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  • 1
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    Wapl is an essential regulator of chromatin structure and chromosome segregation (2013)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-27
    Description: Mammalian genomes contain several billion base pairs of DNA that are packaged in chromatin fibres. At selected gene loci, cohesin complexes have been proposed to arrange these fibres into higher-order structures, but how important this function is for determining overall chromosome architecture and how the process is regulated are not well understood. Using conditional mutagenesis in the mouse, here we show that depletion of the cohesin-associated protein Wapl stably locks cohesin on DNA, leads to clustering of cohesin in axial structures, and causes chromatin condensation in interphase chromosomes. These findings reveal that the stability of cohesin-DNA interactions is an important determinant of chromatin structure, and indicate that cohesin has an architectural role in interphase chromosome territories. Furthermore, we show that regulation of cohesin-DNA interactions by Wapl is important for embryonic development, expression of genes such as c-myc (also known as Myc), and cell cycle progression. In mitosis, Wapl-mediated release of cohesin from DNA is essential for proper chromosome segregation and protects cohesin from cleavage by the protease separase, thus enabling mitotic exit in the presence of functional cohesin complexes.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Tedeschi, Antonio -- Wutz, Gordana -- Huet, Sebastien -- Jaritz, Markus -- Wuensche, Annelie -- Schirghuber, Erika -- Davidson, Iain Finley -- Tang, Wen -- Cisneros, David A -- Bhaskara, Venugopal -- Nishiyama, Tomoko -- Vaziri, Alipasha -- Wutz, Anton -- Ellenberg, Jan -- Peters, Jan-Michael -- England -- Nature. 2013 Sep 26;501(7468):564-8. doi: 10.1038/nature12471. Epub 2013 Aug 25.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 7, 1030 Vienna, Austria.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23975099" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cell Cycle/genetics ; Cell Cycle Proteins/metabolism ; Chromatids/genetics/metabolism ; Chromatin/*chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Chromosomal Proteins, Non-Histone/metabolism ; *Chromosome Segregation/genetics ; Chromosomes, Mammalian/chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; DNA/genetics/metabolism ; DNA-Binding Proteins/deficiency/genetics/metabolism ; Embryonic Development/genetics ; Endopeptidases/metabolism ; Gene Expression Regulation/genetics ; Genes, myc/genetics ; Interphase ; Mice ; Mitosis ; Prophase ; Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Separase
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 2
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    Characterization of a DNA exit gate in the human cohesin ring (2014)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-11-22
    Description: Chromosome segregation depends on sister chromatid cohesion mediated by cohesin. The cohesin subunits Smc1, Smc3, and Scc1 form tripartite rings that are thought to open at distinct sites to allow entry and exit of DNA. However, direct evidence for the existence of open forms of cohesin is lacking. We found that cohesin's proposed DNA exit gate is formed by interactions between Scc1 and the coiled-coil region of Smc3. Mutation of this interface abolished cohesin's ability to stably associate with chromatin and to mediate cohesion. Electron microscopy revealed that weakening of the Smc3-Scc1 interface resulted in opening of cohesin rings, as did proteolytic cleavage of Scc1. These open forms may resemble intermediate states of cohesin normally generated by the release factor Wapl and the protease separase, respectively.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Huis in 't Veld, Pim J -- Herzog, Franz -- Ladurner, Rene -- Davidson, Iain F -- Piric, Sabina -- Kreidl, Emanuel -- Bhaskara, Venugopal -- Aebersold, Ruedi -- Peters, Jan-Michael -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Nov 21;346(6212):968-72. doi: 10.1126/science.1256904.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), 1030 Vienna, Austria. ; Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, Eidgenossische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland. Department of Biochemistry, Gene Center, Ludwig-Maximilian University, 81377 Munich, Germany. ; Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, Eidgenossische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland. ; Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), 1030 Vienna, Austria. peters@imp.ac.at.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25414306" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Carrier Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Cell Cycle Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Chondroitin Sulfate Proteoglycans/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Chromatin/metabolism ; Chromosomal Proteins, Non-Histone/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; *Chromosome Segregation ; DNA/*metabolism ; DNA Replication ; Humans ; Mass Spectrometry ; Microscopy, Electron ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Nuclear Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Phosphoproteins/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Protein Multimerization ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Separase/metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 3
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    Mechanism of APC/CCDC20 activation [Biochemistry] (2016)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-05-12
    Description: Chromosome segregation and mitotic exit are initiated by the 1.2-MDa ubiquitin ligase APC/C (anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome) and its coactivator CDC20 (cell division cycle 20). To avoid chromosome missegregation, APC/CCDC20 activation is tightly controlled. CDC20 only associates with APC/C in mitosis when APC/C has become phosphorylated and is further inhibited by a...
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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  • 4
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    Transcription cofactors TRIM24, TRIM28, and TRIM33 associate to form regulatory complexes that suppress murine hepatocellular carcinoma [Biochemistry] (2011)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-05-18
    Description: TRIM24 (TIF1α), TRIM28 (TIF1β), and TRIM33 (TIF1γ) are three related cofactors belonging to the tripartite motif superfamily that interact with distinct transcription factors. TRIM24 interacts with the liganded retinoic acid (RA) receptor to repress its transcriptional activity. Germ line inactivation of TRIM24 in mice deregulates RA-signaling in hepatocytes leading to the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Here we show that TRIM24 can be purified as at least two macromolecular complexes comprising either TRIM33 or TRIM33 and TRIM28. Somatic hepatocyte-specific inactivation of TRIM24, TRIM28, or TRIM33 all promote HCC in a cell-autonomous manner in mice. Moreover, HCC formation upon TRIM24 inactivation is strongly potentiated by further loss of TRIM33. These results demonstrate that the TIF1-related subfamily of TRIM proteins interact both physically and functionally to modulate HCC formation in mice.
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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  • 5
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    DNA loop extrusion by human cohesin (2019)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈p〉Eukaryotic genomes are folded into loops and topologically associating domains, which contribute to chromatin structure, gene regulation, and gene recombination. These structures depend on cohesin, a ring-shaped DNA-entrapping adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) complex that has been proposed to form loops by extrusion. Such an activity has been observed for condensin, which forms loops in mitosis, but not for cohesin. Using biochemical reconstitution, we found that single human cohesin complexes form DNA loops symmetrically at rates up to 2.1 kilo–base pairs per second. Loop formation and maintenance depend on cohesin’s ATPase activity and on NIPBL-MAU2, but not on topological entrapment of DNA by cohesin. During loop formation, cohesin and NIPBL-MAU2 reside at the base of loops, which indicates that they generate loops by extrusion. Our results show that cohesin and NIPBL-MAU2 form an active holoenzyme that interacts with DNA either pseudo-topologically or non-topologically to extrude genomic interphase DNA into loops.〈/p〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 6
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    Self-organization of parS centromeres by the ParB CTP hydrolase (2019)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈p〉ParABS systems facilitate chromosome segregation and plasmid partitioning in bacteria and archaea. ParB protein binds centromeric 〈i〉parS〈/i〉 DNA sequences and spreads to flanking DNA. We show that ParB is an enzyme that hydrolyzes cytidine triphosphate (CTP) to diphosphate (CDP). 〈i〉parS〈/i〉 DNA stimulates cooperative CTP binding by ParB and CTP hydrolysis. A nucleotide co-crystal structure elucidates the catalytic center of the dimerization-dependent ParB CTPase. Single-molecule imaging and biochemical assays recapitulate features of ParB spreading from 〈i〉parS〈/i〉 in the presence but not absence of CTP. The findings suggest that centromeres assemble by self-loading of ParB DNA sliding clamps at 〈i〉parS〈/i〉. ParB CTPase is not related to known nucleotide hydrolases and might be a promising target for developing new classes of antibiotics.〈/p〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 7
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    DNA loop extrusion by human cohesin (2019)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈p〉Eukaryotic genomes are folded into loops and topologically-associating domains (TADs), which contribute to chromatin structure, gene regulation and recombination. These structures depend on cohesin, a ring-shaped DNA-entrapping ATPase complex which has been proposed to form loops by extrusion. Such an activity has been observed for condensin, which forms loops in mitosis, but not for cohesin. Here we show, using biochemical reconstitution, that single human cohesin complexes form DNA loops symmetrically at up to 2.1 kbp per second. Loop formation and maintenance depend on cohesin’s ATPase activity and on NIPBL-MAU2, but not on topological entrapment of DNA by cohesin. During loop formation, cohesin and NIPBL-MAU2 reside at the base of loops, indicating that they generate loops by extrusion. Our results show that cohesin and NIPBL-MAU2 form an active holo-enzyme that interacts with DNA either pseudo-topologically or non-topologically to extrude genomic interphase DNA into loops.〈/p〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 8
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    Self-organization of parS centromeres by the ParB CTP hydrolase (2019)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈p〉ParABS systems facilitate chromosome segregation and plasmid partitioning in bacteria and archaea. ParB protein binds centromeric 〈i〉parS〈/i〉 DNA sequences and spreads to flanking DNA. We show that ParB is an enzyme that hydrolyzes cytidine triphosphate (CTP) to cytidine diphosphate (CDP). 〈i〉parS〈/i〉 DNA stimulates cooperative CTP binding by ParB and CTP hydrolysis. A nucleotide cocrystal structure elucidates the catalytic center of the dimerization-dependent ParB CTPase. Single-molecule imaging and biochemical assays recapitulate features of ParB spreading from 〈i〉parS〈/i〉 in the presence but not absence of CTP. These findings suggest that centromeres assemble by self-loading of ParB DNA sliding clamps at 〈i〉parS〈/i〉. ParB CTPase is not related to known nucleotide hydrolases and might be a promising target for developing new classes of antibiotics.〈/p〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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