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  • 1
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    Knowing where and getting there: a human navigation network (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-05-23
    Description: The neural basis of navigation by humans was investigated with functional neuroimaging of brain activity during navigation in a familiar, yet complex virtual reality town. Activation of the right hippocampus was strongly associated with knowing accurately where places were located and navigating accurately between them. Getting to those places quickly was strongly associated with activation of the right caudate nucleus. These two right-side brain structures function in the context of associated activity in right inferior parietal and bilateral medial parietal regions that support egocentric movement through the virtual town, and activity in other left-side regions (hippocampus, frontal cortex) probably involved in nonspatial aspects of navigation. These findings outline a network of brain areas that support navigation in humans and link the functions of these regions to physiological observations in other mammals.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Maguire, E A -- Burgess, N -- Donnett, J G -- Frackowiak, R S -- Frith, C D -- O'Keefe, J -- Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 May 8;280(5365):921-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Wellcome Department of Cognitive Neurology, Institute of Neurology, University College London, 12 Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK. e.maguire@fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9572740" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Brain Mapping ; Caudate Nucleus/blood supply/*physiology/radionuclide imaging ; Cues ; Frontal Lobe/blood supply/*physiology/radionuclide imaging ; Hippocampus/blood supply/*physiology/radionuclide imaging ; Humans ; Male ; Memory ; Neural Pathways ; *Orientation ; Parietal Lobe/blood supply/*physiology/radionuclide imaging ; Psychomotor Performance ; Regional Blood Flow ; *Space Perception ; Tomography, Emission-Computed
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 2
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    Dyslexia: cultural diversity and biological unity (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-03-17
    Description: The recognition of dyslexia as a neurodevelopmental disorder has been hampered by the belief that it is not a specific diagnostic entity because it has variable and culture-specific manifestations. In line with this belief, we found that Italian dyslexics, using a shallow orthography which facilitates reading, performed better on reading tasks than did English and French dyslexics. However, all dyslexics were equally impaired relative to their controls on reading and phonological tasks. Positron emission tomography scans during explicit and implicit reading showed the same reduced activity in a region of the left hemisphere in dyslexics from all three countries, with the maximum peak in the middle temporal gyrus and additional peaks in the inferior and superior temporal gyri and middle occipital gyrus. We conclude that there is a universal neurocognitive basis for dyslexia and that differences in reading performance among dyslexics of different countries are due to different orthographies.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Paulesu, E -- Demonet, J F -- Fazio, F -- McCrory, E -- Chanoine, V -- Brunswick, N -- Cappa, S F -- Cossu, G -- Habib, M -- Frith, C D -- Frith, U -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Mar 16;291(5511):2165-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Psychology Department, University of Milan Bicocca, Milan, Italy. eraldo.paulesu@unimib.it〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11251124" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Brain/blood supply/*physiopathology/radionuclide imaging ; Cross-Cultural Comparison ; *Culture ; Dyslexia/*etiology/physiopathology ; France ; Great Britain ; Humans ; Italy ; *Language ; Male ; Matched-Pair Analysis ; Occipital Lobe/blood supply/physiopathology/radionuclide imaging ; Reading ; Regional Blood Flow ; Temporal Lobe/blood supply/*physiopathology/radionuclide imaging ; Tomography, Emission-Computed
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 3
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    The role of working memory in visual selective attention (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-03-07
    Description: The hypothesis that working memory is crucial for reducing distraction by maintaining the prioritization of relevant information was tested in neuroimaging and psychological experiments with humans. Participants performed a selective attention task that required them to ignore distractor faces while holding in working memory a sequence of digits that were in the same order (low memory load) or a different order (high memory load) on every trial. Higher memory load, associated with increased prefrontal activity, resulted in greater interference effects on behavioral performance from the distractor faces, plus increased face-related activity in the visual cortex. These findings confirm a major role for working memory in the control of visual selective attention.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉de Fockert, J W -- Rees, G -- Frith, C D -- Lavie, N -- 067453/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Mar 2;291(5509):1803-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Psychology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK. : j.de-fockert@ucl.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11230699" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Attention/*physiology ; Brain/*physiology ; Brain Mapping ; Face ; Female ; Form Perception ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Memory, Short-Term/*physiology ; Mental Recall ; Pattern Recognition, Visual ; Prefrontal Cortex/*physiology ; Visual Cortex/physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 4
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    Inattentional blindness versus inattentional amnesia for fixated but ignored words (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-01-05
    Description: People often are unable to report the content of ignored information, but it is unknown whether this reflects a complete failure to perceive it (inattentional blindness) or merely that it is rapidly forgotten (inattentional amnesia). Here functional imaging is used to address this issue by measuring brain activity for unattended words. When attention is fully engaged with other material, the brain no longer differentiates between meaningful words and random letters, even when they are looked at directly. These results demonstrate true inattentional blindness for words and show that visual recognition wholly depends on attention even for highly familiar and meaningful stimuli at the center of gaze.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Rees, G -- Russell, C -- Frith, C D -- Driver, J -- Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Dec 24;286(5449):2504-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Wellcome Department of Cognitive Neurology, Institute of Neurology, University College London, 12 Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK. geraint@klab.caltech.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10617465" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Attention/*physiology ; Brain Mapping ; Cerebral Cortex/*physiology ; Female ; Frontal Lobe/physiology ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Memory/*physiology ; Mental Processes/*physiology ; Parietal Lobe/physiology ; Prefrontal Cortex/physiology ; Temporal Lobe/physiology ; Visual Perception/*physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 5
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    Interacting minds--a biological basis (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-11-27
    Description: The ability to "mentalize," that is to understand and manipulate other people's behavior in terms of their mental states, is a major ingredient in successful social interactions. A rudimentary form of this ability may be seen in great apes, but in humans it is developed to a high level. Specific impairments of mentalizing in both developmental and acquired disorders suggest that this ability depends on a dedicated and circumscribed brain system. Functional imaging studies implicate medial prefrontal cortex and posterior superior temporal sulcus (STS) as components of this system. Clues to the specific function of these components in mentalizing come from single cell recording studies: STS is concerned with representing the actions of others through the detection of biological motion; medial prefrontal regions are concerned with explicit representation of states of the self. These observations suggest that the ability to mentalize has evolved from a system for representing actions.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Frith, C D -- Frith, U -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Nov 26;286(5445):1692-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Wellcome Department of Cognitive Neurology, Institute of Neurology, University College London, 12 Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK. cfrith@fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10576727" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Autistic Disorder/physiopathology/psychology ; Brain Mapping ; Cognition/*physiology ; Deception ; Humans ; Patch-Clamp Techniques ; Prefrontal Cortex/*physiology ; Schizophrenia/physiopathology ; Schizophrenic Psychology ; *Social Behavior ; Temporal Lobe/*physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 6
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    Modulation of human visual cortex by crossmodal spatial attention (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-08-19
    Description: A sudden touch on one hand can improve vision near that hand, revealing crossmodal links in spatial attention. It is often assumed that such links involve only multimodal neural structures, but unimodal brain areas may also be affected. We tested the effect of simultaneous visuo-tactile stimulation on the activity of the human visual cortex. Tactile stimulation enhanced activity in the visual cortex, but only when it was on the same side as a visual target. Analysis of effective connectivity between brain areas suggests that touch influences unimodal visual cortex via back-projections from multimodal parietal areas. This provides a neural explanation for crossmodal links in spatial attention.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Macaluso, E -- Frith, C D -- Driver, J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Aug 18;289(5482):1206-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, UK. Wellcome Department of Cognitive Neurology, Institute of Neurology, London, UK. e.macaluso@fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10947990" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Attention/*physiology ; Brain Mapping ; Cues ; Feedback ; Functional Laterality ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Nerve Net/physiology ; Neural Pathways/physiology ; Occipital Lobe/physiology ; Parietal Lobe/physiology ; Photic Stimulation ; Somatosensory Cortex/*physiology ; Touch/*physiology ; Visual Cortex/*physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 7
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    When fear is near: threat imminence elicits prefrontal-periaqueductal gray shifts in humans (2007)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2007-08-25
    Description: Humans, like other animals, alter their behavior depending on whether a threat is close or distant. We investigated spatial imminence of threat by developing an active avoidance paradigm in which volunteers were pursued through a maze by a virtual predator endowed with an ability to chase, capture, and inflict pain. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, we found that as the virtual predator grew closer, brain activity shifted from the ventromedial prefrontal cortex to the periaqueductal gray. This shift showed maximal expression when a high degree of pain was anticipated. Moreover, imminence-driven periaqueductal gray activity correlated with increased subjective degree of dread and decreased confidence of escape. Our findings cast light on the neural dynamics of threat anticipation and have implications for the neurobiology of human anxiety-related disorders.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2648508/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2648508/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mobbs, Dean -- Petrovic, Predrag -- Marchant, Jennifer L -- Hassabis, Demis -- Weiskopf, Nikolaus -- Seymour, Ben -- Dolan, Raymond J -- Frith, Christopher D -- 078865/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Aug 24;317(5841):1079-83.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, Functional Imaging Laboratory, University College London, London WC1N 3BG, UK. d.mobbs@fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17717184" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Anxiety/physiopathology ; Avoidance Learning ; Behavior ; Brain Mapping ; *Escape Reaction ; Fear/*physiology ; Gyrus Cinguli/physiology ; Humans ; Oxygen/blood ; Pain ; Periaqueductal Gray/*physiology ; Prefrontal Cortex/*physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 8
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    Optimally interacting minds (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-08-28
    Description: In everyday life, many people believe that two heads are better than one. Our ability to solve problems together appears to be fundamental to the current dominance and future survival of the human species. But are two heads really better than one? We addressed this question in the context of a collective low-level perceptual decision-making task. For two observers of nearly equal visual sensitivity, two heads were definitely better than one, provided they were given the opportunity to communicate freely, even in the absence of any feedback about decision outcomes. But for observers with very different visual sensitivities, two heads were actually worse than the better one. These seemingly discrepant patterns of group behavior can be explained by a model in which two heads are Bayes optimal under the assumption that individuals accurately communicate their level of confidence on every trial.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3371582/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3371582/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bahrami, Bahador -- Olsen, Karsten -- Latham, Peter E -- Roepstorff, Andreas -- Rees, Geraint -- Frith, Chris D -- 082334/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Aug 27;329(5995):1081-5. doi: 10.1126/science.1185718.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉University College London Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, Alexandra House, 17 Queen Square, London WC1N 3AR, UK. bbahrami@gmail.com〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20798320" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Bayes Theorem ; *Communication ; *Cooperative Behavior ; *Decision Making ; Feedback, Psychological ; *Group Processes ; Humans ; Male ; Models, Psychological ; Probability ; Psychometrics ; Uncertainty ; *Visual Perception
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 9
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    Modulating irrelevant motion perception by varying attentional load in an unrelated task (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-12-31
    Description: Lavie's theory of attention proposes that the processing load in a relevant task determines the extent to which irrelevant distractors are processed. This theory was tested by asking participants in a study to perform linguistic tasks of low or high load while ignoring irrelevant visual motion in the periphery of the display. Although task and distractor were unrelated, both functional imaging of motion-related activity in cortical area V5 and psychophysical measures of the motion aftereffect showed reduced motion processing during high load in the linguistic task. These findings fulfill the prediction that perception of irrelevant distractors depends on the relevant processing load.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Rees, G -- Frith, C D -- Lavie, N -- Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Nov 28;278(5343):1616-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Wellcome Department of Cognitive Neurology, Institute of Neurology, 12 Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK. g.rees@fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9374459" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Attention/*physiology ; Cerebral Cortex/*physiology ; Female ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; *Motion Perception ; Psychomotor Performance ; Superior Colliculi/physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 10
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    Empathy for pain involves the affective but not sensory components of pain (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-02-21
    Description: Our ability to have an experience of another's pain is characteristic of empathy. Using functional imaging, we assessed brain activity while volunteers experienced a painful stimulus and compared it to that elicited when they observed a signal indicating that their loved one--present in the same room--was receiving a similar pain stimulus. Bilateral anterior insula (AI), rostral anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), brainstem, and cerebellum were activated when subjects received pain and also by a signal that a loved one experienced pain. AI and ACC activation correlated with individual empathy scores. Activity in the posterior insula/secondary somatosensory cortex, the sensorimotor cortex (SI/MI), and the caudal ACC was specific to receiving pain. Thus, a neural response in AI and rostral ACC, activated in common for "self" and "other" conditions, suggests that the neural substrate for empathic experience does not involve the entire "pain matrix." We conclude that only that part of the pain network associated with its affective qualities, but not its sensory qualities, mediates empathy.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Singer, Tania -- Seymour, Ben -- O'Doherty, John -- Kaube, Holger -- Dolan, Raymond J -- Frith, Chris D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Feb 20;303(5661):1157-62.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Wellcome Department of Imaging Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, University College of London, 12 Queen Square, WC1N 3AR London, UK. t.singer@fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14976305" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Brain/*physiology ; Brain Mapping ; Brain Stem/physiology ; Cerebellum/physiology ; Cerebral Cortex/physiology ; Cues ; Electroshock ; *Empathy ; Female ; Gyrus Cinguli/physiology ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Mediodorsal Thalamic Nucleus/physiology ; Motor Cortex/physiology ; *Pain ; Prefrontal Cortex/physiology ; Somatosensory Cortex/physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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