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  • 1
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    Anterior cingulate cortex, error detection, and the online monitoring of performance (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-05-23
    Description: An unresolved question in neuroscience and psychology is how the brain monitors performance to regulate behavior. It has been proposed that the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), on the medial surface of the frontal lobe, contributes to performance monitoring by detecting errors. In this study, event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging was used to examine ACC function. Results confirm that this region shows activity during erroneous responses. However, activity was also observed in the same region during correct responses under conditions of increased response competition. This suggests that the ACC detects conditions under which errors are likely to occur rather than errors themselves.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Carter, C S -- Braver, T S -- Barch, D M -- Botvinick, M M -- Noll, D -- Cohen, J D -- K08MH01306/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- R01MH52864/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 May 1;280(5364):747-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, 3811 O'Hara Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA. cscarter+@pitt.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9563953" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Brain Mapping ; Cognition/*physiology ; Frontal Lobe/*physiology ; Gyrus Cinguli/*physiology ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 2
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    Dissociating the role of the dorsolateral prefrontal and anterior cingulate cortex in cognitive control (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-06-10
    Description: Theories of the regulation of cognition suggest a system with two necessary components: one to implement control and another to monitor performance and signal when adjustments in control are needed. Event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging and a task-switching version of the Stroop task were used to examine whether these components of cognitive control have distinct neural bases in the human brain. A double dissociation was found. During task preparation, the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (Brodmann's area 9) was more active for color naming than for word reading, consistent with a role in the implementation of control. In contrast, the anterior cingulate cortex (Brodmann's areas 24 and 32) was more active when responding to incongruent stimuli, consistent with a role in performance monitoring.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉MacDonald, A W 3rd -- Cohen, J D -- Stenger, V A -- Carter, C S -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Jun 9;288(5472):1835-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10846167" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adolescent ; Adult ; Brain Mapping ; Cerebral Cortex/*physiology ; Cognition/*physiology ; Color ; Female ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Prefrontal Cortex/*physiology ; Reading
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 3
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    An fMRI investigation of emotional engagement in moral judgment (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2001-09-15
    Description: The long-standing rationalist tradition in moral psychology emphasizes the role of reason in moral judgment. A more recent trend places increased emphasis on emotion. Although both reason and emotion are likely to play important roles in moral judgment, relatively little is known about their neural correlates, the nature of their interaction, and the factors that modulate their respective behavioral influences in the context of moral judgment. In two functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies using moral dilemmas as probes, we apply the methods of cognitive neuroscience to the study of moral judgment. We argue that moral dilemmas vary systematically in the extent to which they engage emotional processing and that these variations in emotional engagement influence moral judgment. These results may shed light on some puzzling patterns in moral judgment observed by contemporary philosophers.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Greene, J D -- Sommerville, R B -- Nystrom, L E -- Darley, J M -- Cohen, J D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Sep 14;293(5537):2105-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center for the Study of Brain, Mind, and Behavior, Department of Philosophy, 1879 Hall, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA. jdgreene@princeton.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11557895" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Brain/*physiology ; Brain Mapping ; *Emotions ; Female ; Humans ; *Judgment ; *Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Mental Processes ; *Morals ; Reaction Time
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 4
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    Neuroscience. The face of controversy (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-09-29
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cohen, J D -- Tong, F -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Sep 28;293(5539):2405-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Psychology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. jdc@princeton.edu.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11577224" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Brain Mapping ; *Face ; Form Perception/*physiology ; *Human Body ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Models, Neurological ; Neurons/physiology ; Occipital Lobe/*physiology ; Pattern Recognition, Visual ; Prosopagnosia/physiopathology ; Recognition (Psychology) ; Space Perception ; Temporal Lobe/*physiology ; Visual Cortex/physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 5
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    A role for flavin monooxygenase-like enzymes in auxin biosynthesis (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-02-24
    Description: Although auxin is known to regulate many processes in plant development and has been studied for over a century, the mechanisms whereby plants produce it have remained elusive. Here we report the characterization of a dominant Arabidopsis mutant, yucca, which contains elevated levels of free auxin. YUCCA encodes a flavin monooxygenase-like enzyme and belongs to a family that includes at least nine other homologous Arabidopsis genes, a subset of which appears to have redundant functions. Results from tryptophan analog feeding experiments and biochemical assays indicate that YUCCA catalyzes hydroxylation of the amino group of tryptamine, a rate-limiting step in tryptophan-dependent auxin biosynthesis.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zhao, Y -- Christensen, S K -- Fankhauser, C -- Cashman, J R -- Cohen, J D -- Weigel, D -- Chory, J -- 2R01GM52413/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01GM36426/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Jan 12;291(5502):306-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Plant Biology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11209081" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alleles ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Arabidopsis/anatomy & histology/*genetics/growth & development/*metabolism ; *Arabidopsis Proteins ; Catalysis ; Cloning, Molecular ; Genes, Plant ; Indoleacetic Acids/*biosynthesis/*metabolism ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Oxygenases/chemistry/*metabolism ; Phenotype ; Plant Roots/growth & development ; Plants, Toxic ; Tobacco/metabolism ; Tryptamines/metabolism ; Tryptophan/*analogs & derivatives/metabolism/pharmacology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 6
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    The role of locus coeruleus in the regulation of cognitive performance (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-01-23
    Description: Noradrenergic locus coeruleus (LC) neurons were recorded in monkeys performing a visual discrimination task, and a computational model was developed addressing the role of the LC brain system in cognitive performance. Changes in spontaneous and stimulus-induced patterns of LC activity correlated closely with fluctuations in behavioral performance. The model explains these fluctuations in terms of changes in electrotonic coupling among LC neurons and predicts improved performance during epochs of high coupling and synchronized LC firing. Cross correlations of simultaneously recorded LC neurons confirmed this prediction, indicating that electrotonic coupling in LC may play an important role in attentional modulation and the regulation of goal-directed versus exploratory behaviors.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Usher, M -- Cohen, J D -- Servan-Schreiber, D -- Rajkowski, J -- Aston-Jones, G -- MH 55309/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- MH45156/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- MH47566/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- etc. -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Jan 22;283(5401):549-54.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Psychology, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9915705" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Action Potentials ; Animals ; Behavior, Animal ; *Cognition ; Discrimination (Psychology) ; Electrophysiology ; Locus Coeruleus/*physiology ; Macaca fascicularis ; *Models, Neurological ; Neurons/*physiology ; Norepinephrine/physiology ; Photic Stimulation ; Psychomotor Performance
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
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  • 7
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    A network model of catecholamine effects: gain, signal-to-noise ratio, and behavior (1990)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1990-08-24
    Description: At the level of individual neurons, catecholamine release increases the responsivity of cells to excitatory and inhibitory inputs. A model of catecholamine effects in a network of neural-like elements is presented, which shows that (i) changes in the responsivity of individual elements do not affect their ability to detect a signal and ignore noise but (ii) the same changes in cell responsivity in a network of such elements do improve the signal detection performance of the network as a whole. The second result is used in a computer simulation based on principles of parallel distributed processing to account for the effect of central nervous system stimulants on the signal detection performance of human subjects.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Servan-Schreiber, D -- Printz, H -- Cohen, J D -- MH00673/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- MH09696/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1990 Aug 24;249(4971):892-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2392679" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Behavior ; Catecholamines/*physiology ; Central Nervous System/drug effects/physiology ; Dopamine/physiology ; Humans ; Methylphenidate/pharmacology ; *Models, Neurological ; Neurons/*physiology ; Norepinephrine/physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 8
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    Indole-3-Acetic Acid Biosynthesis in the Mutant Maize orange pericarp, a Tryptophan Auxotroph (1991)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1991-11-15
    Description: The maize mutant orange pericarp is a tryptophan auxotroph, which results from mutation of two unlinked loci of tryptophan synthase B. This mutant was used to test the hypothesis that tryptophan is the precursor to the plant hormone indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). Total IAA in aseptically grown mutant seedlings was 50 times greater than in normal seedlings. In mutant seedlings grown on media containing stable isotopelabeled precursors, IAA was more enriched than was tryptophan. No incorporation of label into IAA from tryptophan could be detected. These results establish that IAA can be produced de novo without tryptophan as an intermediate.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wright, A D -- Sampson, M B -- Neuffer, M G -- Michalczuk, L -- Slovin, J P -- Cohen, J D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 Nov 15;254(5034):998-1000.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17731524" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 9
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    BOLD responses reflecting dopaminergic signals in the human ventral tegmental area (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2008-03-01
    Description: Current theories hypothesize that dopamine neuronal firing encodes reward prediction errors. Although studies in nonhuman species provide direct support for this theory, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies in humans have focused on brain areas targeted by dopamine neurons [ventral striatum (VStr)] rather than on brainstem dopaminergic nuclei [ventral tegmental area (VTA) and substantia nigra]. We used fMRI tailored to directly image the brainstem. When primary rewards were used in an experiment, the VTA blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) response reflected a positive reward prediction error, whereas the VStr encoded positive and negative reward prediction errors. When monetary gains and losses were used, VTA BOLD responses reflected positive reward prediction errors modulated by the probability of winning. We detected no significant VTA BOLD response to nonrewarding events.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉D'Ardenne, Kimberlee -- McClure, Samuel M -- Nystrom, Leigh E -- Cohen, Jonathan D -- F32 MH072141/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- P50 MH062196/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- T32 MH065214/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Feb 29;319(5867):1264-7. doi: 10.1126/science.1150605.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA. dardenne@princeton.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18309087" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adolescent ; Adult ; Basal Ganglia/physiology ; Conditioning, Classical ; Cues ; Dopamine/*physiology ; Female ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Mental Processes/*physiology ; Oxygen/blood ; Probability ; Reinforcement (Psychology) ; *Reward ; Ventral Tegmental Area/*physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
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  • 10
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    NSF program benefits schools in need (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2011-04-09
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Parthasarathy, Raghuveer -- Livelybrooks, Dean -- Johnson, David -- Page, Catherine -- Boettcher, Shannon -- Cohen, J David -- Corwin, Eric -- Deutsch, Miriam -- Haley, Michael -- Haydock, Roger -- Liu, Shih-Yuan -- Lonergan, Mark -- Nazin, George -- Taylor, Richard -- Tyler, David -- Wang, Hailin -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Apr 8;332(6026):173-4. doi: 10.1126/science.332.6026.173-c.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21474734" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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