ALBERT

Beschreibung: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Matzke, Nicholas J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2016 Jan 1;351(6268):28-30. doi: 10.1126/science.aad4057. Epub 2015 Dec 17.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia. Work began at: National Institute for Mathematical and Biological Synthesis, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. nick.matzke@anu.edu.au.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26678877" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Beschreibung: Eukaryotic cells coordinate growth with the availability of nutrients through the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1), a master growth regulator. Leucine is of particular importance and activates mTORC1 via the Rag guanosine triphosphatases and their regulators GATOR1 and GATOR2. Sestrin2 interacts with GATOR2 and is a leucine sensor. Here we present the 2.7 angstrom crystal structure of Sestrin2 in complex with leucine. Leucine binds through a single pocket that coordinates its charged functional groups and confers specificity for the hydrophobic side chain. A loop encloses leucine and forms a lid-latch mechanism required for binding. A structure-guided mutation in Sestrin2 that decreases its affinity for leucine leads to a concomitant increase in the leucine concentration required for mTORC1 activation in cells. These results provide a structural mechanism of amino acid sensing by the mTORC1 pathway.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4698039/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4698039/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Saxton, Robert A -- Knockenhauer, Kevin E -- Wolfson, Rachel L -- Chantranupong, Lynne -- Pacold, Michael E -- Wang, Tim -- Schwartz, Thomas U -- Sabatini, David M -- AI47389/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- F30 CA189333/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- F31 CA180271/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- F31 CA189437/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- P41 GM103403/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI047389/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA103866/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01CA103866/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- S10 RR029205/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- T32 GM007753/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- T32GM007287/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2016 Jan 1;351(6268):53-8. doi: 10.1126/science.aad2087. Epub 2015 Nov 19.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, 9 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA. Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Biology, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA. ; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. ; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, 9 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA. Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Biology, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA. sabatini@wi.mit.edu.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26586190" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Beschreibung: Plant embryogenesis initiates with the establishment of an apical-basal axis; however, the molecular mechanisms accompanying this early event remain unclear. Here, we show that a small cysteine-rich peptide family is required for formation of the zygotic basal cell lineage and proembryo patterning in Arabidopsis. EMBRYO SURROUNDING FACTOR 1 (ESF1) peptides accumulate before fertilization in central cell gametes and thereafter in embryo-surrounding endosperm cells. Biochemical and structural analyses revealed cleavage of ESF1 propeptides to form biologically active mature peptides. Further, these peptides act in a non-cell-autonomous manner and synergistically with the receptor-like kinase SHORT SUSPENSOR to promote suspensor elongation through the YODA mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. Our findings demonstrate that the second female gamete and its sexually derived endosperm regulate early embryonic patterning in flowering plants.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Costa, Liliana M -- Marshall, Eleanor -- Tesfaye, Mesfin -- Silverstein, Kevin A T -- Mori, Masashi -- Umetsu, Yoshitaka -- Otterbach, Sophie L -- Papareddy, Ranjith -- Dickinson, Hugh G -- Boutiller, Kim -- VandenBosch, Kathryn A -- Ohki, Shinya -- Gutierrez-Marcos, Jose F -- BB/F008082/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom -- BB/L003023/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom -- BB/L003023/1/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Apr 11;344(6180):168-72. doi: 10.1126/science.1243005.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, OX1 3RB, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24723605" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Beschreibung: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gibbons, Ann -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Oct 24;346(6208):405-6. doi: 10.1126/science.346.6208.405.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25342776" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Beschreibung: Ribonucleotide reductase (RNR) supplies the balanced pools of deoxynucleotide triphosphates (dNTPs) necessary for DNA replication and maintenance of genomic integrity. RNR is subject to allosteric regulatory mechanisms in all eukaryotes, as well as to control by small protein inhibitors Sml1p and Spd1p in budding and fission yeast, respectively. Here, we show that the metazoan protein IRBIT forms a deoxyadenosine triphosphate (dATP)-dependent complex with RNR, which stabilizes dATP in the activity site of RNR and thus inhibits the enzyme. Formation of the RNR-IRBIT complex is regulated through phosphorylation of IRBIT, and ablation of IRBIT expression in HeLa cells causes imbalanced dNTP pools and altered cell cycle progression. We demonstrate a mechanism for RNR regulation in higher eukaryotes that acts by enhancing allosteric RNR inhibition by dATP.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Arnaoutov, Alexei -- Dasso, Mary -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Sep 19;345(6203):1512-5. doi: 10.1126/science.1251550.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Development, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA. arnaouta@mail.nih.gov. ; Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Development, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25237103" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Beschreibung: Birds are the most species-rich class of tetrapod vertebrates and have wide relevance across many research fields. We explored bird macroevolution using full genomes from 48 avian species representing all major extant clades. The avian genome is principally characterized by its constrained size, which predominantly arose because of lineage-specific erosion of repetitive elements, large segmental deletions, and gene loss. Avian genomes furthermore show a remarkably high degree of evolutionary stasis at the levels of nucleotide sequence, gene synteny, and chromosomal structure. Despite this pattern of conservation, we detected many non-neutral evolutionary changes in protein-coding genes and noncoding regions. These analyses reveal that pan-avian genomic diversity covaries with adaptations to different lifestyles and convergent evolution of traits.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4390078/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4390078/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zhang, Guojie -- Li, Cai -- Li, Qiye -- Li, Bo -- Larkin, Denis M -- Lee, Chul -- Storz, Jay F -- Antunes, Agostinho -- Greenwold, Matthew J -- Meredith, Robert W -- Odeen, Anders -- Cui, Jie -- Zhou, Qi -- Xu, Luohao -- Pan, Hailin -- Wang, Zongji -- Jin, Lijun -- Zhang, Pei -- Hu, Haofu -- Yang, Wei -- Hu, Jiang -- Xiao, Jin -- Yang, Zhikai -- Liu, Yang -- Xie, Qiaolin -- Yu, Hao -- Lian, Jinmin -- Wen, Ping -- Zhang, Fang -- Li, Hui -- Zeng, Yongli -- Xiong, Zijun -- Liu, Shiping -- Zhou, Long -- Huang, Zhiyong -- An, Na -- Wang, Jie -- Zheng, Qiumei -- Xiong, Yingqi -- Wang, Guangbiao -- Wang, Bo -- Wang, Jingjing -- Fan, Yu -- da Fonseca, Rute R -- Alfaro-Nunez, Alonzo -- Schubert, Mikkel -- Orlando, Ludovic -- Mourier, Tobias -- Howard, Jason T -- Ganapathy, Ganeshkumar -- Pfenning, Andreas -- Whitney, Osceola -- Rivas, Miriam V -- Hara, Erina -- Smith, Julia -- Farre, Marta -- Narayan, Jitendra -- Slavov, Gancho -- Romanov, Michael N -- Borges, Rui -- Machado, Joao Paulo -- Khan, Imran -- Springer, Mark S -- Gatesy, John -- Hoffmann, Federico G -- Opazo, Juan C -- Hastad, Olle -- Sawyer, Roger H -- Kim, Heebal -- Kim, Kyu-Won -- Kim, Hyeon Jeong -- Cho, Seoae -- Li, Ning -- Huang, Yinhua -- Bruford, Michael W -- Zhan, Xiangjiang -- Dixon, Andrew -- Bertelsen, Mads F -- Derryberry, Elizabeth -- Warren, Wesley -- Wilson, Richard K -- Li, Shengbin -- Ray, David A -- Green, Richard E -- O'Brien, Stephen J -- Griffin, Darren -- Johnson, Warren E -- Haussler, David -- Ryder, Oliver A -- Willerslev, Eske -- Graves, Gary R -- Alstrom, Per -- Fjeldsa, Jon -- Mindell, David P -- Edwards, Scott V -- Braun, Edward L -- Rahbek, Carsten -- Burt, David W -- Houde, Peter -- Zhang, Yong -- Yang, Huanming -- Wang, Jian -- Avian Genome Consortium -- Jarvis, Erich D -- Gilbert, M Thomas P -- Wang, Jun -- DP1 OD000448/OD/NIH HHS/ -- DP1OD000448/OD/NIH HHS/ -- R01 HL087216/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Dec 12;346(6215):1311-20. doi: 10.1126/science.1251385. Epub 2014 Dec 11.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉China National GeneBank, Beijing Genomics Institute (BGI)-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China. Centre for Social Evolution, Department of Biology, Universitetsparken 15, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark. zhanggj@genomics.cn jarvis@neuro.duke.edu mtpgilbert@gmail.com wangj@genomics.cn. ; China National GeneBank, Beijing Genomics Institute (BGI)-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China. Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Oster Voldgade 5-7, 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark. ; China National GeneBank, Beijing Genomics Institute (BGI)-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China. ; Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, UK. ; Interdisciplinary Program in Bioinformatics, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea. Cho and Kim Genomics, Seoul National University Research Park, Seoul 151-919, Republic of Korea. ; School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA. ; Centro de Investigacion en Ciencias del Mar y Limnologia (CIMAR)/Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigacao Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR), Universidade do Porto, Rua dos Bragas, 177, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal. Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciencias, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal. ; Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA. ; Department of Biology and Molecular Biology, Montclair State University, Montclair, NJ 07043, USA. ; Department of Animal Ecology, Uppsala University, Norbyvagen 18D, S-752 36 Uppsala, Sweden. ; Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Charles Perkins Centre, School of Biological Sciences and Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia. Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore. ; Department of Integrative Biology University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. ; China National GeneBank, Beijing Genomics Institute (BGI)-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China. College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China. ; China National GeneBank, Beijing Genomics Institute (BGI)-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China. School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China. ; China National GeneBank, Beijing Genomics Institute (BGI)-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China. BGI Education Center,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences,Shenzhen, 518083, China. ; Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China. ; Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Oster Voldgade 5-7, 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark. ; Department of Neurobiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA. ; Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, UK. ; School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury CT2 7NJ, UK. ; Centro de Investigacion en Ciencias del Mar y Limnologia (CIMAR)/Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigacao Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR), Universidade do Porto, Rua dos Bragas, 177, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal. Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Portugal. ; Department of Biology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA. ; Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA. Institute for Genomics, Biocomputing and Biotechnology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA. ; Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Evolutivas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile. ; Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Post Office Box 7011, S-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden. ; Interdisciplinary Program in Bioinformatics, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea. Cho and Kim Genomics, Seoul National University Research Park, Seoul 151-919, Republic of Korea. Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea. ; Interdisciplinary Program in Bioinformatics, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea. ; Cho and Kim Genomics, Seoul National University Research Park, Seoul 151-919, Republic of Korea. ; State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China. ; State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China. College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China. ; Organisms and Environment Division, Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, Wales, UK. ; Organisms and Environment Division, Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, Wales, UK. Key Lab of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101 China. ; International Wildlife Consultants, Carmarthen SA33 5YL, Wales, UK. ; Centre for Zoo and Wild Animal Health, Copenhagen Zoo, Roskildevej 38, DK-2000 Frederiksberg, Denmark. ; Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA. Museum of Natural Science, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA. ; The Genome Institute at Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA. ; College of Medicine and Forensics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China. ; Institute for Genomics, Biocomputing and Biotechnology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA. ; Department of Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA. ; Theodosius Dobzhansky Center for Genome Bioinformatics, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia. Nova Southeastern University Oceanographic Center 8000 N Ocean Drive, Dania, FL 33004, USA. ; Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, 1500 Remount Road, Front Royal, VA 22630, USA. ; Genetics Division, San Diego Zoo Institute for Conservation Research, 15600 San Pasqual Valley Road, Escondido, CA 92027, USA. ; Department of Vertebrate Zoology, MRC-116, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Post Office Box 37012, Washington, DC 20013-7012, USA. Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, the Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, DK-2100 Copenhagen O, Denmark. ; Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China. Swedish Species Information Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7007, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden. ; Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, the Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, DK-2100 Copenhagen O, Denmark. ; Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA. ; Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology and Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, 26 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA. ; Department of Biology and Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA. ; Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, the Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, DK-2100 Copenhagen O, Denmark. Imperial College London, Grand Challenges in Ecosystems and the Environment Initiative, Silwood Park Campus, Ascot, Berkshire SL5 7PY, UK. ; Division of Genetics and Genomics, The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The Roslin Institute Building, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK. ; Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Box 30001 MSC 3AF, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA. ; China National GeneBank, Beijing Genomics Institute (BGI)-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China. Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai long, Taipa, Macau 999078, China. ; Department of Neurobiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA. zhanggj@genomics.cn jarvis@neuro.duke.edu mtpgilbert@gmail.com wangj@genomics.cn. ; Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Oster Voldgade 5-7, 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark. Trace and Environmental DNA Laboratory, Department of Environment and Agriculture, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, 6102, Australia. zhanggj@genomics.cn jarvis@neuro.duke.edu mtpgilbert@gmail.com wangj@genomics.cn. ; China National GeneBank, Beijing Genomics Institute (BGI)-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China. Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai long, Taipa, Macau 999078, China. Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaloes Vej 5, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark. Princess Al Jawhara Center of Excellence in the Research of Hereditary Disorders, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia. Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong. zhanggj@genomics.cn jarvis@neuro.duke.edu mtpgilbert@gmail.com wangj@genomics.cn.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25504712" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Beschreibung: Lingham-Soliar questions our interpretation of integumentary structures in the Middle-Late Jurassic ornithischian dinosaur Kulindadromeus as feather-like appendages and alternatively proposes that the compound structures observed around the humerus and femur of Kulindadromeus are support fibers associated with badly degraded scales. We consider this hypothesis highly unlikely because of the taphonomy and morphology of the preserved structures.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Godefroit, Pascal -- Sinitsa, Sofia M -- Dhouailly, Danielle -- Bolotsky, Yuri L -- Sizov, Alexander V -- McNamara, Maria E -- Benton, Michael J -- Spagna, Paul -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Oct 24;346(6208):434. doi: 10.1126/science.1260146.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Directorate, Earth and History of Life, Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Rue Vautier 29, B-1000 Brussels, Belgium. pascal.godefroit@naturalsciences.be. ; Institute of Natural Resources, Ecology, and Cryology, 26 Butin Street, 672 014 Chita, Russia. ; UJF-CNRS FRE 3405, AGIM, Universite Joseph Fourier, Site Sante, 38 706 La Tronche, France. ; Institute of Geology and Nature Management, FEB RAS, 1 Relochny Street 675 000, Blagoveschensk, Russia. ; Institute of the Earth Crust, SB RAS, 128 Lermontov Street, 664 033 Irkutsk, Russia. ; School of Biological, Earth, and Environmental Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland. School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1RJ, UK. ; School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1RJ, UK. ; Directorate, Earth and History of Life, Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Rue Vautier 29, B-1000 Brussels, Belgium.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25342796" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Beschreibung: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Martin, William F -- Sousa, Filipa L -- Lane, Nick -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Jun 6;344(6188):1092-3. doi: 10.1126/science.1251653.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute of Molecular Evolution, Heinrich-Heine-Universitat, Universitatsstrasse 1, 40225 Dusseldorf, Germany. bill@hhu.de. ; Institute of Molecular Evolution, Heinrich-Heine-Universitat, Universitatsstrasse 1, 40225 Dusseldorf, Germany. ; Research Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24904143" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Beschreibung: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Koschowitz, Marie-Claire -- Fischer, Christian -- Sander, Martin -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Oct 24;346(6208):416-8. doi: 10.1126/science.1258957.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Paleontology, Steinmann Institute for Geology, Mineralogy and Paleontology, University of Bonn, Nussallee 8, 53115 Bonn, Germany. Institute for Zoology and Anthropology, Department of Morphology, Systematics and Evolutionary Biology with Zoological Museum, Georg-August-Universitat Gottingen, Berliner Strasse 28, 37073 Goettingen, Germany. m.koschowitz@uni-bonn.de. ; Institute for Zoology and Anthropology, Department of Morphology, Systematics and Evolutionary Biology with Zoological Museum, Georg-August-Universitat Gottingen, Berliner Strasse 28, 37073 Goettingen, Germany. ; Division of Paleontology, Steinmann Institute for Geology, Mineralogy and Paleontology, University of Bonn, Nussallee 8, 53115 Bonn, Germany. Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, 900 Exposition Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90007, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25342783" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Beschreibung: Using light to silence electrical activity in targeted cells is a major goal of optogenetics. Available optogenetic proteins that directly move ions to achieve silencing are inefficient, pumping only a single ion per photon across the cell membrane rather than allowing many ions per photon to flow through a channel pore. Building on high-resolution crystal-structure analysis, pore vestibule modeling, and structure-guided protein engineering, we designed and characterized a class of channelrhodopsins (originally cation-conducting) converted into chloride-conducting anion channels. These tools enable fast optical inhibition of action potentials and can be engineered to display step-function kinetics for stable inhibition, outlasting light pulses and for orders-of-magnitude-greater light sensitivity of inhibited cells. The resulting family of proteins defines an approach to more physiological, efficient, and sensitive optogenetic inhibition.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4096039/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4096039/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Berndt, Andre -- Lee, Soo Yeun -- Ramakrishnan, Charu -- Deisseroth, Karl -- R01 DA020794/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- R01 MH075957/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- R01 MH086373/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Apr 25;344(6182):420-4. doi: 10.1126/science.1252367.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24763591" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Beschreibung: The excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate induces modulatory actions via the metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGlus), which are class C G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). We determined the structure of the human mGlu1 receptor seven-transmembrane (7TM) domain bound to a negative allosteric modulator, FITM, at a resolution of 2.8 angstroms. The modulator binding site partially overlaps with the orthosteric binding sites of class A GPCRs but is more restricted than most other GPCRs. We observed a parallel 7TM dimer mediated by cholesterols, which suggests that signaling initiated by glutamate's interaction with the extracellular domain might be mediated via 7TM interactions within the full-length receptor dimer. A combination of crystallography, structure-activity relationships, mutagenesis, and full-length dimer modeling provides insights about the allosteric modulation and activation mechanism of class C GPCRs.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3991565/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3991565/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wu, Huixian -- Wang, Chong -- Gregory, Karen J -- Han, Gye Won -- Cho, Hyekyung P -- Xia, Yan -- Niswender, Colleen M -- Katritch, Vsevolod -- Meiler, Jens -- Cherezov, Vadim -- Conn, P Jeffrey -- Stevens, Raymond C -- P50 GM073197/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 DK097376/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM080403/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM099842/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 MH062646/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- R01 MH090192/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- R01 NS031373/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R21 NS078262/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R37 NS031373/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- U54 GM094618/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- Y1-CO-1020/CO/NCI NIH HHS/ -- Y1-GM-1104/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Apr 4;344(6179):58-64. doi: 10.1126/science.1249489. Epub 2014 Mar 6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24603153" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Beschreibung: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kennett, Douglas J -- Asmerom, Yemane -- Kemp, Brian M -- Polyak, Victor -- Bolnick, Deborah A -- Malhi, Ripan S -- Culleton, Brendan J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Jul 25;345(6195):390. doi: 10.1126/science.345.6195.390-a. Epub 2014 Jul 24.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Anthropology and Institutes of Energy and the Environment, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA. djk23@psu.edu. ; Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131-0001, USA. ; Department of Anthropology and School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA. ; Department of Anthropology and Population Research Center, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA. ; Institute of Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL 61801, USA. ; Department of Anthropology and Institutes of Energy and the Environment, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25061196" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Beschreibung: The development of cells specialized for water conduction or support is a striking innovation of plants that has enabled them to colonize land. The NAC transcription factors regulate the differentiation of these cells in vascular plants. However, the path by which plants with these cells have evolved from their nonvascular ancestors is unclear. We investigated genes of the moss Physcomitrella patens that encode NAC proteins. Loss-of-function mutants formed abnormal water-conducting and supporting cells, as well as malformed sporophyte cells, and overexpression induced ectopic differentiation of water-conducting-like cells. Our results show conservation of transcriptional regulation and cellular function between moss and Arabidopsis thaliana water-conducting cells. The conserved genetic basis suggests roles for NAC proteins in the adaptation of plants to land.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Xu, Bo -- Ohtani, Misato -- Yamaguchi, Masatoshi -- Toyooka, Kiminori -- Wakazaki, Mayumi -- Sato, Mayuko -- Kubo, Minoru -- Nakano, Yoshimi -- Sano, Ryosuke -- Hiwatashi, Yuji -- Murata, Takashi -- Kurata, Tetsuya -- Yoneda, Arata -- Kato, Ko -- Hasebe, Mitsuyasu -- Demura, Taku -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Mar 28;343(6178):1505-8. doi: 10.1126/science.1248417. Epub 2014 Mar 20.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24652936" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Beschreibung: Sensory systems define an animal's capacity for perception and can evolve to promote survival in new environmental niches. We have uncovered a noncanonical mechanism for sweet taste perception that evolved in hummingbirds since their divergence from insectivorous swifts, their closest relatives. We observed the widespread absence in birds of an essential subunit (T1R2) of the only known vertebrate sweet receptor, raising questions about how specialized nectar feeders such as hummingbirds sense sugars. Receptor expression studies revealed that the ancestral umami receptor (the T1R1-T1R3 heterodimer) was repurposed in hummingbirds to function as a carbohydrate receptor. Furthermore, the molecular recognition properties of T1R1-T1R3 guided taste behavior in captive and wild hummingbirds. We propose that changing taste receptor function enabled hummingbirds to perceive and use nectar, facilitating the massive radiation of hummingbird species.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4302410/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4302410/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Baldwin, Maude W -- Toda, Yasuka -- Nakagita, Tomoya -- O'Connell, Mary J -- Klasing, Kirk C -- Misaka, Takumi -- Edwards, Scott V -- Liberles, Stephen D -- R01 DC013289/DC/NIDCD NIH HHS/ -- R01DC013289/DC/NIDCD NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Aug 22;345(6199):929-33. doi: 10.1126/science.1255097.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, and Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA. maudebaldwin@gmail.com stephen_liberles@hms.harvard.edu. ; Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan. ; Bioinformatics and Molecular Evolution Group, School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland. ; Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA. ; Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, and Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA. ; Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA. maudebaldwin@gmail.com stephen_liberles@hms.harvard.edu.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25146290" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Beschreibung: The hierarchical packaging of eukaryotic chromatin plays a central role in transcriptional regulation and other DNA-related biological processes. Here, we report the 11-angstrom-resolution cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structures of 30-nanometer chromatin fibers reconstituted in the presence of linker histone H1 and with different nucleosome repeat lengths. The structures show a histone H1-dependent left-handed twist of the repeating tetranucleosomal structural units, within which the four nucleosomes zigzag back and forth with a straight linker DNA. The asymmetric binding and the location of histone H1 in chromatin play a role in the formation of the 30-nanometer fiber. Our results provide mechanistic insights into how nucleosomes compact into higher-order chromatin fibers.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Song, Feng -- Chen, Ping -- Sun, Dapeng -- Wang, Mingzhu -- Dong, Liping -- Liang, Dan -- Xu, Rui-Ming -- Zhu, Ping -- Li, Guohong -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Apr 25;344(6182):376-80. doi: 10.1126/science.1251413.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24763583" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Beschreibung: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mayr, Gerald -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Dec 19;346(6216):1466. doi: 10.1126/science.346.6216.1466-b.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum Frankfurt, Ornithological Section, D-60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany. gerald.mayr@senckenberg.de.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25525236" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Beschreibung: Sex-specific chromosomes, like the W of most female birds and the Y of male mammals, usually have lost most genes owing to a lack of recombination. We analyze newly available genomes of 17 bird species representing the avian phylogenetic range, and find that more than half of them do not have as fully degenerated W chromosomes as that of chicken. We show that avian sex chromosomes harbor tremendous diversity among species in their composition of pseudoautosomal regions and degree of Z/W differentiation. Punctuated events of shared or lineage-specific recombination suppression have produced a gradient of "evolutionary strata" along the Z chromosome, which initiates from the putative avian sex-determining gene DMRT1 and ends at the pseudoautosomal region. W-linked genes are subject to ongoing functional decay after recombination was suppressed, and the tempo of degeneration slows down in older strata. Overall, we unveil a complex history of avian sex chromosome evolution.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zhou, Qi -- Zhang, Jilin -- Bachtrog, Doris -- An, Na -- Huang, Quanfei -- Jarvis, Erich D -- Gilbert, M Thomas P -- Zhang, Guojie -- GM076007/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM093182/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM076007/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM093182/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Dec 12;346(6215):1246338. doi: 10.1126/science.1246338. Epub 2014 Dec 11.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA94720, USA. zhouqi@berkeley.edu zhanggj@genomics.org.cn. ; China National Genebank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083. China. ; Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA94720, USA. ; Department of Neurobiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA. ; Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Oster Voldgade 5-7, 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark. Trace and Environmental DNA laboratory, Department of Environment and Agriculture, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia 6102, Australia. ; China National Genebank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083. China. Centre for Social Evolution, Department of Biology, Universitetsparken 15, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark. zhouqi@berkeley.edu zhanggj@genomics.org.cn.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25504727" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Beschreibung: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Coley, Phyllis D -- Kursar, Thomas A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Jan 3;343(6166):35-6. doi: 10.1126/science.1248110.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA, and Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, Panama.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24385624" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Beschreibung: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gramling, Carolyn -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Oct 31;346(6209):537. doi: 10.1126/science.346.6209.537.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25359946" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Beschreibung: Nitrogen (N) is a critical nutrient for plants but is often distributed unevenly in the soil. Plants therefore have evolved a systemic mechanism by which N starvation on one side of the root system leads to a compensatory and increased nitrate uptake on the other side. Here, we study the molecular systems that support perception of N and the long-distance signaling needed to alter root development. Rootlets starved of N secrete small peptides that are translocated to the shoot and received by two leucine-rich repeat receptor kinases (LRR-RKs). Arabidopsis plants deficient in this pathway show growth retardation accompanied with N-deficiency symptoms. Thus, signaling from the root to the shoot helps the plant adapt to fluctuations in local N availability.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Tabata, Ryo -- Sumida, Kumiko -- Yoshii, Tomoaki -- Ohyama, Kentaro -- Shinohara, Hidefumi -- Matsubayashi, Yoshikatsu -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Oct 17;346(6207):343-6. doi: 10.1126/science.1257800.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan. ; Department of Applied Molecular Biosciences, Graduate School of Bio-Agricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan. ; Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan. matsu@bio.nagoya-u.ac.jp.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25324386" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Beschreibung: Proteins that cap the ends of the actin filament are essential regulators of cytoskeleton dynamics. Whereas several proteins cap the rapidly growing barbed end, tropomodulin (Tmod) is the only protein known to cap the slowly growing pointed end. The lack of structural information severely limits our understanding of Tmod's capping mechanism. We describe crystal structures of actin complexes with the unstructured amino-terminal and the leucine-rich repeat carboxy-terminal domains of Tmod. The structures and biochemical analysis of structure-inspired mutants showed that one Tmod molecule interacts with three actin subunits at the pointed end, while also contacting two tropomyosin molecules on each side of the filament. We found that Tmod achieves high-affinity binding through several discrete low-affinity interactions, which suggests a mechanism for controlled subunit exchange at the pointed end.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4367809/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4367809/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Rao, Jampani Nageswara -- Madasu, Yadaiah -- Dominguez, Roberto -- GM-0080/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM073791/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Jul 25;345(6195):463-7. doi: 10.1126/science.1256159.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. ; Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. droberto@mail.med.upenn.edu.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25061212" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Beschreibung: Transcription factors (TFs) are key players in evolution. Changes affecting their function can yield novel life forms but may also have deleterious effects. Consequently, gene duplication events that release one gene copy from selective pressure are thought to be the common mechanism by which TFs acquire new activities. Here, we show that LEAFY, a major regulator of flower development and cell division in land plants, underwent changes to its DNA binding specificity, even though plant genomes generally contain a single copy of the LEAFY gene. We examined how these changes occurred at the structural level and identify an intermediate LEAFY form in hornworts that appears to adopt all different specificities. This promiscuous intermediate could have smoothed the evolutionary transitions, thereby allowing LEAFY to evolve new binding specificities while remaining a single-copy gene.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sayou, Camille -- Monniaux, Marie -- Nanao, Max H -- Moyroud, Edwige -- Brockington, Samuel F -- Thevenon, Emmanuel -- Chahtane, Hicham -- Warthmann, Norman -- Melkonian, Michael -- Zhang, Yong -- Wong, Gane Ka-Shu -- Weigel, Detlef -- Parcy, Francois -- Dumas, Renaud -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Feb 7;343(6171):645-8. doi: 10.1126/science.1248229. Epub 2014 Jan 16.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉CNRS, Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Vegetale (LPCV), UMR 5168, 38054 Grenoble, France.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24436181" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Beschreibung: Godefroit et al. (Reports, 25 July 2014, p. 451) reported scales and feathers, including "basal plates," in an ornithischian dinosaur. Their arguments against the filaments being collagen fibers are not supported because of a fundamental misinterpretation of such structures and underestimation of their size. The parsimonious explanation is that the filaments are support fibers in association with badly degraded scales and that they do not represent early feather stages.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lingham-Soliar, Theagarten -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Oct 24;346(6208):434. doi: 10.1126/science.1259983.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, Port Elizabeth, South Africa.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25342795" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Beschreibung: The prevention of fertilization through self-pollination (or pollination by a close relative) in the Brassicaceae plant family is determined by the genotype of the plant at the self-incompatibility locus (S locus). The many alleles at this locus exhibit a dominance hierarchy that determines which of the two allelic specificities of a heterozygous genotype is expressed at the phenotypic level. Here, we uncover the evolution of how at least 17 small RNA (sRNA)-producing loci and their multiple target sites collectively control the dominance hierarchy among alleles within the gene controlling the pollen S-locus phenotype in a self-incompatible Arabidopsis species. Selection has created a dynamic repertoire of sRNA-target interactions by jointly acting on sRNA genes and their target sites, which has resulted in a complex system of regulation among alleles.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Durand, Eleonore -- Meheust, Raphael -- Soucaze, Marion -- Goubet, Pauline M -- Gallina, Sophie -- Poux, Celine -- Fobis-Loisy, Isabelle -- Guillon, Eline -- Gaude, Thierry -- Sarazin, Alexis -- Figeac, Martin -- Prat, Elisa -- Marande, William -- Berges, Helene -- Vekemans, Xavier -- Billiard, Sylvain -- Castric, Vincent -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Dec 5;346(6214):1200-5. doi: 10.1126/science.1259442.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratoire Genetique et Evolution des Populations Vegetales, CNRS UMR 8198, Universite Lille 1, F-59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq cedex, France. ; Reproduction et Developpement des Plantes, Institut Federatif de Recherche 128, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Universite Claude Bernard Lyon I, Ecole Normale Superieure de Lyon, F-69364 Lyon, Cedex 07, France. ; Department of Biology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland. ; UDSL Universite Lille 2 Droit et Sante, and Plate-forme de genomique fonctionnelle et structurale IFR-114, F-59000 Lille, France. ; Centre National des Ressources Genomiques Vegetales, INRA UPR 1258, Castanet-Tolosan, France. ; Laboratoire Genetique et Evolution des Populations Vegetales, CNRS UMR 8198, Universite Lille 1, F-59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq cedex, France. vincent.castric@univ-lille1.fr.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25477454" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Beschreibung: Heterosexual transmission of HIV-1 typically results in one genetic variant establishing systemic infection. We compared, for 137 linked transmission pairs, the amino acid sequences encoded by non-envelope genes of viruses in both partners and demonstrate a selection bias for transmission of residues that are predicted to confer increased in vivo fitness on viruses in the newly infected, immunologically naive recipient. Although tempered by transmission risk factors, such as donor viral load, genital inflammation, and recipient gender, this selection bias provides an overall transmission advantage for viral quasispecies that are dominated by viruses with high in vivo fitness. Thus, preventative or therapeutic approaches that even marginally reduce viral fitness may lower the overall transmission rates and offer long-term benefits even upon successful transmission.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4289910/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4289910/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Carlson, Jonathan M -- Schaefer, Malinda -- Monaco, Daniela C -- Batorsky, Rebecca -- Claiborne, Daniel T -- Prince, Jessica -- Deymier, Martin J -- Ende, Zachary S -- Klatt, Nichole R -- DeZiel, Charles E -- Lin, Tien-Ho -- Peng, Jian -- Seese, Aaron M -- Shapiro, Roger -- Frater, John -- Ndung'u, Thumbi -- Tang, Jianming -- Goepfert, Paul -- Gilmour, Jill -- Price, Matt A -- Kilembe, William -- Heckerman, David -- Goulder, Philip J R -- Allen, Todd M -- Allen, Susan -- Hunter, Eric -- 2P51RR000165-51/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- G108/626/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- OD P51OD11132/OD/NIH HHS/ -- P01-AI074415/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- P30 AI050409/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- P51 OD010425/OD/NIH HHS/ -- P51 OD011132/OD/NIH HHS/ -- P51RR165/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI064060/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI64060/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R37 AI051231/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R37 AI51231/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- T32 AI007387/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- T32-AI007387/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- U01 AI 66454/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Jul 11;345(6193):1254031. doi: 10.1126/science.1254031. Epub 2014 Jul 10.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Microsoft Research, Redmond, WA 98052, USA. carlson@microsoft.com ehunte4@emory.edu. ; Emory Vaccine Center at Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA. ; Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02114, USA. ; Microsoft Research, Redmond, WA 98052, USA. ; Division of Infectious Diseases, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA. ; Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 7BN, UK. National Institute of Health Research, Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK. Oxford Martin School, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3BD, UK. ; Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02114, USA. HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4013, South Africa. KwaZulu-Natal Research Institute for Tuberculosis and HIV (K-RITH), Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa. Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, D-10117 Berlin, Germany. ; Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA. ; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, London SW10 9NH, UK. Imperial College of Science Technology and Medicine, London SW10 9NH, UK. ; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, San Francisco, CA 94105, USA. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94105, USA. ; Rwanda-Zambia HIV Research Group: Zambia-Emory HIV Research Project, Lusaka, Zambia. ; Microsoft Research, Los Angeles, CA 98117, USA. ; HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4013, South Africa. Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SY, UK. ; Rwanda-Zambia HIV Research Group: Zambia-Emory HIV Research Project, Lusaka, Zambia. Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA. Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA. ; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, San Francisco, CA 94105, USA. Microsoft Research, Los Angeles, CA 98117, USA. Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SY, UK. ; Emory Vaccine Center at Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA. Rwanda-Zambia HIV Research Group: Zambia-Emory HIV Research Project, Lusaka, Zambia. Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA. carlson@microsoft.com ehunte4@emory.edu.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25013080" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Beschreibung: A major evolutionary transition to eusociality with reproductive division of labor between queens and workers has arisen independently at least 10 times in the ants, bees, and wasps. Pheromones produced by queens are thought to play a key role in regulating this complex social system, but their evolutionary history remains unknown. Here, we identify the first sterility-inducing queen pheromones in a wasp, bumblebee, and desert ant and synthesize existing data on compounds that characterize female fecundity in 64 species of social insects. Our results show that queen pheromones are strikingly conserved across at least three independent origins of eusociality, with wasps, ants, and some bees all appearing to use nonvolatile, saturated hydrocarbons to advertise fecundity and/or suppress worker reproduction. These results suggest that queen pheromones evolved from conserved signals of solitary ancestors.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Van Oystaeyen, Annette -- Oliveira, Ricardo Caliari -- Holman, Luke -- van Zweden, Jelle S -- Romero, Carmen -- Oi, Cintia A -- d'Ettorre, Patrizia -- Khalesi, Mohammadreza -- Billen, Johan -- Wackers, Felix -- Millar, Jocelyn G -- Wenseleers, Tom -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Jan 17;343(6168):287-90. doi: 10.1126/science.1244899.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory of Socioecology and Social Evolution, Zoological Institute, University of Leuven, Naamsestraat 59-Box 2466, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24436417" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Beschreibung: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Libby, Eric -- Ratcliff, William C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Oct 24;346(6208):426-7. doi: 10.1126/science.1262053.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM 87501, USA. elibby@santafe.edu. ; School of Biology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25342789" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Beschreibung: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cappellini, Enrico -- Collins, Matthew J -- Gilbert, M Thomas P -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Mar 21;343(6177):1320-2. doi: 10.1126/science.1249274.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24653025" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Beschreibung: Chromosome segregation depends on sister chromatid cohesion mediated by cohesin. The cohesin subunits Smc1, Smc3, and Scc1 form tripartite rings that are thought to open at distinct sites to allow entry and exit of DNA. However, direct evidence for the existence of open forms of cohesin is lacking. We found that cohesin's proposed DNA exit gate is formed by interactions between Scc1 and the coiled-coil region of Smc3. Mutation of this interface abolished cohesin's ability to stably associate with chromatin and to mediate cohesion. Electron microscopy revealed that weakening of the Smc3-Scc1 interface resulted in opening of cohesin rings, as did proteolytic cleavage of Scc1. These open forms may resemble intermediate states of cohesin normally generated by the release factor Wapl and the protease separase, respectively.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Huis in 't Veld, Pim J -- Herzog, Franz -- Ladurner, Rene -- Davidson, Iain F -- Piric, Sabina -- Kreidl, Emanuel -- Bhaskara, Venugopal -- Aebersold, Ruedi -- Peters, Jan-Michael -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Nov 21;346(6212):968-72. doi: 10.1126/science.1256904.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), 1030 Vienna, Austria. ; Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, Eidgenossische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland. Department of Biochemistry, Gene Center, Ludwig-Maximilian University, 81377 Munich, Germany. ; Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, Eidgenossische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland. ; Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), 1030 Vienna, Austria. peters@imp.ac.at.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25414306" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Beschreibung: Phosphatidylinositol 4-kinases (PI4Ks) and small guanosine triphosphatases (GTPases) are essential for processes that require expansion and remodeling of phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PI4P)-containing membranes, including cytokinesis, intracellular development of malarial pathogens, and replication of a wide range of RNA viruses. However, the structural basis for coordination of PI4K, GTPases, and their effectors is unknown. Here, we describe structures of PI4Kbeta (PI4KIIIbeta) bound to the small GTPase Rab11a without and with the Rab11 effector protein FIP3. The Rab11-PI4KIIIbeta interface is distinct compared with known structures of Rab complexes and does not involve switch regions used by GTPase effectors. Our data provide a mechanism for how PI4KIIIbeta coordinates Rab11 and its effectors on PI4P-enriched membranes and also provide strategies for the design of specific inhibitors that could potentially target plasmodial PI4KIIIbeta to combat malaria.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4046302/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4046302/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Burke, John E -- Inglis, Alison J -- Perisic, Olga -- Masson, Glenn R -- McLaughlin, Stephen H -- Rutaganira, Florentine -- Shokat, Kevan M -- Williams, Roger L -- MC_U105184308/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- PG/11/109/29247/British Heart Foundation/United Kingdom -- PG11/109/29247/British Heart Foundation/United Kingdom -- R01AI099245/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- T32 GM064337/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 May 30;344(6187):1035-8. doi: 10.1126/science.1253397.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Medical Research Council (MRC) Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK. jeburke@uvic.ca rlw@mrc-lmb.cam.ac.uk. ; Medical Research Council (MRC) Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK. ; Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24876499" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Beschreibung: Recent discoveries have highlighted the dramatic evolutionary transformation of massive, ground-dwelling theropod dinosaurs into light, volant birds. Here, we apply Bayesian approaches (originally developed for inferring geographic spread and rates of molecular evolution in viruses) in a different context: to infer size changes and rates of anatomical innovation (across up to 1549 skeletal characters) in fossils. These approaches identify two drivers underlying the dinosaur-bird transition. The theropod lineage directly ancestral to birds undergoes sustained miniaturization across 50 million years and at least 12 consecutive branches (internodes) and evolves skeletal adaptations four times faster than other dinosaurs. The distinct, prolonged phase of miniaturization along the bird stem would have facilitated the evolution of many novelties associated with small body size, such as reorientation of body mass, increased aerial ability, and paedomorphic skulls with reduced snouts but enlarged eyes and brains.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lee, Michael S Y -- Cau, Andrea -- Naish, Darren -- Dyke, Gareth J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Aug 1;345(6196):562-6. doi: 10.1126/science.1252243.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Earth Sciences Section, South Australian Museum, North Terrace, Adelaide 5000, Australia. School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Adelaide 5005, Australia. mike.lee@samuseum.sa.gov.au. ; Museo Geologico e Paleontologico "Giovanni Capellini," Via Zamboni 63, 40126 Bologna, Italy. Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche, Geologiche e Ambientali, Alma Mater Studiorum Universita di Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy. ; Ocean and Earth Science, University of Southampton, Southampton SO14 3ZH, UK. ; Ocean and Earth Science, University of Southampton, Southampton SO14 3ZH, UK. MTA-DE Lendulet Behavioural Ecology Research Group, Department of Evolutionary Zoology and Human Biology, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Egyetem ter 1, Hungary.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25082702" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Beschreibung: Parenting behaviors, such as the provisioning of food by parents to offspring, are known to be highly responsive to changes in environment. However, we currently know little about how such flexibility affects the ways in which parenting is adapted and evolves in response to environmental variation. This is because few studies quantify how individuals vary in their response to changing environments, especially social environments created by other individuals with which parents interact. Social environmental factors differ from nonsocial factors, such as food availability, because parents and offspring both contribute and respond to the social environment they experience. This interdependence leads to the coevolution of flexible behaviors involved in parenting, which could, paradoxically, constrain the ability of individuals to rapidly adapt to changes in their nonsocial environment.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Royle, Nick J -- Russell, Andrew F -- Wilson, Alastair J -- BB/G022976/1/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Aug 15;345(6198):776-81. doi: 10.1126/science.1253294. Epub 2014 Aug 14.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Centre for Ecology and Conservation, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Cornwall Campus, Penryn TR10 9EZ, UK. n.j.royle@exeter.ac.uk. ; Centre for Ecology and Conservation, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Cornwall Campus, Penryn TR10 9EZ, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25124432" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Beschreibung: Primordial germ cell (PGC) specification occurs either by induction from pluripotent cells (epigenesis) or by a cell-autonomous mechanism mediated by germ plasm (preformation). Among vertebrates, epigenesis is basal, whereas germ plasm has evolved convergently across lineages and is associated with greater speciation. We compared protein-coding sequences of vertebrate species that employ preformation with their sister taxa that use epigenesis and demonstrate that genes evolve more rapidly in species containing germ plasm. Furthermore, differences in rates of evolution appear to cause phylogenetic incongruence in protein-coding sequence comparisons between vertebrate taxa. Our results support the hypothesis that germ plasm liberates constraints on somatic development and that enhanced evolvability drives the evolution of germ plasm.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Evans, Teri -- Wade, Christopher M -- Chapman, Frank A -- Johnson, Andrew D -- Loose, Matthew -- G1100025/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom -- Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Apr 11;344(6180):200-3. doi: 10.1126/science.1249325.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24723612" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Beschreibung: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Patek, S N -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Sep 19;345(6203):1448-9. doi: 10.1126/science.1256617.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Biology Department, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA. snp2@duke.edu.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25237086" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Beschreibung: It has been assumed that most, if not all, signals regulating early development have been identified. Contrary to this expectation, we identified 28 candidate signaling proteins expressed during zebrafish embryogenesis, including Toddler, a short, conserved, and secreted peptide. Both absence and overproduction of Toddler reduce the movement of mesendodermal cells during zebrafish gastrulation. Local and ubiquitous production of Toddler promote cell movement, suggesting that Toddler is neither an attractant nor a repellent but acts globally as a motogen. Toddler drives internalization of G protein-coupled APJ/Apelin receptors, and activation of APJ/Apelin signaling rescues toddler mutants. These results indicate that Toddler is an activator of APJ/Apelin receptor signaling, promotes gastrulation movements, and might be the first in a series of uncharacterized developmental signals.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4107353/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4107353/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pauli, Andrea -- Norris, Megan L -- Valen, Eivind -- Chew, Guo-Liang -- Gagnon, James A -- Zimmerman, Steven -- Mitchell, Andrew -- Ma, Jiao -- Dubrulle, Julien -- Reyon, Deepak -- Tsai, Shengdar Q -- Joung, J Keith -- Saghatelian, Alan -- Schier, Alexander F -- K99 HD076935/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM056211/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM102491/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 HG005111/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Feb 14;343(6172):1248636. doi: 10.1126/science.1248636. Epub 2014 Jan 9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24407481" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Beschreibung: Integration of evidence over the past decade has revised understandings about the major adaptations underlying the origin and early evolution of the genus Homo. Many features associated with Homo sapiens, including our large linear bodies, elongated hind limbs, large energy-expensive brains, reduced sexual dimorphism, increased carnivory, and unique life history traits, were once thought to have evolved near the origin of the genus in response to heightened aridity and open habitats in Africa. However, recent analyses of fossil, archaeological, and environmental data indicate that such traits did not arise as a single package. Instead, some arose substantially earlier and some later than previously thought. From ~2.5 to 1.5 million years ago, three lineages of early Homo evolved in a context of habitat instability and fragmentation on seasonal, intergenerational, and evolutionary time scales. These contexts gave a selective advantage to traits, such as dietary flexibility and larger body size, that facilitated survival in shifting environments.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Anton, Susan C -- Potts, Richard -- Aiello, Leslie C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Jul 4;345(6192):1236828. doi: 10.1126/science.1236828.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center for the Study of Human Origins, Department of Anthropology, New York University, Rufus D. Smith Hall, 25 Waverly Place, New York, NY 10003, USA. E-mail: susan.anton@nyu.edu. ; Human Origins Program, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Post Office Box 37012, Washington, DC 20013-7012, USA. E-mail: pottsr@si.edu. ; Wenner-Gren Foundation, 470 Park Avenue South, 8th Floor, New York, NY 10016, USA. E-mail: laiello@wennergren.org.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24994657" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Beschreibung: Small molecules are useful tools for probing the biological function and therapeutic potential of individual proteins, but achieving selectivity is challenging when the target protein shares structural domains with other proteins. The Bromo and Extra-Terminal (BET) proteins have attracted interest because of their roles in transcriptional regulation, epigenetics, and cancer. The BET bromodomains (protein interaction modules that bind acetyl-lysine) have been targeted by potent small-molecule inhibitors, but these inhibitors lack selectivity for individual family members. We developed an ethyl derivative of an existing small-molecule inhibitor, I-BET/JQ1, and showed that it binds leucine/alanine mutant bromodomains with nanomolar affinity and achieves up to 540-fold selectivity relative to wild-type bromodomains. Cell culture studies showed that blockade of the first bromodomain alone is sufficient to displace a specific BET protein, Brd4, from chromatin. Expansion of this approach could help identify the individual roles of single BET proteins in human physiology and disease.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4458378/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4458378/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Baud, Matthias G J -- Lin-Shiao, Enrique -- Cardote, Teresa -- Tallant, Cynthia -- Pschibul, Annica -- Chan, Kwok-Ho -- Zengerle, Michael -- Garcia, Jordi R -- Kwan, Terence T-L -- Ferguson, Fleur M -- Ciulli, Alessio -- 097945/Z/11/Z/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 100476/Z/12/Z/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- BB/G023123/1/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom -- BB/J001201/1/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Oct 31;346(6209):638-41. doi: 10.1126/science.1249830. Epub 2014 Oct 16.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, James Black Centre, Dow Street, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK. Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK. ; Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, James Black Centre, Dow Street, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK. ; Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK. ; Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, James Black Centre, Dow Street, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK. Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK. a.ciulli@dundee.ac.uk.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25323695" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Beschreibung: The oxygenation of Earth's surface fundamentally altered global biogeochemical cycles and ultimately paved the way for the rise of metazoans at the end of the Proterozoic. However, current estimates for atmospheric oxygen (O2) levels during the billion years leading up to this time vary widely. On the basis of chromium (Cr) isotope data from a suite of Proterozoic sediments from China, Australia, and North America, interpreted in the context of data from similar depositional environments from Phanerozoic time, we find evidence for inhibited oxidation of Cr at Earth's surface in the mid-Proterozoic (1.8 to 0.8 billion years ago). These data suggest that atmospheric O2 levels were at most 0.1% of present atmospheric levels. Direct evidence for such low O2 concentrations in the Proterozoic helps explain the late emergence and diversification of metazoans.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Planavsky, Noah J -- Reinhard, Christopher T -- Wang, Xiangli -- Thomson, Danielle -- McGoldrick, Peter -- Rainbird, Robert H -- Johnson, Thomas -- Fischer, Woodward W -- Lyons, Timothy W -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Oct 31;346(6209):635-8. doi: 10.1126/science.1258410.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department Geology and Geophysics, Yale University, CT, USA. noah.planavsky@yale.edu chris.reinhard@eas.gatech.edu. ; School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, GA, USA. noah.planavsky@yale.edu chris.reinhard@eas.gatech.edu. ; Department Geology and Geophysics, Yale University, CT, USA. Department of Geology, University of Illinois, Champaign, IL, USA. ; Department of Earth Science, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada. ; Centre for Ore Deposit and Exploration Science, University of Tasmania, TAS, Australia. ; Geological Survey of Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada. ; Department of Geology, University of Illinois, Champaign, IL, USA. ; Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA. ; Department of Earth Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25359975" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Beschreibung: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pennisi, Elizabeth -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Oct 31;346(6209):532-3. doi: 10.1126/science.346.6209.532.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25359943" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Beschreibung: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pennisi, Elizabeth -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Aug 8;345(6197):611-3. doi: 10.1126/science.345.6197.611.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25104366" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Beschreibung: Through their association with a kleisin subunit (Scc1), cohesin's Smc1 and Smc3 subunits are thought to form tripartite rings that mediate sister chromatid cohesion. Unlike the structure of Smc1/Smc3 and Smc1/Scc1 interfaces, that of Smc3/Scc1 is not known. Disconnection of this interface is thought to release cohesin from chromosomes in a process regulated by acetylation. We show here that the N-terminal domain of yeast Scc1 contains two alpha helices, forming a four-helix bundle with the coiled coil emerging from Smc3's adenosine triphosphatase head. Mutations affecting this interaction compromise cohesin's association with chromosomes. The interface is far from Smc3 residues, whose acetylation prevents cohesin's dissociation from chromosomes. Cohesin complexes holding chromatids together in vivo do indeed have the configuration of hetero-trimeric rings, and sister DNAs are entrapped within these.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4300515/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4300515/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gligoris, Thomas G -- Scheinost, Johanna C -- Burmann, Frank -- Petela, Naomi -- Chan, Kok-Lung -- Uluocak, Pelin -- Beckouet, Frederic -- Gruber, Stephan -- Nasmyth, Kim -- Lowe, Jan -- 091859/Z/10/Z/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 095514/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 095514/Z/11/Z/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- C573/A 12386/Cancer Research UK/United Kingdom -- C573/A11625/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- MC_U105184326/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- U10518432/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Nov 21;346(6212):963-7. doi: 10.1126/science.1256917.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK. ; Max-Planck-Institut fur Biochemie, 82152, Martinsried, Germany. ; Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK. Medical Research Council (MRC) Genome Damage and Stability Centre, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9RQ, UK. ; Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK. Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RF, UK. ; Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK. kim.nasmyth@bioch.ox.ac.uk jyl@mrc-lmb.cam.ac.uk. ; MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, UK. kim.nasmyth@bioch.ox.ac.uk jyl@mrc-lmb.cam.ac.uk.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25414305" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Beschreibung: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pennisi, Elizabeth -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Aug 8;345(6197):609-10. doi: 10.1126/science.345.6197.609.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25104364" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Beschreibung: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Benton, Michael J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Aug 1;345(6196):508-9. doi: 10.1126/science.1257633. Epub 2014 Jul 31.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1RJ, UK. mike.benton@bristol.ac.uk.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25082682" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Beschreibung: Middle Jurassic to Early Cretaceous deposits from northeastern China have yielded varied theropod dinosaurs bearing feathers. Filamentous integumentary structures have also been described in ornithischian dinosaurs, but whether these filaments can be regarded as part of the evolutionary lineage toward feathers remains controversial. Here we describe a new basal neornithischian dinosaur from the Jurassic of Siberia with small scales around the distal hindlimb, larger imbricated scales around the tail, monofilaments around the head and the thorax, and more complex featherlike structures around the humerus, the femur, and the tibia. The discovery of these branched integumentary structures outside theropods suggests that featherlike structures coexisted with scales and were potentially widespread among the entire dinosaur clade; feathers may thus have been present in the earliest dinosaurs.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Godefroit, Pascal -- Sinitsa, Sofia M -- Dhouailly, Danielle -- Bolotsky, Yuri L -- Sizov, Alexander V -- McNamara, Maria E -- Benton, Michael J -- Spagna, Paul -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Jul 25;345(6195):451-5. doi: 10.1126/science.1253351.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Directorate 'Earth and History of Life,' Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Rue Vautier 29, B-1000 Brussels, Belgium. pascal.godefroit@naturalsciences.be. ; Institute of Natural Resources, Ecology and Cryology, 26 Butin Street, 672 014 Chita, Russia. ; UJF-CNRS FRE 3405, AGIM, Universite Joseph Fourier, Site Sante, 38 706 La Tronche, France. ; Institute of Geology and Nature Management, FEB RAS, 1 Relochny Street 675 000, Blagoveschensk, Russia. ; Institute of the Earth Crust, SB RAS, 128 Lermontov Street, Irkutsk, 664 033 Irkutsk, Russia. ; School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland. School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1RJ, UK. ; School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1RJ, UK. ; Directorate 'Earth and History of Life,' Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Rue Vautier 29, B-1000 Brussels, Belgium.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25061209" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Beschreibung: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Koschowitz, Marie-Claire -- Lambertz, Markus -- Fischer, Christian -- Sander, P Martin -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Dec 19;346(6216):1466-7. doi: 10.1126/science.346.6216.1466-c.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Paleontology, Steinmann Institute for Geology, Mineralogy and Paleontology, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universitat Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany. Institute for Zoology and Anthropology, Department of Morphology, Systematics and Evolutionary Biology with Zoological Museum, Georg-August-Universitat Gottingen, 37073 Gottingen, Germany. m.koschowitz@uni-bonn.de. ; Institut fur Zoologie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universitat Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany. ; Institute for Zoology and Anthropology, Department of Morphology, Systematics and Evolutionary Biology with Zoological Museum, Georg-August-Universitat Gottingen, 37073 Gottingen, Germany. ; Division of Paleontology, Steinmann Institute for Geology, Mineralogy and Paleontology, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universitat Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany. Dinosaur Institute, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, Los Angeles, CA 90007, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25525237" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Beschreibung: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Woyke, Tanja -- Rubin, Edward M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Nov 7;346(6210):698-9. doi: 10.1126/science.1258871.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉DOE Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA 94598, USA, and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. ; DOE Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA 94598, USA, and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. emrubin@lbl.gov.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25378606" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Beschreibung: Edentulism, the absence of teeth, has evolved convergently among vertebrates, including birds, turtles, and several lineages of mammals. Instead of teeth, modern birds (Neornithes) use a horny beak (rhamphotheca) and a muscular gizzard to acquire and process food. We performed comparative genomic analyses representing lineages of nearly all extant bird orders and recovered shared, inactivating mutations within genes expressed in both the enamel and dentin of teeth of other vertebrate species, indicating that the common ancestor of modern birds lacked mineralized teeth. We estimate that tooth loss, or at least the loss of enamel caps that provide the outer layer of mineralized teeth, occurred about 116 million years ago.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Meredith, Robert W -- Zhang, Guojie -- Gilbert, M Thomas P -- Jarvis, Erich D -- Springer, Mark S -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Dec 12;346(6215):1254390. doi: 10.1126/science.1254390. Epub 2014 Dec 11.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology and Molecular Biology, Montclair State University, Montclair, NJ 07043, USA. meredithr@mail.montclair.edu mark.springer@ucr.edu. ; China National GeneBank, Beijing Genomics Institute-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China. Centre for Social Evolution, Department of Biology, Universitetsparken 15, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark. ; Center for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen Oster Voldgade 5-7, 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark. Trace and Environmental DNA Laboratory, Department of Environment and Agriculture, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia 6102, Australia. ; Department of Neurobiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA. ; Department of Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA. meredithr@mail.montclair.edu mark.springer@ucr.edu.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25504730" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Beschreibung: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Balter, Michael -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Jul 11;345(6193):129. doi: 10.1126/science.345.6193.129.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25013041" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Beschreibung: Evolution and design of protein complexes are almost always viewed through the lens of amino acid mutations at protein interfaces. We showed previously that residues not involved in the physical interaction between proteins make important contributions to oligomerization by acting indirectly or allosterically. In this work, we sought to investigate the mechanism by which allosteric mutations act, using the example of the PyrR family of pyrimidine operon attenuators. In this family, a perfectly sequence-conserved helix that forms a tetrameric interface is exposed as solvent-accessible surface in dimeric orthologs. This means that mutations must be acting from a distance to destabilize the interface. We identified 11 key mutations controlling oligomeric state, all distant from the interfaces and outside ligand-binding pockets. Finally, we show that the key mutations introduce conformational changes equivalent to the conformational shift between the free versus nucleotide-bound conformations of the proteins.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4337988/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4337988/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Perica, Tina -- Kondo, Yasushi -- Tiwari, Sandhya P -- McLaughlin, Stephen H -- Kemplen, Katherine R -- Zhang, Xiuwei -- Steward, Annette -- Reuter, Nathalie -- Clarke, Jane -- Teichmann, Sarah A -- 095195/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Dec 19;346(6216):1254346. doi: 10.1126/science.1254346.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK. Medical Research Council (MRC) Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK. ; Medical Research Council (MRC) Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK. ; Department of Molecular Biology, University of Bergen University of Bergen, P.O. Box 7803, N-5020 Bergen, Norway. Computational Biology Unit, Department of Informatics, University of Bergen, P.O. Box 7803, N-5020 Bergen, Norway. ; Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK. ; European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK. ; European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK. saraht@ebi.ac.uk.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25525255" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Beschreibung: Recent discoveries of spectacular dinosaur fossils overwhelmingly support the hypothesis that birds are descended from maniraptoran theropod dinosaurs, and furthermore, demonstrate that distinctive bird characteristics such as feathers, flight, endothermic physiology, unique strategies for reproduction and growth, and a novel pulmonary system originated among Mesozoic terrestrial dinosaurs. The transition from ground-living to flight-capable theropod dinosaurs now probably represents one of the best-documented major evolutionary transitions in life history. Recent studies in developmental biology and other disciplines provide additional insights into how bird characteristics originated and evolved. The iconic features of extant birds for the most part evolved in a gradual and stepwise fashion throughout archosaur evolution. However, new data also highlight occasional bursts of morphological novelty at certain stages particularly close to the origin of birds and an unavoidable complex, mosaic evolutionary distribution of major bird characteristics on the theropod tree. Research into bird origins provides a premier example of how paleontological and neontological data can interact to reveal the complexity of major innovations, to answer key evolutionary questions, and to lead to new research directions. A better understanding of bird origins requires multifaceted and integrative approaches, yet fossils necessarily provide the final test of any evolutionary model.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Xu, Xing -- Zhou, Zhonghe -- Dudley, Robert -- Mackem, Susan -- Chuong, Cheng-Ming -- Erickson, Gregory M -- Varricchio, David J -- AR 47364/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ -- AR 60306/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Dec 12;346(6215):1253293. doi: 10.1126/science.1253293.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100044, PR China. xu.xing@ivpp.ac.cn. ; Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100044, PR China. ; Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. ; Cancer and Developmental Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, NCI-Frederick NIH, Frederick, MD 21702, USA. ; Department of Pathology, University of Southern California, CA 90033, USA. Cheng Kung University, Laboratory for Wound Repair and Regeneration, Graduated Institute of Clinical Medicine, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan. ; Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4295, USA. ; Earth Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25504729" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Beschreibung: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Balter, Michael -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 May 16;344(6185):680-1. doi: 10.1126/science.344.6185.680.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24833368" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Beschreibung: Schwartz et al. hold that variation among the Dmanisi skulls reflects taxic diversity. The morphological observations to support their hypothesis, however, are partly incorrect, and not calibrated against intraspecific variation in living taxa. After proper adjustment, Schwartz et al.'s data are fully compatible with the hypothesis of a single paleodeme of early Homo at Dmanisi.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zollikofer, Christoph P E -- Ponce de Leon, Marcia S -- Margvelashvili, Ann -- Rightmire, G Philip -- Lordkipanidze, David -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Apr 25;344(6182):360. doi: 10.1126/science.1250081.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Anthropological Institute and Museum, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24763573" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Beschreibung: Tight junctions are cell-cell adhesion structures in epithelial cell sheets that surround organ compartments in multicellular organisms and regulate the permeation of ions through the intercellular space. Claudins are the major constituents of tight junctions and form strands that mediate cell adhesion and function as paracellular barriers. We report the structure of mammalian claudin-15 at a resolution of 2.4 angstroms. The structure reveals a characteristic beta-sheet fold comprising two extracellular segments, which is anchored to a transmembrane four-helix bundle by a consensus motif. Our analyses suggest potential paracellular pathways with distinctive charges on the extracellular surface, providing insight into the molecular basis of ion homeostasis across tight junctions.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Suzuki, Hiroshi -- Nishizawa, Tomohiro -- Tani, Kazutoshi -- Yamazaki, Yuji -- Tamura, Atsushi -- Ishitani, Ryuichiro -- Dohmae, Naoshi -- Tsukita, Sachiko -- Nureki, Osamu -- Fujiyoshi, Yoshinori -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Apr 18;344(6181):304-7. doi: 10.1126/science.1248571.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Cellular and Structural Physiology Institute, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24744376" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Beschreibung: Natural interconversions between distinct somatic cell types have been reported in species as diverse as jellyfish and mice. The efficiency and reproducibility of some reprogramming events represent unexploited avenues in which to probe mechanisms that ensure robust cell conversion. We report that a conserved H3K27me3/me2 demethylase, JMJD-3.1, and the H3K4 methyltransferase Set1 complex cooperate to ensure invariant transdifferentiation (Td) of postmitotic Caenorhabditis elegans hindgut cells into motor neurons. At single-cell resolution, robust conversion requires stepwise histone-modifying activities, functionally partitioned into discrete phases of Td through nuclear degradation of JMJD-3.1 and phase-specific interactions with transcription factors that have conserved roles in cell plasticity and terminal fate selection. Our results draw parallels between epigenetic mechanisms underlying robust Td in nature and efficient cell reprogramming in vitro.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zuryn, Steven -- Ahier, Arnaud -- Portoso, Manuela -- White, Esther Redhouse -- Morin, Marie-Charlotte -- Margueron, Raphael -- Jarriault, Sophie -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Aug 15;345(6198):826-9. doi: 10.1126/science.1255885.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Development and Stem Cells, Institut de Genetique et de Biologie Moleculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS UMR 7104/INSERM U964, Universite de Strasbourg, 67404 Illkirch CU Strasbourg, France. ; Institut Curie, INSERM U934, CNRS UMR3215, 26, Rue d'Ulm, 75005 Paris, France. ; Department of Development and Stem Cells, Institut de Genetique et de Biologie Moleculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS UMR 7104/INSERM U964, Universite de Strasbourg, 67404 Illkirch CU Strasbourg, France. sophie@igbmc.fr.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25124442" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Beschreibung: Iron sequestration provides an innate defense, termed nutritional immunity, leading pathogens to scavenge iron from hosts. Although the molecular basis of this battle for iron is established, its potential as a force for evolution at host-pathogen interfaces is unknown. We show that the iron transport protein transferrin is engaged in ancient and ongoing evolutionary conflicts with TbpA, a transferrin surface receptor from bacteria. Single substitutions in transferrin at rapidly evolving sites reverse TbpA binding, providing a mechanism to counteract bacterial iron piracy among great apes. Furthermore, the C2 transferrin polymorphism in humans evades TbpA variants from Haemophilus influenzae, revealing a functional basis for standing genetic variation. These findings identify a central role for nutritional immunity in the persistent evolutionary conflicts between primates and bacterial pathogens.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4455941/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4455941/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Barber, Matthew F -- Elde, Nels C -- 1F32GM108288/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM090042/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R00 GM090042/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Dec 12;346(6215):1362-6. doi: 10.1126/science.1259329.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA. ; Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA. nelde@genetics.utah.edu.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25504720" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Beschreibung: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Grayson, D K -- Meltzer, D J -- Buikstra, J E -- Flannery, K V -- Fowler, C S -- Marcus, J -- O'Connell, J F -- Piperno, D R -- Sabloff, J A -- Smith, B D -- Thomas, D H -- Willerslev, E -- Zeder, M A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Jul 25;345(6195):390. doi: 10.1126/science.345.6195.390-b. Epub 2014 Jul 24.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Anthropology and Quaternary Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98185, USA. grayson@uw.edu. ; Department of Anthropology, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX 75275, USA. ; School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA. ; Museum of Anthropological Archaeology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA. ; Department of Anthropology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA. ; Department of Anthropology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA. ; Program in Human Ecology and Archaeobiology and Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute (Panama), National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560, USA. ; Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM 87501, USA. ; Program in Human Ecology and Archaeobiology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560, USA. ; Division of Anthropology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY 10024, USA. ; Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, DK-1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25061197" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Beschreibung: Rapidly permineralized fossils can provide exceptional insights into the evolution of life over geological time. Here, we present an exquisitely preserved, calcified stem of a royal fern (Osmundaceae) from Early Jurassic lahar deposits of Sweden in which authigenic mineral precipitation from hydrothermal brines occurred so rapidly that it preserved cytoplasm, cytosol granules, nuclei, and even chromosomes in various stages of cell division. Morphometric parameters of interphase nuclei match those of extant Osmundaceae, indicating that the genome size of these reputed "living fossils" has remained unchanged over at least 180 million years-a paramount example of evolutionary stasis.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bomfleur, Benjamin -- McLoughlin, Stephen -- Vajda, Vivi -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Mar 21;343(6177):1376-7. doi: 10.1126/science.1249884.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Palaeobiology, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Post Office Box 50007, SE-104 05 Stockholm, Sweden.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24653037" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Beschreibung: Primate lentiviruses exhibit narrow host tropism, reducing the occurrence of zoonoses but also impairing the development of optimal animal models of AIDS. To delineate the factors limiting cross-species HIV-1 transmission, we passaged a modified HIV-1 in pigtailed macaques that were transiently depleted of CD8(+) cells during acute infection. During adaptation over four passages in macaques, HIV-1 acquired the ability to antagonize the macaque restriction factor tetherin, replicated at progressively higher levels, and ultimately caused marked CD4(+) T cell depletion and AIDS-defining conditions. Transient treatment with an antibody to CD8 during acute HIV-1 infection caused rapid progression to AIDS, whereas untreated animals exhibited an elite controller phenotype. Thus, an adapted HIV-1 can cause AIDS in macaques, and stark differences in outcome can be determined by immunological perturbations during early infection.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4266393/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4266393/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hatziioannou, Theodora -- Del Prete, Gregory Q -- Keele, Brandon F -- Estes, Jacob D -- McNatt, Matthew W -- Bitzegeio, Julia -- Raymond, Alice -- Rodriguez, Anthony -- Schmidt, Fabian -- Mac Trubey, C -- Smedley, Jeremy -- Piatak, Michael Jr -- KewalRamani, Vineet N -- Lifson, Jeffrey D -- Bieniasz, Paul D -- HHSN261200800001E/PHS HHS/ -- R01 AI050111/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI078788/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01AI078788/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01AI50111/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R37 AI064003/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R37AI64003/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Jun 20;344(6190):1401-5. doi: 10.1126/science.1250761.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, 455 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA. thatziio@adarc.org vineet.kewalramani@nih.gov lifsonj@mail.nih.gov pbienias@adarc.org. ; AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, MD 21702, USA. ; Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, 455 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA. Laboratory of Retrovirology, The Rockefeller University, 455 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA. ; Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, 455 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA. ; Laboratory Animal Sciences Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, MD 21702, USA. ; HIV Drug Resistance Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA. thatziio@adarc.org vineet.kewalramani@nih.gov lifsonj@mail.nih.gov pbienias@adarc.org. ; AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, MD 21702, USA. thatziio@adarc.org vineet.kewalramani@nih.gov lifsonj@mail.nih.gov pbienias@adarc.org. ; Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, 455 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA. Laboratory of Retrovirology, The Rockefeller University, 455 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA. Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 455 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA. thatziio@adarc.org vineet.kewalramani@nih.gov lifsonj@mail.nih.gov pbienias@adarc.org.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24948736" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Beschreibung: The evolution of the ratite birds has been widely attributed to vicariant speciation, driven by the Cretaceous breakup of the supercontinent Gondwana. The early isolation of Africa and Madagascar implies that the ostrich and extinct Madagascan elephant birds (Aepyornithidae) should be the oldest ratite lineages. We sequenced the mitochondrial genomes of two elephant birds and performed phylogenetic analyses, which revealed that these birds are the closest relatives of the New Zealand kiwi and are distant from the basal ratite lineage of ostriches. This unexpected result strongly contradicts continental vicariance and instead supports flighted dispersal in all major ratite lineages. We suggest that convergence toward gigantism and flightlessness was facilitated by early Tertiary expansion into the diurnal herbivory niche after the extinction of the dinosaurs.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mitchell, Kieren J -- Llamas, Bastien -- Soubrier, Julien -- Rawlence, Nicolas J -- Worthy, Trevor H -- Wood, Jamie -- Lee, Michael S Y -- Cooper, Alan -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 May 23;344(6186):898-900. doi: 10.1126/science.1251981.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Australian Centre for Ancient DNA, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Adelaide, North Terrace Campus, South Australia 5005, Australia. ; School of Biological Sciences, Flinders University, South Australia 5001, Australia. ; Landcare Research, Post Office Box 40, Lincoln 7640, New Zealand. ; Australian Centre for Ancient DNA, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Adelaide, North Terrace Campus, South Australia 5005, Australia. South Australian Museum, North Terrace, South Australia 5000, Australia. ; Australian Centre for Ancient DNA, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Adelaide, North Terrace Campus, South Australia 5005, Australia. alan.cooper@adelaide.edu.au.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24855267" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Beschreibung: The origin of chordates has been debated for more than a century, with one key issue being the emergence of the notochord. In vertebrates, the notochord develops by convergence and extension of the chordamesoderm, a population of midline cells of unique molecular identity. We identify a population of mesodermal cells in a developing invertebrate, the marine annelid Platynereis dumerilii, that converges and extends toward the midline and expresses a notochord-specific combination of genes. These cells differentiate into a longitudinal muscle, the axochord, that is positioned between central nervous system and axial blood vessel and secretes a strong collagenous extracellular matrix. Ancestral state reconstruction suggests that contractile mesodermal midline cells existed in bilaterian ancestors. We propose that these cells, via vacuolization and stiffening, gave rise to the chordate notochord.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lauri, Antonella -- Brunet, Thibaut -- Handberg-Thorsager, Mette -- Fischer, Antje H L -- Simakov, Oleg -- Steinmetz, Patrick R H -- Tomer, Raju -- Keller, Philipp J -- Arendt, Detlev -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Sep 12;345(6202):1365-8. doi: 10.1126/science.1253396.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Developmental Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), D-69117 Heidelberg. ; Developmental Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), D-69117 Heidelberg. Janelia Farm Research Campus, 19700 Helix Drive, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA. ; Janelia Farm Research Campus, 19700 Helix Drive, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA. ; Developmental Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), D-69117 Heidelberg. Centre for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany. detlev.arendt@embl.de.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25214631" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Beschreibung: Under resting conditions, Pink1 knockout cells and cells derived from patients with PINK1 mutations display a loss of mitochondrial complex I reductive activity, causing a decrease in the mitochondrial membrane potential. Analyzing the phosphoproteome of complex I in liver and brain from Pink1(-/-) mice, we found specific loss of phosphorylation of serine-250 in complex I subunit NdufA10. Phosphorylation of serine-250 was needed for ubiquinone reduction by complex I. Phosphomimetic NdufA10 reversed Pink1 deficits in mouse knockout cells and rescued mitochondrial depolarization and synaptic transmission defects in pink(B9)-null mutant Drosophila. Complex I deficits and adenosine triphosphate synthesis were also rescued in cells derived from PINK1 patients. Thus, this evolutionary conserved pathway may contribute to the pathogenic cascade that eventually leads to Parkinson's disease in patients with PINK1 mutations.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Morais, Vanessa A -- Haddad, Dominik -- Craessaerts, Katleen -- De Bock, Pieter-Jan -- Swerts, Jef -- Vilain, Sven -- Aerts, Liesbeth -- Overbergh, Lut -- Grunewald, Anne -- Seibler, Philip -- Klein, Christine -- Gevaert, Kris -- Verstreken, Patrik -- De Strooper, Bart -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Apr 11;344(6180):203-7. doi: 10.1126/science.1249161. Epub 2014 Mar 20.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉VIB Center for the Biology of Disease, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24652937" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Beschreibung: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Duffy, Meghan A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Jun 13;344(6189):1229-30. doi: 10.1126/science.1255350.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48104, USA. duffymeg@umich.edu.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24926004" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Beschreibung: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Morell, Virginia -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Sep 19;345(6203):1443-5. doi: 10.1126/science.345.6203.1443.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25237084" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Beschreibung: Signaling from JAK (Janus kinase) protein kinases to STAT (signal transducers and activators of transcription) transcription factors is key to many aspects of biology and medicine, yet the mechanism by which cytokine receptors initiate signaling is enigmatic. We present a complete mechanistic model for activation of receptor-bound JAK2, based on an archetypal cytokine receptor, the growth hormone receptor. For this, we used fluorescence resonance energy transfer to monitor positioning of the JAK2 binding motif in the receptor dimer, substitution of the receptor extracellular domains with Jun zippers to control the position of its transmembrane (TM) helices, atomistic modeling of TM helix movements, and docking of the crystal structures of the JAK2 kinase and its inhibitory pseudokinase domain with an opposing kinase-pseudokinase domain pair. Activation of the receptor dimer induced a separation of its JAK2 binding motifs, driven by a ligand-induced transition from a parallel TM helix pair to a left-handed crossover arrangement. This separation leads to removal of the pseudokinase domain from the kinase domain of the partner JAK2 and pairing of the two kinase domains, facilitating trans-activation. This model may well generalize to other class I cytokine receptors.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Brooks, Andrew J -- Dai, Wei -- O'Mara, Megan L -- Abankwa, Daniel -- Chhabra, Yash -- Pelekanos, Rebecca A -- Gardon, Olivier -- Tunny, Kathryn A -- Blucher, Kristopher M -- Morton, Craig J -- Parker, Michael W -- Sierecki, Emma -- Gambin, Yann -- Gomez, Guillermo A -- Alexandrov, Kirill -- Wilson, Ian A -- Doxastakis, Manolis -- Mark, Alan E -- Waters, Michael J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 May 16;344(6185):1249783. doi: 10.1126/science.1249783.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉The University of Queensland, Institute for Molecular Bioscience (IMB), St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia. m.waters@uq.edu.au a.brooks@uq.edu.au. ; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77004, USA. ; The University of Queensland, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia. ; The University of Queensland, Institute for Molecular Bioscience (IMB), St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia. ; Biota Structural Biology Laboratory and Australian Cancer Research Foundation (ACRF) Rational Drug Discovery Centre, St Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria 3065, Australia. ; Biota Structural Biology Laboratory and Australian Cancer Research Foundation (ACRF) Rational Drug Discovery Centre, St Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria 3065, Australia. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia. ; Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. ; The University of Queensland, Institute for Molecular Bioscience (IMB), St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia. The University of Queensland, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24833397" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Beschreibung: Two categories of evolutionary challenges result from escalating human impacts on the planet. The first arises from cancers, pathogens, and pests that evolve too quickly and the second, from the inability of many valued species to adapt quickly enough. Applied evolutionary biology provides a suite of strategies to address these global challenges that threaten human health, food security, and biodiversity. This Review highlights both progress and gaps in genetic, developmental, and environmental manipulations across the life sciences that either target the rate and direction of evolution or reduce the mismatch between organisms and human-altered environments. Increased development and application of these underused tools will be vital in meeting current and future targets for sustainable development.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4245030/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4245030/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Carroll, Scott P -- Jorgensen, Peter Sogaard -- Kinnison, Michael T -- Bergstrom, Carl T -- Denison, R Ford -- Gluckman, Peter -- Smith, Thomas B -- Strauss, Sharon Y -- Tabashnik, Bruce E -- U54 GM088558/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- U54GM088558/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Oct 17;346(6207):1245993. doi: 10.1126/science.1245993. Epub 2014 Sep 11.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Entomology, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA. Institute for Contemporary Evolution, Davis, CA 95616, USA. spcarroll@ucdavis.edu psjorgensen@bio.ku.dk. ; Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark. Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark. spcarroll@ucdavis.edu psjorgensen@bio.ku.dk. ; School of Biology and Ecology, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA. ; Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA. ; Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55108, USA. ; Centre for Human Evolution, Adaptation and Disease, Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand. ; Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA. Center for Tropical Research, Institute of the Environment and Sustainability, University of California, Los Angeles, 619 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, 90095-1496, CA. ; Department of Evolution and Ecology and Center for Population Biology, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, CA 95616, USA. ; Department of Entomology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25213376" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Beschreibung: The human sense of fairness is an evolutionary puzzle. To study this, we can look to other species, in which this can be translated empirically into responses to reward distribution. Passive and active protest against receiving less than a partner for the same task is widespread in species that cooperate outside kinship and mating bonds. There is less evidence that nonhuman species seek to equalize outcomes to their own detriment, yet the latter has been documented in our closest relatives, the apes. This reaction probably reflects an attempt to forestall partner dissatisfaction with obtained outcomes and its negative impact on future cooperation. We hypothesize that it is the evolution of this response that allowed the development of a complete sense of fairness in humans, which aims not at equality for its own sake but for the sake of continued cooperation.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4451566/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4451566/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Brosnan, Sarah F -- de Waal, Frans B M -- P51 OD011132/OD/NIH HHS/ -- P51 RR000165/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Oct 17;346(6207):1251776. doi: 10.1126/science.1251776. Epub 2014 Sep 18.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Departments of Psychology and Philosophy, Neuroscience Institute and Language Research Center, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA. sarah.brosnan@gmail.com. ; Living Links, Yerkes National Primate Research Center and Psychology Department, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25324394" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Beschreibung: In this work, we investigate morphological differences between Arabidopsis thaliana, which has simple leaves, and its relative Cardamine hirsuta, which has dissected leaves comprising distinct leaflets. With the use of genetics, interspecific gene transfers, and time-lapse imaging, we show that leaflet development requires the REDUCED COMPLEXITY (RCO) homeodomain protein. RCO functions specifically in leaves, where it sculpts developing leaflets by repressing growth at their flanks. RCO evolved in the Brassicaceae family through gene duplication and was lost in A. thaliana, contributing to leaf simplification in this species. Species-specific RCO action with respect to its paralog results from its distinct gene expression pattern in the leaf base. Thus, regulatory evolution coupled with gene duplication and loss generated leaf shape diversity by modifying local growth patterns during organogenesis.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Vlad, Daniela -- Kierzkowski, Daniel -- Rast, Madlen I -- Vuolo, Francesco -- Dello Ioio, Raffaele -- Galinha, Carla -- Gan, Xiangchao -- Hajheidari, Mohsen -- Hay, Angela -- Smith, Richard S -- Huijser, Peter -- Bailey, C Donovan -- Tsiantis, Miltos -- BB/H006974/1/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom -- BB/H011455/1/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Feb 14;343(6172):780-3. doi: 10.1126/science.1248384.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RB, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24531971" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Beschreibung: Lordkipanidze et al. (Research Article, 18 October 2013, p. 326) conclude, from gross morphological comparisons and geometric-morphometric analysis of general shape, that the five hominid crania from Dmanisi in Georgia represent a single regional variant of Homo erectus. However, dental, mandibular, and cranial morphologies all suggest taxic diversity and, in particular, validate the previously named H. georgicus.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Schwartz, Jeffrey H -- Tattersall, Ian -- Chi, Zhang -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Apr 25;344(6182):360. doi: 10.1126/science.1250056.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Anthropology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24763572" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Beschreibung: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Chapuisat, Michel -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Jan 17;343(6168):254-5. doi: 10.1126/science.1249285.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24436408" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Beschreibung: Because of differences in craniofacial morphology and dentition between the earliest American skeletons and modern Native Americans, separate origins have been postulated for them, despite genetic evidence to the contrary. We describe a near-complete human skeleton with an intact cranium and preserved DNA found with extinct fauna in a submerged cave on Mexico's Yucatan Peninsula. This skeleton dates to between 13,000 and 12,000 calendar years ago and has Paleoamerican craniofacial characteristics and a Beringian-derived mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup (D1). Thus, the differences between Paleoamericans and Native Americans probably resulted from in situ evolution rather than separate ancestry.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Chatters, James C -- Kennett, Douglas J -- Asmerom, Yemane -- Kemp, Brian M -- Polyak, Victor -- Blank, Alberto Nava -- Beddows, Patricia A -- Reinhardt, Eduard -- Arroyo-Cabrales, Joaquin -- Bolnick, Deborah A -- Malhi, Ripan S -- Culleton, Brendan J -- Erreguerena, Pilar Luna -- Rissolo, Dominique -- Morell-Hart, Shanti -- Stafford, Thomas W Jr -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 May 16;344(6185):750-4. doi: 10.1126/science.1252619.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Applied Paleoscience and DirectAMS, 10322 NE 190th Street, Bothell, WA 98011, USA. paleosci@gmail.com. ; Department of Anthropology and Institutes of Energy and the Environment, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA. ; Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131-0001, USA. ; Department of Anthropology and School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA. ; Bay Area Underwater Explorers, Berkeley, CA, USA. ; Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA. ; School of Geography and Earth Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada. ; Instituto Nacional Antropologia e Historia, Colonia Centro Historico, 06060, Mexico City, DF, Mexico. ; Department of Anthropology and Population Research Center, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA. ; Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL 61801, USA. ; Subdireccion de Arqueologia Subacuatica, Instituto Nacional de Antropologia e Historia, 06070 Mexico City, Mexico. ; Waitt Institute, La Jolla, CA 92038-1948, USA. ; Department of Anthropology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. ; Centre for AMS C, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark, and Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, Geological Museum, Copenhagen, Denmark.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24833392" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Beschreibung: Histone variants have been proposed to act as determinants for posttranslational modifications with widespread regulatory functions. We identify a histone-modifying enzyme that selectively methylates the replication-dependent histone H3 variant H3.1. The crystal structure of the SET domain of the histone H3 lysine-27 (H3K27) methyltransferase ARABIDOPSIS TRITHORAX-RELATED PROTEIN 5 (ATXR5) in complex with a H3.1 peptide shows that ATXR5 contains a bipartite catalytic domain that specifically "reads" alanine-31 of H3.1. Variation at position 31 between H3.1 and replication-independent H3.3 is conserved in plants and animals, and threonine-31 in H3.3 is responsible for inhibiting the activity of ATXR5 and its paralog, ATXR6. Our results suggest a simple model for the mitotic inheritance of the heterochromatic mark H3K27me1 and the protection of H3.3-enriched genes against heterochromatization during DNA replication.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4049228/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4049228/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Jacob, Yannick -- Bergamin, Elisa -- Donoghue, Mark T A -- Mongeon, Vanessa -- LeBlanc, Chantal -- Voigt, Philipp -- Underwood, Charles J -- Brunzelle, Joseph S -- Michaels, Scott D -- Reinberg, Danny -- Couture, Jean-Francois -- Martienssen, Robert A -- BMA-355900/Canadian Institutes of Health Research/Canada -- GM064844/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM067014/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM075060/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM067014/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM075060/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R37 GM037120/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R37GM037120/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Mar 14;343(6176):1249-53. doi: 10.1126/science.1248357.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute-Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, Watson School of Biological Sciences, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1 Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24626927" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Beschreibung: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Chatters, James C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Jul 25;345(6195):390. doi: 10.1126/science.345.6195.390-c. Epub 2014 Jul 24.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Applied Paleoscience, Bothell, WA 98011, USA. paleosci@gmail.com.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25061198" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Beschreibung: Lassa virus spreads from a rodent to humans and can lead to lethal hemorrhagic fever. Despite its broad tropism, chicken cells were reported 30 years ago to resist infection. We found that Lassa virus readily engaged its cell-surface receptor alpha-dystroglycan in avian cells, but virus entry in susceptible species involved a pH-dependent switch to an intracellular receptor, the lysosome-resident protein LAMP1. Iterative haploid screens revealed that the sialyltransferase ST3GAL4 was required for the interaction of the virus glycoprotein with LAMP1. A single glycosylated residue in LAMP1, present in susceptible species but absent in birds, was essential for interaction with the Lassa virus envelope protein and subsequent infection. The resistance of Lamp1-deficient mice to Lassa virus highlights the relevance of this receptor switch in vivo.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4239993/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4239993/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Jae, Lucas T -- Raaben, Matthijs -- Herbert, Andrew S -- Kuehne, Ana I -- Wirchnianski, Ariel S -- Soh, Timothy K -- Stubbs, Sarah H -- Janssen, Hans -- Damme, Markus -- Saftig, Paul -- Whelan, Sean P -- Dye, John M -- Brummelkamp, Thijn R -- AI081842/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI109740/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI081842/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- T32 AI007245/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- U19 AI109740/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Jun 27;344(6191):1506-10. doi: 10.1126/science.1252480.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX, Amsterdam, Netherlands. ; Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX, Amsterdam, Netherlands. Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA. ; U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter Street, Fort Detrick, MD 21702-5011, USA. ; Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA. ; Biochemisches Institut, Christian Albrechts-Universitat Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany. ; Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA. t.brummelkamp@nki.nl john.m.dye1.civ@mail.mil sean_whelan@hms.harvard.edu. ; U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter Street, Fort Detrick, MD 21702-5011, USA. t.brummelkamp@nki.nl john.m.dye1.civ@mail.mil sean_whelan@hms.harvard.edu. ; Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX, Amsterdam, Netherlands. CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, 1090 Vienna, Austria. Cancer Genomics Center (CGC.nl), Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX, Amsterdam, Netherlands. t.brummelkamp@nki.nl john.m.dye1.civ@mail.mil sean_whelan@hms.harvard.edu.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24970085" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Beschreibung: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Fritzsch, Bernd -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Aug 8;345(6197):631-2. doi: 10.1126/science.345.6197.631-b. Epub 2014 Aug 7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA. bernd-fritzsch@uiowa.edu.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25104375" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Beschreibung: The 18-kilodalton translocator protein TSPO is found in mitochondrial membranes and mediates the import of cholesterol and porphyrins into mitochondria. In line with the role of TSPO in mitochondrial function, TSPO ligands are used for a variety of diagnostic and therapeutic applications in animals and humans. We present the three-dimensional high-resolution structure of mammalian TSPO reconstituted in detergent micelles in complex with its high-affinity ligand PK11195. The TSPO-PK11195 structure is described by a tight bundle of five transmembrane alpha helices that form a hydrophobic pocket accepting PK11195. Ligand-induced stabilization of the structure of TSPO suggests a molecular mechanism for the stimulation of cholesterol transport into mitochondria.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Jaremko, Lukasz -- Jaremko, Mariusz -- Giller, Karin -- Becker, Stefan -- Zweckstetter, Markus -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Mar 21;343(6177):1363-6. doi: 10.1126/science.1248725.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Max-Planck-Institut fur Biophysikalische Chemie, 37077 Gottingen, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24653034" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Beschreibung: The Lower to Middle Paleolithic transition (~400,000 to 200,000 years ago) is marked by technical, behavioral, and anatomical changes among hominin populations throughout Africa and Eurasia. The replacement of bifacial stone tools, such as handaxes, by tools made on flakes detached from Levallois cores documents the most important conceptual shift in stone tool production strategies since the advent of bifacial technology more than one million years earlier and has been argued to result from the expansion of archaic Homo sapiens out of Africa. Our data from Nor Geghi 1, Armenia, record the earliest synchronic use of bifacial and Levallois technology outside Africa and are consistent with the hypothesis that this transition occurred independently within geographically dispersed, technologically precocious hominin populations with a shared technological ancestry.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Adler, D S -- Wilkinson, K N -- Blockley, S -- Mark, D F -- Pinhasi, R -- Schmidt-Magee, B A -- Nahapetyan, S -- Mallol, C -- Berna, F -- Glauberman, P J -- Raczynski-Henk, Y -- Wales, N -- Frahm, E -- Joris, O -- MacLeod, A -- Smith, V C -- Cullen, V L -- Gasparian, B -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Sep 26;345(6204):1609-13. doi: 10.1126/science.1256484.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Anthropology, University of Connecticut, 354 Mansfield Road, Unit 1176, Storrs, CT 06269, USA. daniel.adler@uconn.edu. ; Department of Archaeology, University of Winchester, Winchester, SO22 4NR, UK. ; Department of Geography, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey, TW20 0EX, UK. ; Natural Environmental Research Council Argon Isotope Facility, Scottish Universities Environmental Research Centre, Scottish Enterprise and Technology Park, Rankine Avenue, East Kilbride, G75 0QF, UK. ; School of Archaeology, University College Dublin, Newman Building, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland. ; Department of Anthropology, University of Connecticut, 354 Mansfield Road, Unit 1176, Storrs, CT 06269, USA. ; Department of Cartography and Geomorphology, Yerevan State University, Alek Manukyan 1, 0025 Yerevan, Armenia. ; Departamento de Geografia e Historia, Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain. ; Department of Archaeology, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, British Columbia, V5A 1S6, Canada. ; Ex-Situ Silex, Leiden, Netherlands. ; Department of Anthropology, University of Connecticut, 354 Mansfield Road, Unit 1176, Storrs, CT 06269, USA. Centre for GeoGenetics, University of Copenhagen, Oster Voldgade 5-7, 1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark. ; Department of Archaeology, University of Sheffield, Northgate House, West Street, Sheffield, S1 4ET, UK. ; MONREPOS Archaeological Research Centre and Museum for Human Behavioural Evolution, Romisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum Mainz, Schloss Monrepos, D-56567 Neuwied, Germany. ; Research Laboratory for Archaeology and the History of Art, University of Oxford, Dyson Perrins Building, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QY, UK. ; Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology, National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Armenia, Charents 15, 0025 Yerevan, Armenia.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25258079" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Beschreibung: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Orlando, Ludovic -- Willerslev, Eske -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Aug 1;345(6196):511-2. doi: 10.1126/science.1256515.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Oster Voldgade 5-7, 1350K Copenhagen, Denmark. lorlando@snm.ku.dk. ; Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Oster Voldgade 5-7, 1350K Copenhagen, Denmark.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25082684" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Beschreibung: Male mammals often kill conspecific offspring. The benefits of such infanticide to males, and its costs to females, probably vary across mammalian social and mating systems. We used comparative analyses to show that infanticide primarily evolves in social mammals in which reproduction is monopolized by a minority of males. It has not promoted social counterstrategies such as female gregariousness, pair living, or changes in group size and sex ratio, but is successfully prevented by female sexual promiscuity, a paternity dilution strategy. These findings indicate that infanticide is a consequence, rather than a cause, of contrasts in mammalian social systems affecting the intensity of sexual conflict.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lukas, Dieter -- Huchard, Elise -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Nov 14;346(6211):841-4. doi: 10.1126/science.1257226.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Large Animal Research Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK. dl384@cam.ac.uk. ; Large Animal Research Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK. Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, UMR 5175, CNRS - Universite de Montpellier, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier Cedex 5, France.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25395534" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Beschreibung: Sheep (Ovis aries) are a major source of meat, milk, and fiber in the form of wool and represent a distinct class of animals that have a specialized digestive organ, the rumen, that carries out the initial digestion of plant material. We have developed and analyzed a high-quality reference sheep genome and transcriptomes from 40 different tissues. We identified highly expressed genes encoding keratin cross-linking proteins associated with rumen evolution. We also identified genes involved in lipid metabolism that had been amplified and/or had altered tissue expression patterns. This may be in response to changes in the barrier lipids of the skin, an interaction between lipid metabolism and wool synthesis, and an increased role of volatile fatty acids in ruminants compared with nonruminant animals.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4157056/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4157056/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Jiang, Yu -- Xie, Min -- Chen, Wenbin -- Talbot, Richard -- Maddox, Jillian F -- Faraut, Thomas -- Wu, Chunhua -- Muzny, Donna M -- Li, Yuxiang -- Zhang, Wenguang -- Stanton, Jo-Ann -- Brauning, Rudiger -- Barris, Wesley C -- Hourlier, Thibaut -- Aken, Bronwen L -- Searle, Stephen M J -- Adelson, David L -- Bian, Chao -- Cam, Graham R -- Chen, Yulin -- Cheng, Shifeng -- DeSilva, Udaya -- Dixen, Karen -- Dong, Yang -- Fan, Guangyi -- Franklin, Ian R -- Fu, Shaoyin -- Fuentes-Utrilla, Pablo -- Guan, Rui -- Highland, Margaret A -- Holder, Michael E -- Huang, Guodong -- Ingham, Aaron B -- Jhangiani, Shalini N -- Kalra, Divya -- Kovar, Christie L -- Lee, Sandra L -- Liu, Weiqing -- Liu, Xin -- Lu, Changxin -- Lv, Tian -- Mathew, Tittu -- McWilliam, Sean -- Menzies, Moira -- Pan, Shengkai -- Robelin, David -- Servin, Bertrand -- Townley, David -- Wang, Wenliang -- Wei, Bin -- White, Stephen N -- Yang, Xinhua -- Ye, Chen -- Yue, Yaojing -- Zeng, Peng -- Zhou, Qing -- Hansen, Jacob B -- Kristiansen, Karsten -- Gibbs, Richard A -- Flicek, Paul -- Warkup, Christopher C -- Jones, Huw E -- Oddy, V Hutton -- Nicholas, Frank W -- McEwan, John C -- Kijas, James W -- Wang, Jun -- Worley, Kim C -- Archibald, Alan L -- Cockett, Noelle -- Xu, Xun -- Wang, Wen -- Dalrymple, Brian P -- 095908/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 098051/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- BB/1025360/1/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom -- BB/I025328/1/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom -- BB/I025360/1/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom -- BB/I025506/1/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom -- U54 HG003273/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- WT095908/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- WT098051/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Jun 6;344(6188):1168-73. doi: 10.1126/science.1252806.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China. Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Animal Food and Health Sciences, St Lucia, QLD 4067, Australia. College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China. ; BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China. ; Ediburgh Genomics, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK. ; Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322-4815, USA. ; Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Laboratoire de Genetique Cellulaire, UMR 444, Castanet-Tolosan F-31326, France. ; Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322-1435, USA. ; Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA. ; State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China. Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China. Institute of ATCG, Nei Mongol Bio-Information, Hohhot, China. ; Department of Anatomy, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand. ; AgResearch, Invermay Agricultural Centre, Mosgiel 9053, New Zealand. ; Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Animal Food and Health Sciences, St Lucia, QLD 4067, Australia. ; Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK. European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK. ; Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK. ; College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China. ; Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen O, Denmark. ; State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China. ; Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China. ; U.S. Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service Animal Disease Research Unit, Pullman, WA 99164, USA. Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA. ; BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China. Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China. ; Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Science, Lanzhou, 730050, China. ; Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark. ; European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK. ; Biosciences Knowledge Transfer Network, The Roslin Institute, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK. ; School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia. ; Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia. ; BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China. Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark. Princess Al Jawhara Center of Excellence in the Research of Hereditary Disorders, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia. Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau 999078, China. ; Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA. brian.dalrymple@csiro.au wwang@mail.kiz.ac.cn xuxun@genomics.cn alan.archibald@roslin.ed.ac.uk kworley@bcm.edu noelle.cockett@usu.edu. ; The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK. brian.dalrymple@csiro.au wwang@mail.kiz.ac.cn xuxun@genomics.cn alan.archibald@roslin.ed.ac.uk kworley@bcm.edu noelle.cockett@usu.edu. ; Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322-1435, USA. brian.dalrymple@csiro.au wwang@mail.kiz.ac.cn xuxun@genomics.cn alan.archibald@roslin.ed.ac.uk kworley@bcm.edu noelle.cockett@usu.edu. ; BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China. brian.dalrymple@csiro.au wwang@mail.kiz.ac.cn xuxun@genomics.cn alan.archibald@roslin.ed.ac.uk kworley@bcm.edu noelle.cockett@usu.edu. ; State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China. brian.dalrymple@csiro.au wwang@mail.kiz.ac.cn xuxun@genomics.cn alan.archibald@roslin.ed.ac.uk kworley@bcm.edu noelle.cockett@usu.edu. ; Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Animal Food and Health Sciences, St Lucia, QLD 4067, Australia. brian.dalrymple@csiro.au wwang@mail.kiz.ac.cn xuxun@genomics.cn alan.archibald@roslin.ed.ac.uk kworley@bcm.edu noelle.cockett@usu.edu.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24904168" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Beschreibung: Little is known about the genetic basis of convergent traits that originate repeatedly over broad taxonomic scales. The myogenic electric organ has evolved six times in fishes to produce electric fields used in communication, navigation, predation, or defense. We have examined the genomic basis of the convergent anatomical and physiological origins of these organs by assembling the genome of the electric eel (Electrophorus electricus) and sequencing electric organ and skeletal muscle transcriptomes from three lineages that have independently evolved electric organs. Our results indicate that, despite millions of years of evolution and large differences in the morphology of electric organ cells, independent lineages have leveraged similar transcription factors and developmental and cellular pathways in the evolution of electric organs.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gallant, Jason R -- Traeger, Lindsay L -- Volkening, Jeremy D -- Moffett, Howell -- Chen, Po-Hao -- Novina, Carl D -- Phillips, George N Jr -- Anand, Rene -- Wells, Gregg B -- Pinch, Matthew -- Guth, Robert -- Unguez, Graciela A -- Albert, James S -- Zakon, Harold H -- Samanta, Manoj P -- Sussman, Michael R -- 1SC1GM092297-01A1/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM084879/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM088670/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Jun 27;344(6191):1522-5. doi: 10.1126/science.1254432.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Zoology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA. BEACON Center for the Study of Evolution in Action, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA. ; Department of Genetics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA. Biotechnology Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA. ; Biotechnology Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA. Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA. ; Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA. Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA. ; Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA. Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA. Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02141, USA. ; Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology and Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA. ; Department of Pharmacology and Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA. ; Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77483, USA. ; Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA. ; Department of Biology, University of Louisiana, Lafayette, LA 70503, USA. ; BEACON Center for the Study of Evolution in Action, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA. University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA. The Josephine Bay Paul Center for Comparative Molecular Biology and Evolution, The Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA. msussman@wisc.edu manoj.samanta@systemix.org h.zakon@austin.utexas.edu. ; Systemix Institute, Redmond, WA 98053, USA. msussman@wisc.edu manoj.samanta@systemix.org h.zakon@austin.utexas.edu. ; Biotechnology Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA. Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA. msussman@wisc.edu manoj.samanta@systemix.org h.zakon@austin.utexas.edu.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24970089" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Beschreibung: Type II CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats)-Cas (CRISPR-associated) systems use an RNA-guided DNA endonuclease, Cas9, to generate double-strand breaks in invasive DNA during an adaptive bacterial immune response. Cas9 has been harnessed as a powerful tool for genome editing and gene regulation in many eukaryotic organisms. We report 2.6 and 2.2 angstrom resolution crystal structures of two major Cas9 enzyme subtypes, revealing the structural core shared by all Cas9 family members. The architectures of Cas9 enzymes define nucleic acid binding clefts, and single-particle electron microscopy reconstructions show that the two structural lobes harboring these clefts undergo guide RNA-induced reorientation to form a central channel where DNA substrates are bound. The observation that extensive structural rearrangements occur before target DNA duplex binding implicates guide RNA loading as a key step in Cas9 activation.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4184034/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4184034/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Jinek, Martin -- Jiang, Fuguo -- Taylor, David W -- Sternberg, Samuel H -- Kaya, Emine -- Ma, Enbo -- Anders, Carolin -- Hauer, Michael -- Zhou, Kaihong -- Lin, Steven -- Kaplan, Matias -- Iavarone, Anthony T -- Charpentier, Emmanuelle -- Nogales, Eva -- Doudna, Jennifer A -- T32 GM066698/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Mar 14;343(6176):1247997. doi: 10.1126/science.1247997. Epub 2014 Feb 6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24505130" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Beschreibung: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cho, Adrian -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Oct 10;346(6206):192-4. doi: 10.1126/science.346.6206.192.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25301619" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Beschreibung: Ecological theory predicts that disease incidence increases with increasing density of host networks, yet evolutionary theory suggests that host resistance increases accordingly. To test the combined effects of ecological and evolutionary forces on host-pathogen systems, we analyzed the spatiotemporal dynamics of a plant (Plantago lanceolata)-fungal pathogen (Podosphaera plantaginis)relationship for 12 years in over 4000 host populations. Disease prevalence at the metapopulation level was low, with high annual pathogen extinction rates balanced by frequent (re-)colonizations. Highly connected host populations experienced less pathogen colonization and higher pathogen extinction rates than expected; a laboratory assay confirmed that this phenomenon was caused by higher levels of disease resistance in highly connected host populations.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Jousimo, Jussi -- Tack, Ayco J M -- Ovaskainen, Otso -- Mononen, Tommi -- Susi, Hanna -- Tollenaere, Charlotte -- Laine, Anna-Liisa -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Jun 13;344(6189):1289-93. doi: 10.1126/science.1253621.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Metapopulation Research Group, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Post Office Box 65 (Viikinkaari 1), FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. ; Metapopulation Research Group, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Post Office Box 65 (Viikinkaari 1), FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. Department of Biomedical Engineering and Computational Science, Aalto University School of Science, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland. ; Metapopulation Research Group, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Post Office Box 65 (Viikinkaari 1), FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. anna-liisa.laine@helsinki.fi.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24926021" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Beschreibung: Distinct types of CD4(+) T cells protect the host against different classes of pathogens. However, it is unclear whether a given pathogen induces a single type of polarized T cell. By combining antigenic stimulation and T cell receptor deep sequencing, we found that human pathogen- and vaccine-specific T helper 1 (T(H)1), T(H)2, and T(H)17 memory cells have different frequencies but comparable diversity and comprise not only clones polarized toward a single fate, but also clones whose progeny have acquired multiple fates. Single naive T cells primed by a pathogen in vitro could also give rise to multiple fates. Our results unravel an unexpected degree of interclonal and intraclonal functional heterogeneity of the human T cell response and suggest that polarized responses result from preferential expansion rather than priming.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Becattini, Simone -- Latorre, Daniela -- Mele, Federico -- Foglierini, Mathilde -- De Gregorio, Corinne -- Cassotta, Antonino -- Fernandez, Blanca -- Kelderman, Sander -- Schumacher, Ton N -- Corti, Davide -- Lanzavecchia, Antonio -- Sallusto, Federica -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2015 Jan 23;347(6220):400-6. doi: 10.1126/science.1260668. Epub 2014 Dec 4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Bellinzona, Universita della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland. Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. ; Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Bellinzona, Universita della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland. ; Division of Immunology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands. ; Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Bellinzona, Universita della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland. federica.sallusto@irb.usi.ch.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25477212" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Beschreibung: The emergence of artemisinin resistance in Southeast Asia imperils efforts to reduce the global malaria burden. We genetically modified the Plasmodium falciparum K13 locus using zinc-finger nucleases and measured ring-stage survival rates after drug exposure in vitro; these rates correlate with parasite clearance half-lives in artemisinin-treated patients. With isolates from Cambodia, where resistance first emerged, survival rates decreased from 13 to 49% to 0.3 to 2.4% after the removal of K13 mutations. Conversely, survival rates in wild-type parasites increased from 〈/=0.6% to 2 to 29% after the insertion of K13 mutations. These mutations conferred elevated resistance to recent Cambodian isolates compared with that of reference lines, suggesting a contemporary contribution of additional genetic factors. Our data provide a conclusive rationale for worldwide K13-propeller sequencing to identify and eliminate artemisinin-resistant parasites.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4349400/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4349400/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Straimer, Judith -- Gnadig, Nina F -- Witkowski, Benoit -- Amaratunga, Chanaki -- Duru, Valentine -- Ramadani, Arba Pramundita -- Dacheux, Melanie -- Khim, Nimol -- Zhang, Lei -- Lam, Stephen -- Gregory, Philip D -- Urnov, Fyodor D -- Mercereau-Puijalon, Odile -- Benoit-Vical, Francoise -- Fairhurst, Rick M -- Menard, Didier -- Fidock, David A -- R01 AI109023/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- Intramural NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2015 Jan 23;347(6220):428-31. doi: 10.1126/science.1260867. Epub 2014 Dec 11.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA. ; Malaria Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Phnom Penh, Cambodia. ; Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA. ; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination UPR8241, Toulouse, France. Universite de Toulouse, UPS, Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse, Toulouse, France. ; Sangamo BioSciences, Richmond, CA, USA. ; Institut Pasteur, Parasite Molecular Immunology Unit, Paris, France. ; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA. Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA. df2260@columbia.edu.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25502314" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Beschreibung: Oxamniquine resistance evolved in the human blood fluke (Schistosoma mansoni) in Brazil in the 1970s. We crossed parental parasites differing ~500-fold in drug response, determined drug sensitivity and marker segregation in clonally derived second-generation progeny, and identified a single quantitative trait locus (logarithm of odds = 31) on chromosome 6. A sulfotransferase was identified as the causative gene by using RNA interference knockdown and biochemical complementation assays, and we subsequently demonstrated independent origins of loss-of-function mutations in field-derived and laboratory-selected resistant parasites. These results demonstrate the utility of linkage mapping in a human helminth parasite, while crystallographic analyses of protein-drug interactions illuminate the mode of drug action and provide a framework for rational design of oxamniquine derivatives that kill both S. mansoni and S. haematobium, the two species responsible for 〉99% of schistosomiasis cases worldwide.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4136436/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4136436/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Valentim, Claudia L L -- Cioli, Donato -- Chevalier, Frederic D -- Cao, Xiaohang -- Taylor, Alexander B -- Holloway, Stephen P -- Pica-Mattoccia, Livia -- Guidi, Alessandra -- Basso, Annalisa -- Tsai, Isheng J -- Berriman, Matthew -- Carvalho-Queiroz, Claudia -- Almeida, Marcio -- Aguilar, Hector -- Frantz, Doug E -- Hart, P John -- LoVerde, Philip T -- Anderson, Timothy J C -- 098051/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 5R21-AI072704/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- 5R21-AI096277/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- C06 RR013556/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- HHSN272201000005I/PHS HHS/ -- R01 AI097576/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01-AI097576/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R21 AI072704/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R21 AI096277/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Dec 13;342(6164):1385-9. doi: 10.1126/science.1243106. Epub 2013 Nov 21.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Departments of Biochemistry and Pathology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24263136" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Beschreibung: Evolutionarily young genes that serve essential functions represent a paradox; they must perform a function that either was not required until after their birth or was redundant with another gene. How young genes rapidly acquire essential function is largely unknown. We traced the evolutionary steps by which the Drosophila gene Umbrea acquired an essential role in chromosome segregation in D. melanogaster since the gene's origin less than 15 million years ago. Umbrea neofunctionalization occurred via loss of an ancestral heterochromatin-localizing domain, followed by alterations that rewired its protein interaction network and led to species-specific centromere localization. Our evolutionary cell biology approach provides temporal and mechanistic detail about how young genes gain essential function. Such innovations may constantly alter the repertoire of centromeric proteins in eukaryotes.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4119826/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4119826/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ross, Benjamin D -- Rosin, Leah -- Thomae, Andreas W -- Hiatt, Mary Alice -- Vermaak, Danielle -- de la Cruz, Aida Flor A -- Imhof, Axel -- Mellone, Barbara G -- Malik, Harmit S -- R01 GM074108/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01GM074108/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- T32HG000035/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Jun 7;340(6137):1211-4. doi: 10.1126/science.1234393.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23744945" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Beschreibung: The essential bacterial protein FtsZ is a guanosine triphosphatase that self-assembles into a structure at the division site termed the "Z ring". During cytokinesis, the Z ring exerts a constrictive force on the membrane by using the chemical energy of guanosine triphosphate hydrolysis. However, the structural basis of this constriction remains unresolved. Here, we present the crystal structure of a guanosine diphosphate-bound Mycobacterium tuberculosis FtsZ protofilament, which exhibits a curved conformational state. The structure reveals a longitudinal interface that is important for function. The protofilament curvature highlights a hydrolysis-dependent conformational switch at the T3 loop that leads to longitudinal bending between subunits, which could generate sufficient force to drive cytokinesis.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3816583/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3816583/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Li, Ying -- Hsin, Jen -- Zhao, Lingyun -- Cheng, Yiwen -- Shang, Weina -- Huang, Kerwyn Casey -- Wang, Hong-Wei -- Ye, Sheng -- 1F32GM100677-01A1/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- DP2 OD006466/OD/NIH HHS/ -- DP2OD006466/OD/NIH HHS/ -- F32 GM100677/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Jul 26;341(6144):392-5. doi: 10.1126/science.1239248.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 Zhejiang, P.R. China.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23888039" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Beschreibung: Painful venoms are used to deter predators. Pain itself, however, can signal damage and thus serves an important adaptive function. Evolution to reduce general pain responses, although valuable for preying on venomous species, is rare, likely because it comes with the risk of reduced response to tissue damage. Bark scorpions capitalize on the protective pain pathway of predators by inflicting intensely painful stings. However, grasshopper mice regularly attack and consume bark scorpions, grooming only briefly when stung. Bark scorpion venom induces pain in many mammals (house mice, rats, humans) by activating the voltage-gated Na(+) channel Nav1.7, but has no effect on Nav1.8. Grasshopper mice Nav1.8 has amino acid variants that bind bark scorpion toxins and inhibit Na(+) currents, blocking action potential propagation and inducing analgesia. Thus, grasshopper mice have solved the predator-pain problem by using a toxin bound to a nontarget channel to block transmission of the pain signals the venom itself is initiating.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4172297/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4172297/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Rowe, Ashlee H -- Xiao, Yucheng -- Rowe, Matthew P -- Cummins, Theodore R -- Zakon, Harold H -- NS 053422/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R01 NS053422/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Oct 25;342(6157):441-6. doi: 10.1126/science.1236451.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Section of Neurobiology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24159039" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Beschreibung: Glycosylated alpha-dystroglycan (alpha-DG) serves as cellular entry receptor for multiple pathogens, and defects in its glycosylation cause hereditary Walker-Warburg syndrome (WWS). At least eight proteins are critical to glycosylate alpha-DG, but many genes mutated in WWS remain unknown. To identify modifiers of alpha-DG, we performed a haploid screen for Lassa virus entry, a hemorrhagic fever virus causing thousands of deaths annually that hijacks glycosylated alpha-DG to enter cells. In complementary screens, we profiled cells for absence of alpha-DG carbohydrate chains or biochemically related glycans. This revealed virus host factors and a suite of glycosylation units, including all known Walker-Warburg genes and five additional factors critical for the modification of alpha-DG. Our findings accentuate the complexity of this posttranslational feature and point out genes defective in dystroglycanopathies.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3919138/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3919138/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Jae, Lucas T -- Raaben, Matthijs -- Riemersma, Moniek -- van Beusekom, Ellen -- Blomen, Vincent A -- Velds, Arno -- Kerkhoven, Ron M -- Carette, Jan E -- Topaloglu, Haluk -- Meinecke, Peter -- Wessels, Marja W -- Lefeber, Dirk J -- Whelan, Sean P -- van Bokhoven, Hans -- Brummelkamp, Thijn R -- AI057159/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI081842/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI081842/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- U54 AI057159/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Apr 26;340(6131):479-83. doi: 10.1126/science.1233675. Epub 2013 Mar 21.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, Amsterdam, Netherlands.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23519211" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Beschreibung: Based on nuclear and mitochondrial DNA, Hailer et al. (Reports, 20 April 2012, p. 344) suggested early divergence of polar bears from a common ancestor with brown bears and subsequent introgression. Our population genetic analysis that traces each of the genealogies in the independent nuclear loci does not support the evolutionary model proposed by the authors.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Nakagome, Shigeki -- Mano, Shuhei -- Hasegawa, Masami -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Mar 29;339(6127):1522. doi: 10.1126/science.1227339.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute of Statistical Mathematics, Tachikawa, Tokyo, Japan. nakagome@ism.ac.jp〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23539580" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉