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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2015-04-03
    Description: Cultivation of corn and soybeans in the United States reached record high levels following the biofuels boom of the late 2000s. Debate exists about whether the expansion of these crops caused conversion of grasslands and other carbon-rich ecosystems to cropland or instead replaced other crops on existing agricultural land. We tracked crop-specific expansion pathways across the conterminous US and identified the types, amount, and locations of all land converted to and from cropland, 2008–2012. We found that crop expansion resulted in substantial transformation of the landscape, including conversion of long-term unimproved grasslands and land that had not been previously used for agriculture (cropland or pasture) dating back to at least the early 1970s. Corn was the most common crop planted directly on new land, as well as the largest indirect contributor to change through its displacement of other crops. Cropland expansion occurred most rapidly on land that is less suitable for c...
    Print ISSN: 1748-9318
    Electronic ISSN: 1748-9326
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2008-10-04
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Robertson, G Philip -- Dale, Virginia H -- Doering, Otto C -- Hamburg, Steven P -- Melillo, Jerry M -- Wander, Michele M -- Parton, William J -- Adler, Paul R -- Barney, Jacob N -- Cruse, Richard M -- Duke, Clifford S -- Fearnside, Philip M -- Follett, Ronald F -- Gibbs, Holly K -- Goldemberg, Jose -- Mladenoff, David J -- Ojima, Dennis -- Palmer, Michael W -- Sharpley, Andrew -- Wallace, Linda -- Weathers, Kathleen C -- Wiens, John A -- Wilhelm, Wallace W -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Oct 3;322(5898):49-50. doi: 10.1126/science.1161525.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉W. K. Kellogg Biological Station and Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Michigan State University, Hickory Corners, MI 49060, USA. robertson@kbs.msu.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18832631" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Agriculture/economics/methods ; Biomass ; *Cellulose ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Crops, Agricultural/economics ; Ecosystem ; *Energy-Generating Resources/economics ; *Environment ; *Ethanol ; Internationality ; Public Policy
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 3
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2009-10-17
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Brodie, Jedediah F -- Gibbs, Holly K -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Oct 16;326(5951):364-5. doi: 10.1126/science.326_364b.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Wildlife Biology Program, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59802, USA. jedediah.brodie@gmail.com〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19833939" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Africa ; Animals ; *Climatic Processes ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Extinction, Biological ; Meat ; Population Dynamics ; *Tropical Climate ; *Vertebrates
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2005-07-26
    Description: Land use has generally been considered a local environmental issue, but it is becoming a force of global importance. Worldwide changes to forests, farmlands, waterways, and air are being driven by the need to provide food, fiber, water, and shelter to more than six billion people. Global croplands, pastures, plantations, and urban areas have expanded in recent decades, accompanied by large increases in energy, water, and fertilizer consumption, along with considerable losses of biodiversity. Such changes in land use have enabled humans to appropriate an increasing share of the planet's resources, but they also potentially undermine the capacity of ecosystems to sustain food production, maintain freshwater and forest resources, regulate climate and air quality, and ameliorate infectious diseases. We face the challenge of managing trade-offs between immediate human needs and maintaining the capacity of the biosphere to provide goods and services in the long term.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Foley, Jonathan A -- Defries, Ruth -- Asner, Gregory P -- Barford, Carol -- Bonan, Gordon -- Carpenter, Stephen R -- Chapin, F Stuart -- Coe, Michael T -- Daily, Gretchen C -- Gibbs, Holly K -- Helkowski, Joseph H -- Holloway, Tracey -- Howard, Erica A -- Kucharik, Christopher J -- Monfreda, Chad -- Patz, Jonathan A -- Prentice, I Colin -- Ramankutty, Navin -- Snyder, Peter K -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2005 Jul 22;309(5734):570-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center for Sustainability and the Global Environment (SAGE), University of Wisconsin, 1710 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53726, USA. jfoley@wisc.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16040698" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Air Pollution ; Animals ; Animals, Wild ; Climate ; Communicable Diseases/epidemiology/transmission ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; *Environment ; Fresh Water ; Human Activities ; Humans ; Policy Making ; Trees
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2004-02-07
    Description: The bacterium Listeria monocytogenes can cause a life-threatening systemic illness in humans. Despite decades of progress in animal models of listeriosis, much remains unknown about the processes of infection and colonization. Here, we report that L. monocytogenes can replicate in the murine gall bladder and provide evidence that its replication there is extracellular and intraluminal. In vivo bioluminescence imaging was employed to determine the location of the infection over time in live animals, revealing strong signals from the gall bladder over a period of several days, in diseased as well as asymptomatic animals. The data suggest that L. monocytogenes may be carried in the human gall bladder.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hardy, Jonathan -- Francis, Kevin P -- DeBoer, Monica -- Chu, Pauline -- Gibbs, Karine -- Contag, Christopher H -- R01HD37543/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Feb 6;303(5659):851-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14764883" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Colony Count, Microbial ; Female ; Gallbladder/*microbiology ; Gallbladder Diseases/*microbiology ; Listeria monocytogenes/genetics/*growth & development/isolation & ; purification/pathogenicity ; Listeriosis/*microbiology ; Liver/microbiology ; Luminescence ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Mutation ; Spleen/microbiology ; Time Factors ; Virulence
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: Historically, the expansion of soy plantations has been a major driver of land-use/cover change (LUCC) in Brazil. While a series of recent public actions and supply-chain commitments reportedly curbed the replacement of forests by soy, the expansion of the agricultural commodity still poses a considerable threat to the Amazonian and Cerrado biomes. Identification of areas under high risk of soy expansion is thus paramount to assist conservation efforts in the region. We mapped the areas suitable for undergoing transition to soy plantations in the Legal Amazon with a machine-learning approach adopted from the ecological modeling literature. Simulated soy expansion for the year 2014 exhibited favorable validation scores compared to other LUCC models. We then used our model to simulate how potential future infrastructure improvements would affect the 2014 probabilities of soy occurrence in the region. In addition to the 2.3 Mha of planted soy in the Legal Amazon in 2014, our model identified another 14.7 Mha with high probability of soy conversion in the region given the infrastructure conditions at that time. Out of those, pastures and forests represented 9.8 and 0.4 Mha, respectively. Under the new infrastructure scenarios simulated, the Legal Amazonian area under high risk of soy conversion increased by up to 2.1 Mha (14.6%). These changes led to up to 11.4 and 51.4% increases in the high-risk of conversion areas of pastures and forests, respectively. If conversion occurs in the identified high-risk areas, at least 4.8 Pg of CO2 could be released into the atmosphere, a value that represents 10 times the total CO2 emissions of Brazil in 2014. Our results highlight the importance of targeting conservation policies and enforcement actions, including the Soy Moratorium, to mitigate future forest cover loss associated with infrastructure improvements in the region.
    Electronic ISSN: 1999-4907
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Published by MDPI
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2013-04-12
    Description: Pottery was a hunter-gatherer innovation that first emerged in East Asia between 20,000 and 12,000 calibrated years before present (cal bp), towards the end of the Late Pleistocene epoch, a period of time when humans were adjusting to changing climates and new environments. Ceramic container technologies were one of a range of late glacial adaptations that were pivotal to structuring subsequent cultural trajectories in different regions of the world, but the reasons for their emergence and widespread uptake are poorly understood. The first ceramic containers must have provided prehistoric hunter-gatherers with attractive new strategies for processing and consuming foodstuffs, but virtually nothing is known of how early pots were used. Here we report the chemical analysis of food residues associated with Late Pleistocene pottery, focusing on one of the best-studied prehistoric ceramic sequences in the world, the Japanese Jomon. We demonstrate that lipids can be recovered reliably from charred surface deposits adhering to pottery dating from about 15,000 to 11,800 cal bp (the Incipient Jomon period), the oldest pottery so far investigated, and that in most cases these organic compounds are unequivocally derived from processing freshwater and marine organisms. Stable isotope data support the lipid evidence and suggest that most of the 101 charred deposits analysed, from across the major islands of Japan, were derived from high-trophic-level aquatic food. Productive aquatic ecotones were heavily exploited by late glacial foragers, perhaps providing an initial impetus for investment in ceramic container technology, and paving the way for further intensification of pottery use by hunter-gatherers in the early Holocene epoch. Now that we have shown that it is possible to analyse organic residues from some of the world's earliest ceramic vessels, the subsequent development of this critical technology can be clarified through further widespread testing of hunter-gatherer pottery from later periods.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Craig, O E -- Saul, H -- Lucquin, A -- Nishida, Y -- Tache, K -- Clarke, L -- Thompson, A -- Altoft, D T -- Uchiyama, J -- Ajimoto, M -- Gibbs, K -- Isaksson, S -- Heron, C P -- Jordan, P -- England -- Nature. 2013 Apr 18;496(7445):351-4. doi: 10.1038/nature12109. Epub 2013 Apr 10.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉BioArCh, Department of Archaeology, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK. oliver.craig@york.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23575637" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Aquatic Organisms/chemistry/isolation & purification ; Archaeology ; Ceramics/*history ; Cooking/*history ; Dietary Fats/analysis ; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry ; Greenland ; History, Ancient ; Japan ; Lipids/analysis/chemistry ; Oxygen Isotopes ; Seafood/analysis/history
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2011-10-08
    Description: We report the detection of pulsed gamma rays from the Crab pulsar at energies above 100 giga-electron volts (GeV) with the Very Energetic Radiation Imaging Telescope Array System (VERITAS) array of atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes. The detection cannot be explained on the basis of current pulsar models. The photon spectrum of pulsed emission between 100 mega-electron volts and 400 GeV is described by a broken power law that is statistically preferred over a power law with an exponential cutoff. It is unlikely that the observation can be explained by invoking curvature radiation as the origin of the observed gamma rays above 100 GeV. Our findings require that these gamma rays be produced more than 10 stellar radii from the neutron star.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉VERITAS Collaboration -- Aliu, E -- Arlen, T -- Aune, T -- Beilicke, M -- Benbow, W -- Bouvier, A -- Bradbury, S M -- Buckley, J H -- Bugaev, V -- Byrum, K -- Cannon, A -- Cesarini, A -- Christiansen, J L -- Ciupik, L -- Collins-Hughes, E -- Connolly, M P -- Cui, W -- Dickherber, R -- Duke, C -- Errando, M -- Falcone, A -- Finley, J P -- Finnegan, G -- Fortson, L -- Furniss, A -- Galante, N -- Gall, D -- Gibbs, K -- Gillanders, G H -- Godambe, S -- Griffin, S -- Grube, J -- Guenette, R -- Gyuk, G -- Hanna, D -- Holder, J -- Huan, H -- Hughes, G -- Hui, C M -- Humensky, T B -- Imran, A -- Kaaret, P -- Karlsson, N -- Kertzman, M -- Kieda, D -- Krawczynski, H -- Krennrich, F -- Lang, M J -- Lyutikov, M -- Madhavan, A S -- Maier, G -- Majumdar, P -- McArthur, S -- McCann, A -- McCutcheon, M -- Moriarty, P -- Mukherjee, R -- Nunez, P -- Ong, R A -- Orr, M -- Otte, A N -- Park, N -- Perkins, J S -- Pizlo, F -- Pohl, M -- Prokoph, H -- Quinn, J -- Ragan, K -- Reyes, L C -- Reynolds, P T -- Roache, E -- Rose, H J -- Ruppel, J -- Saxon, D B -- Schroedter, M -- Sembroski, G H -- Senturk, G D -- Smith, A W -- Staszak, D -- Tesic, G -- Theiling, M -- Thibadeau, S -- Tsurusaki, K -- Tyler, J -- Varlotta, A -- Vassiliev, V V -- Vincent, S -- Vivier, M -- Wakely, S P -- Ward, J E -- Weekes, T C -- Weinstein, A -- Weisgarber, T -- Williams, D A -- Zitzer, B -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Oct 7;334(6052):69-72. doi: 10.1126/science.1208192.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Physics and Astronomy, Barnard College, Columbia University, NY 10027, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21980105" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2015-01-24
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gibbs, H K -- Rausch, L -- Munger, J -- Schelly, I -- Morton, D C -- Noojipady, P -- Soares-Filho, B -- Barreto, P -- Micol, L -- Walker, N F -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2015 Jan 23;347(6220):377-8. doi: 10.1126/science.aaa0181.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53726, USA. hkgibbs@wisc.edu. ; University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53726, USA. ; NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA. ; University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA. National Wildlife Federation, Washington, DC 20006, USA. ; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil. ; IMAZON Amazon Institute of People and the Environment, 66.060-162 Belem, Para, Brazil. ; Instituto Centro de Vida, 78045-055 Cuiaba, Mato Grosso, Brazil. ; National Wildlife Federation, Washington, DC 20006, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25613879" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Agriculture/*legislation & jurisprudence ; Brazil ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*legislation & jurisprudence ; *Soybeans
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2017-09-30
    Description: We quantified the avoided deforestation impacts of environmental land registration in Brazil's Amazonian states of Mato Grosso and Pará between 2005 and 2014. We find that the program reduced deforestation on registered lands. The magnitude of the effect implies that deforestation in the two states would have been 10% higher in the absence of the program. The impacts of registration varied over time, likely due to multiple policies linking environmental registration to land use incentives. Our results also reveal that agriculturally suitable lands and those located in regions undergoing the most land-use change were more likely to be registered than those in less suitable, less dynamic regions. We conclude that environmental registration is an important first step to implement avoided deforestation policies targeting private landholders. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved
    Print ISSN: 1755-263X
    Electronic ISSN: 1755-263X
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Wiley on behalf of The Society for Conservation Biology.
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