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  • Male  (822)
  • Mutation  (813)
  • American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)  (1,527)
  • American Association of Petroleum Geologists (AAPG)
  • 2000-2004  (1,527)
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  • American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)  (1,527)
  • American Association of Petroleum Geologists (AAPG)
  • Springer  (16)
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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2004-11-20
    Description: An autoregulatory transcription-translation feedback loop is thought to be essential in generating circadian rhythms in any model organism. In the cyanobacterium Synechococcus elongatus, the essential clock protein KaiC is proposed to form this type of transcriptional negative feedback. Nevertheless, we demonstrate here temperature-compensated, robust circadian cycling of KaiC phosphorylation even without kaiBC messenger RNA accumulation under continuous dark conditions. This rhythm persisted in the presence of a transcription or translation inhibitor. Moreover, kinetic profiles in the ratio of KaiC autophosphorylation-dephosphorylation were also temperature compensated in vitro. Thus, the cyanobacterial clock can keep time independent of de novo transcription and translation processes.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Tomita, Jun -- Nakajima, Masato -- Kondo, Takao -- Iwasaki, Hideo -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2005 Jan 14;307(5707):251-4. Epub 2004 Nov 18.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, and Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15550625" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Bacterial Proteins/biosynthesis/*metabolism ; *Circadian Rhythm ; Circadian Rhythm Signaling Peptides and Proteins ; Darkness ; Feedback, Physiological ; Light ; Mutation ; Operon ; Phosphorylation ; Protein Biosynthesis ; RNA, Bacterial/metabolism ; RNA, Messenger/metabolism ; Recombinant Proteins/metabolism ; Synechococcus/*genetics/*metabolism ; Temperature ; Transcription, Genetic
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2004-06-26
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Beckman, Mary -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Jun 25;304(5679):1888-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15218114" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Animals, Newborn ; Bedding and Linens ; *Behavior, Animal ; Female ; Male ; *Maternal Deprivation ; Mice ; *Mothers ; Mutation ; *Object Attachment ; Odors ; Receptors, Opioid, mu/genetics/*physiology ; Vocalization, Animal
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  • 3
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2004-11-30
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Marx, Jean -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Nov 26;306(5701):1455-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15567822" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Bone Marrow Cells/*cytology ; Bone Marrow Transplantation ; Cell Differentiation ; Cell Fusion ; Disease Progression ; Female ; Gastric Mucosa/chemistry/pathology ; Gastritis/microbiology/*pathology ; Helicobacter Infections/*pathology ; *Helicobacter felis ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Stem Cells/*cytology ; Stomach Neoplasms/*pathology
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  • 4
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2004-08-18
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bedalov, Antonio -- Simon, Julian A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Aug 13;305(5686):954-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Clinical Research Division and J. A. Simon is in the Clinical Research and Human Biology Divisions, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA. abedalov@fhcrc.org〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15310883" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Axons/*physiology ; Cell Nucleus/metabolism ; Cell Survival ; Cells, Cultured ; Ganglia, Spinal/cytology ; Mice ; Mutation ; NAD/biosynthesis/*metabolism ; Nerve Tissue Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Neurodegenerative Diseases/drug therapy/physiopathology ; Neuroprotective Agents/therapeutic use ; Nicotinamide-Nucleotide Adenylyltransferase/metabolism ; RNA, Small Interfering ; Sirtuin 1 ; Sirtuins/metabolism ; Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases/metabolism ; Wallerian Degeneration/metabolism/*physiopathology
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  • 5
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2004-06-26
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cohen, Jon -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Jun 25;304(5679):1934.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15218139" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Asia/epidemiology ; Computer Simulation ; Condoms ; *Disease Outbreaks ; Female ; HIV Infections/*epidemiology/prevention & control/transmission ; Homosexuality, Male ; Humans ; Male ; *Models, Statistical ; Prevalence ; Prostitution ; Risk Factors ; Sexual Behavior ; Substance Abuse, Intravenous
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2004-05-08
    Description: There are 481 segments longer than 200 base pairs (bp) that are absolutely conserved (100% identity with no insertions or deletions) between orthologous regions of the human, rat, and mouse genomes. Nearly all of these segments are also conserved in the chicken and dog genomes, with an average of 95 and 99% identity, respectively. Many are also significantly conserved in fish. These ultraconserved elements of the human genome are most often located either overlapping exons in genes involved in RNA processing or in introns or nearby genes involved in the regulation of transcription and development. Along with more than 5000 sequences of over 100 bp that are absolutely conserved among the three sequenced mammals, these represent a class of genetic elements whose functions and evolutionary origins are yet to be determined, but which are more highly conserved between these species than are proteins and appear to be essential for the ontogeny of mammals and other vertebrates.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bejerano, Gill -- Pheasant, Michael -- Makunin, Igor -- Stephen, Stuart -- Kent, W James -- Mattick, John S -- Haussler, David -- 1P41HG02371/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 May 28;304(5675):1321-5. Epub 2004 May 6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA. jill@soe.ucsc.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15131266" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alternative Splicing ; Animals ; Base Sequence ; Chickens/genetics ; Computational Biology ; *Conserved Sequence ; DNA, Intergenic ; Dogs/genetics ; Evolution, Molecular ; Exons ; Gene Expression Regulation ; Genes ; Genome ; *Genome, Human ; Humans ; Introns ; Mice/genetics ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Nucleic Acid Conformation ; RNA/chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; Rats/genetics ; Takifugu/genetics
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  • 7
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2004-07-17
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Marx, Jean -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Jul 16;305(5682):328.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15256651" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Analgesics, Opioid/pharmacology ; Brain/metabolism ; Catechol O-Methyltransferase/chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; Emotions ; Female ; Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; Humans ; Male ; Opioid Peptides/metabolism ; Pain/genetics/*physiopathology/*psychology ; Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 1/genetics/physiology ; Temporomandibular Joint Disorders/physiopathology
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2004-01-06
    Description: Pairing, synapsis, and recombination are prerequisites for accurate chromosome segregation in meiosis. The phs1 gene in maize is required for pairing to occur between homologous chromosomes. In the phs1 mutant, homologous chromosome synapsis is completely replaced by synapsis between nonhomologous partners. The phs1 gene is also required for installation of the meiotic recombination machinery on chromosomes, as the mutant almost completely lacks chromosomal foci of the recombination protein RAD51. Thus, in the phs1 mutant, synapsis is uncoupled from recombination and pairing. The protein encoded by the phs1 gene likely acts in a multistep process to coordinate pairing, recombination, and synapsis.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pawlowski, Wojciech P -- Golubovskaya, Inna N -- Timofejeva, Ljudmilla -- Meeley, Robert B -- Sheridan, William F -- Cande, W Zacheus -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Jan 2;303(5654):89-92.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. wpawlows@nature.berkeley.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14704428" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Cell Nucleus/metabolism ; *Chromosome Pairing ; Chromosomes, Plant/*physiology ; Cloning, Molecular ; Conserved Sequence ; DNA, Plant/metabolism ; DNA-Binding Proteins ; Genes, Plant ; In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence ; In Situ Nick-End Labeling/methods ; *Meiosis ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Phenotype ; Plant Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*physiology ; RNA, Ribosomal, 5S/genetics ; Rad51 Recombinase ; *Recombination, Genetic ; Sequence Alignment ; Synaptonemal Complex/metabolism/ultrastructure ; Telomere/physiology ; Zea mays/*genetics/physiology
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2004-01-06
    Description: RNA interference (RNAi) is a widespread silencing mechanism that acts at both the posttranscriptional and transcriptional levels. Here, we describe the purification of an RNAi effector complex termed RITS (RNA-induced initiation of transcriptional gene silencing) that is required for heterochromatin assembly in fission yeast. The RITS complex contains Ago1 (the fission yeast Argonaute homolog), Chp1 (a heterochromatin-associated chromodomain protein), and Tas3 (a novel protein). In addition, the complex contains small RNAs that require the Dicer ribonuclease for their production. These small RNAs are homologous to centromeric repeats and are required for the localization of RITS to heterochromatic domains. The results suggest a mechanism for the role of the RNAi machinery and small RNAs in targeting of heterochromatin complexes and epigenetic gene silencing at specific chromosomal loci.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3244756/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3244756/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Verdel, Andre -- Jia, Songtao -- Gerber, Scott -- Sugiyama, Tomoyasu -- Gygi, Steven -- Grewal, Shiv I S -- Moazed, Danesh -- R01 GM072805/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM072805-01/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Jan 30;303(5658):672-6. Epub 2004 Jan 2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02115, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14704433" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Argonaute Proteins ; Cell Cycle Proteins/chemistry/genetics/isolation & purification/*metabolism ; Centromere/metabolism ; Chromosomes, Fungal/metabolism ; Endoribonucleases/chemistry/genetics/isolation & purification/metabolism ; Genes, Reporter ; Heterochromatin/*metabolism ; Mass Spectrometry ; Models, Genetic ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Precipitin Tests ; Protein Binding ; *RNA Interference ; RNA, Fungal/metabolism ; RNA, Small Interfering/metabolism ; RNA-Binding Proteins ; Ribonuclease III/metabolism ; Schizosaccharomyces/*genetics/metabolism ; Schizosaccharomyces pombe Proteins/chemistry/genetics/isolation & ; purification/*metabolism
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2004-02-21
    Description: We have engineered a pathway for the formation of disulfide bonds. By imposing evolutionary pressure, we isolated mutations that changed thioredoxin, which is a monomeric disulfide reductase, into a [2Fe-2S] bridged dimer capable of catalyzing O2-dependent sulfhydryl oxidation in vitro. Expression of the mutant protein in Escherichia coli with oxidizing cytoplasm and secretion via the Tat pathway restored disulfide bond formation in strains that lacked the complete periplasmic oxidative machinery (DsbA and DsbB). The evolution of [2Fe-2S] thioredoxin illustrates how mutations within an existing scaffold can add a cofactor and markedly change protein function.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Masip, Lluis -- Pan, Jonathan L -- Haldar, Suranjana -- Penner-Hahn, James E -- DeLisa, Matthew P -- Georgiou, George -- Bardwell, James C A -- Collet, Jean-Francois -- GM-38047/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM-55090/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM-57039/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM-64662/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- P41-RR01633/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Feb 20;303(5661):1185-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Chemical Engineering and Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14976313" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Motifs ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Amino Acid Substitution ; Bacterial Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Cell Membrane/metabolism ; Cysteine/analysis ; Cytoplasm/metabolism ; Dimerization ; Directed Molecular Evolution ; Disulfides/chemistry/*metabolism ; Escherichia coli/genetics/*metabolism/physiology ; Hirudins/chemistry/metabolism ; Iron/analysis ; Membrane Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Movement ; Mutation ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Oxygen/metabolism ; Protein Disulfide-Isomerases/genetics/metabolism ; *Protein Engineering ; Protein Folding ; Proteins/chemistry/*metabolism ; Sulfides/analysis ; Thioredoxins/*chemistry/genetics/*metabolism
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  • 11
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2004-03-27
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cohen, Jon -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Mar 26;303(5666):1956.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15044774" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: AIDS Vaccines ; Female ; HIV Antibodies/*immunology ; HIV Envelope Protein gp120/chemistry/*immunology ; HIV Infections/*immunology/*transmission/virology ; HIV-1/*immunology ; Heterosexuality ; Humans ; Male ; Neutralization Tests ; Zambia
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  • 12
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2004-01-24
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Berger, Frederic -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Jan 23;303(5657):483-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Ecole Normale Superieure de Lyon, Laboratoire RDP UMR 5667, F-69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France. frederic.berger@ens-lyon.fr〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14739448" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alleles ; Arabidopsis/*genetics/growth & development/metabolism ; Arabidopsis Proteins/*genetics/metabolism ; DNA (Cytosine-5-)-Methyltransferase/genetics/metabolism ; DNA Methylation ; *Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ; Gene Silencing ; *Genomic Imprinting ; Homeodomain Proteins/*genetics/metabolism ; Mutation ; N-Glycosyl Hydrolases/genetics/metabolism ; Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid ; Seeds/*genetics/metabolism ; Trans-Activators/genetics/metabolism ; Transcription Factors/*genetics/metabolism ; Transcription, Genetic
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  • 13
    Publication Date: 2004-01-24
    Description: Many birds perform visual signals during their learned songs, but little is known about the interrelationship between visual and vocal displays. We show here that male brown-headed cowbirds (Molothrus ater) synchronize the most elaborate wing movements of their display with atypically long silent periods in their song, potentially avoiding adverse biomechanical effects on sound production. Furthermore, expiratory effort for song is significantly reduced when cowbirds perform their wing display. These results show a close integration between vocal and visual displays and suggest that constraints and synergistic interactions between the motor patterns of multimodal signals influence the evolution of birdsong.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cooper, Brenton G -- Goller, Franz -- DC04390/DC/NIDCD NIH HHS/ -- DC05722/DC/NIDCD NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Jan 23;303(5657):544-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA. cooper@biology.utah.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14739462" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Abdominal Muscles/physiology ; Air Sacs/physiology ; Animals ; Electromyography ; Male ; *Motor Activity ; Movement ; Posture ; Pressure ; Pulmonary Ventilation ; *Respiration ; Respiratory Muscles/physiology ; Songbirds/*physiology ; Video Recording ; *Vocalization, Animal ; Wings, Animal/*physiology
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  • 14
    Publication Date: 2004-10-30
    Description: Polar transport-dependent local accumulation of auxin provides positional cues for multiple plant patterning processes. This directional auxin flow depends on the polar subcellular localization of the PIN auxin efflux regulators. Overexpression of the PINOID protein kinase induces a basal-to-apical shift in PIN localization, resulting in the loss of auxin gradients and strong defects in embryo and seedling roots. Conversely, pid loss of function induces an apical-to-basal shift in PIN1 polar targeting at the inflorescence apex, accompanied by defective organogenesis. Our results show that a PINOID-dependent binary switch controls PIN polarity and mediates changes in auxin flow to create local gradients for patterning processes.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Friml, Jiri -- Yang, Xiong -- Michniewicz, Marta -- Weijers, Dolf -- Quint, Ab -- Tietz, Olaf -- Benjamins, Rene -- Ouwerkerk, Pieter B F -- Ljung, Karin -- Sandberg, Goran -- Hooykaas, Paul J J -- Palme, Klaus -- Offringa, Remko -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Oct 29;306(5697):862-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Developmental Genetics, Center for Molecular Biology of Plants, University Tubingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 3, D-72076 Tubingen, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15514156" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Arabidopsis/cytology/genetics/growth & development/*metabolism ; Arabidopsis Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Biological Transport ; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ; Indoleacetic Acids/*metabolism ; Membrane Transport Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Meristem/metabolism ; Mutation ; Plant Epidermis/cytology/metabolism ; Plant Roots/metabolism ; Plant Shoots/metabolism ; Plants, Genetically Modified ; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases/genetics/*metabolism ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; Seeds/metabolism
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  • 15
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2004-12-18
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Beutler, Ernest -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Dec 17;306(5704):2051-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. beutler@scripps.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15604397" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides/*metabolism ; Biological Transport ; Cation Transport Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Enterocytes/metabolism ; Erythropoiesis ; Erythropoietin/genetics/metabolism ; Gene Expression Regulation ; Hemochromatosis/genetics ; Hepatocytes/metabolism ; Hepcidins ; Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/genetics ; Homeostasis ; Iron/*metabolism ; Iron Regulatory Protein 1/*metabolism ; Iron Regulatory Protein 2/*metabolism ; Membrane Proteins/genetics ; Mice ; Models, Biological ; Mutation ; Nitric Oxide/metabolism ; Oxygen/physiology ; Response Elements ; Signal Transduction ; Transcription, Genetic
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  • 16
    Publication Date: 2004-10-16
    Description: When humans are offered the choice between rewards available at different points in time, the relative values of the options are discounted according to their expected delays until delivery. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, we examined the neural correlates of time discounting while subjects made a series of choices between monetary reward options that varied by delay to delivery. We demonstrate that two separate systems are involved in such decisions. Parts of the limbic system associated with the midbrain dopamine system, including paralimbic cortex, are preferentially activated by decisions involving immediately available rewards. In contrast, regions of the lateral prefrontal cortex and posterior parietal cortex are engaged uniformly by intertemporal choices irrespective of delay. Furthermore, the relative engagement of the two systems is directly associated with subjects' choices, with greater relative fronto-parietal activity when subjects choose longer term options.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉McClure, Samuel M -- Laibson, David I -- Loewenstein, George -- Cohen, Jonathan D -- AG05842/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- MH065214/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- MH132804/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Oct 15;306(5695):503-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Psychology and Center for the Study of Brain, Mind, and Behavior, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA. smcclure@princeton.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15486304" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Basal Ganglia/physiology ; Brain Mapping ; *Decision Making ; Dopamine/physiology ; Female ; Frontal Lobe/physiology ; Humans ; Limbic System/*physiology ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Parietal Lobe/*physiology ; Prefrontal Cortex/*physiology ; *Reward ; Time Factors
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  • 17
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2004-06-19
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pennisi, Elizabeth -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Jun 18;304(5678):1736.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15205506" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adaptation, Biological ; Alleles ; Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Breeding ; Crosses, Genetic ; Environment ; Extremities/growth & development ; Fresh Water ; Gene Expression Regulation ; Genes ; Genome ; Homeodomain Proteins/*genetics/metabolism ; Mutation ; Paired Box Transcription Factors ; Seawater ; Selection, Genetic ; Smegmamorpha/*anatomy & histology/*genetics ; Transcription Factors/*genetics/metabolism
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  • 18
    Publication Date: 2004-12-04
    Description: Benzene is known to have toxic effects on the blood and bone marrow, but its impact at levels below the U.S. occupational standard of 1 part per million (ppm) remains uncertain. In a study of 250 workers exposed to benzene, white blood cell and platelet counts were significantly lower than in 140 controls, even for exposure below 1 ppm in air. Progenitor cell colony formation significantly declined with increasing benzene exposure and was more sensitive to the effects of benzene than was the number of mature blood cells. Two genetic variants in key metabolizing enzymes, myeloperoxidase and NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase, influenced susceptibility to benzene hematotoxicity. Thus, hematotoxicity from exposure to benzene occurred at air levels of 1 ppm or less and may be particularly evident among genetically susceptible subpopulations.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1256034/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1256034/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lan, Qing -- Zhang, Luoping -- Li, Guilan -- Vermeulen, Roel -- Weinberg, Rona S -- Dosemeci, Mustafa -- Rappaport, Stephen M -- Shen, Min -- Alter, Blanche P -- Wu, Yongji -- Kopp, William -- Waidyanatha, Suramya -- Rabkin, Charles -- Guo, Weihong -- Chanock, Stephen -- Hayes, Richard B -- Linet, Martha -- Kim, Sungkyoon -- Yin, Songnian -- Rothman, Nathaniel -- Smith, Martyn T -- P30ES01896/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/ -- P30ES10126/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/ -- P42 ES004705/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/ -- P42ES04705/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/ -- P42ES05948/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/ -- R01ES06721/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Dec 3;306(5702):1774-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15576619" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Air Pollutants, Occupational/*toxicity ; Benzene/*toxicity ; Blood Platelets/*drug effects ; China ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Cytochrome P-450 CYP2E1/genetics ; Female ; Genotype ; Hematopoiesis/drug effects ; Hematopoietic Stem Cells/*drug effects ; Hemoglobins/analysis ; Humans ; Inhalation Exposure/*adverse effects ; Leukocyte Count ; Leukocytes/*drug effects ; Lymphocyte Subsets/drug effects ; Male ; Matched-Pair Analysis ; Maximum Allowable Concentration ; NAD(P)H Dehydrogenase (Quinone)/genetics ; Occupational Exposure/*adverse effects ; Peroxidase/genetics ; Platelet Count ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
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  • 19
    Publication Date: 2004-04-24
    Description: The mechanisms controlling axon guidance are of fundamental importance in understanding brain development. Growing corticospinal and somatosensory axons cross the midline in the medulla to reach their targets and thus form the basis of contralateral motor control and sensory input. The motor and sensory projections appeared uncrossed in patients with horizontal gaze palsy with progressive scoliosis (HGPPS). In patients affected with HGPPS, we identified mutations in the ROBO3 gene, which shares homology with roundabout genes important in axon guidance in developing Drosophila, zebrafish, and mouse. Like its murine homolog Rig1/Robo3, but unlike other Robo proteins, ROBO3 is required for hindbrain axon midline crossing.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1618874/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1618874/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Jen, Joanna C -- Chan, Wai-Man -- Bosley, Thomas M -- Wan, Jijun -- Carr, Janai R -- Rub, Udo -- Shattuck, David -- Salamon, Georges -- Kudo, Lili C -- Ou, Jing -- Lin, Doris D M -- Salih, Mustafa A M -- Kansu, Tulay -- Al Dhalaan, Hesham -- Al Zayed, Zayed -- MacDonald, David B -- Stigsby, Bent -- Plaitakis, Andreas -- Dretakis, Emmanuel K -- Gottlob, Irene -- Pieh, Christina -- Traboulsi, Elias I -- Wang, Qing -- Wang, Lejin -- Andrews, Caroline -- Yamada, Koki -- Demer, Joseph L -- Karim, Shaheen -- Alger, Jeffry R -- Geschwind, Daniel H -- Deller, Thomas -- Sicotte, Nancy L -- Nelson, Stanley F -- Baloh, Robert W -- Engle, Elizabeth C -- DC00162/DC/NIDCD NIH HHS/ -- DC05524/DC/NIDCD NIH HHS/ -- EY12498/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- EY13583/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- EY15298/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- EY15311/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- MH60233/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- P30 HD 18655/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- R01 EY008313/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- R01 EY008313-14/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- R01 HL066251/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Jun 4;304(5676):1509-13. Epub 2004 Apr 22.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA. jjen@ucla.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15105459" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Alternative Splicing ; Amino Acid Motifs ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Axons/*physiology ; Evoked Potentials, Motor ; Evoked Potentials, Somatosensory ; Female ; Functional Laterality ; Genetic Linkage ; Humans ; In Situ Hybridization ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Medulla Oblongata/growth & development/pathology ; Microsatellite Repeats ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Morphogenesis ; Mutation ; Neural Pathways ; Ophthalmoplegia/*genetics/pathology/physiopathology ; Pedigree ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Receptors, Immunologic/chemistry/*genetics/*metabolism ; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Rhombencephalon/*growth & development/pathology ; Scoliosis/*genetics/pathology/physiopathology ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Syndrome
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  • 20
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    Unknown
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2004-04-24
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Vogel, Gretchen -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Apr 23;304(5670):501-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15105467" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Animals, Newborn ; *Embryonic and Fetal Development ; Female ; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental ; *Genomic Imprinting ; Insulin-Like Growth Factor II/genetics/physiology ; Japan ; Mice ; Mutation ; Oocytes/*physiology ; *Parthenogenesis ; RNA, Long Noncoding ; RNA, Untranslated/genetics/physiology
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  • 21
    Publication Date: 2004-11-06
    Description: In RNA interference (RNAi), double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) triggers degradation of homologous messenger RNA. In many organisms, RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) is required to initiate or amplify RNAi, but the substrate for dsRNA synthesis in vivo is not known. Here, we show that RdRp-dependent transgene silencing in Arabidopsis was caused by mutation of XRN4, which is a ribonuclease (RNase) implicated in mRNA turnover by means of decapping and 5'-3' exonucleolysis. When both XRN4 and the RdRp were mutated, the plants accumulated decapped transgene mRNA. We propose that mRNAs lacking a cap structure become exposed to RdRp to initiate or maintain RNAi.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gazzani, S -- Lawrenson, T -- Woodward, C -- Headon, D -- Sablowski, R -- BBS/E/J/00000594/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Nov 5;306(5698):1046-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15528448" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Arabidopsis/*genetics ; Arabidopsis Proteins/genetics ; Exoribonucleases/genetics ; Gene Silencing ; Homeodomain Proteins/genetics ; Mutation ; Plant Proteins/genetics ; Plants, Genetically Modified ; RNA Caps ; *RNA Interference ; RNA Replicase/metabolism ; RNA, Messenger/*metabolism ; RNA, Plant/*metabolism ; Rats ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/genetics
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  • 22
    Publication Date: 2004-06-26
    Description: A honey bee colony is characterized by high genetic diversity among its workers, generated by high levels of multiple mating by its queen. Few clear benefits of this genetic diversity are known. Here we show that brood nest temperatures in genetically diverse colonies (i.e., those sired by several males) tend to be more stable than in genetically uniform ones (i.e., those sired by one male). One reason this increased stability arises is because genetically determined diversity in workers' temperature response thresholds modulates the hive-ventilating behavior of individual workers, preventing excessive colony-level responses to temperature fluctuations.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Jones, Julia C -- Myerscough, Mary R -- Graham, Sonia -- Oldroyd, Benjamin P -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Jul 16;305(5682):402-4. Epub 2004 Jun 24.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉School of Biological Sciences, Macleay Building A12, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia. jjones@bio.usyd.edu.au〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15218093" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Bees/genetics/*physiology ; Behavior, Animal ; Biological Evolution ; Body Temperature Regulation ; Female ; *Genetic Variation ; Homeostasis ; Male ; Selection, Genetic ; Sexual Behavior, Animal ; Temperature
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  • 23
    Publication Date: 2004-05-25
    Description: The protein-remodeling factor Hsp104 governs inheritance of [PSI+], a yeast prion formed by self-perpetuating amyloid conformers of the translation termination factor Sup35. Perplexingly, either excess or insufficient Hsp104 eliminates [PSI+]. In vitro, at low concentrations, Hsp104 catalyzed the formation of oligomeric intermediates that proved critical for the nucleation of Sup 35 fibrillization de novo and displayed a conformation common among amyloidogenic polypeptides. At higher Hsp104 concentrations, amyloidogenic oligomerization and contingent fibrillization were abolished. Hsp104 also disassembled mature fibers in a manner that initially exposed new surfaces for conformational replication but eventually exterminated prion conformers. These Hsp104 activities differed in their reaction mechanism and can explain [PSI+] inheritance patterns.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Shorter, James -- Lindquist, Susan -- GM25874/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Jun 18;304(5678):1793-7. Epub 2004 May 20.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Nine Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15155912" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenosine Triphosphatases/metabolism ; Adenosine Triphosphate/metabolism ; Amyloid/chemistry ; Amyloid beta-Peptides/chemistry/immunology ; Antibodies/immunology ; Biopolymers ; Catalysis ; Heat-Shock Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Hydrolysis ; Mutation ; Peptide Fragments/chemistry/immunology ; Peptide Termination Factors ; Prions/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins/*chemistry/genetics/*metabolism
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  • 24
    Publication Date: 2004-03-27
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bidoia, C -- Misgeld, T -- Weinzierl, E -- Buffelli, M -- Feng, G -- Cangiano, A -- Lichtman, J W -- Sanes, J R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Mar 26;303(5666):1977; author reply 1977.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Dipartimento di Scienze Neurologiche e della Visione, Universita' di Verona, Strada Le Grazie 8, Verona, Italy.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15044788" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Axons/physiology/ultrastructure ; Cell Adhesion Molecules, Neuronal/genetics/*physiology ; Crosses, Genetic ; Diaphragm/innervation ; Extracellular Matrix Proteins/genetics/*physiology ; Mice ; Mice, Neurologic Mutants ; Mice, Transgenic ; Motor Endplate/ultrastructure ; Muscle, Skeletal/innervation ; Mutation ; Nerve Tissue Proteins ; Neuromuscular Junction/*growth & development/physiology/ultrastructure ; Phenotype ; Serine Endopeptidases ; Synapses/*physiology/ultrastructure
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  • 25
    Publication Date: 2004-02-07
    Description: Stromal cells can have a significant impact on the carcinogenic process in adjacent epithelia. The role of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) signaling in such epithelial-mesenchymal interactions was determined by conditional inactivation of the TGF-beta type II receptor gene in mouse fibroblasts (Tgfbr2fspKO). The loss of TGF-beta responsiveness in fibroblasts resulted in intraepithelial neoplasia in prostate and invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the forestomach, both associated with an increased abundance of stromal cells. Activation of paracrine hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) signaling was identified as one possible mechanism for stimulation of epithelial proliferation. Thus, TGF-beta signaling in fibroblasts modulates the growth and oncogenic potential of adjacent epithelia in selected tissues.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bhowmick, Neil A -- Chytil, Anna -- Plieth, David -- Gorska, Agnieszka E -- Dumont, Nancy -- Shappell, Scott -- Washington, M Kay -- Neilson, Eric G -- Moses, Harold L -- AR41943/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ -- CA102162/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- CA68485/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- CA85492/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- DK46282/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Feb 6;303(5659):848-51.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14764882" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/etiology/metabolism/pathology ; Cell Division ; *Cell Transformation, Neoplastic ; Cells, Cultured ; Epithelial Cells/*physiology ; Female ; Fibroblasts/*physiology ; Hepatocyte Growth Factor/metabolism ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mice, Knockout ; Mice, Transgenic ; Neoplasms, Glandular and Epithelial/*etiology/metabolism/pathology ; Prostate/cytology/metabolism/pathology ; Prostatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia/etiology/metabolism/pathology ; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-met/metabolism ; Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta/genetics/metabolism ; Recombination, Genetic ; *Signal Transduction ; Stomach/cytology/metabolism/pathology ; Stomach Neoplasms/etiology/metabolism/pathology ; Stromal Cells/*physiology ; Transforming Growth Factor beta/*physiology
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  • 26
    Publication Date: 2004-10-30
    Description: The prefrontal cortex is a higher brain region that regulates thought, behavior, and emotion using representational knowledge, operations often referred to as working memory. We tested the influence of protein kinase C (PKC) intracellular signaling on prefrontal cortical cognitive function and showed that high levels of PKC activity in prefrontal cortex, as seen for example during stress exposure, markedly impair behavioral and electrophysiological measures of working memory. These data suggest that excessive PKC activation can disrupt prefrontal cortical regulation of behavior and thought, possibly contributing to signs of prefrontal cortical dysfunction such as distractibility, impaired judgment, impulsivity, and thought disorder.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Birnbaum, S G -- Yuan, P X -- Wang, M -- Vijayraghavan, S -- Bloom, A K -- Davis, D J -- Gobeske, K T -- Sweatt, J D -- Manji, H K -- Arnsten, A F T -- AG06036/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- P50 MH068789/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Oct 29;306(5697):882-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Neurobiology, Yale Medical School, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520-8001, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15514161" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adrenergic alpha-Agonists/pharmacology ; Alkaloids ; Animals ; Benzophenanthridines ; Carbolines/pharmacology ; Electrophysiology ; Enzyme Activation ; Female ; Imidazoles/pharmacology ; Lithium Carbonate/pharmacology ; Macaca mulatta ; Male ; Memory/drug effects/*physiology ; Neurons/drug effects/physiology ; Phenanthridines/pharmacology ; Prefrontal Cortex/enzymology/*physiology ; Protein Kinase C/antagonists & inhibitors/*metabolism ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-1/physiology ; Signal Transduction ; Stress, Physiological/physiopathology ; Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate/pharmacology ; Valproic Acid/pharmacology
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  • 27
    Publication Date: 2004-07-17
    Description: For seasonally breeding vertebrates, reproductive cycling is often coupled with changes in vocalizations that function in courtship and territoriality. Less is known about changes in auditory sensitivity to those vocalizations. Here, we show that nonreproductive female midshipman fish treated with either testosterone or 17beta-estradiol exhibit an increase in the degree of temporal encoding of the frequency content of male vocalizations by the inner ear that mimics the reproductive female's auditory phenotype. This sensory plasticity provides an adaptable mechanism that enhances coupling between sender and receiver in vocal communication.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sisneros, Joseph A -- Forlano, Paul M -- Deitcher, David L -- Bass, Andrew H -- 1F32DC00445/DC/NIDCD NIH HHS/ -- 5T32MH15793/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- DC00092/DC/NIDCD NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Jul 16;305(5682):404-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA. sisneros@u.washington.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15256672" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acoustic Stimulation ; Adaptation, Physiological ; Animals ; Auditory Threshold ; Batrachoidiformes/*physiology ; Estradiol/blood/*pharmacology ; Estrogen Receptor alpha ; Female ; Hair Cells, Auditory/physiology ; Hearing/*physiology ; Male ; Neurons, Afferent/drug effects/*physiology ; Phenotype ; Random Allocation ; Receptors, Estrogen/genetics/metabolism ; Reproduction ; Saccule and Utricle/drug effects/*innervation/physiology ; Seasons ; Sexual Behavior, Animal ; Testosterone/blood/*pharmacology ; Vestibulocochlear Nerve/physiology ; *Vocalization, Animal
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  • 28
    Publication Date: 2004-02-07
    Description: Prefrontal neurons engaged by working memory tasks express a sequence of phasic and tonic activations linked to a train of sensory, mnemonic, and response-related events. Here, we report that the dopamine D2 receptor selectively modulates the neural activities associated with memory-guided saccades in oculomotor delayed-response tasks yet has little or no effect on the persistent mnemonic-related activity, which is instead modulated by D1 receptors. This associates the D2 receptor with a specific component of working memory circuitry and fractionates the modulatory effects of D1 and D2 receptors on the neural machinery of a cognitive process.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wang, Min -- Vijayraghavan, Susheel -- Goldman-Rakic, Patricia S -- P50 MH068789/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- P50 MH44866/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Feb 6;303(5659):853-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA. min.wang@yale.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14764884" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: 2,3,4,5-Tetrahydro-7,8-dihydroxy-1-phenyl-1H-3-benzazepine/pharmacology ; Animals ; Benzazepines/pharmacology ; Cues ; Dopamine Agonists/pharmacology ; Dopamine Antagonists/pharmacology ; Dopamine D2 Receptor Antagonists ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Electrophysiology ; Macaca mulatta ; Male ; Memory/*physiology ; Neurons/*physiology ; Prefrontal Cortex/*physiology ; Psychomotor Performance ; Quinpirole/pharmacology ; Raclopride/pharmacology ; Receptors, Dopamine D1/agonists/antagonists & inhibitors/metabolism ; Receptors, Dopamine D2/agonists/*metabolism ; Reward ; Saccades ; Salicylamides/pharmacology
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  • 29
    Publication Date: 2004-02-21
    Description: Our ability to have an experience of another's pain is characteristic of empathy. Using functional imaging, we assessed brain activity while volunteers experienced a painful stimulus and compared it to that elicited when they observed a signal indicating that their loved one--present in the same room--was receiving a similar pain stimulus. Bilateral anterior insula (AI), rostral anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), brainstem, and cerebellum were activated when subjects received pain and also by a signal that a loved one experienced pain. AI and ACC activation correlated with individual empathy scores. Activity in the posterior insula/secondary somatosensory cortex, the sensorimotor cortex (SI/MI), and the caudal ACC was specific to receiving pain. Thus, a neural response in AI and rostral ACC, activated in common for "self" and "other" conditions, suggests that the neural substrate for empathic experience does not involve the entire "pain matrix." We conclude that only that part of the pain network associated with its affective qualities, but not its sensory qualities, mediates empathy.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Singer, Tania -- Seymour, Ben -- O'Doherty, John -- Kaube, Holger -- Dolan, Raymond J -- Frith, Chris D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Feb 20;303(5661):1157-62.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Wellcome Department of Imaging Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, University College of London, 12 Queen Square, WC1N 3AR London, UK. t.singer@fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14976305" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Brain/*physiology ; Brain Mapping ; Brain Stem/physiology ; Cerebellum/physiology ; Cerebral Cortex/physiology ; Cues ; Electroshock ; *Empathy ; Female ; Gyrus Cinguli/physiology ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Mediodorsal Thalamic Nucleus/physiology ; Motor Cortex/physiology ; *Pain ; Prefrontal Cortex/physiology ; Somatosensory Cortex/physiology
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  • 30
    Publication Date: 2004-08-17
    Description: The SOS response aids bacterial propagation by inhibiting cell division during repair of DNA damage. We report that inactivation of the ftsI gene product, penicillin binding protein 3, by either beta-lactam antibiotics or genetic mutation induces SOS in Escherichia coli through the DpiBA two-component signal transduction system. This event, which requires the SOS-promoting recA and lexA genes as well as dpiA, transiently halts bacterial cell division, enabling survival to otherwise lethal antibiotic exposure. Our findings reveal defective cell wall synthesis as an unexpected initiator of the bacterial SOS response, indicate that beta-lactam antibiotics are extracellular stimuli of this response, and demonstrate a novel mechanism for mitigation of antimicrobial lethality.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Miller, Christine -- Thomsen, Line Elnif -- Gaggero, Carina -- Mosseri, Ronen -- Ingmer, Hanne -- Cohen, Stanley N -- R01 AI08619/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Sep 10;305(5690):1629-31. Epub 2004 Aug 12.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15308764" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Ampicillin/*pharmacology ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/metabolism/*pharmacology ; Bacterial Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Carrier Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Cell Division ; Cell Wall/metabolism ; Escherichia coli/*drug effects/genetics/*metabolism ; Escherichia coli Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Hexosyltransferases/genetics/metabolism ; Lac Operon ; Muramoylpentapeptide Carboxypeptidase/genetics/metabolism ; Mutation ; Operon ; Penicillin-Binding Proteins ; *Peptidoglycan Glycosyltransferase ; Peptidyl Transferases/genetics/metabolism ; Protein Kinases/genetics/metabolism ; *SOS Response (Genetics) ; Signal Transduction ; Temperature ; Transcription Factors/genetics/metabolism ; beta-Galactosidase/biosynthesis ; beta-Lactams/metabolism/*pharmacology
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  • 31
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2004-11-30
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Michalakis, Yannis -- Roze, Denis -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Nov 26;306(5701):1492-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Genetique et Evolution des Maladies Infectieuses, UMR CNRS IRD 2724, Montpellier Cedex 5, France. yannis.michalakis@mpl.ird.fr〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15567846" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; *Epistasis, Genetic ; *Evolution, Molecular ; Genes, Viral ; HIV Infections/drug therapy/virology ; HIV Protease/chemistry/genetics ; HIV Reverse Transcriptase/chemistry/genetics ; HIV-1/*genetics/physiology ; Humans ; Models, Genetic ; Mutation ; *Recombination, Genetic ; Reproduction ; Selection, Genetic ; Vesicular stomatitis Indiana virus/*genetics/physiology
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  • 32
    Publication Date: 2004-11-30
    Description: Reproductive strategies such as sexual reproduction and recombination that involve the shuffling of parental genomes for the production of offspring are ubiquitous in nature. However, their evolutionary benefit remains unclear. Many theories have identified potential benefits, but progress is hampered by the scarcity of relevant data. One class of theories is based on the assumption that mutations affecting fitness exhibit negative epistasis. Retroviruses recombine frequently and thus provide a unique opportunity to test these theories. Using amino acid sequence data and fitness values from 9466 human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) isolates, we find in contrast to these theories strong statistical evidence for a predominance of positive epistasis in HIV-1.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bonhoeffer, Sebastian -- Chappey, Colombe -- Parkin, Neil T -- Whitcomb, Jeanette M -- Petropoulos, Christos J -- R43 AI050321/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R43 AI057068/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Nov 26;306(5701):1547-50.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Ecology and Evolution, ETH Zurich, ETH Zentrum NW, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland. seb@env.ethz.ch〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15567861" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Amino Acids ; Anti-HIV Agents/pharmacology ; Drug Resistance, Viral ; *Epistasis, Genetic ; *Evolution, Molecular ; Genotype ; HIV Infections/drug therapy/virology ; HIV Protease/chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; HIV Reverse Transcriptase/chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; HIV-1/drug effects/*genetics/physiology ; Humans ; Mutation ; *Recombination, Genetic ; Software ; Virus Replication
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  • 33
    Publication Date: 2004-03-20
    Description: Many genes involved in Drosophila melanogaster innate immune processes have been identified, but whether naturally occurring polymorphism in these genes leads to variation in immune competence among wild flies has not been tested. We report here substantial variability among wild-derived D. melanogaster in the ability to suppress infection by a Gram-negative entomopathogen, Serratia marcescens. Variability in immune competence was significantly associated with nucleotide polymorphism in 16 innate immunity genes, corresponding primarily to pathogen recognition and intracellular signaling loci, and substantial epistasis was detected between intracellular signaling and antimicrobial peptide genes. Variation in these genes, therefore, seems to drive variability in immunocompetence among wild Drosophila.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lazzaro, Brian P -- Sceurman, Bonnielin K -- Clark, Andrew G -- AI46402/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Mar 19;303(5665):1873-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Entomology, 4138 Comstock Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA. bl89@cornell.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15031506" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alleles ; Animals ; Circadian Rhythm ; Colony Count, Microbial ; Drosophila Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Drosophila melanogaster/*genetics/*immunology/microbiology ; Epistasis, Genetic ; Female ; *Genes, Insect ; Genetic Markers ; *Genetic Variation ; Immunity, Innate/genetics ; Immunocompetence/*genetics ; Male ; Phenotype ; Polymorphism, Genetic ; Serratia marcescens/growth & development/*immunology
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  • 34
    Publication Date: 2004-02-21
    Description: To achieve X-chromosome dosage compensation, organisms must distinguish X chromosomes from autosomes. We identified multiple, cis-acting regions that recruit the Caenorhabditis elegans dosage compensation complex (DCC) through a search for regions of X that bind the complex when detached from X. The DCC normally assembles along the entire X chromosome, but not all detached regions recruit the complex, despite having genes known to be dosage compensated on the native X. Thus, the DCC binds first to recruitment sites, then spreads to neighboring X regions to accomplish chromosome-wide gene repression. From a large chromosomal domain, we defined a 793-base pair fragment that functions in vivo as an X-recognition element to recruit the DCC.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Csankovszki, Gyorgyi -- McDonel, Patrick -- Meyer, Barbara J -- F32-GM065007/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R37-GM30702/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Feb 20;303(5661):1182-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3204, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14976312" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Animals, Genetically Modified ; Base Sequence ; Binding Sites ; Caenorhabditis elegans/*genetics/metabolism ; Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins/*metabolism ; Carrier Proteins/metabolism ; Chromosomes/metabolism ; Cosmids ; DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism ; Disorders of Sex Development ; *Dosage Compensation, Genetic ; Female ; In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence ; Male ; Models, Genetic ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Nuclear Proteins/metabolism ; Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid ; X Chromosome/*metabolism
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  • 35
    Publication Date: 2004-02-07
    Description: Theory on the evolution of virulence generally predicts selection for an optimal level of virulence determined by trade-offs with transmission and/or recovery. Here we consider the evolution of pathogen virulence in hosts who acquire long-lived immunity and live in a spatially structured population. We show theoretically that large shifts in virulence may occur in pathogen populations as a result of a bistability in evolutionary dynamics caused by the local contact or social population structure of the host. This model provides an explanation for the rapid emergence of the highly virulent strains of rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Boots, M -- Hudson, P J -- Sasaki, A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Feb 6;303(5659):842-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK. m.boots@sheffield.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14764881" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Caliciviridae Infections/epidemiology/*veterinary/virology ; *Communicable Diseases/epidemiology/immunology/transmission ; Disease Susceptibility ; Hemorrhagic Disease Virus, Rabbit/genetics/*pathogenicity ; Humans ; Immunity, Active ; Mathematics ; Models, Biological ; Molecular Epidemiology ; Mutation ; Recombination, Genetic ; *Virulence/genetics
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  • 36
    Publication Date: 2004-06-12
    Description: During embryogenesis, differentiation of skeletal muscle is regulated by transcription factors that include members of the Msx homeoprotein family. By investigating Msx1 function in repression of myogenic gene expression, we identified a physical interaction between Msx1 and H1b, a specific isoform of mouse histone H1. We found that Msx1 and H1b bind to a key regulatory element of MyoD, a central regulator of skeletal muscle differentiation, where they induce repressed chromatin. Moreover, Msx1 and H1b cooperate to inhibit muscle differentiation in cell culture and in Xenopus animal caps. Our findings define a previously unknown function for "linker" histones in gene-specific transcriptional regulation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lee, Hansol -- Habas, Raymond -- Abate-Shen, Cory -- HD29446/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Jun 11;304(5677):1675-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey (UMDNJ)-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15192231" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cell Differentiation ; Cell Line ; Embryo, Nonmammalian/cytology/metabolism ; Enhancer Elements, Genetic ; *Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental ; Histones/genetics/*metabolism ; Homeodomain Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; MSX1 Transcription Factor ; Mice ; Models, Genetic ; *Muscle Development ; Muscle, Skeletal/*cytology/metabolism ; Mutation ; MyoD Protein/genetics ; Myoblasts/*cytology/metabolism ; Precipitin Tests ; Protein Binding ; RNA Interference ; Recombinant Proteins/metabolism ; Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid ; Transcription Factors/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; *Transcription, Genetic ; Xenopus/embryology/metabolism ; Xenopus Proteins
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  • 37
    Publication Date: 2004-06-26
    Description: Endogenous opioid binding to micro receptors is hypothesized to mediate natural rewards and has been proposed to be the basis of infant attachment behavior. Here, we report that micro-opioid receptor knockout mouse pups emit fewer ultrasonic vocalizations when removed from their mothers but not when exposed to cold or male mice odors. Moreover these knockout pups do not show a preference toward their mothers' cues and do not show ultrasonic calls potentiation after brief maternal exposure. Results from this study may indicate a molecular mechanism for diseases characterized by deficits in attachment behavior, such as autism or reactive attachment disorder.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Moles, Anna -- Kieffer, Brigitte L -- D'Amato, Francesca R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Jun 25;304(5679):1983-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Institute of Neuroscience, Psychobiology and Psychopharmacology, Viale Marx 43, 00137 Roma, Italy.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15218152" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Animals, Newborn ; Bedding and Linens ; *Behavior, Animal ; Cold Temperature ; Cues ; Female ; Genotype ; Male ; Maternal Behavior ; *Maternal Deprivation ; Mice ; Mice, Knockout ; *Mothers ; Mutation ; *Object Attachment ; Odors ; Receptors, Opioid, mu/genetics/*physiology ; Reward ; Vocalization, Animal
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  • 38
    Publication Date: 2004-05-15
    Description: Although the ability of engrafted stem cells to regenerate tissue has received much attention, the molecular mechanisms controlling regeneration are poorly understood. In the Drosophila male germline, local activation of the Janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription (Jak-STAT) pathway maintains stem cells; germline stem cells lacking Jak-STAT signaling differentiate into spermatogonia without self-renewal. By conditionally manipulating Jak-STAT signaling, we find that spermatogonia that have initiated differentiation and are undergoing limited mitotic (transit-amplifying) divisions can repopulate the niche and revert to stem cell identity. Thus, in the appropriate microenvironment, transit-amplifying cells dedifferentiate, becoming functional stem cells during tissue regeneration.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Brawley, Crista -- Matunis, Erika -- R01HD40307/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 May 28;304(5675):1331-4. Epub 2004 May 13.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Cell Biology, 725 North Wolfe Street, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15143218" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cell Differentiation ; Cell Division ; DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism ; Drosophila/*physiology ; *Drosophila Proteins ; Germ Cells/cytology/*physiology ; Male ; Mitosis ; Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/metabolism ; *Regeneration ; STAT Transcription Factors ; Signal Transduction ; Spermatocytes/physiology ; Spermatogonia/*cytology/*physiology ; Stem Cells/cytology/*physiology ; Testis/cytology ; Trans-Activators/metabolism
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  • 39
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2004-12-14
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Davis, Mark A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Dec 10;306(5703):1891.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15591186" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Awards and Prizes ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Men ; *National Institutes of Health (U.S.) ; *Prejudice ; United States ; *Women
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  • 40
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2004-12-15
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stein, Zena -- Susser, Mervyn -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Dec 10;306(5703):1890; author reply 1890.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15597431" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Anti-HIV Agents/*administration & dosage/pharmacology/therapeutic use ; *Condoms ; Double-Blind Method ; Female ; HIV Infections/*prevention & control/*transmission ; Humans ; Male ; National Institutes of Health (U.S.) ; Patient Selection ; Placebos ; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic/*ethics ; United States
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  • 41
    Publication Date: 2004-04-06
    Description: Huntington's disease (HD) is characterized by the accumulation of a pathogenic protein, Huntingtin (Htt), that contains an abnormal polyglutamine expansion. Here, we report that a pathogenic fragment of Htt (Httex1p) can be modified either by small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO)-1 or by ubiquitin on identical lysine residues. In cultured cells, SUMOylation stabilizes Httex1p, reduces its ability to form aggregates, and promotes its capacity to repress transcription. In a Drosophila model of HD, SUMOylation of Httex1p exacerbates neurodegeneration, whereas ubiquitination of Httex1p abrogates neurodegeneration. Lysine mutations that prevent both SUMOylation and ubiquitination of Httex1p reduce HD pathology, indicating that the contribution of SUMOylation to HD pathology extends beyond preventing Htt ubiquitination and degradation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Steffan, Joan S -- Agrawal, Namita -- Pallos, Judit -- Rockabrand, Erica -- Trotman, Lloyd C -- Slepko, Natalia -- Illes, Katalin -- Lukacsovich, Tamas -- Zhu, Ya-Zhen -- Cattaneo, Elena -- Pandolfi, Pier Paolo -- Thompson, Leslie Michels -- Marsh, J Lawrence -- CA-62203/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- HD36049/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- HD36081/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Apr 2;304(5667):100-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Gillespie 2121, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15064418" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Animals, Genetically Modified ; Cell Line ; Cell Nucleus/metabolism ; Corpus Striatum/cytology ; Cytoplasm/metabolism ; Drosophila ; Genes, MDR ; HeLa Cells ; Humans ; Huntington Disease/metabolism/*pathology ; Lysine/genetics/metabolism ; Mutation ; Nerve Degeneration ; Nerve Tissue Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Neurons/metabolism ; Nuclear Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Proline/genetics/metabolism ; Promoter Regions, Genetic ; Rats ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; SUMO-1 Protein/genetics/*metabolism ; Transcription, Genetic ; Transfection ; Ubiquitin/metabolism
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  • 42
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2004-10-16
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Grimm, David -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Oct 15;306(5695):389.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15486263" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Aneuploidy ; Animals ; Cell Cycle Proteins ; Child ; *Chromosomal Instability ; *DNA Repair ; *Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; Genomic Instability ; Humans ; Mice ; Mosaicism ; Mutation ; Neoplasms/*genetics ; Protein Kinases/genetics ; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases
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  • 43
    Publication Date: 2004-01-06
    Description: Hsp70s are a ubiquitous family of molecular chaperones involved in many cellular processes. Two Hsp70s, Lhs1p and Kar2p, are required for protein biogenesis in the yeast endoplasmic reticulum. Here, we found that Lhs1p and Kar2p specifically interacted to couple, and coordinately regulate, their respective activities. Lhs1p stimulated Kar2p by providing a specific nucleotide exchange activity, whereas Kar2p reciprocally activated the Lhs1p adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase). The two ATPase activities are coupled, and their coordinated regulation is essential for normal function in vivo.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Steel, Gregor J -- Fullerton, Donna M -- Tyson, John R -- Stirling, Colin J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Jan 2;303(5654):98-101.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14704430" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenosine Triphosphatases/metabolism ; Adenosine Triphosphate/metabolism ; Carrier Proteins/metabolism ; Endoplasmic Reticulum/metabolism ; *Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factors ; HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Heat-Shock Proteins/chemistry/metabolism ; Membrane Transport Proteins/chemistry/metabolism ; Molecular Chaperones/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Mutation ; Protein Binding ; Protein Folding ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae/genetics/*metabolism ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins/chemistry/metabolism
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  • 44
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2004-12-25
    Description: Diving mosasaurs, plesiosaurs, and humans develop dysbaric osteonecrosis from end-artery nitrogen embolism ("the bends") in certain bones. Sixteen sperm whales from calves to large adults showed a size-related development of osteonecrosis in chevron and rib bone articulations, deltoid crests, and nasal bones. Occurrence in animals from the Pacific and Atlantic oceans over 111 years made a pathophysiological diagnosis of dysbarism most likely. Decompression avoidance therefore may constrain diving behavior. This suggests why some deep-diving mammals show periodic shallow-depth activity and why gas emboli are found in animals driven to surface precipitously by acoustic stressors such as mid-frequency sonar systems.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Moore, Michael J -- Early, Greg A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Dec 24;306(5705):2215.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA. mmoore@whoi.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15618509" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Atlantic Ocean ; Body Size ; Bone Density ; Bone Remodeling ; Bone and Bones/*pathology ; Decompression Sickness/complications/pathology/*veterinary ; *Diving ; Female ; Male ; Osteonecrosis/etiology/pathology/*veterinary ; Pacific Ocean ; *Whales/anatomy & histology/physiology
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  • 45
    Publication Date: 2004-07-24
    Description: The hippocampus has differentiated into an extensively connected recurrent stage (CA3) followed by a feed-forward stage (CA1). We examined the function of this structural differentiation by determining how cell ensembles in rat CA3 and CA1 generate representations of rooms with common spatial elements. In CA3, distinct subsets of pyramidal cells were activated in each room, regardless of the similarity of the testing enclosure. In CA1, the activated populations overlapped, and the overlap increased in similar enclosures. After exposure to a novel room, ensemble activity developed slower in CA3 than CA1, suggesting that the representations emerged independently.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Leutgeb, Stefan -- Leutgeb, Jill K -- Treves, Alessandro -- Moser, May-Britt -- Moser, Edvard I -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Aug 27;305(5688):1295-8. Epub 2004 Jul 22.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Centre for the Biology of Memory, Medical-Technical Research Centre, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7489 Trondheim, Norway.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15272123" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Action Potentials ; Animals ; Brain Mapping ; Cues ; Electrodes, Implanted ; Entorhinal Cortex/physiology ; Hippocampus/cytology/*physiology ; Male ; *Memory ; Nerve Net/*physiology ; Neurons/*physiology ; Pyramidal Cells/*physiology ; Rats ; Rats, Long-Evans ; *Space Perception
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  • 46
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2004-04-17
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Levitan, Irwin B -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Apr 16;304(5669):394-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. levitani@mail.med.upenn.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15087533" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Calcium/*metabolism ; Calcium Channels, L-Type/chemistry/*metabolism ; Calcium Signaling ; Calmodulin/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Cell Membrane/metabolism ; Cytoplasm/metabolism ; Mutation ; Peptides/chemistry/genetics ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism
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  • 47
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2004-04-17
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Morell, Virginia -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Apr 16;304(5669):372.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15087514" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Color ; Decision Making ; Female ; Male ; Pigmentation ; *Sexual Behavior, Animal ; *Songbirds/anatomy & histology ; Vocalization, Animal
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  • 48
    Publication Date: 2004-02-21
    Description: PTEN is a tumor suppressor protein that dephosphorylates phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5 trisphosphate and antagonizes the phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase signaling pathway. We show here that PTEN can also inhibit cell migration through its C2 domain, independent of its lipid phosphatase activity. This activity depends on the protein phosphatase activity of PTEN and on dephosphorylation at a single residue, threonine(383). The ability of PTEN to control cell migration through its C2 domain is likely to be an important feature of its tumor suppressor activity.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Raftopoulou, Myrto -- Etienne-Manneville, Sandrine -- Self, Annette -- Nicholls, Sarah -- Hall, Alan -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Feb 20;303(5661):1179-81.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Medical Research Council Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology and Cell Biology Unit, Cancer Research UK Oncogene and Signal Transduction Group, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14976311" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; COS Cells ; Catalysis ; Catalytic Domain ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Cell Movement/*physiology ; Cercopithecus aethiops ; Glioma ; Humans ; Mutation ; PTEN Phosphohydrolase ; Phosphoprotein Phosphatases/chemistry/metabolism ; Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases/*chemistry/genetics/metabolism/*physiology ; Phosphorylation ; Phosphothreonine/metabolism ; Precipitin Tests ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Recombinant Proteins/pharmacology ; Sequence Deletion ; Transfection ; Tumor Suppressor Proteins/*chemistry/genetics/metabolism/*physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 49
    Publication Date: 2004-04-17
    Description: Calmodulin (CaM) interactions with Ca2+ channels mediate both Ca2+ regulation of channels and local Ca2+ triggering of transcription factors implicated in neuronal memory. Crucial to these functions are the number of CaM molecules (CaMs) regulating each channel, and the number of CaMs privy to the local Ca2+ signal from each channel. To resolve these parameters, we fused L-type Ca2+ channels to single CaM molecules. These chimeric molecules revealed that a single CaM directs L-type channel regulation. Similar fusion molecules were used to estimate the local CaM concentration near Ca2+ channels. This estimate indicates marked enrichment of local CaM, as if a "school" of nearby CaMs were poised to enhance the transduction of local Ca2+ entry into diverse signaling pathways.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mori, Masayuki X -- Erickson, Michael G -- Yue, David T -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Apr 16;304(5669):432-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Ca2+ Signals Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering , Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 720 Rutland Avenue, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15087548" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Calcium/*metabolism ; Calcium Channels, L-Type/chemistry/*metabolism ; Calcium Signaling ; Calmodulin/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Cell Line ; Cell Nucleus/metabolism ; Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein/metabolism ; Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer ; Humans ; Mathematics ; Mutation ; Patch-Clamp Techniques ; Peptides/chemistry/genetics ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/chemistry/metabolism ; Transfection
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  • 50
    Publication Date: 2004-04-10
    Description: Directionality in intracellular trafficking is essential to ensure the correct localization of proteins along the secretory pathway. Here, we found evidence for an active mechanism that prohibited back-fusion of de novo-generated vesicles with their donor compartment. Tip20p is a peripheral membrane protein implicated in consumption of COPI vesicles at the endoplasmic reticulum. However, a specific mutant of TIP20 did not interfere with COPII vesicle generation but allowed these vesicles to fuse back to the endoplasmic reticulum, a process that does not occur normally in the cell.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kamena, Faustin -- Spang, Anne -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Apr 9;304(5668):286-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Friedrich Miescher Laboratorium der Max Planck Gesellschaft, Spemannstrasse 39, D-72076 Tubingen, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15073376" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: COP-Coated Vesicles/*physiology/ultrastructure ; Carrier Proteins/genetics/*physiology ; Endoplasmic Reticulum/metabolism/*physiology/ultrastructure ; Glycoproteins/genetics/*physiology ; Golgi Apparatus/metabolism ; Intracellular Membranes/physiology/ultrastructure ; *Membrane Fusion ; Mutation ; Peptides/metabolism ; Protein Transport ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae/genetics/*physiology/ultrastructure ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Vesicular Transport Proteins ; alpha-Glucosidases/genetics/metabolism
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  • 51
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2004-09-09
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Dennis, Phillip A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Sep 3;305(5689):1401-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15353780" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Biomedical Research/*economics ; Breast Neoplasms/mortality ; Female ; Humans ; *Lung Neoplasms/mortality ; Male ; Prostatic Neoplasms/mortality ; *Research Support as Topic ; Tobacco
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  • 52
    Publication Date: 2004-03-27
    Description: Heterosexual transmission accounts for the majority of human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) infections worldwide, yet the viral properties that determine transmission fitness or outgrowth have not been elucidated. Here we show, for eight heterosexual transmission pairs, that recipient viruses were monophyletic, encoding compact, glycan-restricted envelope glycoproteins. These viruses were also uniquely sensitive to neutralization by antibody from the transmitting partner. Thus, the exposure of neutralizing epitopes, which are lost in chronic infection because of immune escape, appears to be favored in the newly infected host. This reveals characteristics of the envelope glycoprotein that influence HIV-1 transmission and may have implications for vaccine design.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Derdeyn, Cynthia A -- Decker, Julie M -- Bibollet-Ruche, Frederic -- Mokili, John L -- Muldoon, Mark -- Denham, Scott A -- Heil, Marintha L -- Kasolo, Francis -- Musonda, Rosemary -- Hahn, Beatrice H -- Shaw, George M -- Korber, Bette T -- Allen, Susan -- Hunter, Eric -- AI-40951/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI-51231/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- N01-85338/PHS HHS/ -- U01-AI-41530/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Mar 26;303(5666):2019-22.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294 USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15044802" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: AIDS Vaccines ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Cohort Studies ; Epitopes/immunology ; Female ; Genes, env ; Glycosylation ; HIV Antibodies/*immunology ; HIV Envelope Protein gp120/chemistry/genetics/*immunology ; HIV Infections/*immunology/*transmission/virology ; HIV-1/genetics/*immunology/physiology ; Heterosexuality ; Humans ; Likelihood Functions ; Male ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Neutralization Tests ; Prospective Studies ; Viral Load ; Zambia
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  • 53
    Publication Date: 2004-06-12
    Description: During speech acquisition, children form quick and rough hypotheses about the meaning of a new word after only a single exposure-a process dubbed "fast mapping." Here we provide evidence that a border collie, Rico, is able to fast map. Rico knew the labels of over 200 different items. He inferred the names of novel items by exclusion learning and correctly retrieved those items right away as well as 4 weeks after the initial exposure. Fast mapping thus appears to be mediated by general learning and memory mechanisms also found in other animals and not by a language acquisition device that is special to humans.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kaminski, Juliane -- Call, Josep -- Fischer, Julia -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Jun 11;304(5677):1682-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Developmental and Comparative Psychology, Max-Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15192233" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Dogs ; *Learning ; Male ; *Memory ; Random Allocation ; *Vocabulary
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  • 54
    Publication Date: 2004-07-13
    Description: Numerous degenerative disorders are associated with elevated levels of prooxidants and declines in mitochondrial aconitase activity. Deficiency in the mitochondrial iron-binding protein frataxin results in diminished activity of various mitochondrial iron-sulfur proteins including aconitase. We found that aconitase can undergo reversible citrate-dependent modulation in activity in response to pro-oxidants. Frataxin interacted with aconitase in a citrate-dependent fashion, reduced the level of oxidant-induced inactivation, and converted inactive [3Fe-4S]1+ enzyme to the active [4Fe-4S]2+ form of the protein. Thus, frataxin is an iron chaperone protein that protects the aconitase [4Fe-4S]2+ cluster from disassembly and promotes enzyme reactivation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bulteau, Anne-Laure -- O'Neill, Heather A -- Kennedy, Mary Claire -- Ikeda-Saito, Masao -- Isaya, Grazia -- Szweda, Luke I -- AG-15709/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- AG-16339/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- NRSA 44748/NR/NINR NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Jul 9;305(5681):242-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15247478" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Aconitate Hydratase/antagonists & inhibitors/*metabolism ; Animals ; Citric Acid/metabolism/pharmacology ; Dithiothreitol/metabolism ; Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy ; Enzyme Activation ; Ferrous Compounds/metabolism ; Hydrogen Peroxide/pharmacology ; Iron/*metabolism ; Iron-Binding Proteins/*metabolism ; Male ; Mitochondria/*metabolism ; Mitochondria, Heart/*metabolism ; Molecular Chaperones/*metabolism ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Oxidative Stress ; Oxygen Consumption ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae/*metabolism ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins/metabolism
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  • 55
    Publication Date: 2004-03-20
    Description: A key question in evolutionary genetics is whether shared genetic mechanisms underlie the independent evolution of similar phenotypes across phylogenetically divergent lineages. Here we show that in two classic examples of melanic plumage polymorphisms in birds, lesser snow geese (Anser c. caerulescens) and arctic skuas (Stercorarius parasiticus), melanism is perfectly associated with variation in the melanocortin-1 receptor (MC1R) gene. In both species, the degree of melanism correlates with the number of copies of variant MC1R alleles. Phylogenetic reconstructions of variant MC1R alleles in geese and skuas show that melanism is a derived trait that evolved in the Pleistocene.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mundy, Nicholas I -- Badcock, Nichola S -- Hart, Tom -- Scribner, Kim -- Janssen, Kirstin -- Nadeau, Nicola J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Mar 19;303(5665):1870-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK. nim21@cam.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15031505" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Arctic Regions ; Biological Evolution ; Birds/anatomy & histology/*genetics/physiology ; Color ; *Feathers ; Female ; Geese/anatomy & histology/genetics/physiology ; Gene Frequency ; Haplotypes ; Male ; Melanins/*analysis ; Melanocytes/metabolism ; Phenotype ; Phylogeny ; Pigmentation/*genetics ; *Quantitative Trait, Heritable ; Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 1/chemistry/*genetics ; *Sexual Behavior, Animal
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  • 56
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2004-07-13
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Guy-Grand, Delphine -- Vassalli, Pierre -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Jul 9;305(5681):185-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Unite de Recherche et d'Expertise Antivirale, INSERM U277, Institut Pasteur, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France. guygrand@pasteur.fr〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15247461" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology ; CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology ; Cell Lineage ; DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism ; Female ; Hematopoietic Stem Cells/immunology/physiology ; Immunity, Innate ; Immunity, Mucosal ; Interleukins/biosynthesis ; Intestinal Mucosa/cytology/*immunology ; Killer Cells, Natural/immunology ; Ligands ; Lymphoid Tissue/embryology/immunology ; Lymphotoxin-alpha/analysis ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Nude ; Mice, Transgenic ; Models, Immunological ; Mutation ; Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group F, Member 3 ; Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/analysis/genetics ; Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/analysis ; Receptors, Retinoic Acid/genetics/metabolism ; Receptors, Thyroid Hormone/genetics/metabolism ; T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology ; T-Lymphocytes/*immunology ; Thymus Gland/cytology/*immunology
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  • 57
    Publication Date: 2004-10-23
    Description: Hypertension and dyslipidemia are risk factors for atherosclerosis and occur together more often than expected by chance. Although this clustering suggests shared causation, unifying factors remain unknown. We describe a large kindred with a syndrome including hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, and hypomagnesemia. Each phenotype is transmitted on the maternal lineage with a pattern indicating mitochondrial inheritance. Analysis of the mitochondrial genome of the maternal lineage identified a homoplasmic mutation substituting cytidine for uridine immediately 5' to the mitochondrial transfer RNA(Ile) anticodon. Uridine at this position is nearly invariate among transfer RNAs because of its role in stabilizing the anticodon loop. Given the known loss of mitochondrial function with aging, these findings may have implications for the common clustering of these metabolic disorders.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3033655/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3033655/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wilson, Frederick H -- Hariri, Ali -- Farhi, Anita -- Zhao, Hongyu -- Petersen, Kitt Falk -- Toka, Hakan R -- Nelson-Williams, Carol -- Raja, Khalid M -- Kashgarian, Michael -- Shulman, Gerald I -- Scheinman, Steven J -- Lifton, Richard P -- MO1 RR-00125/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- P50 HL-55007/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- R01 AG023686/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- R01 AG023686-01A1/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- R01 AG023686-02/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- R01 AG023686-03/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- R01 AG023686-04/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- R01 DK-49230/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R01 DK049230/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Nov 12;306(5699):1190-4. Epub 2004 Oct 21.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15498972" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Aging ; Anticodon ; Body Mass Index ; Cluster Analysis ; Cytidine ; *Extrachromosomal Inheritance ; Female ; Humans ; Hypercholesterolemia/*genetics/physiopathology ; Hypertension/*genetics/physiopathology ; Magnesium/*blood/urine ; Male ; Metabolic Syndrome X/genetics ; Middle Aged ; Mitochondria/*genetics/metabolism ; Mitochondria, Muscle/metabolism/pathology ; Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/pathology ; *Mutation ; Pedigree ; Phenotype ; RNA/genetics ; RNA, Transfer, Ile/*genetics ; Syndrome ; Thymidine ; Uridine
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2004-10-02
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hall, Alan -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Oct 1;306(5693):65-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology & Cell Biology Unit, University College, London WC1E 6BT, UK. alan.hall@ucl. ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15459376" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Actin Cytoskeleton/metabolism/virology ; Actins/metabolism ; Catenins ; Cell Adhesion Molecules/metabolism ; Cell Membrane/metabolism/virology ; Enzyme Activation ; Kinesin/metabolism ; Membrane Fusion ; Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics/metabolism ; Microtubules/metabolism ; Mutation ; Phosphoproteins/metabolism ; Phosphorylation ; Vaccinia virus/genetics/growth & development/*metabolism ; Viral Envelope Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Viral Structural Proteins/*metabolism ; src-Family Kinases/*metabolism
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  • 59
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2004-01-31
    Description: Sixty-one SARS coronavirus genomic sequences derived from the early, middle, and late phases of the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) epidemic were analyzed together with two viral sequences from palm civets. Genotypes characteristic of each phase were discovered, and the earliest genotypes were similar to the animal SARS-like coronaviruses. Major deletions were observed in the Orf8 region of the genome, both at the start and the end of the epidemic. The neutral mutation rate of the viral genome was constant but the amino acid substitution rate of the coding sequences slowed during the course of the epidemic. The spike protein showed the strongest initial responses to positive selection pressures, followed by subsequent purifying selection and eventual stabilization.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Chinese SARS Molecular Epidemiology Consortium -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Mar 12;303(5664):1666-9. Epub 2004 Jan 29.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14752165" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adaptation, Physiological ; Amino Acid Substitution ; Animals ; Base Sequence ; Carnivora/virology ; China/epidemiology ; Cluster Analysis ; Coronavirus/genetics/isolation & purification ; *Disease Outbreaks ; *Evolution, Molecular ; *Genome, Viral ; Genotype ; Humans ; Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Nucleic Acid Conformation ; Open Reading Frames ; Phylogeny ; Point Mutation ; RNA, Viral/genetics ; SARS Virus/*genetics/isolation & purification/physiology ; Selection, Genetic ; Sequence Deletion ; Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome/*epidemiology/*virology ; Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus ; Viral Envelope Proteins/genetics ; Viral Matrix Proteins/chemistry/genetics
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  • 60
    Publication Date: 2004-01-13
    Description: During genetic recombination and the recombinational repair of chromosome breaks, DNA molecules become linked at points of strand exchange. Branch migration and resolution of these crossovers, or Holliday junctions (HJs), complete the recombination process. Here, we show that extracts from cells carrying mutations in the recombination/repair genes RAD51C or XRCC3 have reduced levels of HJ resolvase activity. Moreover, depletion of RAD51C from fractionated human extracts caused a loss of branch migration and resolution activity, but these functions were restored by complementation with a variety of RAD51 paralog complexes containing RAD51C. We conclude that the RAD51 paralogs are involved in HJ processing in human cells.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Liu, Yilun -- Masson, Jean-Yves -- Shah, Rajvee -- O'Regan, Paul -- West, Stephen C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Jan 9;303(5655):243-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Cancer Research UK, London Research Institute, Clare Hall Laboratories, South Mimms, Hertfordshire EN6 3LD, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14716019" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Substitution ; Animals ; CHO Cells ; Cell Line ; Cricetinae ; DNA Repair ; DNA, Cruciform/chemistry/*metabolism ; DNA-Binding Proteins/chemistry/genetics/isolation & purification/*metabolism ; Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel ; Female ; HeLa Cells ; Holliday Junction Resolvases/*metabolism ; Humans ; Mutation ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Recombinant Proteins/metabolism ; Recombination, Genetic
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  • 61
    Publication Date: 2004-06-12
    Description: Cells regulate the biophysical properties of their membranes by coordinated synthesis of different classes of lipids. Here, we identified a highly dynamic feedback mechanism by which the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae can regulate phospholipid biosynthesis. Phosphatidic acid on the endoplasmic reticulum directly bound to the soluble transcriptional repressor Opi1p to maintain it as inactive outside the nucleus. After the addition of the lipid precursor inositol, this phosphatidic acid was rapidly consumed, releasing Opi1p from the endoplasmic reticulum and allowing its nuclear translocation and repression of target genes. Thus, phosphatidic acid appears to be both an essential ubiquitous metabolic intermediate and a signaling lipid.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Loewen, C J R -- Gaspar, M L -- Jesch, S A -- Delon, C -- Ktistakis, N T -- Henry, S A -- Levine, T P -- BBS/E/B/0000F969/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom -- GM-19629/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Jun 11;304(5677):1644-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Cell Biology, Institute of Ophthalmology, Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15192221" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Active Transport, Cell Nucleus ; Animals ; Binding Sites ; COS Cells ; Cell Membrane/metabolism ; Cell Nucleus/metabolism ; Cercopithecus aethiops ; Cytidine Diphosphate Diglycerides/metabolism ; Endoplasmic Reticulum/metabolism ; Inositol/*metabolism ; Liposomes/metabolism ; Mutation ; Nuclear Envelope/metabolism ; Phosphatidic Acids/*metabolism ; Phosphatidylinositols/metabolism ; Phospholipids/biosynthesis/*metabolism ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; Repressor Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae/genetics/*metabolism ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Signal Transduction
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  • 62
    Publication Date: 2004-02-07
    Description: The bacterium Listeria monocytogenes can cause a life-threatening systemic illness in humans. Despite decades of progress in animal models of listeriosis, much remains unknown about the processes of infection and colonization. Here, we report that L. monocytogenes can replicate in the murine gall bladder and provide evidence that its replication there is extracellular and intraluminal. In vivo bioluminescence imaging was employed to determine the location of the infection over time in live animals, revealing strong signals from the gall bladder over a period of several days, in diseased as well as asymptomatic animals. The data suggest that L. monocytogenes may be carried in the human gall bladder.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hardy, Jonathan -- Francis, Kevin P -- DeBoer, Monica -- Chu, Pauline -- Gibbs, Karine -- Contag, Christopher H -- R01HD37543/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Feb 6;303(5659):851-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14764883" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Colony Count, Microbial ; Female ; Gallbladder/*microbiology ; Gallbladder Diseases/*microbiology ; Listeria monocytogenes/genetics/*growth & development/isolation & ; purification/pathogenicity ; Listeriosis/*microbiology ; Liver/microbiology ; Luminescence ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Mutation ; Spleen/microbiology ; Time Factors ; Virulence
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  • 63
    Publication Date: 2004-01-31
    Description: The lantibiotic lacticin 481 is synthesized on ribosomes as a prepeptide (LctA) and posttranslationally modified to its mature form. These modifications include dehydration of serines and threonines, followed by intramolecular addition of cysteines to the unsaturated amino acids, which generates cyclic thioethers. This process breaks eight chemical bonds and forms six newbonds and is catalyzed by one enzyme, LctM. We have characterized the in vitro activity of LctM, which completely processed a series of LctA mutants, displaying a permissive substrate specificity that holds promise for antibiotic engineering.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Xie, Lili -- Miller, Leah M -- Chatterjee, Champak -- Averin, Olga -- Kelleher, Neil L -- van der Donk, Wilfred A -- GM 067725/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM58822/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Jan 30;303(5658):679-81.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 S. Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL61801, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14752162" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Bacterial Proteins/*biosynthesis/genetics ; *Bacteriocins ; Cloning, Molecular ; Cysteine/metabolism ; Enzymes/chemistry/genetics/isolation & purification/*metabolism ; Escherichia coli/genetics ; Lactococcus lactis/enzymology/genetics/*metabolism ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Protein Precursors/chemistry/metabolism ; Protein Processing, Post-Translational ; Serine/metabolism ; Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization ; Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization ; Substrate Specificity ; Threonine/metabolism
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  • 64
    Publication Date: 2004-05-25
    Description: Bacteria use conjugation systems, a subfamily of the type IV secretion systems, to transfer DNA to recipient cells. Despite 50 years of research, the architecture and mechanism of action of the channel mediating DNA transfer across the bacterial cell envelope remains obscure. By use of a sensitive, quantifiable assay termed transfer DNA immunoprecipitation (TrIP), we identify contacts between a DNA substrate (T-DNA) and 6 of 12 components of the VirB/D4 conjugation system of the phytopathogen Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Our results define the translocation pathway for a DNA substrate through a bacterial conjugation machine, specifying the contributions of each subunit of the secretory apparatus to substrate passage.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3882297/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3882297/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cascales, Eric -- Christie, Peter J -- GM48746/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM048746/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 May 21;304(5674):1170-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, 6431 Fannin, JFB1.765, Houston, TX 77030, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15155952" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenosine Triphosphatases/metabolism ; Agrobacterium tumefaciens/*genetics/*metabolism ; Bacterial Proteins/*metabolism ; Biological Transport ; Cell Membrane/*metabolism ; *Conjugation, Genetic ; Cross-Linking Reagents ; DNA, Bacterial/genetics/*metabolism ; DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism ; Formaldehyde ; Ion Channels/metabolism ; Lipoproteins/metabolism ; Mutation ; Precipitin Tests ; Virulence Factors/*metabolism
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  • 65
    Publication Date: 2004-06-26
    Description: The nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappaB) family of transcription factors plays a seminal role in inflammation, apoptosis, development, and cancer. Modulation of NF-kappaB-mediated gene expression in response to diverse signals is coordinated by the IkappaB kinase (IKK) complex. We identified ELKS, an essential regulatory subunit of the IKK complex. Silencing ELKS expression by RNA interference blocked induced expression of NF-kappaB target genes, including the NF-kappaB inhibitor IkappaBalpha and proinflammatory genes such as cyclo-oxygenase 2 and interleukin 8. These cells were also not protected from apoptosis in response to cytokines. ELKS likely functions by recruiting IkappaBalpha to the IKK complex and thus serves a regulatory function for IKK activation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ducut Sigala, Jeanette L -- Bottero, Virginie -- Young, David B -- Shevchenko, Andrej -- Mercurio, Frank -- Verma, Inder M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Jun 25;304(5679):1963-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Salk Institute for Biological Sciences, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15218148" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing ; Animals ; Apoptosis ; Carrier Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Cell Line ; Cyclooxygenase 2 ; Gene Expression ; Genes, Reporter ; HeLa Cells ; Humans ; I-kappa B Kinase ; I-kappa B Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Interleukin-1/pharmacology ; Interleukin-8/genetics ; Isoenzymes/genetics ; Membrane Proteins ; Mice ; Mice, Knockout ; Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism ; Mutation ; NF-kappa B/*metabolism ; Nerve Tissue Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Phosphorylation ; Precipitin Tests ; Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases/genetics ; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases/*metabolism ; RNA Interference ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/pharmacology
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  • 66
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    Unknown
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2004-02-07
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hartwell, Lee -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Feb 6;303(5659):774-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Genetics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA. lhartwel@fhcrc.org〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14764857" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alleles ; Animals ; Computational Biology ; Gene Deletion ; Genes, Essential ; *Genes, Fungal ; Genetic Variation ; Genotype ; Humans ; Mice ; Mutation ; Phenotype ; Quantitative Trait, Heritable ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae/*genetics/*metabolism ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Selection, Genetic
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  • 67
    Publication Date: 2004-05-08
    Description: Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is a crucial mediator of inflammatory pain sensitization. Here, we demonstrate that inhibition of a specific glycine receptor subtype (GlyR alpha3) by PGE2-induced receptor phosphorylation underlies central inflammatory pain sensitization. We show that GlyR alpha3 is distinctly expressed in superficial layers of the spinal cord dorsal horn. Mice deficient in GlyR alpha3 not only lack the inhibition of glycinergic neurotransmission by PGE2 seen in wild-type mice but also show a reduction in pain sensitization induced by spinal PGE2 injection or peripheral inflammation. Thus, GlyR alpha3 may provide a previously unrecognized molecular target in pain therapy.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Harvey, Robert J -- Depner, Ulrike B -- Wassle, Heinz -- Ahmadi, Seifollah -- Heindl, Cornelia -- Reinold, Heiko -- Smart, Trevor G -- Harvey, Kirsten -- Schutz, Burkhard -- Abo-Salem, Osama M -- Zimmer, Andreas -- Poisbeau, Pierrick -- Welzl, Hans -- Wolfer, David P -- Betz, Heinrich -- Zeilhofer, Hanns Ulrich -- Muller, Ulrike -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 May 7;304(5672):884-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Pharmacology, The School of Pharmacy, London WC1N 1AX, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15131310" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Cell Line ; Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases/metabolism ; Dinoprostone/administration & dosage/*metabolism/pharmacology ; Female ; Freund's Adjuvant ; Glycine/metabolism ; Humans ; Inflammation/metabolism/*physiopathology ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Knockout ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Neurons/metabolism ; Pain/*physiopathology ; Patch-Clamp Techniques ; Phosphorylation ; Posterior Horn Cells/*metabolism ; Receptors, Glycine/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; Spinal Cord/*metabolism ; Synaptic Transmission ; Transfection ; Zymosan
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  • 68
    Publication Date: 2004-01-06
    Description: A previously unknown maltose transporter is essential for the conversion of starch to sucrose in Arabidopsis leaves at night. The transporter was identified by isolating two allelic mutants with high starch levels and very high maltose, an intermediate of starch breakdown. The mutations affect a gene of previously unknown function, MEX1. We show that MEX1is a maltose transporter that is unrelated to other sugar transporters. The severe mex1 phenotype demonstrates that MEX1is the predominant route of carbohydrate export from chloroplasts at night. Homologous genes in plants including rice and potato indicate that maltose export is of widespread significance.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Niittyla, Totte -- Messerli, Gaelle -- Trevisan, Martine -- Chen, Jychian -- Smith, Alison M -- Zeeman, Samuel C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Jan 2;303(5654):87-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Metabolic Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14704427" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Arabidopsis/genetics/*metabolism ; Arabidopsis Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Biological Transport ; Chloroplasts/metabolism ; Cloning, Molecular ; Crosses, Genetic ; DNA, Complementary ; Genes, Plant ; Glucose/metabolism ; Maltose/*metabolism ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Monosaccharide Transport Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Mutation ; Phenotype ; Plant Leaves/*metabolism ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; Sequence Alignment ; Starch/*metabolism
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  • 69
    Publication Date: 2004-03-16
    Description: To what extent do all brains work alike during natural conditions? We explored this question by letting five subjects freely view half an hour of a popular movie while undergoing functional brain imaging. Applying an unbiased analysis in which spatiotemporal activity patterns in one brain were used to "model" activity in another brain, we found a striking level of voxel-by-voxel synchronization between individuals, not only in primary and secondary visual and auditory areas but also in association cortices. The results reveal a surprising tendency of individual brains to "tick collectively" during natural vision. The intersubject synchronization consisted of a widespread cortical activation pattern correlated with emotionally arousing scenes and regionally selective components. The characteristics of these activations were revealed with the use of an open-ended "reverse-correlation" approach, which inverts the conventional analysis by letting the brain signals themselves "pick up" the optimal stimuli for each specialized cortical area.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hasson, Uri -- Nir, Yuval -- Levy, Ifat -- Fuhrmann, Galit -- Malach, Rafael -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Mar 12;303(5664):1634-40.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15016991" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; *Attention ; Auditory Cortex/physiology ; Brain Mapping ; Cerebral Cortex/*physiology ; Emotions ; Face ; Female ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Middle Aged ; *Motion Pictures as Topic ; Occipital Lobe/physiology ; Photic Stimulation ; Temporal Lobe/physiology ; Vision, Ocular ; Visual Cortex/*physiology ; *Visual Perception
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  • 70
    Publication Date: 2004-04-17
    Description: Mitochondrial dysfunction is a hallmark of beta-amyloid (Abeta)-induced neuronal toxicity in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Here, we demonstrate that Abeta-binding alcohol dehydrogenase (ABAD) is a direct molecular link from Abeta to mitochondrial toxicity. Abeta interacts with ABAD in the mitochondria of AD patients and transgenic mice. The crystal structure of Abeta-bound ABAD shows substantial deformation of the active site that prevents nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) binding. An ABAD peptide specifically inhibits ABAD-Abeta interaction and suppresses Abeta-induced apoptosis and free-radical generation in neurons. Transgenic mice overexpressing ABAD in an Abeta-rich environment manifest exaggerated neuronal oxidative stress and impaired memory. These data suggest that the ABAD-Abeta interaction may be a therapeutic target in AD.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lustbader, Joyce W -- Cirilli, Maurizio -- Lin, Chang -- Xu, Hong Wei -- Takuma, Kazuhiro -- Wang, Ning -- Caspersen, Casper -- Chen, Xi -- Pollak, Susan -- Chaney, Michael -- Trinchese, Fabrizio -- Liu, Shumin -- Gunn-Moore, Frank -- Lue, Lih-Fen -- Walker, Douglas G -- Kuppusamy, Periannan -- Zewier, Zay L -- Arancio, Ottavio -- Stern, David -- Yan, Shirley ShiDu -- Wu, Hao -- 1K07AG00959/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- AG16736/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- AG17490/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- NS42855/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- P50AG08702/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Apr 16;304(5669):448-52.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center for Reproductive Sciences and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15087549" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: 3-Hydroxyacyl CoA Dehydrogenases/chemistry/*metabolism ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Alzheimer Disease/*metabolism ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Amyloid beta-Peptides/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Animals ; Binding Sites ; Brain/*metabolism ; Brain Chemistry ; Carrier Proteins/chemistry/*metabolism ; Cells, Cultured ; Cerebral Cortex/chemistry/metabolism ; Crystallization ; DNA Fragmentation ; Hippocampus/physiology ; Humans ; Learning ; Memory ; Mice ; Mice, Transgenic ; Microscopy, Confocal ; Microscopy, Immunoelectron ; Mitochondria/chemistry/*metabolism ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; NAD/metabolism ; Neurons/metabolism ; Protein Binding ; Protein Conformation ; Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism
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  • 71
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2004-03-27
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Roberts, Leslie -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Mar 26;303(5666):1960-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15044779" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Child ; Child, Preschool ; Developed Countries ; Developing Countries ; Disease Outbreaks/prevention & control ; Endemic Diseases ; *Global Health ; Humans ; *Immunization Programs ; Infant ; Mutation ; Nigeria/epidemiology ; Poliomyelitis/*epidemiology/*prevention & control/transmission/virology ; Poliovirus/genetics/pathogenicity ; Poliovirus Vaccine, Inactivated ; *Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral/administration & dosage/adverse effects/genetics ; Vaccination ; World Health Organization
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  • 72
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    Unknown
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2004-05-25
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lybarger, Suzanne R -- Sandkvist, Maria -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 May 21;304(5674):1122-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉American Red Cross, Holland Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Rockville, MD 20855, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15155939" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Agrobacterium tumefaciens/*genetics/*metabolism/pathogenicity ; Bacteria/genetics/metabolism/pathogenicity ; Bacterial Proteins/*metabolism ; Biological Transport ; Cell Membrane/*metabolism ; Conjugation, Genetic ; Cross-Linking Reagents ; DNA, Bacterial/genetics/*metabolism ; Formaldehyde ; Models, Biological ; Mutation ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Precipitin Tests ; Protein Transport ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Virulence Factors/*metabolism
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  • 73
    Publication Date: 2004-02-14
    Description: Conflict monitoring by the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) has been posited to signal a need for greater cognitive control, producing neural and behavioral adjustments. However, the very occurrence of behavioral adjustments after conflict has been questioned, along with suggestions that there is no direct evidence of ACC conflict-related activity predicting subsequent neural or behavioral adjustments in control. Using the Stroop color-naming task and controlling for repetition effects, we demonstrate that ACC conflict-related activity predicts both greater prefrontal cortex activity and adjustments in behavior, supporting a role of ACC conflict monitoring in the engagement of cognitive control.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kerns, John G -- Cohen, Jonathan D -- MacDonald, Angus W 3rd -- Cho, Raymond Y -- Stenger, V Andrew -- Carter, Cameron S -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Feb 13;303(5660):1023-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14963333" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Brain Mapping ; *Cognition ; *Conflict (Psychology) ; Cues ; Female ; Frontal Lobe/*physiology ; Gyrus Cinguli/*physiology ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Neuropsychological Tests ; Prefrontal Cortex/*physiology ; Reaction Time
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  • 74
    Publication Date: 2004-02-21
    Description: Adult stem cells offer the potential to treat many diseases through a combination of ex vivo genetic manipulation and autologous transplantation. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs, also referred to as marrow stromal cells) are adult stem cells that can be isolated as proliferating, adherent cells from bones. MSCs can differentiate into multiple cell types present in several tissues, including bone, fat, cartilage, and muscle, making them ideal candidates for a variety of cell-based therapies. Here, we have used adeno-associated virus vectors to disrupt dominant-negative mutant COL1A1 collagen genes in MSCs from individuals with the brittle bone disorder osteogenesis imperfecta, demonstrating successful gene targeting in adult human stem cells.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Chamberlain, Joel R -- Schwarze, Ulrike -- Wang, Pei-Rong -- Hirata, Roli K -- Hankenson, Kurt D -- Pace, James M -- Underwood, Robert A -- Song, Kit M -- Sussman, Michael -- Byers, Peter H -- Russell, David W -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Feb 20;303(5661):1198-201.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-7720, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14976317" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alleles ; Animals ; Bone Marrow Cells/physiology ; Cell Differentiation ; Cells, Cultured ; Collagen Type I/chemistry/*genetics/metabolism ; Dependovirus/genetics ; *Gene Targeting ; Genetic Therapy ; Genetic Vectors ; Humans ; Kanamycin Kinase/genetics ; Male ; Mesenchymal Stromal Cells/*physiology ; Mice ; Osteogenesis ; Osteogenesis Imperfecta/*genetics/*therapy ; Point Mutation ; Recombination, Genetic ; Stem Cell Transplantation
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  • 75
    Publication Date: 2004-09-28
    Description: The correct timing of flowering is essential for plants to maximize reproductive success and is controlled by environmental and endogenous signals. We report that nitric oxide (NO) repressed the floral transition in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plants treated with NO, as well as a mutant overproducing NO (nox1), flowered late, whereas a mutant producing less NO (nos1) flowered early. NO suppressed CONSTANS and GIGANTEA gene expression and enhanced FLOWERING LOCUS C expression, which indicated that NO regulates the photoperiod and autonomous pathways. Because NO is induced by environmental stimuli and constitutively produced, it may integrate both external and internal cues into the floral decision.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉He, Yikun -- Tang, Ru-Hang -- Hao, Yi -- Stevens, Robert D -- Cook, Charles W -- Ahn, Sun M -- Jing, Liufang -- Yang, Zhongguang -- Chen, Longen -- Guo, Fangqing -- Fiorani, Fabio -- Jackson, Robert B -- Crawford, Nigel M -- Pei, Zhen-Ming -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Sep 24;305(5692):1968-71.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15448272" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Arabidopsis/drug effects/genetics/*physiology ; Arabidopsis Proteins/genetics/physiology ; Carrier Proteins/genetics/physiology ; Flowers/growth & development/*physiology ; Membrane Proteins/genetics/physiology ; Mutation ; Nitric Oxide/genetics/*physiology ; Nitroprusside/pharmacology ; Photoperiod ; *Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins
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  • 76
    Publication Date: 2004-04-10
    Description: In several areas of the macaque brain, neurons fire during delayed-response tasks at a rate determined by the value of the reward expected at the end of the trial. The activity of these neurons might be related to the value of the expected reward or to the degree of motivation induced by expectation of the reward. We describe results indicating that the nature of reward-dependent activity varies across areas. Neuronal activity in orbitofrontal cortex represents the value of the expected reward, whereas neuronal activity in premotor cortex reflects the degree of motivation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Roesch, Matthew R -- Olson, Carl R -- EY08098/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- EY11831/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- MH45156/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- P41RR03631/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Apr 9;304(5668):307-10.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Mellon Institute, Room 115, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA. roesch@cnbc.cmu.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15073380" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Action Potentials ; Animals ; Cues ; Electrodes ; Frontal Lobe/*physiology ; Macaca mulatta ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; *Motivation ; Motor Cortex/physiology ; Neurons/*physiology ; Psychomotor Performance ; *Reward ; Saccades
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  • 77
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2004-06-26
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stone, Richard -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Jun 25;304(5679):1889-91.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15218116" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Archaeology ; Dental Enamel/chemistry ; England ; Humans ; Male ; Oxygen Isotopes/analysis ; *Paleodontology ; Strontium/analysis ; Wales
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  • 78
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2004-11-30
    Description: Plants use a structurally very simple gas molecule, the hydrocarbon ethylene, to modulate various developmental programs and coordinate responses to a multitude of external stress factors. How this simple molecule generates such a diverse array of effects has been the subject of intense research for the past two decades. A fascinating signaling pathway, with classical as well as novel plant-specific signaling elements, is emerging from these studies. We describe the four main modules that constitute this signaling pathway: a phosphotransfer relay, an EIN2-based unit, a ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation component, and a transcriptional cascade. The canonical and Arabidopsis ethylene signaling pathways in the Signal Transduction Knowledge Environment Connections Maps provide a complete panoramic view of these signaling events in plants.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Alonso, Jose M -- Stepanova, Anna N -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Nov 26;306(5701):1513-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Genetics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA. jmalonso@unity.ncsu.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15567852" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Arabidopsis/genetics/*metabolism ; Arabidopsis Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Cell Nucleus/metabolism ; DNA-Binding Proteins ; Ethylenes/*metabolism ; Models, Biological ; Mutation ; Nuclear Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Plant Proteins/chemistry/metabolism ; Plants/genetics/*metabolism ; Receptors, Cell Surface/chemistry/metabolism ; SKP Cullin F-Box Protein Ligases/metabolism ; *Signal Transduction ; Transcription Factors/genetics/metabolism ; Transcription, Genetic
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  • 79
    Publication Date: 2004-09-09
    Description: Progress in gerontological research has been promoted through the use of numerous animal models, which have helped identify possible mechanisms of aging and age-related chronic diseases and evaluate possible interventions with potential relevance to human aging and disease. Further development of nonhuman primate models, particularly rhesus monkeys, could accelerate this progress, because their closer genetic relationship to humans produces a highly similar aging phenotype. Because the relatively long lives of primates increase the administrative and economic demands on research involving them, new emphasis has emerged on increasing the efficient use of these valuable resources through cooperative, interdisciplinary research.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Roth, George S -- Mattison, Julie A -- Ottinger, Mary Ann -- Chachich, Mark E -- Lane, Mark A -- Ingram, Donald K -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Sep 3;305(5689):1423-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory of Experimental Gerontology, Intramural Research Program, Gerontology Research Center, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, 5600 Nathan Shock Drive, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15353793" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Aging ; Animals ; Biomarkers ; Caloric Restriction ; Chronic Disease ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Disease Models, Animal ; Female ; Heart Diseases/physiopathology/therapy ; Humans ; Longitudinal Studies ; Macaca mulatta/*physiology ; Male ; *Models, Animal ; Neoplasms/physiopathology/therapy
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  • 80
    Publication Date: 2004-07-03
    Description: When we look at our hands, we immediately know that they are part of our own body. This feeling of ownership of our limbs is a fundamental aspect of self-consciousness. We have studied the neuronal counterparts of this experience. A perceptual illusion was used to manipulate feelings of ownership of a rubber hand presented in front of healthy subjects while brain activity was measured by functional magnetic resonance imaging. The neural activity in the premotor cortex reflected the feeling of ownership of the hand. This suggests that multisensory integration in the premotor cortex provides a mechanism for bodily self-attribution.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ehrsson, H Henrik -- Spence, Charles -- Passingham, Richard E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Aug 6;305(5685):875-7. Epub 2004 Jul 1.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Wellcome Department of Imaging Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, 12 Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK. h.ehrsson@fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15232072" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Body Image ; Brain/physiology ; Brain Mapping ; Cerebellum/physiology ; Female ; Hand ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Motor Cortex/*physiology ; Neurons/*physiology ; Parietal Lobe/physiology ; Proprioception ; Time Factors ; Touch ; Vision, Ocular
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 81
    Publication Date: 2004-06-05
    Description: Strategies for inhibiting phagolysosome fusion are essential for the intracellular survival and replication of many pathogens. We found that the lysosomal synaptotagmin Syt VII is required for a mechanism that promotes phagolysosomal fusion and limits the intracellular growth of pathogenic bacteria. Syt VII was required for a form of Ca2+-dependent phagolysosome fusion that is analogous to Ca2+-regulated exocytosis of lysosomes, which can be triggered by membrane injury. Bacterial type III secretion systems, which permeabilize membranes and cause Ca2+ influx in mammalian cells, promote lysosomal exocytosis and inhibit intracellular survival in Syt VII +/+ but not -/- cells. Thus, the lysosomal repair response can also protect cells against pathogens that trigger membrane permeabilization.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Roy, Deepannita -- Liston, David R -- Idone, Vincent J -- Di, Anke -- Nelson, Deborah J -- Pujol, Celine -- Bliska, James B -- Chakrabarti, Sabyasachi -- Andrews, Norma W -- AI34867/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI43389/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI48507/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- GM64625/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Jun 4;304(5676):1515-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Section of Microbial Pathogenesis and Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15178804" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Bacteria/*growth & development/metabolism ; Bacterial Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; CHO Cells ; Calcium/metabolism ; *Calcium-Binding Proteins ; Cell Membrane/*physiology ; Cells, Cultured ; Cricetinae ; Endocytosis ; Exocytosis ; Listeria monocytogenes/growth & development ; Lysosomes/microbiology/physiology ; Macrophages/microbiology ; Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics/*physiology ; Mice ; Mutation ; Nerve Tissue Proteins/genetics/*physiology ; Permeability ; Phagosomes/microbiology/physiology ; Salmonella typhimurium/*growth & development/metabolism ; Synaptotagmins ; Vacuoles/microbiology ; Yersinia pseudotuberculosis/genetics/growth & development
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  • 82
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2004-12-14
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Rubin, Vera -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Dec 10;306(5703):1891.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15591185" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Awards and Prizes ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Men ; *Prejudice ; *Science ; *Women
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  • 83
    Publication Date: 2004-01-24
    Description: Mammalian sex chromosomes have undergone profound changes since evolving from ancestral autosomes. By examining retroposed genes in the human and mouse genomes, we demonstrate that, during evolution, the mammalian X chromosome has generated and recruited a disproportionately high number of functional retroposed genes, whereas the autosomes experienced lower gene turnover. Most autosomal copies originating from X-linked genes exhibited testis-biased expression. Such export is incompatible with mutational bias and is likely driven by natural selection to attain male germline function. However, the excess recruitment is consistent with a combination of both natural selection and mutational bias.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Emerson, J J -- Kaessmann, Henrik -- Betran, Esther -- Long, Manyuan -- GM-065429-01A1/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Jan 23;303(5657):537-40.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14739461" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Chromosomes, Human/genetics ; Chromosomes, Human, X/*genetics ; Chromosomes, Mammalian/genetics ; Computational Biology ; Dosage Compensation, Genetic ; Female ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Genes, Duplicate ; Genetic Linkage ; Genome ; Genome, Human ; Humans ; Introns ; Male ; Mice ; Monte Carlo Method ; Mutation ; Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis ; Ovary/metabolism ; Pseudogenes/*genetics ; *Recombination, Genetic ; Retroelements/*genetics ; Selection, Genetic ; Sex Characteristics ; Testis/metabolism ; X Chromosome/*genetics
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  • 84
    Publication Date: 2004-05-01
    Description: Uganda provides the clearest example that human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is preventable if populations are mobilized to avoid risk. Despite limited resources, Uganda has shown a 70% decline in HIV prevalence since the early 1990s, linked to a 60% reduction in casual sex. The response in Uganda appears to be distinctively associated with communication about acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) through social networks. Despite substantial condom use and promotion of biomedical approaches, other African countries have shown neither similar behavioral responses nor HIV prevalence declines of the same scale. The Ugandan success is equivalent to a vaccine of 80% effectiveness. Its replication will require changes in global HIV/AIDS intervention policies and their evaluation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stoneburner, Rand L -- Low-Beer, Daniel -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Apr 30;304(5671):714-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Population Health Evaluation Unit, Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK. randstoneburner@netzero.net〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15118157" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adolescent ; Adult ; Age Distribution ; Condoms ; Disease Outbreaks ; Female ; HIV Infections/*epidemiology/*prevention & control ; Health Education ; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice ; Humans ; Incidence ; Information Dissemination ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/*epidemiology/*prevention & control ; Prevalence ; *Risk Reduction Behavior ; Sexual Abstinence ; *Sexual Behavior ; Social Support ; Uganda/epidemiology
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  • 85
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2004-09-28
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Herz, Barbara -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Sep 24;305(5692):1910-1.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15448252" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Child ; Developing Countries ; *Education ; Family ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Population Growth ; *Women
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  • 86
    Publication Date: 2004-02-14
    Description: The tumor suppressor p53 exerts its anti-neoplastic activity primarily through the induction of apoptosis. We found that cytosolic localization of endogenous wild-type or trans-activation-deficient p53 was necessary and sufficient for apoptosis. p53 directly activated the proapoptotic Bcl-2 protein Bax in the absence of other proteins to permeabilize mitochondria and engage the apoptotic program. p53 also released both proapoptotic multidomain proteins and BH3-only proteins [Proapoptotic Bcl-2 family proteins that share only the third Bcl-2 homology domain (BH3)] that were sequestered by Bcl-xL. The transcription-independent activation of Bax by p53 occurred with similar kinetics and concentrations to those produced by activated Bid. We propose that when p53 accumulates in the cytosol, it can function analogously to the BH3-only subset of proapoptotic Bcl-2 proteins to activate Bax and trigger apoptosis.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Chipuk, Jerry E -- Kuwana, Tomomi -- Bouchier-Hayes, Lisa -- Droin, Nathalie M -- Newmeyer, Donald D -- Schuler, Martin -- Green, Douglas R -- AI40646/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI47891/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- GM52735/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Feb 13;303(5660):1010-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Cellular Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 10355 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14963330" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Apoptosis ; BH3 Interacting Domain Death Agonist Protein ; Carrier Proteins/metabolism ; Cell Line, Transformed ; Cell Nucleus/metabolism ; Cells, Cultured ; Cytochromes c/metabolism ; Cytosol/metabolism ; Gene Expression Regulation ; Genes, p53 ; HeLa Cells ; Humans ; Intracellular Membranes/*physiology ; Liposomes/metabolism ; Mice ; Mitochondria/*physiology ; Mutation ; Permeability ; Protein Conformation ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2/metabolism ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/chemistry/*metabolism ; Ultraviolet Rays ; Wheat Germ Agglutinins/pharmacology ; bcl-2-Associated X Protein ; bcl-X Protein
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  • 87
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2004-07-17
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zakon, Harold -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Jul 16;305(5682):349-50.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Section of Neurobiology, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA. h.zakon@mail.utexas.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15256660" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adaptation, Physiological ; Animals ; Batrachoidiformes/*physiology ; Biological Evolution ; Ear, Inner/drug effects/*innervation/physiology ; Electric Fish/physiology ; Estrogens/*pharmacology/physiology ; Female ; Hair Cells, Auditory/physiology ; Hearing/*physiology ; Male ; Neurons, Afferent/*physiology ; Receptors, Estrogen/physiology ; Reproduction ; Sensory Receptor Cells/physiology ; Sexual Behavior, Animal ; Testosterone/pharmacology/physiology ; Vestibulocochlear Nerve/physiology ; *Vocalization, Animal
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  • 88
    Publication Date: 2004-12-18
    Description: The inositol pyrophosphates IP7 and IP8 contain highly energetic pyrophosphate bonds. Although implicated in various biologic functions, their molecular sites of action have not been clarified. Using radiolabeled IP7, we detected phosphorylation of multiple eukaryotic proteins. We also observed phosphorylation of endogenous proteins by endogenous IP7 in yeast. Phosphorylation by IP7 is nonenzymatic and may represent a novel intracellular signaling mechanism.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Saiardi, Adolfo -- Bhandari, Rashna -- Resnick, Adam C -- Snowman, Adele M -- Snyder, Solomon H -- DA00074/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- MH068830-02/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- MH18501/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Dec 17;306(5704):2101-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, 725 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15604408" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenosine Triphosphate/metabolism ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Amino Acid Substitution ; Animals ; Drosophila Proteins/metabolism ; Drosophila melanogaster ; Escherichia coli Proteins/metabolism ; Humans ; Inositol Phosphates/*metabolism ; Kinetics ; Magnesium/metabolism ; Mice ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Nuclear Proteins/chemistry/*metabolism ; Phosphates/metabolism ; Phosphorylation ; Phosphotransferases (Phosphate Group Acceptor)/metabolism ; Protein Kinases/genetics/metabolism ; Proteins/*metabolism ; RNA-Binding Proteins/chemistry/*metabolism ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae/metabolism ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins/chemistry/*metabolism ; Serine/metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; Temperature
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  • 89
    Publication Date: 2004-05-15
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Samet, Jonathan M -- DeMarini, David M -- Malling, Heinrich V -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 May 14;304(5673):971-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA. jsamet@jhsph.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15143266" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Air Pollutants/*toxicity ; Air Pollution/*adverse effects ; Animals ; DNA Damage ; Female ; Filtration/instrumentation ; *Germ-Line Mutation ; Humans ; Industry ; Male ; Mice ; Mutagens/*toxicity ; Ontario ; Particle Size ; Polycyclic Hydrocarbons, Aromatic/toxicity ; Pregnancy ; Spermatogonia/drug effects/physiology ; Stem Cells/drug effects/physiology ; Tandem Repeat Sequences
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 90
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2004-12-28
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hill, Geoffrey E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Dec 24;306(5705):2201-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biological Science, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA. ghill@acesag.auburn.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15619587" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Animal Migration ; Animals ; Carotenoids/*analysis ; Feathers/*chemistry/growth & development ; Female ; Hydrogen/*analysis ; Isotopes ; Life Cycle Stages ; Male ; *Molting ; Pigmentation ; *Reproduction ; Seasons ; Songbirds/growth & development/*physiology ; Time Factors
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  • 91
    Publication Date: 2004-07-17
    Description: Experiments on imitation typically evaluate a student's ability to copy some feature of an expert's motor behavior. Here, we describe a type of observational learning in which a student copies a cognitive rule rather than a specific motor action. Two rhesus macaques were trained to respond, in a prescribed order, to different sets of photographs that were displayed on a touch-sensitive monitor. Because the position of the photographs varied randomly from trial to trial, sequences could not be learned by motor imitation. Both monkeys learned new sequences more rapidly after observing an expert execute those sequences than when they had to learn new sequences entirely by trial and error.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Subiaul, Francys -- Cantlon, Jessica F -- Holloway, Ralph L -- Terrace, Herbert S -- R01 MH40462/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Jul 16;305(5682):407-10.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Anthropology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA. subiaul@aol.com〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15256673" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Cognition ; *Imitative Behavior ; *Learning ; Macaca mulatta/*physiology/psychology ; Male
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  • 92
    Publication Date: 2004-06-19
    Description: Psychologists and economists have long appreciated the contribution of reward history and expectation to decision-making. Yet we know little about how specific histories of choice and reward lead to an internal representation of the "value" of possible actions. We approached this problem through an integrated application of behavioral, computational, and physiological techniques. Monkeys were placed in a dynamic foraging environment in which they had to track the changing values of alternative choices through time. In this context, the monkeys' foraging behavior provided a window into their subjective valuation. We found that a simple model based on reward history can duplicate this behavior and that neurons in the parietal cortex represent the relative value of competing actions predicted by this model.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sugrue, Leo P -- Corrado, Greg S -- Newsome, William T -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Jun 18;304(5678):1782-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. leo@monkeybiz.stanford.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15205529" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Brain Mapping ; *Choice Behavior ; Computer Simulation ; Cues ; Decision Making ; Macaca mulatta ; Male ; Mathematics ; Models, Psychological ; Neurons/physiology ; Parietal Lobe/*physiology ; Probability ; Regression Analysis ; Reward ; Saccades
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 93
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2004-01-06
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Normile, Dennis -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Jan 2;303(5654):26.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14704402" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; *Containment of Biohazards ; Guidelines as Topic ; Humans ; Laboratory Infection/prevention & control/*transmission ; Male ; *Medical Laboratory Personnel ; *SARS Virus ; Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome/prevention & control/*transmission ; Taiwan ; World Health Organization
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 94
    Publication Date: 2004-10-30
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Szule, Joseph A -- Coorssen, Jens R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Oct 29;306(5697):813; author reply 813.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Cellular and Molecular NeurobiologyResearch Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15514140" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Calcium/*metabolism ; Cell Membrane Structures/*chemistry/metabolism ; *Exocytosis ; Membrane Fusion ; Membrane Microdomains/metabolism ; Membrane Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Models, Biological ; Mutation ; Neurons/*physiology ; PC12 Cells ; Qa-SNARE Proteins ; Rats
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  • 95
    Publication Date: 2004-04-17
    Description: Instrumental conditioning studies how animals and humans choose actions appropriate to the affective structure of an environment. According to recent reinforcement learning models, two distinct components are involved: a "critic," which learns to predict future reward, and an "actor," which maintains information about the rewarding outcomes of actions to enable better ones to be chosen more frequently. We scanned human participants with functional magnetic resonance imaging while they engaged in instrumental conditioning. Our results suggest partly dissociable contributions of the ventral and dorsal striatum, with the former corresponding to the critic and the latter corresponding to the actor.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉O'Doherty, John -- Dayan, Peter -- Schultz, Johannes -- Deichmann, Ralf -- Friston, Karl -- Dolan, Raymond J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Apr 16;304(5669):452-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Wellcome Department of Imaging Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1N 3BG, UK. j.odoherty@fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15087550" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Basal Ganglia/*physiology ; Caudate Nucleus/*physiology ; Conditioning, Classical ; *Conditioning, Operant ; Female ; Humans ; Learning ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Nucleus Accumbens/*physiology ; Probability ; Putamen/*physiology ; Reinforcement (Psychology) ; Reward
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  • 96
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2004-05-25
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Erwin, Douglas H -- Krakauer, David C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 May 21;304(5674):1117-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Paleobiology, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560, USA. erwin@santafe.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15155937" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Diffusion of Innovation ; Economics ; Ecosystem ; *Engineering ; Environment ; Epigenesis, Genetic ; Gene Duplication ; Gene Transfer, Horizontal ; Genotype ; Mutation ; Phenotype ; Selection, Genetic ; *Technology
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  • 97
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2004-04-03
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Tobena, Adolf -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Apr 2;304(5667):47-9; author reply 47-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15060306" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Behavior ; Female ; Humans ; Islam ; Male ; *Personality ; Religion ; *Suicide ; Temperament ; *Terrorism
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  • 98
    Publication Date: 2004-11-13
    Description: Various forms of birth control have been developed for women; however, there are currently few options for men. The development of male contraceptives that are effective, safe, and reversible is desired for family planning throughout the world. We now report contraception of male nonhuman primates (Macaca radiata) immunized with Eppin, a testis/epididymis-specific protein. Seven out of nine males (78%) developed high titers to Eppin, and all of these high-titer monkeys were infertile. Five out of seven (71%) high-anti-Eppin titer males recovered fertility when immunization was stopped. This study demonstrates that effective and reversible male immunocontraception is an attainable goal. This method of immunocontraception may be extended to humans.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉O'rand, M G -- Widgren, E E -- Sivashanmugam, P -- Richardson, R T -- Hall, S H -- French, F S -- VandeVoort, C A -- Ramachandra, S G -- Ramesh, V -- Jagannadha Rao, A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Nov 12;306(5699):1189-90.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratories for Reproductive Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA. morand@unc.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15539605" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antibodies/analysis/blood ; *Contraception, Immunologic ; Female ; Fertility ; Freund's Adjuvant ; Immunization, Secondary ; Macaca mulatta ; Macaca radiata ; Male ; Proteinase Inhibitory Proteins, Secretory ; Proteins/*immunology ; Recombinant Proteins/immunology ; Semen/immunology ; Time Factors ; Vaccination ; *Vaccines, Contraceptive
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  • 99
    Publication Date: 2004-08-07
    Description: Young brood parasites that tolerate the company of host offspring challenge the existing evolutionary view of family life. In theory, all parasitic nestlings should be ruthlessly self-interested and should kill host offspring soon after hatching. Yet many species allow host young to live, even though they are rivals for host resources. Here we show that the tolerance of host nestlings by the parasitic brown-headed cowbird Molothrus ater is adaptive. Host young procure the cowbird a higher provisioning rate, so it grows more rapidly. The cowbird's unexpected altruism toward host offspring simply promotes its selfish interests in exploiting host parents.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kilner, Rebecca M -- Madden, Joah R -- Hauber, Mark E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Aug 6;305(5685):877-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Zoology, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK. rmk1002@hermes.cam.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15297677" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Behavior, Animal ; Feeding Behavior ; Female ; Male ; *Nesting Behavior ; Regression Analysis ; Social Behavior ; Songbirds/growth & development/*physiology
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  • 100
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2004-08-03
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Holden, Constance -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Jul 30;305(5684):639-40.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15286362" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Anaerobic Threshold ; Body Constitution ; Doping in Sports ; Female ; Heart/physiology ; Humans ; Male ; Muscle, Skeletal/anatomy & histology/physiology ; Oxygen Consumption ; Physical Endurance ; Pulmonary Ventilation ; *Running ; *Sex Characteristics ; Testosterone/metabolism
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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