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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2012-02-28
    Description: Histone post-translational modifications play an important role in regulating chromatin structure and gene expression in vivo . Extensive studies investigated the post-translational modifications of the core histones H3 and H4 or the linker histone H1. Much less is known on the regulation of H2A and H2B modifications. Here, we show that a major modification of H2B in Drosophila melanogaster is the methylation of the N-terminal proline, which increases during fly development. Experiments performed in cultured cells revealed higher levels of H2B methylation when cells are dense, regardless of their cell cycle distribution. We identified dNTMT (CG1675) as the enzyme responsible for H2B methylation. We also found that the level of N-terminal methylation is regulated by dART8, an arginine methyltransferase that physically interacts with dNTMT and asymmetrically methylates H3R2. Our results demonstrate the existence of a complex containing two methyltransferases enzymes, which negatively influence each other’s activity.
    Print ISSN: 0305-1048
    Electronic ISSN: 1362-4962
    Topics: Biology
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2013-11-29
    Description: Article Thymic epithelial cells provide the microenvironment required for the expansion of T cells in the thymus, but their exact function is not well understood. Here, the authors report that thymic epithelial cells are the source of matricellular protein CYR61, which is involved in thymic function and T cell development. Nature Communications doi: 10.1038/ncomms3842 Authors: Yalin Emre, Magali Irla, Isabelle Dunand-Sauthier, Romain Ballet, Mehdi Meguenani, Stephane Jemelin, Christian Vesin, Walter Reith, Beat A. Imhof
    Electronic ISSN: 2041-1723
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Springer Nature
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2010-03-17
    Description: Demethylation at distinct lysine residues in histone H3 by lysine-specific demethylase 1 (LSD1) causes either gene repression or activation. As a component of co-repressor complexes, LSD1 contributes to target gene repression by removing mono- and dimethyl marks from lysine 4 of histone H3 (H3K4). In contrast, during androgen receptor (AR)-activated gene expression, LSD1 removes mono- and dimethyl marks from lysine 9 of histone H3 (H3K9). Yet, the mechanisms that control this dual specificity of demethylation are unknown. Here we show that phosphorylation of histone H3 at threonine 6 (H3T6) by protein kinase C beta I (PKCbeta(I), also known as PRKCbeta) is the key event that prevents LSD1 from demethylating H3K4 during AR-dependent gene activation. In vitro, histone H3 peptides methylated at lysine 4 and phosphorylated at threonine 6 are no longer LSD1 substrates. In vivo, PKCbeta(I) co-localizes with AR and LSD1 on target gene promoters and phosphorylates H3T6 after androgen-induced gene expression. RNA interference (RNAi)-mediated knockdown of PKCbeta(I) abrogates H3T6 phosphorylation, enhances demethylation at H3K4, and inhibits AR-dependent transcription. Activation of PKCbeta(I) requires androgen-dependent recruitment of the gatekeeper kinase protein kinase C (PKC)-related kinase 1 (PRK1). Notably, increased levels of PKCbeta(I) and phosphorylated H3T6 (H3T6ph) positively correlate with high Gleason scores of prostate carcinomas, and inhibition of PKCbeta(I) blocks AR-induced tumour cell proliferation in vitro and cancer progression of tumour xenografts in vivo. Together, our data establish that androgen-dependent kinase signalling leads to the writing of the new chromatin mark H3T6ph, which in consequence prevents removal of active methyl marks from H3K4 during AR-stimulated gene expression.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Metzger, Eric -- Imhof, Axel -- Patel, Dharmeshkumar -- Kahl, Philip -- Hoffmeyer, Katrin -- Friedrichs, Nicolaus -- Muller, Judith M -- Greschik, Holger -- Kirfel, Jutta -- Ji, Sujuan -- Kunowska, Natalia -- Beisenherz-Huss, Christian -- Gunther, Thomas -- Buettner, Reinhard -- Schule, Roland -- England -- Nature. 2010 Apr 1;464(7289):792-6. doi: 10.1038/nature08839. Epub 2010 Mar 14.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Urologische Klinik/Frauenklinik und Zentrale Klinische Forschung, Klinikum der Universitat Freiburg, Breisacherstrasse 66, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20228790" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Androgens/metabolism/pharmacology ; Animals ; Cell Division/drug effects ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Chromatin/metabolism ; Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects ; Gene Knockdown Techniques ; Histone Demethylases/antagonists & inhibitors/*metabolism ; Histones/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Humans ; Lysine/chemistry/metabolism ; Male ; Methylation/drug effects ; Mice ; Mice, Nude ; Mice, SCID ; Phosphorylation/drug effects ; Phosphothreonine/metabolism ; Promoter Regions, Genetic/genetics ; Prostatic Neoplasms/enzymology/metabolism/pathology ; Protein Kinase C/antagonists & inhibitors/deficiency/genetics/*metabolism ; Protein Kinase C beta ; Signal Transduction/drug effects ; Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2013-06-08
    Description: Evolutionarily young genes that serve essential functions represent a paradox; they must perform a function that either was not required until after their birth or was redundant with another gene. How young genes rapidly acquire essential function is largely unknown. We traced the evolutionary steps by which the Drosophila gene Umbrea acquired an essential role in chromosome segregation in D. melanogaster since the gene's origin less than 15 million years ago. Umbrea neofunctionalization occurred via loss of an ancestral heterochromatin-localizing domain, followed by alterations that rewired its protein interaction network and led to species-specific centromere localization. Our evolutionary cell biology approach provides temporal and mechanistic detail about how young genes gain essential function. Such innovations may constantly alter the repertoire of centromeric proteins in eukaryotes.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4119826/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4119826/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ross, Benjamin D -- Rosin, Leah -- Thomae, Andreas W -- Hiatt, Mary Alice -- Vermaak, Danielle -- de la Cruz, Aida Flor A -- Imhof, Axel -- Mellone, Barbara G -- Malik, Harmit S -- R01 GM074108/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01GM074108/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- T32HG000035/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Jun 7;340(6137):1211-4. doi: 10.1126/science.1234393.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23744945" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Centromere/genetics/*physiology ; Chromosomal Proteins, Non-Histone/*genetics ; Drosophila/*genetics ; Drosophila Proteins/*genetics ; *Evolution, Molecular ; Gene Duplication ; Genes, Insect/*physiology ; Molecular Sequence Data
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2010-06-11
    Description: Down's syndrome (DS) is a genetic disorder caused by full or partial trisomy of human chromosome 21 and presents with many clinical phenotypes including a reduced incidence of solid tumours. Recent work with the Ts65Dn model of DS, which has orthologues of about 50% of the genes on chromosome 21 (Hsa21), has indicated that three copies of the ETS2 (ref. 3) or DS candidate region 1 (DSCR1) genes (a previously known suppressor of angiogenesis) is sufficient to inhibit tumour growth. Here we use the Tc1 transchromosomic mouse model of DS to dissect the contribution of extra copies of genes on Hsa21 to tumour angiogenesis. This mouse expresses roughly 81% of Hsa21 genes but not the human DSCR1 region. We transplanted B16F0 and Lewis lung carcinoma tumour cells into Tc1 mice and showed that growth of these tumours was substantially reduced compared with wild-type littermate controls. Furthermore, tumour angiogenesis was significantly repressed in Tc1 mice. In particular, in vitro and in vivo angiogenic responses to vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were inhibited. Examination of the genes on the segment of Hsa21 in Tc1 mice identified putative anti-angiogenic genes (ADAMTS1and ERG) and novel endothelial cell-specific genes, never previously shown to be involved in angiogenesis (JAM-B and PTTG1IP), that, when overexpressed, are responsible for inhibiting angiogenic responses to VEGF. Three copies of these genes within the stromal compartment reduced tumour angiogenesis, explaining the reduced tumour growth in DS. Furthermore, we expect that, in addition to the candidate genes that we show to be involved in the repression of angiogenesis, the Tc1 mouse model of DS will permit the identification of other endothelium-specific anti-angiogenic targets relevant to a broad spectrum of cancer patients.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3479956/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3479956/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Reynolds, Louise E -- Watson, Alan R -- Baker, Marianne -- Jones, Tania A -- D'Amico, Gabriela -- Robinson, Stephen D -- Joffre, Carine -- Garrido-Urbani, Sarah -- Rodriguez-Manzaneque, Juan Carlos -- Martino-Echarri, Estefania -- Aurrand-Lions, Michel -- Sheer, Denise -- Dagna-Bricarelli, Franca -- Nizetic, Dean -- McCabe, Christopher J -- Turnell, Andrew S -- Kermorgant, Stephanie -- Imhof, Beat A -- Adams, Ralf -- Fisher, Elizabeth M C -- Tybulewicz, Victor L J -- Hart, Ian R -- Hodivala-Dilke, Kairbaan M -- 080174/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 12007/Cancer Research UK/United Kingdom -- A12007/Cancer Research UK/United Kingdom -- A3585/Cancer Research UK/United Kingdom -- G0501003/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- G0501003(75694)/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- G0601056/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- G0901609/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- MC_U117527252/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- U.1175.02.001.00001(60485)/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- England -- Nature. 2010 Jun 10;465(7299):813-7. doi: 10.1038/nature09106.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Adhesion and Angiogenesis Laboratory, Barts Institute of Cancer, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK. l.reynolds@qmul.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20535211" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: ADAM Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Animals ; Carcinoma, Lewis Lung/*blood supply/complications/genetics/pathology ; Carrier Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Cell Adhesion Molecules/antagonists & inhibitors/genetics/metabolism ; Chromosomes, Mammalian/genetics ; *Disease Models, Animal ; Down Syndrome/complications/*genetics/physiopathology ; Female ; Gene Dosage/*genetics ; Humans ; Immunoglobulins/genetics/metabolism ; Male ; Melanoma, Experimental/*blood supply/complications/genetics/pathology ; Mice ; Neoplasm Transplantation ; Neovascularization, Pathologic/*genetics/pathology ; Oncogene Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Proto-Oncogene Protein c-ets-2/genetics/metabolism ; Transcription Factors ; Trisomy/genetics ; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/antagonists & ; inhibitors/metabolism/pharmacology ; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-2/metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 1989-11-10
    Description: Thymotaxin, an 11-kilodalton protein chemotactic for rat bone marrow hematopoietic precursors, was purified from media conditioned by a rat thymic epithelial cell line. The NH2-terminal sequence of thymotaxin was identical to that of rat beta 2-microglobulin (beta 2m). Antibodies to beta 2m removed thymotaxin activity from the fraction containing the 11-kilodalton protein. Chemotactic activity was observed with rat plasma beta 2m, human beta 2m, and mouse recombinant beta 2m, further supporting the identity of thymotaxin with beta 2m. The directional migration, as opposed to random movement, of the cells was also confirmed. The only rat bone marrow cells that migrated toward beta 2m were Thy1+ immature lymphoid cells devoid of T cell, B cell, and myeloid cell differentiation markers.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Dargemont, C -- Dunon, D -- Deugnier, M A -- Denoyelle, M -- Girault, J M -- Lederer, F -- Le, K H -- Godeau, F -- Thiery, J P -- Imhof, B A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1989 Nov 10;246(4931):803-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratoire de Physiopathologie du Developpement CNRS, Paris, France.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2683083" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Bone Marrow Cells ; Cell Line ; Cell Movement/drug effects ; Chemotactic Factors/*pharmacology ; *Chemotaxis ; Chromatography, Gel ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel ; Granulocytes/drug effects ; Hematopoietic Stem Cells/drug effects ; Rats ; beta 2-Microglobulin/*pharmacology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2007-12-01
    Description: JAM-C is an adhesion molecule that is expressed on cells within the vascular compartment and epithelial cells and, to date, has been largely studied in the context of inflammatory events. Using immunolabeling procedures in conjunction with confocal and electron microscopy, we show here that JAM-C is also expressed in peripheral nerves and that this expression is localized to Schwann cells at junctions between adjoining myelin end loops. Sciatic nerves from JAM-C-deficient [having the JAM-C gene knocked out (KO)] mice exhibited loss of integrity of the myelin sheath and defective nerve conduction as indicated by morphological and electrophysiological studies, respectively. In addition, behavioral tests showed motor abnormalities in the KO animals. JAM-C was also expressed in human sural nerves with an expression profile similar to that seen in mice. These results demonstrate that JAM-C is a component of the autotypic junctional attachments of Schwann cells and plays an important role in maintaining the integrity and function of myelinated peripheral nerves.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3299566/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3299566/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Scheiermann, Christoph -- Meda, Paolo -- Aurrand-Lions, Michel -- Madani, Rime -- Yiangou, Yiangos -- Coffey, Peter -- Salt, Thomas E -- Ducrest-Gay, Dominique -- Caille, Dorothee -- Howell, Owain -- Reynolds, Richard -- Lobrinus, Alexander -- Adams, Ralf H -- Yu, Alan S L -- Anand, Praveen -- Imhof, Beat A -- Nourshargh, Sussan -- 064920/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- PG/03/123/16102/British Heart Foundation/United Kingdom -- R01 DK062283/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Nov 30;318(5855):1472-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18048693" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Action Potentials ; Animals ; Cell Adhesion Molecules/*metabolism ; Humans ; Immunoglobulins/*metabolism ; Intercellular Junctions/metabolism ; Membrane Proteins/*metabolism ; Mice ; Mice, Knockout ; Myelin Sheath/metabolism/*physiology/ultrastructure ; Nerve Fibers, Myelinated/metabolism/*physiology/ultrastructure ; Neural Conduction ; Peripheral Nerves/*metabolism/physiology ; Peripheral Nervous System Diseases/metabolism/pathology/physiopathology ; Schwann Cells/*metabolism ; Sciatic Nerve/metabolism/physiology/ultrastructure ; Sural Nerve/metabolism/physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2013-11-22
    Description: In this work, we study colloid transport through a porous medium under steady-state and transient two-phase flow conditions. The porous medium was a PDMS micro-model and the immiscible fluids were water and fluorinert-FC43. Given that the micro-model was hydrophobic, fluorinert was the wetting phase and water was the non-wetting phase. We used hydrophilic fluorescent microspheres (dispersed in water) with mean diameter of 300nm. We directly observed colloid movement and fluids distribution within pores of the micro-model using a confocal laser scanning microscope. We also obtained concentration breakthrough curves by measuring the fluorescence intensity in the outlet of the micro-model. The breakthrough curves showed that, under steady-state flow at different water saturations, more colloids were retained at lower saturations. Our visualization results suggested that the enhanced attachment was due to the retention of colloids onto fluorinert-water interfaces (FWIs) and fluorinert-water-solid contact lines (FWSCs). At the end of a steady-state two-phase flow experiment, we changed the micro-model saturation by injecting either water (drainage) or fluorinert (imbibition). We found remobilization of colloids during imbibition events, but no mobilization was observed during drainage. Visualization showed that colloids deposited on solid-water interfaces (SWIs) were dislodged by moving FWSCs during imbibition. We simulated breakthrough curves by modeling colloids interactions with SWIs and FWIs separately. Remobilization of colloids attached to SWI was modeled as a first-order kinetic process and the rate coefficient was assumed proportional to temporal rate of change of saturation. Colloids attachment to and detachment from FWIs was modeled as an equilibrium process. Generally, good agreements between experimental results and simulation were obtained. This is the first study of colloid transport in two-phase flow, where pore-scale visualization, breakthrough concentration measurement, and modeling of results are combined.
    Print ISSN: 0043-1397
    Electronic ISSN: 1944-7973
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2017-12-13
    Description: Journal of the American Chemical Society DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b06456
    Print ISSN: 0002-7863
    Electronic ISSN: 1520-5126
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 1994-01-01
    Print ISSN: 0149-1423
    Electronic ISSN: 1943-2674
    Topics: Geosciences
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