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  • 1
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    Crohn's Disease Risk Alleles on the NOD2 Locus Have Been Maintained by Natural Selection on Standing Variation (2012)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-05-16
    Description: Risk alleles for complex diseases are widely spread throughout human populations. However, little is known about the geographic distribution and frequencies of risk alleles, which may contribute to differences in disease susceptibility and prevalence among populations. Here, we focus on Crohn's disease (CD) as a model for the evolutionary study of complex disease alleles. Recent genome-wide association studies and classical linkage analyses have identified more than 70 susceptible genomic regions for CD in Europeans, but only a few have been confirmed in non-European populations. Our analysis of eight European-specific susceptibility genes using HapMap data shows that at the NOD2 locus the CD-risk alleles are linked with a haplotype specific to CEU at a frequency that is significantly higher compared with the entire genome. We subsequently examined nine global populations and found that the CD-risk alleles spread through hitchhiking with a high-frequency haplotype (H1) exclusive to Europeans. To examine the neutrality of NOD2 , we performed phylogenetic network analyses, coalescent simulation, protein structural prediction, characterization of mutation patterns, and estimations of population growth and time to most recent common ancestor (TMRCA). We found that while H1 was significantly prevalent in European populations, the H1 TMRCA predated human migration out of Africa. H1 is likely to have undergone negative selection because 1) the root of H1 genealogy is defined by a preexisting amino acid substitution that causes serious conformational changes to the NOD2 protein, 2) the haplotype has almost become extinct in Africa, and 3) the haplotype has not been affected by the recent European expansion reflected in the other haplotypes. Nevertheless, H1 has survived in European populations, suggesting that the haplotype is advantageous to this group. We propose that several CD-risk alleles, which destabilize and disrupt the NOD2 protein, have been maintained by natural selection on standing variation because the deleterious haplotype of NOD2 is advantageous in diploid individuals due to heterozygote advantage and/or intergenic interactions.
    Print ISSN: 0737-4038
    Electronic ISSN: 1537-1719
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 2
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    Off-center rattling and thermoelectric properties of type-II clathrate (K, Ba)_{24}(Ga, Sn, □)_{136} single crystals (2011)
    American Physical Society (APS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-12-07
    Description: Author(s): S. Mano, T. Onimaru, S. Yamanaka, and T. Takabatake [Phys. Rev. B 84, 214101] Published Tue Dec 06, 2011
    Keywords: Structure, structural phase transitions, mechanical properties, defects
    Print ISSN: 1098-0121
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-3795
    Topics: Physics
    Published by American Physical Society (APS)
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  • 3
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    Comment on "Nuclear genomic sequences reveal that polar bears are an old and distinct bear lineage" (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-03-30
    Description: Based on nuclear and mitochondrial DNA, Hailer et al. (Reports, 20 April 2012, p. 344) suggested early divergence of polar bears from a common ancestor with brown bears and subsequent introgression. Our population genetic analysis that traces each of the genealogies in the independent nuclear loci does not support the evolutionary model proposed by the authors.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Nakagome, Shigeki -- Mano, Shuhei -- Hasegawa, Masami -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Mar 29;339(6127):1522. doi: 10.1126/science.1227339.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute of Statistical Mathematics, Tachikawa, Tokyo, Japan. nakagome@ism.ac.jp〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23539580" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; *Genome ; *Multilocus Sequence Typing ; Ursidae/*genetics
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 4
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    Emission of methyl bromide from biomass burning (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1994-03-04
    Description: Bromine is, per atom, far more efficient than chlorine in destroying stratospheric ozone, and methyl bromide is the single largest source of stratospheric bromine. The two main previously known sources of this compound are emissions from the ocean and from the compound's use as an agricultural pesticide. Laboratory biomass combustion experiments showed that methyl bromide was emitted in the smoke from various fuels tested. Methyl bromide was also found in smoke plumes from wildfires in savannas, chaparral, and boreal forest. Global emissions of methyl bromide from biomass burning are estimated to be in the range of 10 to 50 gigagrams per year, which is comparable to the amount produced by ocean emission and pesticide use and represents a major contribution ( approximately 30 percent) to the stratospheric bromine budget.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mano, S -- Andreae, M O -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Mar 4;263(5151):1255-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17817427" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Selective detection of polyaromatic and polychlorinated isomers in aerosol extracts by capillary gas chromatography combined with negative-ion detection
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Journal of Chromatography A 279 (1983), S. 649-655 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9673
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0021-9673(01)93669-6
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Quantitative determination of sub-ppb traces of polychlorinated compounds and pesticides in moss samples (1985)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 321 (1985), S. 655-659 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Two methods for the determination of organic polychlorinated compounds and pesticides in moss samples are described. The techniques are suited to determine sub-ppb concentrations. Different homogenisation and extraction methods are used followed by column chromatography clean-up. High-resolution gas chromatography combined with electron capture detection or negative-ion chemical ionization mass spectrometry is employed for quantification. Recovery results, blank values and a comparison of both methods are presented. The techniques have been successfully used for the analysis of moss samples collected from Middle Europe to the Subarctic.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Zwei Verfahren zur Bestimmung von polychlorierten organischen Verbindungen und Pesticiden in Moos werden beschrieben, die für den ppb-Bereich geeignet sind. Zur Homogenisierung und Extraktion dienen verschiedene Techniken, gefolgt von einem säulen-chromatographischen Clean-up. Zur Bestimmung dient die hochauflösende Gas-Chromatographie in Kombination mit Electron-capture-Detektion oder Massenspektrometrie durch chemische Ionisation mit negativen Ionen. Ein Vergleich beider Methoden wird gegeben sowie Wiederfindungsraten und Blindwerte für die verschiedenen Substanzen. Die Verfahren wurden erfolgreich auf Moosproben angewendet, die aus einem Gebiet von Mitteleuropa bis zur subarktischen Region gesammelt wurden.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00489630
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Determination of polychlorinated dibenzofuran (PCDF) and dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD) levels and isomer patterns in fish, crustacea, mussel and sediment samples from a fjord region polluted by Mg-production (1989)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 335 (1989), S. 987-997 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Isomer-specific determination of polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDF) and dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDD) was carried out in 37 samples of different fish species, crustaea and mussel from a fjord area contaminated by waste water from a Mg-factory. In addition 6 sediment samples were analysed. The tetra- and pentachlorodibenzofuran isomer pattern of the Mg-process is very characteristic and dominated by isomers with chlorine in the positions 1,2,3,7 and/or 8. Very similar patterns were found in sediment, crustacea and mussel samples up to 15 km from the factory. Nearly all isomers were present in crab, shrimp and mussel while fish samples contained mainly 2,3,7,8-substituted congeners. The isomer distributions and concentration levels for different species and tissues with high and low fat content are presented. The applied analysis techniques and the quality assurance procedure as well as practical problems are described in detail. The found levels varied between low ppt- and high ppb-levels for single isomers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00466395
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The long-range transport of organic pollutants to the Arctic (1984)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 319 (1984), S. 141-146 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The concentrations of organic polychlorinated compounds, fluoranthene and some quinones have been determined in Arctic air during meteorological situations typical for the summer and winter season. The organic pollutants in 600–900 m3 of air were collected on polyurethane foam and quantified by negative ion chemical ionization mass spectrometry. The results presented are a strong proof for the occurrence of long-range transport of organic pollutants to the Arctic.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Konzentrationen an organischen polychlorierten Verbindungen, Fluoranthen und einigen Chinonen wurden in arktischer Luft unter meteorologischen Bedingungen gemessen, die für Sommer und Winter typisch sind. Die Verunreinigungen aus 600–900 m3 Luft wurden auf Polyurethanschaum gesammelt und mit Hilfe der chemischen Ionisierungs-Massenspektrometrie mit negativen Ionen analysiert. Die erhaltenen Ergebnisse beweisen den Ferntransport von Verunreinigungen in die Arktis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00584676
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Selective determination of substituted PAH in aerosols using liquid CO2-extraction, HPLC prefractionation on chemically activated silica, and HRGC combined with negative ion mass spectrometryPresented in part at the 5th International Symposium on Capillary Gas Chromatography, Riva del Garda, Italy, 1983 and the VIIth International Symposium on Column Liquid Chromatography, Baden-Baden, 1983. (1984)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 7 (1984), S. 74-82 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Capillary column ; HPLC prefractionation ; MS ; ECD ; Substituted PAHs ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A method is described which allows the determination of different substituted polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) such as NO2-PAH, carbazoles, keto-PAH, and aza-arenes in aerosol samples. Liquid CO2-extraction is used to minimize the loss of reactive compounds. High performance liquid chromatography on chemically activated silica is employed to prefractionate the samples into subfractions with a minimum of overlap between different PAH compound classes. Both electron capture detection and negative ion chemical ionization combined with capillary gas chromatography are used for identification and quantification. The latter method also allows distinction between isomers with different toxic properties when N2O/CH4 reaction gas mixtures are used. Selectivity for tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxins as against pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls can be improved by this technique. The applicability of the method is critically discussed and different examples are given.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240070205
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Determination of nitrated polycyclic hydrocarbons in aerosols using capillary gas chromatography combined with different electron capture detection methods (1982)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 5 (1982), S. 417-423 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Capillary column ; Liquid chromatography (HPLC) for sample work-up ; Electron capture detection ; Negative ion chemical ionization MS ; Nitro-PAH detected without interference by carbazoles ; Detection limit for two to four ring nitro PAH 10-200 pg/m3 ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A method is described which allows the determination of subnanogram concentrations of mono- and dinitrated polyaromatic hydrocarbons with two to four ring systems in aerosol samples. High performance liquid chromatography is used to separate the nitro compounds from other classes of substances. Carbozoles elute in the same fraction. Both electron capture detection and negative ion chemical ionization mass spectrometry combined with capillary gas chromatography are used for quantification. Use of these two methods leads to a considerable improvement of selectivity and sensitivity for nitrated compounds. In contrast to the situation with a nitrogen-sensitive detector, carbazoles do not interfere and detection limits in the order of 10-200 pg/m3 are possible. The applicability of the method is critically discussed. Determination of nitrated polyaromatic hydrocarbons in aerosol samples from an aluminum smelter serves as an example.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240050805
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