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  • 1
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    Functional interplay between SA1 and TRF1 in telomeric DNA binding and DNA-DNA pairing (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-28
    Description: Proper chromosome alignment and segregation during mitosis depend on cohesion between sister chromatids. Cohesion is thought to occur through the entrapment of DNA within the tripartite ring (Smc1, Smc3 and Rad21) with enforcement from a fourth subunit (SA1/SA2). Surprisingly, cohesin rings do not play a major role in sister telomere cohesion. Instead, this role is replaced by SA1 and telomere binding proteins (TRF1 and TIN2). Neither the DNA binding property of SA1 nor this unique telomere cohesion mechanism is understood. Here, using single-molecule fluorescence imaging, we discover that SA1 displays two-state binding on DNA: searching by one-dimensional (1D) free diffusion versus recognition through subdiffusive sliding at telomeric regions. The AT-hook motif in SA1 plays dual roles in modulating non-specific DNA binding and subdiffusive dynamics over telomeric regions. TRF1 tethers SA1 within telomeric regions that SA1 transiently interacts with. SA1 and TRF1 together form longer DNA–DNA pairing tracts than with TRF1 alone, as revealed by atomic force microscopy imaging. These results suggest that at telomeres cohesion relies on the molecular interplay between TRF1 and SA1 to promote DNA–DNA pairing, while along chromosomal arms the core cohesin assembly might also depend on SA1 1D diffusion on DNA and sequence-specific DNA binding.
    Print ISSN: 0305-1048
    Electronic ISSN: 1362-4962
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 2
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    CNOT6L couples the selective degradation of maternal transcripts to meiotic cell cycle progression in mouse oocyte (2018)
    Springer Nature
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    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: 〈p〉Meiotic resumption-coupled degradation of maternal transcripts occurs during oocyte maturation in the absence of mRNA transcription. The CCR4–NOT complex has been identified as the main eukaryotic mRNA deadenylase. 〈i〉In vivo〈/i〉 functional and mechanistic information regarding its multiple subunits remains insufficient. 〈i〉Cnot6l〈/i〉, one of four genes encoding CCR4–NOT catalytic subunits, is preferentially expressed in mouse oocytes. Genetic deletion of 〈i〉Cnot6l〈/i〉 impaired deadenylation and degradation of a subset of maternal mRNAs during oocyte maturation. Overtranslation of these undegraded mRNAs caused microtubule–chromosome organization defects, which led to activation of spindle assembly checkpoint and meiotic cell cycle arrest at prometaphase. Consequently, 〈i〉Cnot6l〈/i〉〈sup〉–/–〈/sup〉 female mice were severely subfertile. The function of CNOT6L in maturing oocytes is mediated by RNA-binding protein ZFP36L2, not maternal-to-zygotic transition licensing factor BTG4, which interacts with catalytic subunits CNOT7 and CNOT8 of CCR4–NOT. Thus, recruitment of different adaptors by different catalytic subunits ensures stage-specific degradation of maternal mRNAs by CCR4–NOT. This study provides the first direct genetic evidence that CCR4–NOT-dependent and particularly CNOT6L-dependent decay of selective maternal mRNAs is a prerequisite for meiotic maturation of oocytes.〈/p〉
    Print ISSN: 0261-4189
    Electronic ISSN: 1460-2075
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Published by Springer Nature on behalf of The European Molecular Biology Organization (EMBO).
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  • 3
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    T-cell exhaustion in the tumor microenvironment (2015)
    Springer Nature
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    Publication Date: 2015-06-19
    Description: T-cell exhaustion in the tumor microenvironment Cell Death and Disease 6, e1792 (June 2015). doi:10.1038/cddis.2015.162 Authors: Y Jiang, Y Li & B Zhu
    Electronic ISSN: 2041-4889
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Published by Springer Nature
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  • 4
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    Engrailed-2 (En2) deletion produces multiple neurodevelopmental defects in monoamine systems, forebrain structures and neurogenesis and behavior (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-09-25
    Description: Many genes involved in brain development have been associated with human neurodevelopmental disorders, but underlying pathophysiological mechanisms remain undefined. Human genetic and mouse behavioral analyses suggest that ENGRAILED-2 ( EN2 ) contributes to neurodevelopmental disorders, especially autism spectrum disorder. In mouse, En2 exhibits dynamic spatiotemporal expression in embryonic mid-hindbrain regions where monoamine neurons emerge. Considering their importance in neuropsychiatric disorders, we characterized monoamine systems in relation to forebrain neurogenesis in En2 -knockout ( En2 -KO) mice. Transmitter levels of serotonin, dopamine and norepinephrine (NE) were dysregulated from Postnatal day 7 (P7) to P21 in En2 -KO, though NE exhibited the greatest abnormalities. While NE levels were reduced ~35% in forebrain, they were increased 40 – 75% in hindbrain and cerebellum, and these patterns paralleled changes in locus coeruleus (LC) fiber innervation, respectively. Although En2 promoter was active in Embryonic day 14.5 – 15.5 LC neurons, expression diminished thereafter and gene deletion did not alter brainstem NE neuron numbers. Significantly, in parallel with reduced NE levels, En2 -KO forebrain regions exhibited reduced growth, particularly hippocampus, where P21 dentate gyrus granule neurons were decreased 16%, suggesting abnormal neurogenesis. Indeed, hippocampal neurogenic regions showed increased cell death (+77%) and unexpectedly, increased proliferation. Excess proliferation was restricted to early Sox2/Tbr2 progenitors whereas increased apoptosis occurred in differentiating (Dcx) neuroblasts, accompanied by reduced newborn neuron survival. Abnormal neurogenesis may reflect NE deficits because intra-hippocampal injections of β-adrenergic agonists reversed cell death. These studies suggest that disruption of hindbrain patterning genes can alter monoamine system development and thereby produce forebrain defects that are relevant to human neurodevelopmental disorders.
    Print ISSN: 0964-6906
    Electronic ISSN: 1460-2083
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 5
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    Two types of terpene synthases in Selaginella [Plant Biology] (2012)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2012-09-05
    Description: Terpene synthases (TPSs) are pivotal enzymes for the biosynthesis of terpenoids, the largest class of secondary metabolites made by plants and other organisms. To understand the basis of the vast diversification of these enzymes in plants, we investigated Selaginella moellendorfii, a nonseed vascular plant. The genome of this species was...
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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  • 6
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    Leaf-inspired multiresponsive MXene-based actuator for programmable smart devices (2019)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈p〉Natural leaves, with elaborate architectures and functional components, harvest and convert solar energy into chemical fuels that can be converted into energy based on photosynthesis. The energy produced leads to work done that inspired many autonomous systems such as light-triggered motion. On the basis of this nature-inspired phenomenon, we report an unprecedented bilayer-structured actuator based on MXene (Ti〈sub〉3〈/sub〉C〈sub〉2〈/sub〉T〈i〉〈sub〉x〈/sub〉〈/i〉)–cellulose composites (MXCC) and polycarbonate membrane, which mimic not only the sophisticated leaf structure but also the energy-harvesting and conversion capabilities. The bilayer actuator features multiresponsiveness, low-power actuation, fast actuation speed, large-shape deformation, programmable adaptability, robust stability, and low-cost facile fabrication, which are highly desirable for modern soft actuator systems. We believe that these adaptive soft systems are attractive in a wide range of revolutionary technologies such as soft robots, smart switch, information encryption, infrared dynamic display, camouflage, and temperature regulation, as well as human-machine interface such as haptics.〈/p〉
    Electronic ISSN: 2375-2548
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 7
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    Anomalous linear photogalvanic effect observed in a GaN-based two-dimensional electron gas (2011)
    American Physical Society (APS)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Author(s): X. Y. Peng, Q. Zhang, B. Shen, J. R. Shi, C. M. Yin, X. W. He, F. J. Xu, X. Q. Wang, N. Tang, C. Y. Jiang, Y. H. Chen, and K. Chang An anomalous linear photogalvanic effect (LPGE) in Al x Ga 1− x N/GaN heterostructures under infrared irradiation has been observed. This effect exhibits a similar dependence as the ordinary LPGE on the laser polarization state but is closely related to the inhomogeneity of the laser intensity. This effe... [Phys. Rev. B 84, 075341] Published Wed Aug 17, 2011
    Keywords: Semiconductors II: surfaces, interfaces, microstructures, and related topics
    Print ISSN: 1098-0121
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-3795
    Topics: Physics
    Published by American Physical Society (APS)
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  • 8
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    The morphology of the topside Martian ionosphere: Implications on bulk ion flow (2019)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: Abstract Prior to the Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution (MAVEN) mission, the only information on the composition of the Martian ionosphere came from the Viking Retarding Potential Analyzer data, revealing the presence of substantial ion outflow on the dayside of Mars. Extensive measurements made by the MAVEN Neutral Gas and Ion Mass Spectrometer allow us to examine the morphology of the Martian ionosphere not only in unprecedented detail but also on both the dayside and the nightside of the planet. Above 300 km, various ionospheric species present a roughly constant density scale height around 100 km on the dayside and 180 km on the nightside. An evaluation of the ion force balance, appropriate for regions with near horizontal magnetic field lines, suggests the presence of supersonic ion outflow predominantly driven by the ambient magnetic pressure, with characteristic dayside and nightside flow velocities of 4 km s−1 and 20 km s−1, respectively, both referred to an altitude of 500 km. The corresponding total ion outflow rates are estimated to be 5 × 1025 s−1 on the dayside and 1 × 1025 s−1 on the nightside. The data also indicate a prominent variation with magnetic field orientation in that the ion distribution over regions with near vertical field lines tends to be more extended on the dayside but more concentrated on the nightside, as compared to regions with near horizontal field lines. These observations should have important implications on the pattern of ion dynamics in the vicinity of Mars.
    Print ISSN: 2169-9097
    Electronic ISSN: 2169-9100
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 9
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    Transcranial brain atlas (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2018-09-06
    Description: We introduce here the concept of a transcranial brain atlas (TBA), a new kind of brain atlas specialized for transcranial techniques. A TBA is a probabilistic mapping from scalp space to atlas label space, relating scalp locations to anatomical, functional, network, genetic, or other labels. TBAs offer a new way to integrate and present structural and functional organization of the brain and allow previously subsurface and invisible atlas labels visible on the scalp surface to accurately guide the placement of transcranial devices directly on the scalp surface in a straightforward, visual manner. We present here a framework for building TBAs that includes (i) a new, continuous proportional coordinate system devised for the scalp surface to allow standardized specification of scalp positions; (ii) a high-resolution, large sample–based (114-participant) mapping from scalp space to brain space to accurately and reliably describe human cranio-cortical correspondence; and (iii) a two-step Markov chain to combine the probabilistic scalp-brain mapping with a traditional brain atlas, bringing atlas labels to the scalp surface. We assessed the reproducibility (consistency of TBAs generated from different groups) and predictiveness (prediction accuracy of labels for individuals without brain images) of the TBAs built via our framework. Moreover, we present an application of TBAs to a functional near-infrared spectroscopy finger-tapping experiment, illustrating the utility and benefits of TBAs in transcranial studies. Our results demonstrate that TBAs can support ongoing efforts to map the human brain using transcranial techniques, just as traditional brain atlases have supported magnetic resonance imaging and positron emission tomography studies.
    Electronic ISSN: 2375-2548
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 10
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    CNOT6L couples the selective degradation of maternal transcripts to meiotic cell cycle progression in mouse oocyte (2018)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: 〈sec〉〈st〉Synopsis〈/st〉〈p〉〈textbox textbox-type="graphic"〉〈p〉〈inline-fig〉〈/inline-fig〉〈/p〉〈/textbox〉〈/p〉 〈p〉Maternal transcripts are degraded during oocyte maturation. A new mouse model demonstrates that 〈i〉Cnot6l〈/i〉, one of four genes encoding catalytic subunits of the mRNA deadenylation complex CCR4–NOT, is preferentially expressed in oocytes and mediates meiosis-coupled maternal mRNA decay.〈/p〉 〈p〉 〈l type="unord"〉〈li〉〈p〉Genetic deletion of 〈i〉Cnot6l〈/i〉 impaired deadenylation and degradation of a subset of maternal mRNAs during mouse oocyte maturation.〈/p〉〈/li〉 〈li〉〈p〉〈i〉Cnot6l〈/i〉-deficient female mice were severely subfertile.〈/p〉〈/li〉 〈li〉〈p〉Aberrant translation of undegraded mRNAs in the 〈i〉Cnot6l〈/i〉 knockout caused microtubule–chromosome organization defects, activation of spindle assembly checkpoint and meiotic cell cycle arrest at prometaphase.〈/p〉〈/li〉 〈li〉〈p〉Recruitment of distinct RNA-binding adaptor proteins by different CCR4–NOT subunits ensures stage-specific degradation of maternal mRNAs.〈/p〉〈/li〉 〈li〉〈p〉CNOT6L and other CCR4–NOT components are important downstream effectors of ERK1 and ERK2 in regulating spindle assembly and meiotic cell cycle progression in oocytes.〈/p〉〈/li〉〈/l〉 〈/p〉〈/sec〉
    Print ISSN: 0261-4189
    Electronic ISSN: 1460-2075
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Published by Springer Nature on behalf of The European Molecular Biology Organization (EMBO).
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