko -- Koide, Shohei -- Weis, William I -- Kossiakoff, Anthony A -- Kobilka, Brian K -- Lefkowitz, Robert J -- GM072688/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM087519/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- HL 075443/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- HL16037/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- HL70631/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- NS028471/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- P41 RR011823/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- R01 HL016037/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- R01 HL070631/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- R01 NS028471/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- U01 GM094588/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- U54 GM074946/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- England -- Nature. 2013 May 2;497(7447):137-41. doi: 10.1038/nature12120. Epub 2013 Apr 21.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23604254" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Arrestins/*chemistry/immunology/*metabolism ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Humans ; Immunoglobulin Fab Fragments/chemistry/immunology/metabolism ; Models, Molecular ; Phosphopeptides/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Phosphorylation ; Protein Binding ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Stability ; Rats ; Receptors, Vasopressin/*chemistry ; Rotation
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  • 83
    Publication Date: 2013-06-07
    Description: Human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) has infected more than 60 million people and caused nearly 30 million deaths worldwide, ultimately the consequence of cytolytic infection of CD4(+) T cells. In humans and in macaque models, most of these cells contain viral DNA and are rapidly eliminated at the peak of viraemia, yet the mechanism by which HIV-1 induces helper T-cell death has not been defined. Here we show that virus-induced cell killing is triggered by viral integration. Infection by wild-type HIV-1, but not an integrase-deficient mutant, induced the death of activated primary CD4 lymphocytes. Similarly, raltegravir, a pharmacologic integrase inhibitor, abolished HIV-1-induced cell killing both in cell culture and in CD4(+) T cells from acutely infected subjects. The mechanism of killing during viral integration involved the activation of DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK), a central integrator of the DNA damage response, which caused phosphorylation of p53 and histone H2AX. Pharmacological inhibition of DNA-PK abolished cell death during HIV-1 infection in vitro, suggesting that processes which reduce DNA-PK activation in CD4 cells could facilitate the formation of latently infected cells that give rise to reservoirs in vivo. We propose that activation of DNA-PK during viral integration has a central role in CD4(+) T-cell depletion, raising the possibility that integrase inhibitors and interventions directed towards DNA-PK may improve T-cell survival and immune function in infected individuals.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cooper, Arik -- Garcia, Mayra -- Petrovas, Constantinos -- Yamamoto, Takuya -- Koup, Richard A -- Nabel, Gary J -- Intramural NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2013 Jun 20;498(7454):376-9. doi: 10.1038/nature12274. Epub 2013 Jun 5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Virology Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-3005, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23739328" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/drug effects/metabolism/*pathology/*virology ; Carrier State/virology ; Cell Death/drug effects ; Cell Line ; Cell Survival/drug effects ; Cells, Cultured ; *DNA Damage ; DNA Repair ; DNA-Activated Protein Kinase/antagonists & inhibitors/*metabolism ; Enzyme Activation ; HIV Infections/pathology/virology ; HIV Integrase Inhibitors/pharmacology ; HIV-1/drug effects/growth & development/*pathogenicity ; Histones/metabolism ; Human Immunodeficiency Virus Proteins/analysis/genetics ; Humans ; Phosphorylation ; Proviruses/*pathogenicity ; Pyrrolidinones/pharmacology ; Raltegravir Potassium ; Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/metabolism ; *Virus Integration ; Virus Replication/drug effects
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  • 84
    Publication Date: 2013-05-03
    Description: MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are generated by two-step processing to yield small RNAs that negatively regulate target gene expression at the post-transcriptional level. Deregulation of miRNAs has been linked to diverse pathological processes, including cancer. Recent studies have also implicated miRNAs in the regulation of cellular response to a spectrum of stresses, such as hypoxia, which is frequently encountered in the poorly angiogenic core of a solid tumour. However, the upstream regulators of miRNA biogenesis machineries remain obscure, raising the question of how tumour cells efficiently coordinate and impose specificity on miRNA expression and function in response to stresses. Here we show that epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), which is the product of a well-characterized oncogene in human cancers, suppresses the maturation of specific tumour-suppressor-like miRNAs in response to hypoxic stress through phosphorylation of argonaute 2 (AGO2) at Tyr 393. The association between EGFR and AGO2 is enhanced by hypoxia, leading to elevated AGO2-Y393 phosphorylation, which in turn reduces the binding of Dicer to AGO2 and inhibits miRNA processing from precursor miRNAs to mature miRNAs. We also identify a long-loop structure in precursor miRNAs as a critical regulatory element in phospho-Y393-AGO2-mediated miRNA maturation. Furthermore, AGO2-Y393 phosphorylation mediates EGFR-enhanced cell survival and invasiveness under hypoxia, and correlates with poorer overall survival in breast cancer patients. Our study reveals a previously unrecognized function of EGFR in miRNA maturation and demonstrates how EGFR is likely to function as a regulator of AGO2 through novel post-translational modification. These findings suggest that modulation of miRNA biogenesis is important for stress response in tumour cells and has potential clinical implications.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3717558/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3717558/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Shen, Jia -- Xia, Weiya -- Khotskaya, Yekaterina B -- Huo, Longfei -- Nakanishi, Kotaro -- Lim, Seung-Oe -- Du, Yi -- Wang, Yan -- Chang, Wei-Chao -- Chen, Chung-Hsuan -- Hsu, Jennifer L -- Wu, Yun -- Lam, Yung Carmen -- James, Brian P -- Liu, Xiuping -- Liu, Chang-Gong -- Patel, Dinshaw J -- Hung, Mien-Chie -- CA099031/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- CA109311/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- CA16672/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- P01 CA099031/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- P30 CA016672/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA109311/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2013 May 16;497(7449):383-7. doi: 10.1038/nature12080. Epub 2013 May 1.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23636329" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Argonaute Proteins/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Breast Neoplasms/genetics/metabolism/mortality/pathology ; Cell Hypoxia/genetics/*physiology ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Cell Survival ; Female ; Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic ; Humans ; MicroRNAs/biosynthesis/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Neoplasm Invasiveness ; Nucleic Acid Conformation ; Phosphorylation ; Phosphotyrosine/metabolism ; Prognosis ; Protein Binding ; RNA Precursors/chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; Receptor, Epidermal Growth Factor/*metabolism ; Ribonuclease III/metabolism ; Survival Analysis
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  • 85
    Publication Date: 2013-11-16
    Description: The microtubule-based mitotic spindle segregates chromosomes during cell division. During chromosome segregation, the centromeric regions of chromosomes build kinetochores that establish end-coupled attachments to spindle microtubules. Here, we used the Caenorhabditis elegans embryo as a model system to examine the crosstalk between two kinetochore protein complexes implicated in temporally distinct stages of attachment formation. The kinetochore dynein module, which mediates initial lateral microtubule capture, inhibited microtubule binding by the Ndc80 complex, which ultimately forms the end-coupled attachments that segregate chromosomes. The kinetochore dynein module directly regulated Ndc80, independently of phosphorylation by Aurora B kinase, and this regulation was required for accurate segregation. Thus, the conversion from initial dynein-mediated, lateral attachments to correctly oriented, Ndc80-mediated end-coupled attachments is actively controlled.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3885540/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3885540/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cheerambathur, Dhanya K -- Gassmann, Reto -- Cook, Brian -- Oegema, Karen -- Desai, Arshad -- GM074215/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM074215/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Dec 6;342(6163):1239-42. doi: 10.1126/science.1246232. Epub 2013 Nov 14.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24231804" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Motifs ; Animals ; Aurora Kinase B/metabolism ; Caenorhabditis elegans/embryology ; Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Cell Cycle Proteins/chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; *Chromosome Segregation ; Dyneins/*metabolism ; Embryo, Nonmammalian/metabolism ; Kinetochores/*metabolism ; Microtubule-Associated Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Microtubules/*metabolism ; Multiprotein Complexes/metabolism ; Phenotype ; Phosphorylation ; Protein Binding ; Spindle Apparatus/*metabolism ; Transgenes
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 86
    Publication Date: 2013-07-28
    Description: The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) complex 1 (mTORC1) protein kinase promotes growth and is the target of rapamycin, a clinically useful drug that also prolongs life span in model organisms. A persistent mystery is why the phosphorylation of many bona fide mTORC1 substrates is resistant to rapamycin. We find that the in vitro kinase activity of mTORC1 toward peptides encompassing established phosphorylation sites varies widely and correlates strongly with the resistance of the sites to rapamycin, as well as to nutrient and growth factor starvation within cells. Slight modifications of the sites were sufficient to alter mTORC1 activity toward them in vitro and to cause concomitant changes within cells in their sensitivity to rapamycin and starvation. Thus, the intrinsic capacity of a phosphorylation site to serve as an mTORC1 substrate, a property we call substrate quality, is a major determinant of its sensitivity to modulators of the pathway. Our results reveal a mechanism through which mTORC1 effectors can respond differentially to the same signals.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3771538/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3771538/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kang, Seong A -- Pacold, Michael E -- Cervantes, Christopher L -- Lim, Daniel -- Lou, Hua Jane -- Ottina, Kathleen -- Gray, Nathanael S -- Turk, Benjamin E -- Yaffe, Michael B -- Sabatini, David M -- AI047389/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- CA103866/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- CA112967/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- ES015339/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/ -- GM59281/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- P30 CA014051/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA103866/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA129105/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R37 AI047389/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Jul 26;341(6144):1236566. doi: 10.1126/science.1236566.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Nine Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23888043" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Motifs ; Amino Acids/metabolism ; Animals ; Cell Line ; Culture Media ; Humans ; Mice ; Multiprotein Complexes ; Naphthyridines/pharmacology ; Peptides/chemistry/*metabolism ; Phosphorylation ; Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Sirolimus/*pharmacology ; TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors/*chemistry/*metabolism
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 87
    Publication Date: 2013-07-28
    Description: Loss of function of the phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN) tumor suppressor gene is associated with many human cancers. In the cytoplasm, PTEN antagonizes the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) signaling pathway. PTEN also accumulates in the nucleus, where its function remains poorly understood. We demonstrate that SUMOylation (SUMO, small ubiquitin-like modifier) of PTEN controls its nuclear localization. In cells exposed to genotoxic stress, SUMO-PTEN was rapidly excluded from the nucleus dependent on the protein kinase ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM). Cells lacking nuclear PTEN were hypersensitive to DNA damage, whereas PTEN-deficient cells were susceptible to killing by a combination of genotoxic stress and a small-molecule PI3K inhibitor both in vitro and in vivo. Our findings may have implications for individualized therapy for patients with PTEN-deficient tumors.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bassi, C -- Ho, J -- Srikumar, T -- Dowling, R J O -- Gorrini, C -- Miller, S J -- Mak, T W -- Neel, B G -- Raught, B -- Stambolic, V -- R37 CA49152/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- Canadian Institutes of Health Research/Canada -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Jul 26;341(6144):395-9. doi: 10.1126/science.1236188.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M9, Canada.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23888040" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Active Transport, Cell Nucleus ; Aminopyridines/pharmacology ; Animals ; Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology ; Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated Proteins ; Cell Cycle Proteins/metabolism ; Cell Line ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Cell Nucleus/*enzymology/metabolism ; Cisplatin/pharmacology ; DNA Breaks, Double-Stranded ; *DNA Damage ; *DNA Repair ; DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism ; Doxorubicin/pharmacology ; Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology ; Female ; Humans ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred NOD ; Mice, SCID ; Morpholines/pharmacology ; Neoplasm Transplantation ; PTEN Phosphohydrolase/genetics/*metabolism ; Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase/antagonists & inhibitors ; Phosphorylation ; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism ; Sumoylation ; Transplantation, Heterologous ; Tumor Suppressor Proteins/metabolism
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  • 88
    Publication Date: 2013-04-13
    Description: Wnt signaling stabilizes beta-catenin through the LRP6 receptor signaling complex, which antagonizes the beta-catenin destruction complex. The Axin scaffold and associated glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK3) have central roles in both assemblies, but the transduction mechanism from the receptor to the destruction complex is contentious. We report that Wnt signaling is governed by phosphorylation regulation of the Axin scaffolding function. Phosphorylation by GSK3 kept Axin activated ("open") for beta-catenin interaction and poised for engagement of LRP6. Formation of the Wnt-induced LRP6-Axin signaling complex promoted Axin dephosphorylation by protein phosphatase-1 and inactivated ("closed") Axin through an intramolecular interaction. Inactivation of Axin diminished its association with beta-catenin and LRP6, thereby inhibiting beta-catenin phosphorylation and enabling activated LRP6 to selectively recruit active Axin for inactivation reiteratively. Our findings reveal mechanisms for scaffold regulation and morphogen signaling.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3788643/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3788643/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kim, Sung-Eun -- Huang, He -- Zhao, Ming -- Zhang, Xinjun -- Zhang, Aili -- Semonov, Mikhail V -- MacDonald, Bryan T -- Zhang, Xiaowu -- Garcia Abreu, Jose -- Peng, Leilei -- He, Xi -- P30 HD-18655/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- P30 HD018655/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- R00EB008737/EB/NIBIB NIH HHS/ -- R01 AR060359/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM074241/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01EB015481/EB/NIBIB NIH HHS/ -- Canadian Institutes of Health Research/Canada -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 May 17;340(6134):867-70. doi: 10.1126/science.1232389. Epub 2013 Apr 11.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉F. M. Kirby Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23579495" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Axin Protein/*metabolism ; Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3/metabolism ; HEK293 Cells ; HeLa Cells ; Humans ; Low Density Lipoprotein Receptor-Related Protein-6/*metabolism ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Phosphorylation ; Protein Stability ; Signal Transduction ; Wnt Proteins/*metabolism ; Xenopus ; beta Catenin/*metabolism
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 89
    Publication Date: 2013-08-10
    Description: Phosphorylated O-mannosyl trisaccharide [N-acetylgalactosamine-beta3-N-acetylglucosamine-beta4-(phosphate-6-)mannose] is required for dystroglycan to bind laminin-G domain-containing extracellular proteins with high affinity in muscle and brain. However, the enzymes that produce this structure have not been fully elucidated. We found that glycosyltransferase-like domain-containing 2 (GTDC2) is a protein O-linked mannose beta 1,4-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase whose product could be extended by beta 1,3-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase2 (B3GALNT2) to form the O-mannosyl trisaccharide. Furthermore, we identified SGK196 as an atypical kinase that phosphorylated the 6-position of O-mannose, specifically after the mannose had been modified by both GTDC2 and B3GALNT2. These findings suggest how mutations in GTDC2, B3GALNT2, and SGK196 disrupt dystroglycan receptor function and lead to congenital muscular dystrophy.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3848040/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3848040/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Yoshida-Moriguchi, Takako -- Willer, Tobias -- Anderson, Mary E -- Venzke, David -- Whyte, Tamieka -- Muntoni, Francesco -- Lee, Hane -- Nelson, Stanley F -- Yu, Liping -- Campbell, Kevin P -- 1U54NS053672/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- MR/K000608/1/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- P30 AR057230/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 HL079031/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- U54 NS053672/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Aug 23;341(6148):896-9. doi: 10.1126/science.1239951. Epub 2013 Aug 8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Iowa Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242-1101, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23929950" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Dystroglycans/*metabolism ; Glycosylation ; Glycosyltransferases/genetics/metabolism ; HEK293 Cells ; Humans ; N-Acetylgalactosaminyltransferases/genetics/metabolism ; N-Acetylglucosaminyltransferases/genetics/metabolism ; Phosphorylation ; Protein Kinases/genetics/*metabolism ; *Protein Processing, Post-Translational ; Trisaccharides/metabolism
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  • 90
    Publication Date: 2012-04-21
    Description: Salicylate, a plant product, has been in medicinal use since ancient times. More recently, it has been replaced by synthetic derivatives such as aspirin and salsalate, both of which are rapidly broken down to salicylate in vivo. At concentrations reached in plasma after administration of salsalate or of aspirin at high doses, salicylate activates adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), a central regulator of cell growth and metabolism. Salicylate binds at the same site as the synthetic activator A-769662 to cause allosteric activation and inhibition of dephosphorylation of the activating phosphorylation site, threonine-172. In AMPK knockout mice, effects of salicylate to increase fat utilization and to lower plasma fatty acids in vivo were lost. Our results suggest that AMPK activation could explain some beneficial effects of salsalate and aspirin in humans.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3399766/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3399766/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hawley, Simon A -- Fullerton, Morgan D -- Ross, Fiona A -- Schertzer, Jonathan D -- Chevtzoff, Cyrille -- Walker, Katherine J -- Peggie, Mark W -- Zibrova, Darya -- Green, Kevin A -- Mustard, Kirsty J -- Kemp, Bruce E -- Sakamoto, Kei -- Steinberg, Gregory R -- Hardie, D Grahame -- 080982/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 097726/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- MC_U127088492/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- Canadian Institutes of Health Research/Canada -- Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 May 18;336(6083):918-22. doi: 10.1126/science.1215327. Epub 2012 Apr 19.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Cell Signalling and Immunology, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22517326" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: AMP-Activated Protein Kinases/genetics/*metabolism ; Amino Acid Substitution ; Animals ; Aspirin/pharmacology ; Binding Sites ; Carbohydrate Metabolism/drug effects ; Cell Line ; Enzyme Activation ; Enzyme Activators/pharmacology ; HEK293 Cells ; Humans ; Lipid Metabolism/drug effects ; Liver/drug effects/metabolism ; Mice ; Mice, Knockout ; Mutation ; Oxygen Consumption/drug effects ; Phosphorylation ; Pyrones/pharmacology ; Rats ; Salicylates/blood/*metabolism/*pharmacology ; Thiophenes/pharmacology
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  • 91
    Publication Date: 2012-03-31
    Description: Rapamycin, an inhibitor of mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1), extends the life spans of yeast, flies, and mice. Calorie restriction, which increases life span and insulin sensitivity, is proposed to function by inhibition of mTORC1, yet paradoxically, chronic administration of rapamycin substantially impairs glucose tolerance and insulin action. We demonstrate that rapamycin disrupted a second mTOR complex, mTORC2, in vivo and that mTORC2 was required for the insulin-mediated suppression of hepatic gluconeogenesis. Further, decreased mTORC1 signaling was sufficient to extend life span independently from changes in glucose homeostasis, as female mice heterozygous for both mTOR and mLST8 exhibited decreased mTORC1 activity and extended life span but had normal glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity. Thus, mTORC2 disruption is an important mediator of the effects of rapamycin in vivo.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3324089/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3324089/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lamming, Dudley W -- Ye, Lan -- Katajisto, Pekka -- Goncalves, Marcus D -- Saitoh, Maki -- Stevens, Deanna M -- Davis, James G -- Salmon, Adam B -- Richardson, Arlan -- Ahima, Rexford S -- Guertin, David A -- Sabatini, David M -- Baur, Joseph A -- 1F32AG032833-01A1/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- CA129105/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- F32 AG032833/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- P30DK19525/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA129105/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA129105-05/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Mar 30;335(6076):1638-43. doi: 10.1126/science.1215135.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22461615" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adipose Tissue, White/metabolism ; Animals ; Carrier Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Female ; Gluconeogenesis ; Glucose/metabolism ; Glucose Clamp Technique ; Homeostasis ; Insulin/administration & dosage/blood ; *Insulin Resistance ; Liver/metabolism ; *Longevity ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Multiprotein Complexes ; Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism ; Phosphorylation ; Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors/metabolism ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; Sirolimus/*pharmacology ; TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases/genetics/metabolism
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  • 92
    Publication Date: 2012-05-15
    Description: Protein phosphorylation is a fundamental mechanism regulating nearly every aspect of cellular life. Several secreted proteins are phosphorylated, but the kinases responsible are unknown. We identified a family of atypical protein kinases that localize within the Golgi apparatus and are secreted. Fam20C appears to be the Golgi casein kinase that phosphorylates secretory pathway proteins within S-x-E motifs. Fam20C phosphorylates the caseins and several secreted proteins implicated in biomineralization, including the small integrin-binding ligand, N-linked glycoproteins (SIBLINGs). Consequently, mutations in Fam20C cause an osteosclerotic bone dysplasia in humans known as Raine syndrome. Fam20C is thus a protein kinase dedicated to the phosphorylation of extracellular proteins.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3754843/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3754843/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Tagliabracci, Vincent S -- Engel, James L -- Wen, Jianzhong -- Wiley, Sandra E -- Worby, Carolyn A -- Kinch, Lisa N -- Xiao, Junyu -- Grishin, Nick V -- Dixon, Jack E -- DK018024-37/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- DK018849-36/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- GM094575/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 DK018849/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R37 DK018024/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- T32 CA009523/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Jun 1;336(6085):1150-3. doi: 10.1126/science.1217817. Epub 2012 May 10.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0721, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22582013" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Abnormalities, Multiple/genetics/metabolism ; Amino Acid Motifs ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Calcification, Physiologic ; Casein Kinase I ; Casein Kinases/metabolism ; Caseins/*metabolism ; Cattle ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Cleft Palate/genetics/metabolism ; Exophthalmos/genetics/metabolism ; Extracellular Matrix Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism/secretion ; Glycoproteins/metabolism ; Golgi Apparatus/*enzymology ; HEK293 Cells ; HeLa Cells ; Humans ; Microcephaly/genetics/metabolism ; Milk/enzymology ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Osteopontin ; Osteosclerosis/genetics/metabolism ; Phosphorylation ; Protein Sorting Signals ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/chemistry/metabolism/secretion ; *Secretory Pathway ; Substrate Specificity
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  • 93
    Publication Date: 2012-11-10
    Description: Despite more than 30 years of work on the Wnt signaling pathway, the basic mechanism of how the extracellular Wnt signal increases the intracellular concentration of beta-catenin is still contentious. Circumventing much of the detailed biochemistry, we used basic principles of chemical kinetics coupled with quantitative measurements to define the reactions on beta-catenin directly affected by the Wnt signal. We conclude that the core signal transduction mechanism is relatively simple, with only two regulated phosphorylation steps. Their partial inhibition gives rise to the full dynamics of the response and subsequently maintains a steady state in which the concentration of beta-catenin is increased.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hernandez, Ana R -- Klein, Allon M -- Kirschner, Marc W -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Dec 7;338(6112):1337-40. doi: 10.1126/science.1228734. Epub 2012 Nov 8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23138978" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Casein Kinase I/chemistry/metabolism ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Cysteine Proteinase Inhibitors/pharmacology ; Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3/metabolism ; HEK293 Cells ; Humans ; Kinetics ; Leupeptins/pharmacology ; Phosphorylation ; *Signal Transduction ; Wnt Proteins/*metabolism ; Wnt3A Protein/metabolism ; beta Catenin/*metabolism
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  • 94
    Publication Date: 2012-01-17
    Description: Painful stimuli activate nociceptive C fibers and induce synaptic long-term potentiation (LTP) at their spinal terminals. LTP at C-fiber synapses represents a cellular model for pain amplification (hyperalgesia) and for a memory trace of pain. mu-Opioid receptor agonists exert a powerful but reversible depression at C-fiber synapses that renders the continuous application of low opioid doses the gold standard in pain therapy. We discovered that brief application of a high opioid dose reversed various forms of activity-dependent LTP at C-fiber synapses. Depotentiation involved Ca(2+)-dependent signaling and normalization of the phosphorylation state of alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptors. This also reversed hyperalgesia in behaving animals. Opioids thus not only temporarily dampen pain but may also erase a spinal memory trace of pain.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Drdla-Schutting, Ruth -- Benrath, Justus -- Wunderbaldinger, Gabriele -- Sandkuhler, Jurgen -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Jan 13;335(6065):235-8. doi: 10.1126/science.1211726.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Neurophysiology, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22246779" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Analgesics, Opioid/*administration & dosage ; Animals ; Calcium Signaling ; Evoked Potentials ; Hyperalgesia/chemically induced/drug therapy ; Long-Term Potentiation/*drug effects ; Male ; Naloxone/administration & dosage ; Nerve Fibers, Unmyelinated/*drug effects/physiology ; Nociceptive Pain/*drug therapy/physiopathology ; Phosphorylation ; Piperidines/*administration & dosage ; Protein Kinase C/antagonists & inhibitors/metabolism ; Protein Phosphatase 1/antagonists & inhibitors/metabolism ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Receptors, AMPA/metabolism ; Receptors, Opioid, mu/agonists/metabolism ; Sciatic Nerve/*drug effects/physiology ; Somatostatin/administration & dosage/analogs & derivatives ; Spinal Cord/physiology ; Synapses/*drug effects/physiology
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  • 95
    Publication Date: 2012-04-28
    Description: In metazoans, cells depend on extracellular growth factors for energy homeostasis. We found that glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK3), when deinhibited by default in cells deprived of growth factors, activates acetyltransferase TIP60 through phosphorylating TIP60-Ser(86), which directly acetylates and stimulates the protein kinase ULK1, which is required for autophagy. Cells engineered to express TIP60(S86A) that cannot be phosphorylated by GSK3 could not undergo serum deprivation-induced autophagy. An acetylation-defective mutant of ULK1 failed to rescue autophagy in ULK1(-/-) mouse embryonic fibroblasts. Cells used signaling from GSK3 to TIP60 and ULK1 to regulate autophagy when deprived of serum but not glucose. These findings uncover an activating pathway that integrates protein phosphorylation and acetylation to connect growth factor deprivation to autophagy.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lin, Shu-Yong -- Li, Terytty Yang -- Liu, Qing -- Zhang, Cixiong -- Li, Xiaotong -- Chen, Yan -- Zhang, Shi-Meng -- Lian, Guili -- Liu, Qi -- Ruan, Ka -- Wang, Zhen -- Zhang, Chen-Song -- Chien, Kun-Yi -- Wu, Jiawei -- Li, Qinxi -- Han, Jiahuai -- Lin, Sheng-Cai -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Apr 27;336(6080):477-81. doi: 10.1126/science.1217032.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Fujian, China.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22539723" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Autophagy ; Cell Line ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Culture Media ; Culture Media, Serum-Free ; Glucose/metabolism ; Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3/genetics/*metabolism ; HEK293 Cells ; Histone Acetyltransferases/genetics/*metabolism ; Humans ; Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/metabolism ; Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Mice ; Phosphorylation ; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases/genetics/*metabolism ; Rats ; *Signal Transduction ; Trans-Activators/genetics/metabolism
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 96
    Publication Date: 2012-06-02
    Description: Pattern recognition receptors confer plant resistance to pathogen infection by recognizing the conserved pathogen-associated molecular patterns. The cell surface receptor chitin elicitor receptor kinase 1 of Arabidopsis (AtCERK1) directly binds chitin through its lysine motif (LysM)-containing ectodomain (AtCERK1-ECD) to activate immune responses. The crystal structure that we solved of an AtCERK1-ECD complexed with a chitin pentamer reveals that their interaction is primarily mediated by a LysM and three chitin residues. By acting as a bivalent ligand, a chitin octamer induces AtCERK1-ECD dimerization that is inhibited by shorter chitin oligomers. A mutation attenuating chitin-induced AtCERK1-ECD dimerization or formation of nonproductive AtCERK1 dimer by overexpression of AtCERK1-ECD compromises AtCERK1-mediated signaling in plant cells. Together, our data support the notion that chitin-induced AtCERK1 dimerization is critical for its activation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Liu, Tingting -- Liu, Zixu -- Song, Chuanjun -- Hu, Yunfei -- Han, Zhifu -- She, Ji -- Fan, Fangfang -- Wang, Jiawei -- Jin, Changwen -- Chang, Junbiao -- Zhou, Jian-Min -- Chai, Jijie -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Jun 1;336(6085):1160-4. doi: 10.1126/science.1218867.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Graduate Program in Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22654057" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acetylglucosamine/chemistry/metabolism ; Amino Acid Motifs ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Arabidopsis/immunology/*metabolism ; Arabidopsis Proteins/*chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Binding Sites ; Chitin/chemistry/*metabolism ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Hydrogen Bonding ; Ligands ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutant Proteins/chemistry/metabolism ; Phosphorylation ; Plants, Genetically Modified ; Protein Multimerization ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases/*chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Receptors, Pattern Recognition/*chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Signal Transduction
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 97
    Publication Date: 2012-11-01
    Description: Aberrant signaling through the class I phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)-Akt axis is frequent in human cancer. Here, we show that Beclin 1, an essential autophagy and tumor suppressor protein, is a target of the protein kinase Akt. Expression of a Beclin 1 mutant resistant to Akt-mediated phosphorylation increased autophagy, reduced anchorage-independent growth, and inhibited Akt-driven tumorigenesis. Akt-mediated phosphorylation of Beclin 1 enhanced its interactions with 14-3-3 and vimentin intermediate filament proteins, and vimentin depletion increased autophagy and inhibited Akt-driven transformation. Thus, Akt-mediated phosphorylation of Beclin 1 functions in autophagy inhibition, oncogenesis, and the formation of an autophagy-inhibitory Beclin 1/14-3-3/vimentin intermediate filament complex. These findings have broad implications for understanding the role of Akt signaling and intermediate filament proteins in autophagy and cancer.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3507442/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3507442/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wang, Richard C -- Wei, Yongjie -- An, Zhenyi -- Zou, Zhongju -- Xiao, Guanghua -- Bhagat, Govind -- White, Michael -- Reichelt, Julia -- Levine, Beth -- K08 CA164047/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- P30 CA142543/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA071443/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA084254/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA109618/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA129451/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA84254-S1/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Nov 16;338(6109):956-9. doi: 10.1126/science.1225967. Epub 2012 Oct 25.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23112296" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; *Autophagy ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/genetics/*metabolism ; Fibroblasts/metabolism/pathology ; HeLa Cells ; Humans ; Membrane Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Mice ; Phosphorylation ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/genetics/*metabolism ; RNA, Small Interfering/genetics ; Rats ; Transduction, Genetic ; Vimentin/genetics ; Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
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  • 98
    Publication Date: 2012-08-11
    Description: Cells reuse signaling proteins in multiple pathways, raising the potential for improper cross talk. Scaffold proteins are thought to insulate against such miscommunication by sequestering proteins into distinct physical complexes. We show that the scaffold protein Ste5, which organizes the yeast mating mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, does not use sequestration to prevent misactivation of the mating response. Instead, Ste5 appears to use a conformation mechanism: Under basal conditions, an intramolecular interaction of the pleckstrin homology (PH) domain with the von Willebrand type A (VWA) domain blocks the ability to coactivate the mating-specific MAPK Fus3. Pheromone-induced membrane binding of Ste5 triggers release of this autoinhibition. Thus, in addition to serving as a conduit guiding kinase communication, Ste5 directly receives input information to decide if and when signal can be transmitted to mating output.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3631425/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3631425/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zalatan, Jesse G -- Coyle, Scott M -- Rajan, Saravanan -- Sidhu, Sachdev S -- Lim, Wendell A -- MOPS-93725/Canadian Institutes of Health Research/Canada -- P41 RR001614/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- P50 GM081879/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- PN2 EY016546/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM055040/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM55040/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM62583/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Sep 7;337(6099):1218-22. doi: 10.1126/science.1220683. Epub 2012 Aug 9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, 600 16th Street, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22878499" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/antagonists & ; inhibitors/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Enzyme Activation ; MAP Kinase Kinase Kinases/metabolism ; MAP Kinase Signaling System ; Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases/metabolism ; Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/*metabolism ; Models, Biological ; Phosphorylation ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Interaction Domains and Motifs ; Protein Kinases/metabolism ; Protein Precursors/metabolism ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae/*metabolism/physiology ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors/*chemistry/*metabolism
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  • 99
    Publication Date: 2012-06-30
    Description: In different phases of the transcription cycle, RNA polymerase (Pol) II recruits various factors via its C-terminal domain (CTD), which consists of conserved heptapeptide repeats with the sequence Tyr(1)-Ser(2)-Pro(3)-Thr(4)-Ser(5)-Pro(6)-Ser(7). We show that the CTD of transcribing yeast Pol II is phosphorylated at Tyr(1), in addition to Ser(2), Thr(4), Ser(5), and Ser(7). Tyr(1) phosphorylation stimulates binding of elongation factor Spt6 and impairs recruitment of termination factors Nrd1, Pcf11, and Rtt103. Tyr(1) phosphorylation levels rise downstream of the transcription start site and decrease before the polyadenylation site, largely excluding termination factors from gene bodies. These results show that CTD modifications trigger and block factor recruitment and lead to an extended CTD code that explains transcription cycle coordination on the basis of differential phosphorylation of Tyr(1), Ser(2), and Ser(5).〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mayer, Andreas -- Heidemann, Martin -- Lidschreiber, Michael -- Schreieck, Amelie -- Sun, Mai -- Hintermair, Corinna -- Kremmer, Elisabeth -- Eick, Dirk -- Cramer, Patrick -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Jun 29;336(6089):1723-5. doi: 10.1126/science.1219651.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Gene Center and Department of Biochemistry, Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat Munchen, Feodor-Lynen-Strasse 25, 81377 Munich, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22745433" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Catalytic Domain ; Chromatin Immunoprecipitation ; HeLa Cells ; Humans ; Peptide Termination Factors/metabolism ; Phosphorylation ; Protein Kinases/metabolism ; RNA Polymerase II/*metabolism ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins/metabolism ; Transcriptional Elongation Factors/metabolism ; Tyrosine/*metabolism
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  • 100
    Publication Date: 2012-12-22
    Description: Most mammalian genes produce multiple distinct messenger RNAs through alternative splicing, but the extent of splicing conservation is not clear. To assess tissue-specific transcriptome variation across mammals, we sequenced complementary DNA from nine tissues from four mammals and one bird in biological triplicate, at unprecedented depth. We find that while tissue-specific gene expression programs are largely conserved, alternative splicing is well conserved in only a subset of tissues and is frequently lineage-specific. Thousands of previously unknown, lineage-specific, and conserved alternative exons were identified; widely conserved alternative exons had signatures of binding by MBNL, PTB, RBFOX, STAR, and TIA family splicing factors, implicating them as ancestral mammalian splicing regulators. Our data also indicate that alternative splicing often alters protein phosphorylatability, delimiting the scope of kinase signaling.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3568499/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3568499/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Merkin, Jason -- Russell, Caitlin -- Chen, Ping -- Burge, Christopher B -- OD011092/OD/NIH HHS/ -- R01 HG002439/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Dec 21;338(6114):1593-9. doi: 10.1126/science.1228186.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23258891" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Alternative Splicing ; Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Cattle ; Chickens ; Conserved Sequence ; DNA, Complementary ; DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism ; *Evolution, Molecular ; Exons ; Gene Expression Profiling ; *Gene Expression Regulation ; Introns ; Macaca mulatta ; Male ; Mammals/*genetics ; Mice ; Models, Genetic ; Phosphorylation ; Phylogeny ; Protein Isoforms/chemistry/*genetics/metabolism ; Protein Kinases/genetics/metabolism ; RNA Splice Sites ; RNA Splicing ; RNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism ; Rats ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; *Transcriptome
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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