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  • Public Library of Science  (34,884)
  • American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
  • 2010-2014  (36,880)
  • 1980-1984
  • 1925-1929
  • 2013  (36,880)
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  • 2010-2014  (36,880)
  • 1980-1984
  • 1925-1929
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  • 1
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    Ecogenomic perspectives on domains of unknown function: correlation-based exploration of marine metagenomes (2013)
    Public Library of Science
    In:  EPIC3PLoS One, Public Library of Science, 8(3)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Description: Background The proportion of conserved DNA sequences with no clear function is steadily growing in bioinformatics databases. Studies of sequence and structural homology have indicated that many uncharacterized protein domain sequences are variants of functionally described domains. If these variants promote an organism's ecological fitness, they are likely to be conserved in the genome of its progeny and the population at large. The genetic composition of microbial communities in their native ecosystems is accessible through metagenomics. We hypothesize the co-variation of protein domain sequences across metagenomes from similar ecosystems will provide insights into their potential roles and aid further investigation. Methodology/Principal findings We calculated the correlation of Pfam protein domain sequences across the Global Ocean Sampling metagenome collection, employing conservative detection and correlation thresholds to limit results to well-supported hits and associations. We then examined intercorrelations between domains of unknown function (DUFs) and domains involved in known metabolic pathways using network visualization and cluster-detection tools. We used a cautious “guilty-by-association” approach, referencing knowledge-level resources to identify and discuss associations that offer insight into DUF function. We observed numerous DUFs associated to photobiologically active domains and prevalent in the Cyanobacteria. Other clusters included DUFs associated with DNA maintenance and repair, inorganic nutrient metabolism, and sodium-translocating transport domains. We also observed a number of clusters reflecting known metabolic associations and cases that predicted functional reclassification of DUFs. Conclusion/Significance Critically examining domain covariation across metagenomic datasets can grant new perspectives on the roles and associations of DUFs in an ecological setting. Targeted attempts at DUF characterization in the laboratory or in silico may draw from these insights and opportunities to discover new associations and corroborate existing ones will arise as more large-scale metagenomic datasets emerge.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , peerRev
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  • 2
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    Propulsion in cubomedusae : mechanisms and utility (2013)
    Public Library of Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2013. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in PLoS ONE 8 (2013): e56393, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0056393.
    Description: Evolutionary constraints which limit the forces produced during bell contractions of medusae affect the overall medusan morphospace such that jet propulsion is limited to only small medusae. Cubomedusae, which often possess large prolate bells and are thought to swim via jet propulsion, appear to violate the theoretical constraints which determine the medusan morphospace. To examine propulsion by cubomedusae, we quantified size related changes in wake dynamics, bell shape, swimming and turning kinematics of two species of cubomedusae, Chironex fleckeri and Chiropsella bronzie. During growth, these cubomedusae transitioned from using jet propulsion at smaller sizes to a rowing-jetting hybrid mode of propulsion at larger sizes. Simple modifications in the flexibility and kinematics of their velarium appeared to be sufficient to alter their propulsive mode. Turning occurs during both bell contraction and expansion and is achieved by generating asymmetric vortex structures during both stages of the swimming cycle. Swimming characteristics were considered in conjunction with the unique foraging strategy used by cubomedusae.
    Description: This work was supported by an ONR MURI award (N000140810654) and National Science Foundation grant OCE 0623508 to JHC, SPC, JOD. And the work was supported by the Roger Williams University Foundation to Promote Scholarship.
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 3
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    Semidiurnal temperature changes caused by tidal front movements in the warm season in seabed habitats on the Georges Bank northern margin and their ecological implications (2013)
    Public Library of Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Public Domain. The definitive version was published in PLoS ONE 8 (2013): e55273, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0055273.
    Description: Georges Bank is a large, shallow feature separating the Gulf of Maine from the Atlantic Ocean. Previous studies demonstrated a strong tidal-mixing front during the warm season on the northern bank margin between thermally stratified water in the Gulf of Maine and mixed water on the bank. Tides transport warm water off the bank during flood tide and cool gulf water onto the bank during ebb tide. During 10 days in August 2009, we mapped frontal temperatures in five study areas along ~100 km of the bank margin. The seabed “frontal zone”, where temperature changed with frontal movment, experienced semidiurnal temperature maxima and minima. The tidal excursion of the frontal boundary between stratified and mixed water ranged 6 to 10 km. This “frontal boundary zone” was narrower than the frontal zone. Along transects perpendicular to the bank margin, seabed temperature change at individual sites ranged from 7.0°C in the frontal zone to 0.0°C in mixed bank water. At time series in frontal zone stations, changes during tidal cycles ranged from 1.2 to 6.1°C. The greatest rate of change (−2.48°C hr−1) occurred at mid-ebb. Geographic plots of seabed temperature change allowed the mapping of up to 8 subareas in each study area. The magnitude of temperature change in a subarea depended on its location in the frontal zone. Frontal movement had the greatest effect on seabed temperature in the 40 to 80 m depth interval. Subareas experiencing maximum temperature change in the frontal zone were not in the frontal boundary zone, but rather several km gulfward (off-bank) of the frontal boundary zone. These results provide a new ecological framework for examining the effect of tidally-driven temperature variability on the distribution, food resources, and reproductive success of benthic invertebrate and demersal fish species living in tidal front habitats.
    Description: This study was supported by salary funds from the regular annual salary budget from Northeast Fisheries Science Center (NEFSC) and United States Geological Survey Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center (USGS WH C&MSC), respectively; ship time funds from the NEFSC annual budget for days-at-sea ship operations; equipment from the NEFSC and USGS WH C&MSC annual equipment budgets.
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 4
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    Climate-driven range extension of Amphistegina (protista, foraminiferida) : models of current and predicted future ranges (2013)
    Public Library of Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2013. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in PLoS ONE 8 (2013): e54443, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0054443.
    Description: Species-range expansions are a predicted and realized consequence of global climate change. Climate warming and the poleward widening of the tropical belt have induced range shifts in a variety of marine and terrestrial species. Range expansions may have broad implications on native biota and ecosystem functioning as shifting species may perturb recipient communities. Larger symbiont-bearing foraminifera constitute ubiquitous and prominent components of shallow water ecosystems, and range shifts of these important protists are likely to trigger changes in ecosystem functioning. We have used historical and newly acquired occurrence records to compute current range shifts of Amphistegina spp., a larger symbiont-bearing foraminifera, along the eastern coastline of Africa and compare them to analogous range shifts currently observed in the Mediterranean Sea. The study provides new evidence that amphisteginid foraminifera are rapidly progressing southwestward, closely approaching Port Edward (South Africa) at 31°S. To project future species distributions, we applied a species distribution model (SDM) based on ecological niche constraints of current distribution ranges. Our model indicates that further warming is likely to cause a continued range extension, and predicts dispersal along nearly the entire southeastern coast of Africa. The average rates of amphisteginid range shift were computed between 8 and 2.7 km year−1, and are projected to lead to a total southward range expansion of 267 km, or 2.4° latitude, in the year 2100. Our results corroborate findings from the fossil record that some larger symbiont-bearing foraminifera cope well with rising water temperatures and are beneficiaries of global climate change.
    Description: This work was supported by grants from the German Science Foundation (DFG; www.dfg.de) to ML and SL (LA 884/10-1, LA 884/5-1).
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 5
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    The methanol dehydrogenase gene, mxaF, as a functional and phylogenetic marker for proteobacterial methanotrophs in natural environments (2013)
    Public Library of Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2013. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in PLoS ONE 8 (2013): e56993, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0056993.
    Description: The mxaF gene, coding for the large (α) subunit of methanol dehydrogenase, is highly conserved among distantly related methylotrophic species in the Alpha-, Beta- and Gammaproteobacteria. It is ubiquitous in methanotrophs, in contrast to other methanotroph-specific genes such as the pmoA and mmoX genes, which are absent in some methanotrophic proteobacterial genera. This study examined the potential for using the mxaF gene as a functional and phylogenetic marker for methanotrophs. mxaF and 16S rRNA gene phylogenies were constructed based on over 100 database sequences of known proteobacterial methanotrophs and other methylotrophs to assess their evolutionary histories. Topology tests revealed that mxaF and 16S rDNA genes of methanotrophs do not show congruent evolutionary histories, with incongruencies in methanotrophic taxa in the Methylococcaceae, Methylocystaceae, and Beijerinckiacea. However, known methanotrophs generally formed coherent clades based on mxaF gene sequences, allowing for phylogenetic discrimination of major taxa. This feature highlights the mxaF gene’s usefulness as a biomarker in studying the molecular diversity of proteobacterial methanotrophs in nature. To verify this, PCR-directed assays targeting this gene were used to detect novel methanotrophs from diverse environments including soil, peatland, hydrothermal vent mussel tissues, and methanotroph isolates. The placement of the majority of environmental mxaF gene sequences in distinct methanotroph-specific clades (Methylocystaceae and Methylococcaceae) detected in this study supports the use of mxaF as a biomarker for methanotrophic proteobacteria.
    Description: This work was supported in part by grants from the U.S. National Science Foundation Ecosystems Studies program (awards # DEB9708092 and DEB0089738).
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 6
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    Early exposure of bay scallops (Argopecten irradians) to high CO2 causes a decrease in larval shell growth (2013)
    Public Library of Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2013. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in PLoS ONE 8 (2013): e61065, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0061065.
    Description: Ocean acidification, characterized by elevated pCO2 and the associated decreases in seawater pH and calcium carbonate saturation state (Ω), has a variable impact on the growth and survival of marine invertebrates. Larval stages are thought to be particularly vulnerable to environmental stressors, and negative impacts of ocean acidification have been seen on fertilization as well as on embryonic, larval, and juvenile development and growth of bivalve molluscs. We investigated the effects of high CO2 exposure (resulting in pH = 7.39, Ωar = 0.74) on the larvae of the bay scallop Argopecten irradians from 12 h to 7 d old, including a switch from high CO2 to ambient CO2 conditions (pH = 7.93, Ωar = 2.26) after 3 d, to assess the possibility of persistent effects of early exposure. The survival of larvae in the high CO2 treatment was consistently lower than the survival of larvae in ambient conditions, and was already significantly lower at 1 d. Likewise, the shell length of larvae in the high CO2 treatment was significantly smaller than larvae in the ambient conditions throughout the experiment and by 7 d, was reduced by 11.5%. This study also demonstrates that the size effects of short-term exposure to high CO2 are still detectable after 7 d of larval development; the shells of larvae exposed to high CO2 for the first 3 d of development and subsequently exposed to ambient CO2 were not significantly different in size at 3 and 7 d than the shells of larvae exposed to high CO2 throughout the experiment.
    Description: This work was funded by a Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Interdisciplinary Award to Mullineaux & McCorkle; and awards to Mullineaux & White, to McCorkle, and to Cohen & McCorkle through NOAA (National Oceanic and Admosphereic Administration) Sea Grant #NA10OAR4170083. White was funded through a National Defense Science and Engineering Graduate Fellowship through the American Society for Engineering Education.
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  • 7
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    A method for selectively enriching microbial DNA from contaminating vertebrate host DNA (2013)
    Public Library of Science
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2013. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in PLoS ONE 8 (2013): e76096, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0076096.
    Description: DNA samples derived from vertebrate skin, bodily cavities and body fluids contain both host and microbial DNA; the latter often present as a minor component. Consequently, DNA sequencing of a microbiome sample frequently yields reads originating from the microbe(s) of interest, but with a vast excess of host genome-derived reads. In this study, we used a methyl-CpG binding domain (MBD) to separate methylated host DNA from microbial DNA based on differences in CpG methylation density. MBD fused to the Fc region of a human antibody (MBD-Fc) binds strongly to protein A paramagnetic beads, forming an effective one-step enrichment complex that was used to remove human or fish host DNA from bacterial and protistan DNA for subsequent sequencing and analysis. We report enrichment of DNA samples from human saliva, human blood, a mock malaria-infected blood sample and a black molly fish. When reads were mapped to reference genomes, sequence reads aligning to host genomes decreased 50-fold, while bacterial and Plasmodium DNA sequences reads increased 8–11.5-fold. The Shannon-Wiener diversity index was calculated for 149 bacterial species in saliva before and after enrichment. Unenriched saliva had an index of 4.72, while the enriched sample had an index of 4.80. The similarity of these indices demonstrates that bacterial species diversity and relative phylotype abundance remain conserved in enriched samples. Enrichment using the MBD-Fc method holds promise for targeted microbiome sequence analysis across a broad range of sample types.
    Description: LAZ and VS were funded by a Brown University Office of the Vice President of Research SEED grant (LAZ) entitled “Tracking disease spread through the wildlife trade: New techniques to identify infectious microbes in aquarium fishes.” SOO and MQ were funded by Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute grant numbers 098051 and 079355/Z/06/Z.
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  • 8
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    Desmophyllum dianthus (Esper, 1794) in the scleractinian phylogeny and its intraspecific diversity (2013)
    Public Library of Science
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2012. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in PLoS One 7 (2012): e50215, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0050215.
    Description: The cosmopolitan solitary deep-water scleractinian coral Desmophyllum dianthus (Esper, 1794) was selected as a representative model species of the polyphyletic Caryophylliidae family to (1) examine phylogenetic relationships with respect to the principal Scleractinia taxa, (2) check population structure, (3) test the widespread connectivity hypothesis and (4) assess the utility of different nuclear and mitochondrial markers currently in use. To carry out these goals, DNA sequence data from nuclear (ITS and 28S) and mitochondrial (16S and COI) markers were analyzed for several coral species and for Mediterranean populations of D. dianthus. Three phylogenetic methodologies (ML, MP and BI), based on data from the four molecular markers, all supported D. dianthus as clearly belonging to the “robust” clade, in which the species Lophelia pertusa and D. dianthus not only grouped together, but also shared haplotypes for some DNA markers. Molecular results also showed shared haplotypes among D. dianthus populations distributed in regions separated by several thousands of kilometers and by clear geographic barriers. These results could reflect limited molecular and morphological taxonomic resolution rather than real widespread connectivity. Additional studies are needed in order to find molecular markers and morphological features able to disentangle the complex phylogenetic relationship in the Order Scleractinia and to differentiate isolated populations, thus avoiding the homoplasy found in some morphological characters that are still considered in the literature.
    Description: This study was funded by CTM2009-00496 and CGL2011-23306 projects of the “Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación” (Spain). Research at sea was partly supported by the European Commission F. P.VI Project HERMES Contract No. GOCE-CT-2005-511234-1) and the EU F.P. VII Project HERMIONE(contract number no. 226354).
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  • 9
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    Reexamination of the species assignment of Diacavolinia pteropods using DNA barcoding (2013)
    Public Library of Science
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2013. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in PLoS ONE 8 (2013): e53889, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0053889.
    Description: Thecosome pteropods (Mollusca, Gastropoda) are an ecologically important, diverse, and ubiquitous group of holoplanktonic animals that are the focus of intense research interest due to their external aragonite shell and vulnerability to ocean acidification. Characterizing the response of these animals to low pH and other environmental stressors has been hampered by continued uncertainty in their taxonomic identification. An example of this confusion in species assignment is found in the genus Diacavolinia. All members of this genus were originally indentified as a single species, Cavolinia longirostris, but over the past fifty years the taxonomy has been revisited multiple times; currently the genus comprises 22 different species. This study examines five species of Diacavolinia, including four sampled in the Northeast Atlantic (78 individuals) and one from the Eastern tropical North Pacific (15 individuals). Diacavolina were identified to species based on morphological characteristics according to the current taxonomy, photographed, and then used to determine the sequence of the “DNA barcoding” region of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI). Specimens from the Atlantic, despite distinct differences in shell morphology, showed polyphyly and a genetic divergence of 〈3% (K2P distance) whereas the Pacific and Atlantic samples were more distant (~19%). Comparisons of Diacavolinia spp. with other Cavolinia spp. reveal larger distances (~24%). These results indicate that specimens from the Atlantic comprise a single monophyletic species and suggest possible species-level divergence between Atlantic and Pacific populations. The findings support the maintenance of Diacavolinia as a separate genus, yet emphasize the inadequacy of our current taxonomic understanding of pteropods. They highlight the need for accurate species identifications to support estimates of biodiversity, range extent and natural exposure of these planktonic calcifiers to environmental variability; furthermore, the apparent variation of the pteropods shell may have implications for our understanding of the species’ sensitivity to ocean acidification.
    Description: This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant Number OCE-0928801. AEM was funded through the WHOI Postdoctoral Scholarship. Support to LBB was provided by the College of Liberal Arts & Sciences, University of Connecticut; and by the Census of Marine Life/Alfred P. Sloan Foundation.
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  • 10
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    Adverse effects of ocean acidification on early development of squid (Doryteuthis pealeii) (2013)
    Public Library of Science
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2013. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in PLoS ONE 8 (2013): e63714, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0063714.
    Description: Anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) is being absorbed into the ocean, altering seawater chemistry, with potentially negative impacts on a wide range of marine organisms. The early life stages of invertebrates with internal and external aragonite structures may be particularly vulnerable to this ocean acidification. Impacts to cephalopods, which form aragonite cuttlebones and statoliths, are of concern because of the central role they play in many ocean ecosystems and because of their importance to global fisheries. Atlantic longfin squid (Doryteuthis pealeii), an ecologically and economically valuable taxon, were reared from eggs to hatchlings (paralarvae) under ambient and elevated CO2 concentrations in replicated experimental trials. Animals raised under elevated pCO2 demonstrated significant developmental changes including increased time to hatching and shorter mantle lengths, although differences were small. Aragonite statoliths, critical for balance and detecting movement, had significantly reduced surface area and were abnormally shaped with increased porosity and altered crystal structure in elevated pCO2-reared paralarvae. These developmental and physiological effects could alter squid paralarvae behavior and survival in the wild, directly and indirectly impacting marine food webs and commercial fisheries.
    Description: This study was supported by a WHOI Student Summer Fellowship and WHOI-MIT Joint Program, the Penzance Endowed Fund, the John E. and Anne W. Sawyer Endowed Fund and NSF Research Grant No. EF-1220034. Additional support came from NSF OCE 1041106 to ALC and DCM, and NOAA Sea Grant award #NA10OAR4170083 to ALC and DCM.
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  • 11
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    Developmental expression of the Nfe2-related factor (Nrf) transcription factor family in the zebrafish, Danio rerio (2013)
    Public Library of Science
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2013. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in PLoS ONE 8 (2013): e79574, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0079574.
    Description: Transcription factors in the CNC-bZIP family (NFE2, NRF1, NRF2 and NRF3) regulate genes with a wide range of functions in response to both physiological and exogenous signals, including those indicating changes in cellular redox status. Given their role in helping to maintain cellular homeostasis, it is imperative to understand the expression, regulation, and function of CNC-bZIP genes during embryonic development. We explored the expression and function of six nrf genes (nfe2, nrf1a, nrf1b, nrf2a, nrf2b, and nrf3) using zebrafish embryos as a model system. Analysis by microarray and quantitative RT-PCR showed that genes in the nrf family were expressed throughout development from oocytes to larvae. The spatial expression of nrf3 suggested a role in regulating the development of the brain, brachia and pectoral fins. Knock-down by morpholino anti-sense oligonucleotides suggested that none of the genes were necessary for embryonic viability, but nfe2 was required for proper cellular organization in the pneumatic duct and subsequent swim bladder function, as well as for proper formation of the otic vesicles. nrf genes were induced by the oxidant tert-butylhydroperoxide, and some of this response was regulated through family members Nrf2a and Nrf2b. Our results provide a foundation for understanding the role of nrf genes in normal development and in regulating the response to oxidative stress in vertebrate embryos.
    Description: This work was supported, in whole or in part, by National Institutes of Health grants F32ES019832 (to L.M.W.), F32ES017585 (to A.R.T.-L.), R01ES015912 (to J.J.S.), and R01ES016366 (to M.E.H.). This work was also supported by Walter A. and Hope Noyes Smith and the J. Seward Johnson Fund.
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  • 12
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    Patterns of deep-sea genetic connectivity in the New Zealand region : implications for management of benthic ecosystems (2013)
    Public Library of Science
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2012. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in PLoS One 7 (2012): e49474, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0049474.
    Description: Patterns of genetic connectivity are increasingly considered in the design of marine protected areas (MPAs) in both shallow and deep water. In the New Zealand Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ), deep-sea communities at upper bathyal depths (〈2000 m) are vulnerable to anthropogenic disturbance from fishing and potential mining operations. Currently, patterns of genetic connectivity among deep-sea populations throughout New Zealand’s EEZ are not well understood. Using the mitochondrial Cytochrome Oxidase I and 16S rRNA genes as genetic markers, this study aimed to elucidate patterns of genetic connectivity among populations of two common benthic invertebrates with contrasting life history strategies. Populations of the squat lobster Munida gracilis and the polychaete Hyalinoecia longibranchiata were sampled from continental slope, seamount, and offshore rise habitats on the Chatham Rise, Hikurangi Margin, and Challenger Plateau. For the polychaete, significant population structure was detected among distinct populations on the Chatham Rise, the Hikurangi Margin, and the Challenger Plateau. Significant genetic differences existed between slope and seamount populations on the Hikurangi Margin, as did evidence of population differentiation between the northeast and southwest parts of the Chatham Rise. In contrast, no significant population structure was detected across the study area for the squat lobster. Patterns of genetic connectivity in Hyalinoecia longibranchiata are likely influenced by a number of factors including current regimes that operate on varying spatial and temporal scales to produce potential barriers to dispersal. The striking difference in population structure between species can be attributed to differences in life history strategies. The results of this study are discussed in the context of existing conservation areas that are intended to manage anthropogenic threats to deep-sea benthic communities in the New Zealand region.
    Description: This work was funded in part by a Fulbright Fellowship administered by Fulbright New Zealand and the U.S. Department of State, awarded in 2011 to EKB. Funding and support for research expedition was provided by Land Information New Zealand, New Zealand Ministry of Fisheries, NIWA, Census of Marine Life on Seamounts (CenSeam), and the Foundation for Research, Science and Technology. Other research funding was provided by the New Zealand Ministry of Science and Innovation project “Impacts of resource use on vulnerable deep-sea communities” (FRST contract CO1X0906), the National Science Foundation (OCE-0647612), and the Deep Ocean Exploration Institute (Fellowship support to TMS).
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  • 13
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    High source levels and small active space of high-pitched song in bowhead whales (Balaena mysticetus) (2013)
    Public Library of Science
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2012. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Public Library of Science, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0052072.
    Description: The low-frequency, powerful vocalizations of blue and fin whales may potentially be detected by conspecifics across entire ocean basins. In contrast, humpback and bowhead whales produce equally powerful, but more complex broadband vocalizations composed of higher frequencies that suffer from higher attenuation. Here we evaluate the active space of high frequency song notes of bowhead whales (Balaena mysticetus) in Western Greenland using measurements of song source levels and ambient noise. Four independent, GPS-synchronized hydrophones were deployed through holes in the ice to localize vocalizing bowhead whales, estimate source levels and measure ambient noise. The song had a mean apparent source level of 185±2 dB rms re 1 µPa @ 1 m and a high mean centroid frequency of 444±48 Hz. Using measured ambient noise levels in the area and Arctic sound spreading models, the estimated active space of these song notes is between 40 and 130 km, an order of magnitude smaller than the estimated active space of low frequency blue and fin whale songs produced at similar source levels and for similar noise conditions. We propose that bowhead whales spatially compensate for their smaller communication range through mating aggregations that co-evolved with broadband song to form a complex and dynamic acoustically mediated sexual display.
    Description: This work was funded by the Oticon Foundation (grant # 08-3469 to Arctic Station, OT). OT and MC were additionally funded by AP Møller og Hustru Chastine Mc-Kinney Møllers Fond til almene Formaal, MS by a PhD scholarship from the Oticon Foundation, FHJ by a Danish Council for Independent Research, Natural Sciences post-doctoral grant, SEP by a grant from the U.S. Office of Naval Research, and PTM by frame grants from the Danish Natural Science Research Council.
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  • 14
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    Community change within a Caribbean coral reef Marine Protected Area following two decades of local management (2013)
    Public Library of Science
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2013. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in PLoS ONE 8 (2013): e54069, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0054069.
    Description: Structural change in both the habitat and reef-associated fish assemblages within spatially managed coral reefs can provide key insights into the benefits and limitations of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs). While MPA zoning effects on particular target species are well reported, we are yet to fully resolve the various affects of spatial management on the structure of coral reef communities over decadal time scales. Here, we document mixed affects of MPA zoning on fish density, biomass and species richness over the 21 years since establishment of the Saba Marine Park (SMP). Although we found significantly greater biomass and species richness of reef-associated fishes within shallow habitats (5 meters depth) closed to fishing, this did not hold for deeper (15 m) habitats, and there was a widespread decline (38% decrease) in live hard coral cover and a 68% loss of carnivorous reef fishes across all zones of the SMP from the 1990s to 2008. Given the importance of live coral for the maintenance and replenishment of reef fishes, and the likely role of chronic disturbance in driving coral decline across the region, we explore how local spatial management can help protect coral reef ecosystems within the context of large-scale environmental pressures and disturbances outside the purview of local MPA management.
    Description: Funding was provided by the Saba Conservation Foundation ((SCF), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, The Australian National University and Australian Research Council.
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  • 15
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    Taxonomic, spatial and temporal patterns of bleaching in anemones inhabited by anemonefishes (2013)
    Public Library of Science
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2013. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in PLoS ONE 8 (2013): e70966, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0070966.
    Description: Rising sea temperatures are causing significant destruction to coral reef ecosystems due to coral mortality from thermally-induced bleaching (loss of symbiotic algae and/or their photosynthetic pigments). Although bleaching has been intensively studied in corals, little is known about the causes and consequences of bleaching in other tropical symbiotic organisms. This study used underwater visual surveys to investigate bleaching in the 10 species of anemones that host anemonefishes. Bleaching was confirmed in seven anemone species (with anecdotal reports of bleaching in the other three species) at 10 of 19 survey locations spanning the Indo-Pacific and Red Sea, indicating that anemone bleaching is taxonomically and geographically widespread. In total, bleaching was observed in 490 of the 13,896 surveyed anemones (3.5%); however, this percentage was much higher (19–100%) during five major bleaching events that were associated with periods of elevated water temperatures and coral bleaching. There was considerable spatial variation in anemone bleaching during most of these events, suggesting that certain sites and deeper waters might act as refuges. Susceptibility to bleaching varied between species, and in some species, bleaching caused reductions in size and abundance. Anemones are long-lived with low natural mortality, which makes them particularly vulnerable to predicted increases in severity and frequency of bleaching events. Population viability will be severely compromised if anemones and their symbionts cannot acclimate or adapt to rising sea temperatures. Anemone bleaching also has negative effects to other species, particularly those that have an obligate relationship with anemones. These effects include reductions in abundance and reproductive output of anemonefishes. Therefore, the future of these iconic and commercially valuable coral reef fishes is inextricably linked to the ability of host anemones to cope with rising sea temperatures associated with climate change.
    Description: This work was supported by funding from the Red Sea Research Center at the King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), The ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, the National Science Foundation (OCE 0424688), the Coral Reef Initiatives for the Pacific (CRISP), the TOTAL Foundation, Populations Fractionees et Insulares (PPF EPHE), the Connectivity Working Group of the Global University of Queensland – World Bank – Global Environmental Facility Project, Coral Reef Target Research and Capacity Building for Management, Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority, and the Australian Government Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities. J-P Hobbs is supported by a UWA-AIMS-CSIRO fellowship.
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    Diversity and spatial distribution of hydrazine oxidoreductase (hzo) gene in the oxygen minimum zone off Costa Rica (2013)
    Public Library of Science
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2013. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in PLoS ONE 8 (2013): e78275, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0078275.
    Description: Anaerobic ammonia oxidation (anammox) as an important nitrogen loss pathway has been reported in marine oxygen minimum zones (OMZs), but the community composition and spatial distribution of anammox bacteria in the eastern tropical North Pacific (ETNP) OMZ are poorly determined. In this study, anammox bacterial communities in the OMZ off Costa Rica (CRD-OMZ) were analyzed based on both hydrazine oxidoreductase (hzo) genes and their transcripts assigned to cluster 1 and 2. The anammox communities revealed by hzo genes and proteins in CRD-OMZ showed a low diversity. Gene quantification results showed that hzo gene abundances peaked in the upper OMZs, associated with the peaks of nitrite concentration. Nitrite and oxygen concentrations may therefore colimit the distribution of anammox bacteria in this area. Furthermore, transcriptional activity of anammox bacteria was confirmed by obtaining abundant hzo mRNA transcripts through qRT-PCR. A novel hzo cluster 2x clade was identified by the phylogenetic analysis and these novel sequences were abundant and widely distributed in this environment. Our study demonstrated that both cluster 1 and 2 anammox bacteria play an active role in the CRD-OMZ, and the cluster 1 abundance and transcriptional activity were higher than cluster 2 in both free-living and particle-attached fractions at both gene and transcriptional levels.
    Description: National Science Foundation (OCE #0961098) Hong Kong Research Grants Council (661911 and 661912) Chinese Academy of Science (SIDSSE-BR-201301).
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    The encoding of individual identity in dolphin signature whistles : how much information is needed? (2013)
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2013. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in PLoS ONE 8 (2013): e77671, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0077671.
    Description: Bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) produce many vocalisations, including whistles that are unique to the individual producing them. Such “signature whistles” play a role in individual recognition and maintaining group integrity. Previous work has shown that humans can successfully group the spectrographic representations of signature whistles according to the individual dolphins that produced them. However, attempts at using mathematical algorithms to perform a similar task have been less successful. A greater understanding of the encoding of identity information in signature whistles is important for assessing similarity of whistles and thus social influences on the development of these learned calls. We re-examined 400 signature whistles from 20 individual dolphins used in a previous study, and tested the performance of new mathematical algorithms. We compared the measure used in the original study (correlation matrix of evenly sampled frequency measurements) to one used in several previous studies (similarity matrix of time-warped whistles), and to a new algorithm based on the Parsons code, used in music retrieval databases. The Parsons code records the direction of frequency change at each time step, and is effective at capturing human perception of music. We analysed similarity matrices from each of these three techniques, as well as a random control, by unsupervised clustering using three separate techniques: k-means clustering, hierarchical clustering, and an adaptive resonance theory neural network. For each of the three clustering techniques, a seven-level Parsons algorithm provided better clustering than the correlation and dynamic time warping algorithms, and was closer to the near-perfect visual categorisations of human judges. Thus, the Parsons code captures much of the individual identity information present in signature whistles, and may prove useful in studies requiring quantification of whistle similarity.
    Description: Arik Kershenbaum is a Postdoctoral Fellow at the National Institute for Mathematical and Biological Synthesis, an Institute sponsored by the National Science Foundation, the U.S. Department of Homeland Security, and the U.S. Department of Agriculture through NSF Award #EF-0832858, with additional support from The University of Tennessee, Knoxville. Part of this work was conducted while Arik Kershenbaum was provided with a doctoral scholarship by the University of Haifa. Funding for access to the dolphins for recordings was provided by Dolphin Quest and the Chicago Zoological Society.
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  • 18
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    Gene expression profile of peripheral blood lymphocytes from renal cell carcinoma patients treated with IL-2, Interferon-α and dendritic cell vaccine (2013)
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2012. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in PLoS One 7 (2012): e50221, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0050221.
    Description: Lymphocytes are a key component of the immune system and their differentiation and function are directly influenced by cancer. We examined peripheral blood lymphocyte (PBL) gene expression as a biomarker of illness and treatment effect using the Affymetrix Human Gene ST1 platform in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) who received combined treatment with IL-2, interferon-?-2a and dendritic cell vaccine. We examined gene expression, cytokine levels in patient serum and lymphocyte subsets as determined by flow cytometry (FCM). Pre-treatment PBLs from patients with mRCC exhibit a gene expression profile and serum cytokine profile consistent with inflammation and proliferation not found in healthy donors (HD). PBL gene expression from patients with mRCC showed increased mRNA of genes involved with T-cell and TREG-cell activation pathways, which was also reflected in lymphocyte subset distribution. Overall, PBL gene expression post-treatment (POST) was not significantly different than pre-treatment (PRE). Nevertheless, treatment related changes in gene expression (post-treatment minus pre-treatment) revealed an increased expression of T-cell and B-cell receptor signaling pathways in responding (R) patients compared to non-responding (NR) patients. In addition, we observed down-regulation of TREG-cell pathways post-treatment in R vs. NR patients. While exploratory in nature, this study supports the hypothesis that enhanced inflammatory cytotoxic pathways coupled with blunting of the regulatory pathways is necessary for effective anti-cancer activity associated with immune therapy. This type of analysis can potentially identify additional immune therapeutic targets in patients with mRCC.
    Description: This work was supported by grants from the National Institutes of Health (RO1 CA5648, R21CA112761, P20RR016437, and P30CA023108).
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    Clicking in shallow rivers : short-range echolocation of Irrawaddy and Ganges River dolphins in a shallow, acoustically complex habitat (2013)
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2013. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in PLoS ONE 8 (2013): e59284, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0059284.
    Description: Toothed whales (Cetacea, odontoceti) use biosonar to navigate their environment and to find and catch prey. All studied toothed whale species have evolved highly directional, high-amplitude ultrasonic clicks suited for long-range echolocation of prey in open water. Little is known about the biosonar signals of toothed whale species inhabiting freshwater habitats such as endangered river dolphins. To address the evolutionary pressures shaping the echolocation signal parameters of non-marine toothed whales, we investigated the biosonar source parameters of Ganges river dolphins (Platanista gangetica gangetica) and Irrawaddy dolphins (Orcaella brevirostris) within the river systems of the Sundarban mangrove forest. Both Ganges and Irrawaddy dolphins produced echolocation clicks with a high repetition rate and low source level compared to marine species. Irrawaddy dolphins, inhabiting coastal and riverine habitats, produced a mean source level of 195 dB (max 203 dB) re 1 µPapp whereas Ganges river dolphins, living exclusively upriver, produced a mean source level of 184 dB (max 191) re 1 µPapp. These source levels are 1–2 orders of magnitude lower than those of similar sized marine delphinids and may reflect an adaptation to a shallow, acoustically complex freshwater habitat with high reverberation and acoustic clutter. The centroid frequency of Ganges river dolphin clicks are an octave lower than predicted from scaling, but with an estimated beamwidth comparable to that of porpoises. The unique bony maxillary crests found in the Platanista forehead may help achieve a higher directionality than expected using clicks nearly an octave lower than similar sized odontocetes.
    Description: This study was made possible through the logistical and field support of the Bangladesh Cetacean Diversity Project of the Wildlife Conservation Society, and funded by frame grants from the Danish Natural Science Foundation to PTM. FHJ was supported by the PhD School of Aquatic Sciences, Denmark, and is currently funded by a postdoctoral fellowship from the Danish Council for Independent Research | Natural Sciences. VMJ was supported by a fellowship of the Wissenschaftskolleg Berlin. PTM was supported by frame grants from the Danish Natural Science Foundation.
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    Deep sequencing of subseafloor eukaryotic rRNA reveals active fungi across marine subsurface provinces (2013)
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2013. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in PLoS ONE 8 (2013): e56335, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0056335.
    Description: The deep marine subsurface is a vast habitat for microbial life where cells may live on geologic timescales. Because DNA in sediments may be preserved on long timescales, ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is suggested to be a proxy for the active fraction of a microbial community in the subsurface. During an investigation of eukaryotic 18S rRNA by amplicon pyrosequencing, unique profiles of Fungi were found across a range of marine subsurface provinces including ridge flanks, continental margins, and abyssal plains. Subseafloor fungal populations exhibit statistically significant correlations with total organic carbon (TOC), nitrate, sulfide, and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC). These correlations are supported by terminal restriction length polymorphism (TRFLP) analyses of fungal rRNA. Geochemical correlations with fungal pyrosequencing and TRFLP data from this geographically broad sample set suggests environmental selection of active Fungi in the marine subsurface. Within the same dataset, ancient rRNA signatures were recovered from plants and diatoms in marine sediments ranging from 0.03 to 2.7 million years old, suggesting that rRNA from some eukaryotic taxa may be much more stable than previously considered in the marine subsurface.
    Description: This work was performed with funding from the Center for Dark Energy Biosphere Investigations (C-DEBI) to William Orsi (OCE-0939564) and The Ocean Life Institute (WHOI) to Virginia Edgcomb (OLI-27071359).
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    Detecting the influence of initial pioneers on succession at deep-sea vents (2013)
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2012. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in PLoS One 7 (2012): e50015, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0050015.
    Description: Deep-sea hydrothermal vents are subject to major disturbances that alter the physical and chemical environment and eradicate the resident faunal communities. Vent fields are isolated by uninhabitable deep seafloor, so recolonization via dispersal of planktonic larvae is critical for persistence of populations. We monitored colonization near 9°50′N on the East Pacific Rise following a catastrophic eruption in order to address questions of the relative contributions of pioneer colonists and environmental change to variation in species composition, and the role of pioneers at the disturbed site in altering community structure elsewhere in the region. Pioneer colonists included two gastropod species: Ctenopelta porifera, which was new to the vent field, and Lepetodrilus tevnianus, which had been rare before the eruption but persisted in high abundance afterward, delaying and possibly out-competing the ubiquitous pre-eruption congener L. elevatus. A decrease in abundance of C. porifera over time, and the arrival of later species, corresponded to a decrease in vent fluid flow and in the sulfide to temperature ratio. For some species these successional changes were likely due to habitat requirements, but other species persisted (L. tevnianus) or arrived (L. elevatus) in patterns unrelated to their habitat preferences. After two years, disturbed communities had started to resemble pre-eruption ones, but were lower in diversity. When compared to a prior (1991) eruption, the succession of foundation species (tubeworms and mussels) appeared to be delayed, even though habitat chemistry became similar to the pre-eruption state more quickly. Surprisingly, a nearby community that had not been disturbed by the eruption was invaded by the pioneers, possibly after they became established in the disturbed vents. These results indicate that the post-eruption arrival of species from remote locales had a strong and persistent effect on communities at both disturbed and undisturbed vents.
    Description: The authors received funding from National Science Foundation grant OCE-0424953, WHOI Deep Ocean Exploration Institute, WHOI Summer Student Fellow program, Woods Hole Partnership in Education Program, IFREMER and CNRS, Fondation TOTAL Chair Extreme Marine Environment, Biodiversity and Global change.
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    Efficient generation of H2 by splitting water with an isothermal redox cycle (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-03
    Description: Solar thermal water-splitting (STWS) cycles have long been recognized as a desirable means of generating hydrogen gas (H2) from water and sunlight. Two-step, metal oxide-based STWS cycles generate H2 by sequential high-temperature reduction and water reoxidation of a metal oxide. The temperature swings between reduction and oxidation steps long thought necessary for STWS have stifled STWS's overall efficiency because of thermal and time losses that occur during the frequent heating and cooling of the metal oxide. We show that these temperature swings are unnecessary and that isothermal water splitting (ITWS) at 1350 degrees C using the "hercynite cycle" exhibits H2 production capacity 〉3 and 〉12 times that of hercynite and ceria, respectively, per mass of active material when reduced at 1350 degrees C and reoxidized at 1000 degrees C.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Muhich, Christopher L -- Evanko, Brian W -- Weston, Kayla C -- Lichty, Paul -- Liang, Xinhua -- Martinek, Janna -- Musgrave, Charles B -- Weimer, Alan W -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Aug 2;341(6145):540-2. doi: 10.1126/science.1239454.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80303, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23908235" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Genetic and molecular basis of drug resistance and species-specific drug action in schistosome parasites (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2013-11-23
    Description: Oxamniquine resistance evolved in the human blood fluke (Schistosoma mansoni) in Brazil in the 1970s. We crossed parental parasites differing ~500-fold in drug response, determined drug sensitivity and marker segregation in clonally derived second-generation progeny, and identified a single quantitative trait locus (logarithm of odds = 31) on chromosome 6. A sulfotransferase was identified as the causative gene by using RNA interference knockdown and biochemical complementation assays, and we subsequently demonstrated independent origins of loss-of-function mutations in field-derived and laboratory-selected resistant parasites. These results demonstrate the utility of linkage mapping in a human helminth parasite, while crystallographic analyses of protein-drug interactions illuminate the mode of drug action and provide a framework for rational design of oxamniquine derivatives that kill both S. mansoni and S. haematobium, the two species responsible for 〉99% of schistosomiasis cases worldwide.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4136436/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4136436/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Valentim, Claudia L L -- Cioli, Donato -- Chevalier, Frederic D -- Cao, Xiaohang -- Taylor, Alexander B -- Holloway, Stephen P -- Pica-Mattoccia, Livia -- Guidi, Alessandra -- Basso, Annalisa -- Tsai, Isheng J -- Berriman, Matthew -- Carvalho-Queiroz, Claudia -- Almeida, Marcio -- Aguilar, Hector -- Frantz, Doug E -- Hart, P John -- LoVerde, Philip T -- Anderson, Timothy J C -- 098051/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 5R21-AI072704/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- 5R21-AI096277/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- C06 RR013556/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- HHSN272201000005I/PHS HHS/ -- R01 AI097576/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01-AI097576/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R21 AI072704/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R21 AI096277/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Dec 13;342(6164):1385-9. doi: 10.1126/science.1243106. Epub 2013 Nov 21.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Departments of Biochemistry and Pathology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24263136" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Drug Resistance/*genetics ; Gene Knockdown Techniques ; Genetic Linkage ; Helminth Proteins/*genetics ; Humans ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Oxamniquine/*pharmacology ; Phylogeny ; Protein Conformation ; Quantitative Trait Loci ; RNA Interference ; Schistosoma mansoni/*drug effects/*genetics ; Schistosomicides/*pharmacology ; Sulfotransferases/chemistry/classification/*genetics
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Stepwise evolution of essential centromere function in a Drosophila neogene (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2013-06-08
    Description: Evolutionarily young genes that serve essential functions represent a paradox; they must perform a function that either was not required until after their birth or was redundant with another gene. How young genes rapidly acquire essential function is largely unknown. We traced the evolutionary steps by which the Drosophila gene Umbrea acquired an essential role in chromosome segregation in D. melanogaster since the gene's origin less than 15 million years ago. Umbrea neofunctionalization occurred via loss of an ancestral heterochromatin-localizing domain, followed by alterations that rewired its protein interaction network and led to species-specific centromere localization. Our evolutionary cell biology approach provides temporal and mechanistic detail about how young genes gain essential function. Such innovations may constantly alter the repertoire of centromeric proteins in eukaryotes.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4119826/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4119826/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ross, Benjamin D -- Rosin, Leah -- Thomae, Andreas W -- Hiatt, Mary Alice -- Vermaak, Danielle -- de la Cruz, Aida Flor A -- Imhof, Axel -- Mellone, Barbara G -- Malik, Harmit S -- R01 GM074108/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01GM074108/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- T32HG000035/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Jun 7;340(6137):1211-4. doi: 10.1126/science.1234393.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23744945" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Centromere/genetics/*physiology ; Chromosomal Proteins, Non-Histone/*genetics ; Drosophila/*genetics ; Drosophila Proteins/*genetics ; *Evolution, Molecular ; Gene Duplication ; Genes, Insect/*physiology ; Molecular Sequence Data
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 25
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    Geochemistry. Carbon cycle makeover (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2013-02-02
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Canfield, Donald E -- Kump, Lee R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Feb 1;339(6119):533-4. doi: 10.1126/science.1231981.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Nordic Center for Earth Evolution, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, 5230 Denmark. dec@biology.sdu.dk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23372005" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Commerce/*trends ; Nanotubes, Carbon/*chemistry
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    Unraveling the mechanism of protein disaggregation through a ClpB-DnaK interaction (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-02-09
    Description: HSP-100 protein machines, such as ClpB, play an essential role in reactivating protein aggregates that can otherwise be lethal to cells. Although the players involved are known, including the DnaK/DnaJ/GrpE chaperone system in bacteria, details of the molecular interactions are not well understood. Using methyl-transverse relaxation-optimized nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, we present an atomic-resolution model for the ClpB-DnaK complex, which we verified by mutagenesis and functional assays. ClpB and GrpE compete for binding to the DnaK nucleotide binding domain, with GrpE binding inhibiting disaggregation. DnaK, in turn, plays a dual role in both disaggregation and subsequent refolding of polypeptide chains as they emerge from the aggregate. On the basis of a combined structural-biochemical analysis, we propose a model for the mechanism of protein aggregate reactivation by ClpB.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Rosenzweig, Rina -- Moradi, Shoeib -- Zarrine-Afsar, Arash -- Glover, John R -- Kay, Lewis E -- Canadian Institutes of Health Research/Canada -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Mar 1;339(6123):1080-3. doi: 10.1126/science.1233066. Epub 2013 Feb 7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. rina.rosenzweig@utoronto.ca〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23393091" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenosine Triphosphatases/*chemistry/genetics ; Adenosine Triphosphate/chemistry/metabolism ; Bacterial Proteins/chemistry ; Heat-Shock Proteins/*chemistry/genetics ; Hydrolysis ; *Models, Chemical ; Mutation ; Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Biomolecular ; Protein Interaction Domains and Motifs ; Protein Interaction Maps ; Protein Multimerization ; *Protein Refolding ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Protein Transport ; Thermus thermophilus
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    IBI series winner. Engaging high school students in research on smoking behavior (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-07-28
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Munn, Maureen M -- Oura, Hiroki -- Gallivan, Mark -- Van Horne, Katie -- Shouse, Andrew W -- R25 DA013180/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Jul 26;341(6144):360-1. doi: 10.1126/science.1229999.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA. mmunn@uw.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23888032" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Awards and Prizes ; *Biomedical Research ; *Curriculum ; *Databases, Factual ; *Epidemiologic Studies ; Humans ; *Smoking/genetics
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    Little emperors: behavioral impacts of China's One-Child Policy (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-01-12
    Description: We document that China's One-Child Policy (OCP), one of the most radical approaches to limiting population growth, has produced significantly less trusting, less trustworthy, more risk-averse, less competitive, more pessimistic, and less conscientious individuals. Our data were collected from economics experiments conducted with 421 individuals born just before and just after the OCP's introduction in 1979. Surveys to elicit personality traits were also used. We used the exogenous imposition of the OCP to identify the causal impact of being an only child, net of family background effects. The OCP thus has significant ramifications for Chinese society.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cameron, L -- Erkal, N -- Gangadharan, L -- Meng, X -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Feb 22;339(6122):953-7. doi: 10.1126/science.1230221. Epub 2013 Jan 10.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Econometrics, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia. lisa.cameron@monash.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23306438" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Altruism ; Anxiety Disorders ; *Attitude ; *Behavior ; China ; Competitive Behavior ; Family ; *Family Planning Policy ; Female ; Games, Experimental ; Humans ; Male ; Only Child/*psychology ; *Personality ; Risk-Taking ; Trust ; Urban Population
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    Pivotal roles of cGAS-cGAMP signaling in antiviral defense and immune adjuvant effects (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: Invasion of microbial DNA into the cytoplasm of animal cells triggers a cascade of host immune reactions that help clear the infection; however, self DNA in the cytoplasm can cause autoimmune diseases. Biochemical approaches led to the identification of cyclic guanosine monophosphate-adenosine monophosphate (cGAMP) synthase (cGAS) as a cytosolic DNA sensor that triggers innate immune responses. Here, we show that cells from cGAS-deficient (cGas(-/-)) mice, including fibroblasts, macrophages, and dendritic cells, failed to produce type I interferons and other cytokines in response to DNA transfection or DNA virus infection. cGas(-/-) mice were more susceptible to lethal infection with herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV1) than wild-type mice. We also show that cGAMP is an adjuvant that boosts antigen-specific T cell activation and antibody production in mice.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3863637/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3863637/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Li, Xiao-Dong -- Wu, Jiaxi -- Gao, Daxing -- Wang, Hua -- Sun, Lijun -- Chen, Zhijian J -- 5T32AI070116/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI-093967/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI093967/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Sep 20;341(6152):1390-4. doi: 10.1126/science.1244040. Epub 2013 Aug 29.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9148, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23989956" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antibodies, Viral/biosynthesis ; DNA, Viral/genetics/immunology ; Dendritic Cells/immunology ; Fibroblasts/immunology ; Herpes Simplex/*immunology ; *Herpesvirus 1, Human ; Interferon Regulatory Factor-3/genetics ; Interferon-beta/*biosynthesis/genetics ; Lymphocyte Activation ; Macrophages/immunology ; Mice ; Mice, Knockout ; Nucleotidyltransferases/genetics/*immunology ; Signal Transduction ; T-Lymphocytes/immunology ; Transfection
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    The rise of open access (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-10-05
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Munroe, Randall -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Oct 4;342(6154):58-9. doi: 10.1126/science.342.6154.58.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24092724" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Access to Information ; *Information Dissemination ; *Science
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    Spatial dynamics of chromosome translocations in living cells (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-10
    Description: Chromosome translocations are a hallmark of cancer cells. We have developed an experimental system to visualize the formation of translocations in living cells and apply it to characterize the spatial and dynamic properties of translocation formation. We demonstrate that translocations form within hours of the occurrence of double-strand breaks (DSBs) and that their formation is cell cycle-independent. Translocations form preferentially between prepositioned genome elements, and perturbation of key factors of the DNA repair machinery uncouples DSB pairing from translocation formation. These observations generate a spatiotemporal framework for the formation of translocations in living cells.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Roukos, Vassilis -- Voss, Ty C -- Schmidt, Christine K -- Lee, Seungtaek -- Wangsa, Darawalee -- Misteli, Tom -- Intramural NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Aug 9;341(6146):660-4. doi: 10.1126/science.1237150.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23929981" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Bacterial Proteins/genetics ; Carrier Proteins/genetics ; Cell Cycle ; *DNA Breaks, Double-Stranded ; DNA Repair ; DNA-Activated Protein Kinase/antagonists & inhibitors ; DNA-Binding Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors ; Green Fluorescent Proteins/genetics ; High-Throughput Screening Assays ; Lac Operon ; Lac Repressors/genetics ; Mice ; Microscopy/methods ; NIH 3T3 Cells ; Neoplasms/genetics ; Nuclear Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors ; *Time-Lapse Imaging ; *Translocation, Genetic
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    A major asymmetric dust trap in a transition disk (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2013-06-08
    Description: The statistics of discovered exoplanets suggest that planets form efficiently. However, there are fundamental unsolved problems, such as excessive inward drift of particles in protoplanetary disks during planet formation. Recent theories invoke dust traps to overcome this problem. We report the detection of a dust trap in the disk around the star Oph IRS 48 using observations from the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA). The 0.44-millimeter-wavelength continuum map shows high-contrast crescent-shaped emission on one side of the star, originating from millimeter-sized grains, whereas both the mid-infrared image (micrometer-sized dust) and the gas traced by the carbon monoxide 6-5 rotational line suggest rings centered on the star. The difference in distribution of big grains versus small grains/gas can be modeled with a vortex-shaped dust trap triggered by a companion.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉van der Marel, Nienke -- van Dishoeck, Ewine F -- Bruderer, Simon -- Birnstiel, Til -- Pinilla, Paola -- Dullemond, Cornelis P -- van Kempen, Tim A -- Schmalzl, Markus -- Brown, Joanna M -- Herczeg, Gregory J -- Mathews, Geoffrey S -- Geers, Vincent -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Jun 7;340(6137):1199-202. doi: 10.1126/science.1236770.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Leiden Observatory, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands. nmarel@strw.leidenuniv.nl〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23744942" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    Geophysics. Melting Earth's core (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2013-04-27
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Fei, Yingwei -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Apr 26;340(6131):442-3. doi: 10.1126/science.1236304.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Geophysical Laboratory, Carnegie Institution of Washington, 5251 Broad Branch Road NW, Washington, DC 20015, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23620044" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    Decameric SelA*tRNA(Sec) ring structure reveals mechanism of bacterial selenocysteine formation (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2013-04-06
    Description: The 21st amino acid, selenocysteine (Sec), is synthesized on its cognate transfer RNA (tRNA(Sec)). In bacteria, SelA synthesizes Sec from Ser-tRNA(Sec), whereas in archaea and eukaryotes SepSecS forms Sec from phosphoserine (Sep) acylated to tRNA(Sec). We determined the crystal structures of Aquifex aeolicus SelA complexes, which revealed a ring-shaped homodecamer that binds 10 tRNA(Sec) molecules, each interacting with four SelA subunits. The SelA N-terminal domain binds the tRNA(Sec)-specific D-arm structure, thereby discriminating Ser-tRNA(Sec) from Ser-tRNA(Ser). A large cleft is created between two subunits and accommodates the 3'-terminal region of Ser-tRNA(Sec). The SelA structures together with in vivo and in vitro enzyme assays show decamerization to be essential for SelA function. SelA catalyzes pyridoxal 5'-phosphate-dependent Sec formation involving Arg residues nonhomologous to those in SepSecS. Different protein architecture and substrate coordination of the bacterial enzyme provide structural evidence for independent evolution of the two Sec synthesis systems present in nature.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3976565/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3976565/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Itoh, Yuzuru -- Brocker, Markus J -- Sekine, Shun-ichi -- Hammond, Gifty -- Suetsugu, Shiro -- Soll, Dieter -- Yokoyama, Shigeyuki -- GM22854/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM022854/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Apr 5;340(6128):75-8. doi: 10.1126/science.1229521.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉RIKEN Systems and Structural Biology Center, Tsurumi, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23559248" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Arginine/chemistry ; Bacteria/*enzymology ; Bacterial Proteins/*chemistry ; Catalysis ; Catalytic Domain ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Protein Multimerization ; Protein Structure, Secondary ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Pyridoxal Phosphate/chemistry ; RNA, Transfer, Amino Acyl/*chemistry ; Selenocysteine/*biosynthesis ; Transferases/*chemistry
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    Biosynthesis of antinutritional alkaloids in solanaceous crops is mediated by clustered genes (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2013-06-22
    Description: Steroidal glycoalkaloids (SGAs) such as alpha-solanine found in solanaceous food plants--as, for example, potato--are antinutritional factors for humans. Comparative coexpression analysis between tomato and potato coupled with chemical profiling revealed an array of 10 genes that partake in SGA biosynthesis. We discovered that six of them exist as a cluster on chromosome 7, whereas an additional two are adjacent in a duplicated genomic region on chromosome 12. Following systematic functional analysis, we suggest a revised SGA biosynthetic pathway starting from cholesterol up to the tetrasaccharide moiety linked to the tomato SGA aglycone. Silencing GLYCOALKALOID METABOLISM 4 prevented accumulation of SGAs in potato tubers and tomato fruit. This may provide a means for removal of unsafe, antinutritional substances present in these widely used food crops.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Itkin, M -- Heinig, U -- Tzfadia, O -- Bhide, A J -- Shinde, B -- Cardenas, P D -- Bocobza, S E -- Unger, T -- Malitsky, S -- Finkers, R -- Tikunov, Y -- Bovy, A -- Chikate, Y -- Singh, P -- Rogachev, I -- Beekwilder, J -- Giri, A P -- Aharoni, A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Jul 12;341(6142):175-9. doi: 10.1126/science.1240230. Epub 2013 Jun 20.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Plant Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23788733" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Crops, Agricultural/*genetics ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ; Gene Silencing ; Genes, Plant ; Lycopersicon esculentum/*genetics ; *Multigene Family ; Nutritive Value/*genetics ; Solanaceous Alkaloids/*biosynthesis/*genetics/toxicity ; Solanum tuberosum/*genetics
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    FtsZ protofilaments use a hinge-opening mechanism for constrictive force generation (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-07-28
    Description: The essential bacterial protein FtsZ is a guanosine triphosphatase that self-assembles into a structure at the division site termed the "Z ring". During cytokinesis, the Z ring exerts a constrictive force on the membrane by using the chemical energy of guanosine triphosphate hydrolysis. However, the structural basis of this constriction remains unresolved. Here, we present the crystal structure of a guanosine diphosphate-bound Mycobacterium tuberculosis FtsZ protofilament, which exhibits a curved conformational state. The structure reveals a longitudinal interface that is important for function. The protofilament curvature highlights a hydrolysis-dependent conformational switch at the T3 loop that leads to longitudinal bending between subunits, which could generate sufficient force to drive cytokinesis.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3816583/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3816583/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Li, Ying -- Hsin, Jen -- Zhao, Lingyun -- Cheng, Yiwen -- Shang, Weina -- Huang, Kerwyn Casey -- Wang, Hong-Wei -- Ye, Sheng -- 1F32GM100677-01A1/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- DP2 OD006466/OD/NIH HHS/ -- DP2OD006466/OD/NIH HHS/ -- F32 GM100677/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Jul 26;341(6144):392-5. doi: 10.1126/science.1239248.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 Zhejiang, P.R. China.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23888039" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Bacterial Proteins/*chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Cell Membrane/physiology ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; *Cytokinesis ; Cytoskeletal Proteins/*chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Escherichia coli/chemistry ; Guanosine Diphosphate/chemistry/metabolism ; Guanosine Triphosphate/metabolism ; Hydrolysis ; Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Dynamics Simulation ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mycobacterium tuberculosis/*chemistry/physiology ; Point Mutation ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Multimerization ; Protein Subunits/chemistry/metabolism ; Staphylococcus aureus/chemistry
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    Architecture of an RNA polymerase II transcription pre-initiation complex (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-09-28
    Description: The protein density and arrangement of subunits of a complete, 32-protein, RNA polymerase II (pol II) transcription pre-initiation complex (PIC) were determined by means of cryogenic electron microscopy and a combination of chemical cross-linking and mass spectrometry. The PIC showed a marked division in two parts, one containing all the general transcription factors (GTFs) and the other pol II. Promoter DNA was associated only with the GTFs, suspended above the pol II cleft and not in contact with pol II. This structural principle of the PIC underlies its conversion to a transcriptionally active state; the PIC is poised for the formation of a transcription bubble and descent of the DNA into the pol II cleft.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4039082/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4039082/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Murakami, Kenji -- Elmlund, Hans -- Kalisman, Nir -- Bushnell, David A -- Adams, Christopher M -- Azubel, Maia -- Elmlund, Dominika -- Levi-Kalisman, Yael -- Liu, Xin -- Gibbons, Brian J -- Levitt, Michael -- Kornberg, Roger D -- AI21144/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- GM063817/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM49885/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI021144/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM036659/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM063817/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Nov 8;342(6159):1238724. doi: 10.1126/science.1238724. Epub 2013 Sep 26.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24072820" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Cryoelectron Microscopy ; DNA, Fungal/chemistry/genetics ; *Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal ; Multiprotein Complexes/*chemistry ; Nucleic Acid Conformation ; Protein Conformation ; RNA Polymerase II/*chemistry ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae/*enzymology/genetics ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins/*chemistry ; Transcription Factors, General/*chemistry ; *Transcription Initiation, Genetic
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    Voltage-gated sodium channel in grasshopper mice defends against bark scorpion toxin (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-10-26
    Description: Painful venoms are used to deter predators. Pain itself, however, can signal damage and thus serves an important adaptive function. Evolution to reduce general pain responses, although valuable for preying on venomous species, is rare, likely because it comes with the risk of reduced response to tissue damage. Bark scorpions capitalize on the protective pain pathway of predators by inflicting intensely painful stings. However, grasshopper mice regularly attack and consume bark scorpions, grooming only briefly when stung. Bark scorpion venom induces pain in many mammals (house mice, rats, humans) by activating the voltage-gated Na(+) channel Nav1.7, but has no effect on Nav1.8. Grasshopper mice Nav1.8 has amino acid variants that bind bark scorpion toxins and inhibit Na(+) currents, blocking action potential propagation and inducing analgesia. Thus, grasshopper mice have solved the predator-pain problem by using a toxin bound to a nontarget channel to block transmission of the pain signals the venom itself is initiating.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4172297/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4172297/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Rowe, Ashlee H -- Xiao, Yucheng -- Rowe, Matthew P -- Cummins, Theodore R -- Zakon, Harold H -- NS 053422/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R01 NS053422/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Oct 25;342(6157):441-6. doi: 10.1126/science.1236451.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Section of Neurobiology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24159039" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Action Potentials/drug effects/physiology ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Arvicolinae/*metabolism ; *Food Chain ; Formaldehyde/pharmacology ; Mice ; Molecular Sequence Data ; NAV1.7 Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; NAV1.8 Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Pain/chemically induced/*metabolism ; *Predatory Behavior ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Scorpion Venoms
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    Outside the pipeline: reimagining science education for nonscientists (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-04-20
    Description: Educational policy increasingly emphasizes knowledge and skills for the preprofessional "science pipeline" rather than helping students use science in daily life. We synthesize research on public engagement with science to develop a research-based plan for cultivating competent outsiders: nonscientists who can access and make sense of science relevant to their lives. Schools should help students access and interpret the science they need in response to specific practical problems, judge the credibility of scientific claims based on both evidence and institutional cues, and cultivate deep amateur involvement in science.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Feinstein, Noah Weeth -- Allen, Sue -- Jenkins, Edgar -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Apr 19;340(6130):314-7. doi: 10.1126/science.1230855.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Curriculum & Instruction, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 225 North Mills Street, Madison, WI 53706, USA. nfeinstein@wisc.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23599483" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Education, Professional/*methods ; Humans ; Practice (Psychology) ; *Schools/manpower/organization & administration/standards ; Science/*education ; Thinking
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    Identification of the long-sought common-envelope events (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-01-26
    Description: Common-envelope events (CEEs), during which two stars temporarily orbit within a shared envelope, are believed to be vital for the formation of a wide range of close binaries. For decades, the only evidence that CEEs actually occur has been indirect, based on the existence of systems that could not be otherwise explained. Here we propose a direct observational signature of CEEs arising from a physical model where emission from matter ejected in a CEE is controlled by a recombination front as the matter cools. The natural range of time scales and energies from this model, as well as the expected colors, light-curve shapes, ejection velocities, and event rate, match those of a recently recognized class of red transient outbursts.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ivanova, N -- Justham, S -- Avendano Nandez, J L -- Lombardi, J C Jr -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Jan 25;339(6118):433-5. doi: 10.1126/science.1225540.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E7, Canada. nata.ivanova@ualberta.ca〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23349287" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    RNA interference functions as an antiviral immunity mechanism in mammals (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-10-12
    Description: Diverse eukaryotic hosts produce virus-derived small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) to direct antiviral immunity by RNA interference (RNAi). However, it remains unknown whether the mammalian RNAi pathway has a natural antiviral function. Here, we show that infection of hamster cells and suckling mice by Nodamura virus (NoV), a mosquito-transmissible RNA virus, requires RNAi suppression by its B2 protein. Loss of B2 expression or its suppressor activity leads to abundant production of viral siRNAs and rapid clearance of the mutant viruses in mice. However, viral small RNAs detected during virulent infection by NoV do not have the properties of canonical siRNAs. These findings have parallels with the induction and suppression of antiviral RNAi by the related Flock house virus in fruit flies and nematodes and reveal a mammalian antiviral immunity mechanism mediated by RNAi.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3875315/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3875315/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Li, Yang -- Lu, Jinfeng -- Han, Yanhong -- Fan, Xiaoxu -- Ding, Shou-Wei -- AI52447/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- GM94396/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI052447/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM094396/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- RC1 GM091896/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Oct 11;342(6155):231-4. doi: 10.1126/science.1241911.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24115437" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cell Line ; Cricetinae ; Mice ; Nodaviridae/genetics/*pathogenicity ; RNA Interference/*immunology ; RNA Virus Infections/*immunology ; RNA, Small Interfering/*immunology ; RNA, Viral/genetics/*immunology ; Viral Nonstructural Proteins/genetics/*immunology
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    Science and Government. Reforming China's S&T system (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-03
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cao, Cong -- Li, Ning -- Li, Xia -- Liu, Li -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Aug 2;341(6145):460-2. doi: 10.1126/science.1234206.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK. cong.cao@nottingham.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23908209" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    Molecular biology. New tool for genome surgery (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-02-16
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉van der Oost, John -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Feb 15;339(6121):768-70. doi: 10.1126/science.1234726.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands. john.vanderoost@wur.nl〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23413345" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Caspase 9/*chemistry ; *DNA Cleavage ; Gene Targeting/*methods ; Genetic Engineering/*methods ; Genome/*genetics ; Genome, Human/*genetics ; Humans ; Inverted Repeat Sequences/*genetics ; Microarray Analysis/*methods ; RNA/*chemistry
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    Dynamic topography change of the eastern United States since 3 million years ago (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-05-21
    Description: Sedimentary rocks from Virginia through Florida record marine flooding during the mid-Pliocene. Several wave-cut scarps that at the time of deposition would have been horizontal are now draped over a warped surface with a maximum variation of 60 meters. We modeled dynamic topography by using mantle convection simulations that predict the amplitude and broad spatial distribution of this distortion. The results imply that dynamic topography and, to a lesser extent, glacial isostatic adjustment account for the current architecture of the coastal plain and proximal shelf. This confounds attempts to use regional stratigraphic relations as references for longer-term sea-level determinations. Inferences of Pliocene global sea-level heights or stability of Antarctic ice sheets therefore cannot be deciphered in the absence of an appropriate mantle dynamic reference frame.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Rowley, David B -- Forte, Alessandro M -- Moucha, Robert -- Mitrovica, Jerry X -- Simmons, Nathan A -- Grand, Stephen P -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Jun 28;340(6140):1560-3. doi: 10.1126/science.1229180. Epub 2013 May 16.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of the Geophysical Sciences, 5734 South Ellis Avenue, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA. drowley@uchicago.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23686342" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    Call for prudence in whole-genome testing (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉van El, C G -- Dondorp, W J -- de Wert, G M W R -- Cornel, M C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Aug 30;341(6149):958-9. doi: 10.1126/science.341.6149.958-b.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23990543" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Disease/*genetics ; *Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; Genomics/*ethics/*standards ; Humans ; *Incidental Findings ; *Practice Guidelines as Topic
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    Archaeal (per)chlorate reduction at high temperature: an interplay of biotic and abiotic reactions (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2013-04-06
    Description: Perchlorate and chlorate anions [(per)chlorate] exist in the environment from natural and anthropogenic sources, where they can serve as electron acceptors for bacteria. We performed growth experiments combined with genomic and proteomic analyses of the hyperthermophile Archaeoglobus fulgidus that show (per)chlorate reduction also extends into the archaeal domain of life. The (per)chlorate reduction pathway in A. fulgidus relies on molybdo-enzymes that have similarity with bacterial enzymes; however, chlorite is not enzymatically split into chloride and oxygen. Evidence suggests that it is eliminated by an interplay of abiotic and biotic redox reactions involving sulfur compounds. Biological (per)chlorate reduction by ancient archaea at high temperature may have prevented accumulation of perchlorate in early terrestrial environments and consequently given rise to oxidizing conditions on Earth before the rise of oxygenic photosynthesis.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Liebensteiner, Martin G -- Pinkse, Martijn W H -- Schaap, Peter J -- Stams, Alfons J M -- Lomans, Bart P -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Apr 5;340(6128):85-7. doi: 10.1126/science.1233957.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, Dreijenplein 10, 6703 HB Wageningen, Netherlands.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23559251" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Archaeoglobus fulgidus/*enzymology ; Metabolic Networks and Pathways ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Oxidoreductases/metabolism ; Perchlorates/*metabolism ; Temperature
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    Genetics. A story of swapped ends (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-06-22
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Rowley, Janet D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Jun 21;340(6139):1412-3. doi: 10.1126/science.1241318.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA. jrowley@medicine.bsd.uchicago.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23788787" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Chromosome Banding ; Chromosome Deletion ; Gene Fusion ; Genes, abl ; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing ; History, 20th Century ; Humans ; Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/genetics ; Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/genetics ; Neoplasms/*genetics/history/therapy ; Philadelphia Chromosome ; *Translocation, Genetic
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    Lewis acidity of organofluorophosphonium salts: hydrodefluorination by a saturated acceptor (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-09-21
    Description: Prototypical Lewis acids, such as boranes, derive their reactivity from electronic unsaturation. Here, we report the Lewis acidity and catalytic application of electronically saturated phosphorus-centered electrophilic acceptors. Organofluorophosphonium salts of the formula [(C6F5)(3-x)Ph(x)PF][B(C6F5)4] (x = 0 or 1; Ph, phenyl) are shown to form adducts with neutral Lewis bases and to react rapidly with fluoroalkanes to produce difluorophosphoranes. In the presence of hydrosilane, the cation [(C6F5)3PF](+) is shown to catalyze the hydrodefluorination of fluoroalkanes, affording alkanes and fluorosilane. The mechanism demonstrates the impressive fluoride ion affinity of this highly electron-deficient phosphonium center.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Caputo, Christopher B -- Hounjet, Lindsay J -- Dobrovetsky, Roman -- Stephan, Douglas W -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Sep 20;341(6152):1374-7. doi: 10.1126/science.1241764.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24052304" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    The Amborella genome and the evolution of flowering plants (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2013-12-21
    Description: Amborella trichopoda is strongly supported as the single living species of the sister lineage to all other extant flowering plants, providing a unique reference for inferring the genome content and structure of the most recent common ancestor (MRCA) of living angiosperms. Sequencing the Amborella genome, we identified an ancient genome duplication predating angiosperm diversification, without evidence of subsequent, lineage-specific genome duplications. Comparisons between Amborella and other angiosperms facilitated reconstruction of the ancestral angiosperm gene content and gene order in the MRCA of core eudicots. We identify new gene families, gene duplications, and floral protein-protein interactions that first appeared in the ancestral angiosperm. Transposable elements in Amborella are ancient and highly divergent, with no recent transposon radiations. Population genomic analysis across Amborella's native range in New Caledonia reveals a recent genetic bottleneck and geographic structure with conservation implications.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Amborella Genome Project -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Dec 20;342(6165):1241089. doi: 10.1126/science.1241089.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24357323" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Conservation of Natural Resources ; Contig Mapping ; *Evolution, Molecular ; Flowers/*genetics ; Gene Duplication ; Genetic Variation ; *Genome, Plant ; Metagenomics/statistics & numerical data ; Molecular Sequence Annotation ; Multigene Family ; New Caledonia ; Phylogeny ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Tracheobionta/classification/*genetics/*growth & development
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    Capping progress on invasive species? (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-11-23
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Carboneras, C -- Walton, P -- Vila, M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Nov 22;342(6161):930-1. doi: 10.1126/science.342.6161.930-b.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, The Lodge, Sandy, Bedfordshire, SG19 2DL, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24264976" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Europe ; European Union ; Introduced Species/economics/*legislation & jurisprudence/statistics & numerical ; data ; Social Control, Formal
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    Nanoscale atoms in solid-state chemistry (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2013-06-08
    Description: We describe a solid-state material formed from binary assembly of atomically precise molecular clusters. [Co6Se8(PEt3)6][C60]2 and [Cr6Te8(PEt3)6][C60]2 assembled into a superatomic relative of the cadmium iodide (CdI2) structure type. These solid-state materials showed activated electronic transport with activation energies of 100 to 150 millielectron volts. The more reducing cluster Ni9Te6(PEt3)8 transferred more charge to the fullerene and formed a rock-salt-related structure. In this material, the constituent clusters are able to interact electronically to produce a magnetically ordered phase at low temperature, akin to atoms in a solid-state compound.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Roy, Xavier -- Lee, Chul-Ho -- Crowther, Andrew C -- Schenck, Christine L -- Besara, Tiglet -- Lalancette, Roger A -- Siegrist, Theo -- Stephens, Peter W -- Brus, Louis E -- Kim, Philip -- Steigerwald, Michael L -- Nuckolls, Colin -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Jul 12;341(6142):157-60. doi: 10.1126/science.1236259. Epub 2013 Jun 6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23744780" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    Breakthrough of the year 2013. Notable developments (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2013-12-21
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Dec 20;342(6165):1435-41. doi: 10.1126/science.342.6165.1444.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24357296" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biological Science Disciplines/history/*trends ; History, 21st Century ; Humans
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    Comment on "Radiative absorption enhancements due to the mixing state of atmospheric black carbon" (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-01-26
    Description: Cappa et al. (Reports, 31 August 2012, p. 1078) suggest that black carbon (BC) in a mixture absorbs only ~6% more sunlight than when volatile chemicals are evaporated from the mixture, and state that "many climate models may overestimate warming by BC." However, the authors misinterpret at least some model results and omit optical focusing at high relative humidity and of involatile components. Thus, their conclusion about model error is not demonstrated.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Jacobson, Mark Z -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Jan 25;339(6118):393. doi: 10.1126/science.1229920.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-4020, USA. jacobson@stanford.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23349272" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Atmosphere/*chemistry ; Carbon/*chemistry ; *Global Warming ; *Light ; *Photochemical Processes ; Soot/*chemistry
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Control of metal nanocrystal size reveals metal-support interface role for ceria catalysts (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2013-07-23
    Description: Interactions between ceria (CeO2) and supported metals greatly enhance rates for a number of important reactions. However, direct relationships between structure and function in these catalysts have been difficult to extract because the samples studied either were heterogeneous or were model systems dissimilar to working catalysts. We report rate measurements on samples in which the length of the ceria-metal interface was tailored by the use of monodisperse nickel, palladium, and platinum nanocrystals. We found that carbon monoxide oxidation in ceria-based catalysts is greatly enhanced at the ceria-metal interface sites for a range of group VIII metal catalysts, clarifying the pivotal role played by the support.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cargnello, Matteo -- Doan-Nguyen, Vicky V T -- Gordon, Thomas R -- Diaz, Rosa E -- Stach, Eric A -- Gorte, Raymond J -- Fornasiero, Paolo -- Murray, Christopher B -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Aug 16;341(6147):771-3. doi: 10.1126/science.1240148. Epub 2013 Jul 18.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, ICCOM-CNR, Consortium INSTM, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23868919" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    Deciphering the glycosylome of dystroglycanopathies using haploid screens for lassa virus entry (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-03-23
    Description: Glycosylated alpha-dystroglycan (alpha-DG) serves as cellular entry receptor for multiple pathogens, and defects in its glycosylation cause hereditary Walker-Warburg syndrome (WWS). At least eight proteins are critical to glycosylate alpha-DG, but many genes mutated in WWS remain unknown. To identify modifiers of alpha-DG, we performed a haploid screen for Lassa virus entry, a hemorrhagic fever virus causing thousands of deaths annually that hijacks glycosylated alpha-DG to enter cells. In complementary screens, we profiled cells for absence of alpha-DG carbohydrate chains or biochemically related glycans. This revealed virus host factors and a suite of glycosylation units, including all known Walker-Warburg genes and five additional factors critical for the modification of alpha-DG. Our findings accentuate the complexity of this posttranslational feature and point out genes defective in dystroglycanopathies.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3919138/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3919138/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Jae, Lucas T -- Raaben, Matthijs -- Riemersma, Moniek -- van Beusekom, Ellen -- Blomen, Vincent A -- Velds, Arno -- Kerkhoven, Ron M -- Carette, Jan E -- Topaloglu, Haluk -- Meinecke, Peter -- Wessels, Marja W -- Lefeber, Dirk J -- Whelan, Sean P -- van Bokhoven, Hans -- Brummelkamp, Thijn R -- AI057159/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI081842/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI081842/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- U54 AI057159/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Apr 26;340(6131):479-83. doi: 10.1126/science.1233675. Epub 2013 Mar 21.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, Amsterdam, Netherlands.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23519211" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Cell Line ; Dystroglycans/*metabolism ; Female ; Glycosylation ; Haploidy ; Host-Pathogen Interactions/*genetics ; Humans ; Infant ; Lassa Fever/*genetics/virology ; Lassa virus/*physiology ; Male ; Membrane Proteins/*genetics ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Pedigree ; Proteome/*metabolism ; *Virus Internalization ; Walker-Warburg Syndrome/*genetics
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    Comment on "Nuclear genomic sequences reveal that polar bears are an old and distinct bear lineage" (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-03-30
    Description: Based on nuclear and mitochondrial DNA, Hailer et al. (Reports, 20 April 2012, p. 344) suggested early divergence of polar bears from a common ancestor with brown bears and subsequent introgression. Our population genetic analysis that traces each of the genealogies in the independent nuclear loci does not support the evolutionary model proposed by the authors.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Nakagome, Shigeki -- Mano, Shuhei -- Hasegawa, Masami -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Mar 29;339(6127):1522. doi: 10.1126/science.1227339.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute of Statistical Mathematics, Tachikawa, Tokyo, Japan. nakagome@ism.ac.jp〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23539580" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; *Genome ; *Multilocus Sequence Typing ; Ursidae/*genetics
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    Breakthrough of the year 2013. How we did in 2013 and (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-12-21
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Dec 20;342(6165):1442. doi: 10.1126/science.342.6165.1442-b.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24357294" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Behavior ; Brain/physiology/*ultrastructure ; Electrical Synapses/physiology/ultrastructure ; Humans ; Immunotherapy/*methods ; Mice ; Neoplasms/*therapy ; Sequence Analysis, DNA/*trends ; Single-Cell Analysis/*trends
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    Varied response of western Pacific hydrology to climate forcings over the last glacial period (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2013-06-08
    Description: Atmospheric deep convection in the west Pacific plays a key role in the global heat and moisture budgets, yet its response to orbital and abrupt climate change events is poorly resolved. Here, we present four absolutely dated, overlapping stalagmite oxygen isotopic records from northern Borneo that span most of the last glacial cycle. The records suggest that northern Borneo's hydroclimate shifted in phase with precessional forcing but was only weakly affected by glacial-interglacial changes in global climate boundary conditions. Regional convection likely decreased during Heinrich events, but other Northern Hemisphere abrupt climate change events are notably absent. The new records suggest that the deep tropical Pacific hydroclimate variability may have played an important role in shaping the global response to the largest abrupt climate change events.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Carolin, Stacy A -- Cobb, Kim M -- Adkins, Jess F -- Clark, Brian -- Conroy, Jessica L -- Lejau, Syria -- Malang, Jenny -- Tuen, Andrew A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Jun 28;340(6140):1564-6. doi: 10.1126/science.1233797. Epub 2013 Jun 6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA. stacy.carolin@gatech.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23744779" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Atmosphere ; Borneo ; *Climate Change ; Convection ; *Ice Cover ; Oxygen Isotopes/analysis ; Pacific Ocean ; *Tropical Climate
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    Root effect hemoglobin may have evolved to enhance general tissue oxygen delivery (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-06-15
    Description: The Root effect is a pH-dependent reduction in hemoglobin-O2 carrying capacity. Specific to ray-finned fishes, the Root effect has been ascribed specialized roles in retinal oxygenation and swimbladder inflation. We report that when rainbow trout are exposed to elevated water carbon dioxide (CO2), red muscle partial pressure of oxygen (PO2) increases by 65%--evidence that Root hemoglobins enhance general tissue O2 delivery during acidotic stress. Inhibiting carbonic anhydrase (CA) in the plasma abolished this effect. We argue that CA activity in muscle capillaries short-circuits red blood cell (RBC) pH regulation. This acidifies RBCs, unloads O2 from hemoglobin, and elevates tissue PO2, which could double O2 delivery with no change in perfusion. This previously undescribed mechanism to enhance O2 delivery during stress may represent the incipient function of Root hemoglobins in fishes.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Rummer, Jodie L -- McKenzie, David J -- Innocenti, Alessio -- Supuran, Claudiu T -- Brauner, Colin J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Jun 14;340(6138):1327-9. doi: 10.1126/science.1233692.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada. jodie.rummer@jcu.edu.au〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23766325" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Carbon Dioxide/metabolism ; Erythrocytes/metabolism ; Hemoglobins/*metabolism ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism ; Oncorhynchus mykiss/*blood/*metabolism ; Oxygen/*blood/*metabolism ; Partial Pressure ; Stress, Physiological
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    ATAXIN-2 activates PERIOD translation to sustain circadian rhythms in Drosophila (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-05-21
    Description: Evidence for transcriptional feedback in circadian timekeeping is abundant, yet little is known about the mechanisms underlying translational control. We found that ATAXIN-2 (ATX2), an RNA-associated protein involved in neurodegenerative disease, is a translational activator of the rate-limiting clock component PERIOD (PER) in Drosophila. ATX2 specifically interacted with TWENTY-FOUR (TYF), an activator of PER translation. RNA interference-mediated depletion of Atx2 or the expression of a mutant ATX2 protein that does not associate with polyadenylate-binding protein (PABP) suppressed behavioral rhythms and decreased abundance of PER. Although ATX2 can repress translation, depletion of Atx2 from Drosophila S2 cells inhibited translational activation by RNA-tethered TYF and disrupted the association between TYF and PABP. Thus, ATX2 coordinates an active translation complex important for PER expression and circadian rhythms.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lim, Chunghun -- Allada, Ravi -- R01NS059042/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 May 17;340(6134):875-9. doi: 10.1126/science.1234785.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23687047" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Ataxins ; Cell Line ; *Circadian Rhythm ; Drosophila Proteins/*biosynthesis/genetics/metabolism ; Drosophila melanogaster/metabolism/*physiology ; Mutation ; Nerve Tissue Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Period Circadian Proteins/*biosynthesis ; Poly(A)-Binding Proteins/metabolism ; Protein Biosynthesis ; RNA Interference
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    Extra oversight for H7N9 experiments (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-09
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Jaffe, Harold -- Patterson, Amy P -- Lurie, Nicole -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Aug 16;341(6147):713-4. doi: 10.1126/science.1244158. Epub 2013 Aug 7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23926189" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biomedical Research ; Containment of Biohazards ; *Government Regulation ; *Influenza A virus/genetics/pathogenicity/physiology ; Mammals ; Orthomyxoviridae Infections/transmission/*virology ; Risk Assessment ; Safety Management ; United States ; *United States Dept. of Health and Human Services
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    Science education. Driven by diversity (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-04-20
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ferrini-Mundy, Joan -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Apr 19;340(6130):278. doi: 10.1126/science.1235521.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉National Science Foundation, Arlington, VA 22230, USA. jferrini@nsf.gov〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23599467" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Cultural Diversity ; Engineering/*economics ; Ethnic Groups/*education ; Humans ; Mathematics/*education ; Science/*education ; Technology/*education ; United States/ethnology
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    Comment on "ApoE-directed therapeutics rapidly clear beta-amyloid and reverse deficits in AD mouse models" (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-05-25
    Description: Cramer et al. (Reports, 23 March 2012, p. 1503; published online 9 February 2012) reported that bexarotene rapidly reduces beta-amyloid (Abeta) levels and plaque burden in two mouse models of Abeta deposition in Alzheimer's disease (AD). We now report that, although bexarotene reduces soluble Abeta40 levels in one of the mouse models, the drug has no impact on plaque burden in three strains that exhibit Abeta amyloidosis.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Veeraraghavalu, Karthikeyan -- Zhang, Can -- Miller, Sean -- Hefendehl, Jasmin K -- Rajapaksha, Tharinda W -- Ulrich, Jason -- Jucker, Mathias -- Holtzman, David M -- Tanzi, Rudolph E -- Vassar, Robert -- Sisodia, Sangram S -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 May 24;340(6135):924-f. doi: 10.1126/science.1235505.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Neurobiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23704555" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alzheimer Disease/*drug therapy/*metabolism ; Amyloid beta-Peptides/*metabolism ; Animals ; Apolipoproteins E/*metabolism ; Brain/*metabolism ; Male ; Tetrahydronaphthalenes/*pharmacology/*therapeutic use
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    2013 Runners-Up. In vaccine design, looks do matter (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-12-21
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Dec 20;342(6165):1442-3. doi: 10.1126/science.342.6165.1442-a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24357293" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Antibodies, Viral/chemistry/immunology ; *Drug Design ; Humans ; Infant ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Engineering ; Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections/*prevention & control ; Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccines/*chemistry/immunology ; Respiratory Syncytial Viruses/*chemistry/immunology ; Viral Fusion Proteins/*chemistry/immunology ; X-Ray Diffraction
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    Interfollicular epidermal stem cells self-renew via autocrine Wnt signaling (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2013-12-07
    Description: The skin is a classical example of a tissue maintained by stem cells. However, the identity of the stem cells that maintain the interfollicular epidermis and the source of the signals that control their activity remain unclear. Using mouse lineage tracing and quantitative clonal analyses, we showed that the Wnt target gene Axin2 marks interfollicular epidermal stem cells. These Axin2-expressing cells constitute the majority of the basal epidermal layer, compete neutrally, and require Wnt/beta-catenin signaling to proliferate. The same cells contribute robustly to wound healing, with no requirement for a quiescent stem cell subpopulation. By means of double-labeling RNA in situ hybridization in mice, we showed that the Axin2-expressing cells themselves produce Wnt signals as well as long-range secreted Wnt inhibitors, suggesting an autocrine mechanism of stem cell self-renewal.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4081860/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4081860/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lim, Xinhong -- Tan, Si Hui -- Koh, Winston Lian Chye -- Chau, Rosanna Man Wah -- Yan, Kelley S -- Kuo, Calvin J -- van Amerongen, Renee -- Klein, Allon Moshe -- Nusse, Roel -- 1R01DK085720/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- 1U01DK085527/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- 5K08DK096048/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- K08 DK096048/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- P30 DK026743/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R01 DK085720/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- U01 DK085527/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Dec 6;342(6163):1226-30. doi: 10.1126/science.1239730.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Developmental Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI), Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24311688" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Autocrine Communication ; Axin Protein/genetics/metabolism ; Cell Differentiation ; Cell Lineage ; Cell Proliferation ; Cells, Cultured ; Epidermis/*cytology/injuries/metabolism ; Epithelial Cells/cytology/metabolism ; Gene Expression ; Homeostasis ; Humans ; Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/metabolism ; Keratinocytes/cytology/metabolism ; Mice ; Regeneration ; Skin/injuries ; Stem Cell Niche ; Stem Cells/cytology/*physiology ; Wnt Proteins/metabolism ; *Wnt Signaling Pathway ; Wound Healing ; beta Catenin/genetics/metabolism
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    Microbiology. Eliminating malaria (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-07-03
    Description: 〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4361224/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4361224/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Fidock, David A -- R01 AI050234/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI079709/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Jun 28;340(6140):1531-3. doi: 10.1126/science.1240539.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Division of Infectious Diseases, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA. df2260@columbia.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23812705" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Antimalarials/*administration & dosage ; Artemisinins/*administration & dosage ; Child ; DNA Mismatch Repair/*genetics ; Disease Eradication/*methods ; Drug Resistance/*genetics ; Humans ; Malaria, Falciparum/parasitology/*prevention & control ; Mutation ; Plasmodium falciparum/drug effects/*genetics
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    Flexible minerals: self-assembled calcite spicules with extreme bending strength (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-03-16
    Description: Silicatein-alpha is responsible for the biomineralization of silicates in sponges. We used silicatein-alpha to guide the self-assembly of calcite "spicules" similar to the spicules of the calcareous sponge Sycon sp. The self-assembled spicules, 10 to 300 micrometers (mum) in length and 5 to 10 mum in diameter, are composed of aligned calcite nanocrystals. The spicules are initially amorphous but transform into calcite within months, exhibiting unusual growth along [100]. They scatter x-rays like twinned calcite crystals. Whereas natural spicules evidence brittle failure, the synthetic spicules show an elastic response, which greatly enhances bending strength. This remarkable feature is linked to a high protein content. With nano-thermogravimetric analysis, we measured the organic content of a single spicule to be 10 to 16%. In addition, the spicules exhibit waveguiding properties even when they are bent.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Natalio, Filipe -- Corrales, Tomas P -- Panthofer, Martin -- Schollmeyer, Dieter -- Lieberwirth, Ingo -- Muller, Werner E G -- Kappl, Michael -- Butt, Hans-Jurgen -- Tremel, Wolfgang -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Mar 15;339(6125):1298-302. doi: 10.1126/science.1216260.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institut fur Anorganische Chemie und Analytische Chemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universitat, Mainz, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23493708" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Calcium Carbonate/*chemistry ; Cathepsins/*chemistry ; Microscopy, Electron, Transmission ; Nanoparticles/chemistry ; Porifera ; Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared ; *Stress, Mechanical
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    Chemistry. Lifting the veil on an old mystery (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-04-13
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Vereecken, Luc -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Apr 12;340(6129):154-5. doi: 10.1126/science.1236475.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany. luc.vereecken@mpic.de〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23580519" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    A long noncoding RNA mediates both activation and repression of immune response genes (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-03
    Description: An inducible program of inflammatory gene expression is central to antimicrobial defenses. This response is controlled by a collaboration involving signal-dependent activation of transcription factors, transcriptional co-regulators, and chromatin-modifying factors. We have identified a long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) that acts as a key regulator of this inflammatory response. Pattern recognition receptors such as the Toll-like receptors induce the expression of numerous lncRNAs. One of these, lincRNA-Cox2, mediates both the activation and repression of distinct classes of immune genes. Transcriptional repression of target genes is dependent on interactions of lincRNA-Cox2 with heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A/B and A2/B1. Collectively, these studies unveil a central role of lincRNA-Cox2 as a broad-acting regulatory component of the circuit that controls the inflammatory response.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4376668/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4376668/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Carpenter, Susan -- Aiello, Daniel -- Atianand, Maninjay K -- Ricci, Emiliano P -- Gandhi, Pallavi -- Hall, Lisa L -- Byron, Meg -- Monks, Brian -- Henry-Bezy, Meabh -- Lawrence, Jeanne B -- O'Neill, Luke A J -- Moore, Melissa J -- Caffrey, Daniel R -- Fitzgerald, Katherine A -- AI067497/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- GM053234/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI067497/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Aug 16;341(6147):789-92. doi: 10.1126/science.1240925. Epub 2013 Aug 1.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23907535" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cell Line ; Cell Nucleus/metabolism ; Cyclooxygenase 2/genetics ; Cytokines/genetics/metabolism ; Cytosol/metabolism ; *Gene Expression Regulation ; Heterogeneous-Nuclear Ribonucleoproteins/metabolism ; Immunity, Innate/*genetics ; Inflammation/*genetics ; Macrophage Activation ; Macrophages/*immunology/*metabolism ; Mice ; Models, Immunological ; RNA Interference ; RNA, Long Noncoding/*genetics/metabolism ; Toll-Like Receptors/genetics/metabolism ; Transcription Factors/genetics/metabolism ; Transcription, Genetic ; Transcriptional Activation
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    Nanoscale Fe2O3-based catalysts for selective hydrogenation of nitroarenes to anilines (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2013-11-30
    Description: Production of anilines--key intermediates for the fine chemical, agrochemical, and pharmaceutical industries--relies on precious metal catalysts that selectively hydrogenate aryl nitro groups in the presence of other easily reducible functionalities. Herein, we report convenient and stable iron oxide (Fe2O3)-based catalysts as a more earth-abundant alternative for this transformation. Pyrolysis of iron-phenanthroline complexes on carbon furnishes a unique structure in which the active Fe2O3 particles are surrounded by a nitrogen-doped carbon layer. Highly selective hydrogenation of numerous structurally diverse nitroarenes (more than 80 examples) proceeded in good to excellent yield under industrially viable conditions.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Jagadeesh, Rajenahally V -- Surkus, Annette-Enrica -- Junge, Henrik -- Pohl, Marga-Martina -- Radnik, Jorg -- Rabeah, Jabor -- Huan, Heming -- Schunemann, Volker -- Bruckner, Angelika -- Beller, Matthias -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Nov 29;342(6162):1073-6. doi: 10.1126/science.1242005.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Leibniz-Institut fur Katalyse e.V. an der Universitat Rostock, Albert-Einstein Strasse 29a, D-18059 Rostock, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24288327" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Aniline Compounds/*chemical synthesis ; Catalysis ; Ferric Compounds/*chemistry ; Hydrogenation
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    Epistasis among adaptive mutations in deer mouse hemoglobin (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2013-06-15
    Description: Epistatic interactions between mutant sites in the same protein can exert a strong influence on pathways of molecular evolution. We performed protein engineering experiments that revealed pervasive epistasis among segregating amino acid variants that contribute to adaptive functional variation in deer mouse hemoglobin (Hb). Amino acid mutations increased or decreased Hb-O2 affinity depending on the allelic state of other sites. Structural analysis revealed that epistasis for Hb-O2 affinity and allosteric regulatory control is attributable to indirect interactions between structurally remote sites. The prevalence of sign epistasis for fitness-related biochemical phenotypes has important implications for the evolutionary dynamics of protein polymorphism in natural populations.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4409680/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4409680/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Natarajan, Chandrasekhar -- Inoguchi, Noriko -- Weber, Roy E -- Fago, Angela -- Moriyama, Hideaki -- Storz, Jay F -- HL087216-S1/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- R01 HL087216/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Jun 14;340(6138):1324-7. doi: 10.1126/science.1236862.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23766324" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adaptation, Biological/*genetics ; Alleles ; Animals ; *Epistasis, Genetic ; *Evolution, Molecular ; Exons ; Genetic Variation ; Hemoglobins/*chemistry/*genetics ; Hydrogen Bonding ; Mutation ; Oxygen/chemistry ; Peromyscus/genetics/*physiology ; Polymorphism, Genetic ; Protein Structure, Secondary ; alpha-Globins/chemistry/genetics ; beta-Globins/genetics
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    2013 Runners-Up. Your microbes, your health (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-12-21
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Dec 20;342(6165):1440-1. doi: 10.1126/science.342.6165.1440-b.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24357292" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/administration & dosage ; Fusobacterium/physiology ; Gastrointestinal Tract/*microbiology ; *Health ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant Formula/chemistry ; Kidney/metabolism ; Kidney Calculi/chemically induced/etiology ; Klebsiella/drug effects/metabolism ; Malnutrition/microbiology ; Neoplasms/microbiology ; Rats ; Triazines/metabolism/toxicity
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    Physics. Controlling atomic line shapes (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2013-05-11
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lin, C D -- Chu, Wei-Chun -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 May 10;340(6133):694-5. doi: 10.1126/science.1238396.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Physics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA. cdlin@phys.ksu.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23661749" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    Selective C-H fluorination of pyridines and diazines inspired by a classic amination reaction (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2013-11-23
    Description: Fluorinated heterocycles are prevalent in pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and materials. However, reactions that incorporate fluorine into heteroarenes are limited in scope and can be hazardous. We present a broadly applicable and safe method for the site-selective fluorination of a single carbon-hydrogen bond in pyridines and diazines using commercially available silver(II) fluoride. The reactions occur at ambient temperature within 1 hour with exclusive selectivity for fluorination adjacent to nitrogen. The mild conditions allow access to fluorinated derivatives of medicinally important compounds, as well as a range of 2-substituted pyridines prepared by subsequent nucleophilic displacement of fluoride. Mechanistic studies demonstrate that the pathway of a classic pyridine amination can be adapted for selective fluorination of a broad range of nitrogen heterocycles.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Fier, Patrick S -- Hartwig, John F -- R37GM-55382/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Nov 22;342(6161):956-60. doi: 10.1126/science.1243759.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24264986" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amination ; Carbon/chemistry ; Fluorides/chemistry ; Fluorine/*chemistry ; *Halogenation ; Hydrogen/chemistry ; Hydrogen Bonding ; Nitrogen/chemistry ; Pyridines/*chemistry ; Silver Compounds/chemistry
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    2013 Runners-Up. To sleep, perchance to clean (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2013-12-21
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Dec 20;342(6165):1440. doi: 10.1126/science.342.6165.1440-a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24357291" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amyloid beta-Peptides/metabolism ; Animals ; Biological Transport ; Brain/*metabolism ; Coloring Agents/analysis/pharmacokinetics ; Mice ; Sleep/*physiology
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    Global food supply. Reevaluate pesticides for food security and safety (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-21
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Verger, Philippe J P -- Boobis, Alan R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Aug 16;341(6147):717-8. doi: 10.1126/science.1241572.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland. vergerp@who.int〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23950515" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Crops, Agricultural/*chemistry ; Developing Countries ; *Food Safety ; *Food Supply ; Humans ; International Cooperation ; *Pesticide Residues/analysis/toxicity ; *Pesticides/analysis/metabolism/toxicity ; Risk Assessment ; Toxicity Tests
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    Reconstructing the microbial diversity and function of pre-agricultural tallgrass prairie soils in the United States (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2013-11-02
    Description: Native tallgrass prairie once dominated much of the midwestern United States, but this biome and the soil microbial diversity that once sustained this highly productive system have been almost completely eradicated by decades of agricultural practices. We reconstructed the soil microbial diversity that once existed in this biome by analyzing relict prairie soils and found that the biogeographical patterns were largely driven by changes in the relative abundance of Verrucomicrobia, a poorly studied bacterial phylum that appears to dominate many prairie soils. Shotgun metagenomic data suggested that these spatial patterns were associated with strong shifts in carbon dynamics. We show that metagenomic approaches can be used to reconstruct below-ground biogeochemical and diversity gradients in endangered ecosystems; such information could be used to improve restoration efforts, given that even small changes in below-ground microbial diversity can have important impacts on ecosystem processes.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Fierer, Noah -- Ladau, Joshua -- Clemente, Jose C -- Leff, Jonathan W -- Owens, Sarah M -- Pollard, Katherine S -- Knight, Rob -- Gilbert, Jack A -- McCulley, Rebecca L -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Nov 1;342(6158):621-4. doi: 10.1126/science.1243768.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24179225" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Archaea/*classification/genetics/isolation & purification ; Bacteria/*classification/genetics/isolation & purification ; *Biodiversity ; *Endangered Species ; Metagenomics ; Poaceae ; *Soil ; *Soil Microbiology ; United States
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    B cells use mechanical energy to discriminate antigen affinities (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2013-05-21
    Description: The generation of high-affinity antibodies depends on the ability of B cells to extract antigens from the surfaces of antigen-presenting cells. B cells that express high-affinity B cell receptors (BCRs) acquire more antigen and obtain better T cell help. However, the mechanisms by which B cells extract antigen remain unclear. Using fluid and flexible membrane substrates to mimic antigen-presenting cells, we showed that B cells acquire antigen by dynamic myosin IIa-mediated contractions that pull out and invaginate the presenting membranes. The forces generated by myosin IIa contractions ruptured most individual BCR-antigen bonds and promoted internalization of only high-affinity, multivalent BCR microclusters. Thus, B cell contractility contributes to affinity discrimination by mechanically testing the strength of antigen binding.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3713314/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3713314/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Natkanski, Elizabeth -- Lee, Wing-Yiu -- Mistry, Bhakti -- Casal, Antonio -- Molloy, Justin E -- Tolar, Pavel -- MC_U117570592/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- MC_U117597138/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- U117570592/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- U117597138/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Jun 28;340(6140):1587-90. doi: 10.1126/science.1237572. Epub 2013 May 16.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Immune Cell Biology, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23686338" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Antibody Affinity ; *Antigen Presentation ; Antigens/*immunology ; B-Lymphocytes/*immunology ; Cells, Cultured ; Mechanical Processes ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Microscopy, Atomic Force ; Nonmuscle Myosin Type IIA/*physiology ; Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/immunology
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    Parallel neural pathways mediate CO2 avoidance responses in Drosophila (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2013-06-15
    Description: Different stimulus intensities elicit distinct perceptions, implying that input signals are either conveyed through an overlapping but distinct subpopulation of sensory neurons or channeled into divergent brain circuits according to intensity. In Drosophila, carbon dioxide (CO2) is detected by a single type of olfactory sensory neuron, but information is conveyed to higher brain centers through second-order projection neurons (PNs). Two distinct pathways, PN(v)-1 and PN(v)-2, are necessary and sufficient for avoidance responses to low and high CO2 concentrations, respectively. Whereas low concentrations activate PN(v)-1, high concentrations activate both PN(v)s and GABAergic PN(v)-3, which may inhibit PN(v)-1 pathway-mediated avoidance behavior. Channeling a sensory input into distinct neural pathways allows the perception of an odor to be further modulated by both stimulus intensity and context.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lin, Hui-Hao -- Chu, Li-An -- Fu, Tsai-Feng -- Dickson, Barry J -- Chiang, Ann-Shyn -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Jun 14;340(6138):1338-41. doi: 10.1126/science.1236693.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute of Biotechnology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23766327" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Carbon Dioxide ; Drosophila melanogaster/*physiology ; Escape Reaction/*physiology ; Olfactory Pathways/*physiology ; Olfactory Receptor Neurons/cytology/*physiology
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    Organization of the mitotic chromosome (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-11-10
    Description: Mitotic chromosomes are among the most recognizable structures in the cell, yet for over a century their internal organization remains largely unsolved. We applied chromosome conformation capture methods, 5C and Hi-C, across the cell cycle and revealed two distinct three-dimensional folding states of the human genome. We show that the highly compartmentalized and cell type-specific organization described previously for nonsynchronous cells is restricted to interphase. In metaphase, we identified a homogenous folding state that is locus-independent, common to all chromosomes, and consistent among cell types, suggesting a general principle of metaphase chromosome organization. Using polymer simulations, we found that metaphase Hi-C data are inconsistent with classic hierarchical models and are instead best described by a linearly organized longitudinally compressed array of consecutive chromatin loops.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4040465/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4040465/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Naumova, Natalia -- Imakaev, Maxim -- Fudenberg, Geoffrey -- Zhan, Ye -- Lajoie, Bryan R -- Mirny, Leonid A -- Dekker, Job -- HG003143/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- R01 HG003143/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- U54CA143874/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Nov 22;342(6161):948-53. doi: 10.1126/science.1236083. Epub 2013 Nov 7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Program in Systems Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School (UMMS), 368 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605-0103, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24200812" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Biopolymers/chemistry ; Cell Cycle/genetics ; Chromatin/chemistry ; Chromosomes, Human, Pair 21/*chemistry ; HeLa Cells ; Humans ; Metaphase/genetics ; Mitosis/*genetics ; Models, Chemical
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    Physiology. Food as a hormone (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-02-23
    Description: 〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4240228/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4240228/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ryan, Karen K -- Seeley, Randy J -- DK093848/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- HL111319/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- K99 HL111319/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- R01 DK093848/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Feb 22;339(6122):918-9. doi: 10.1126/science.1234062.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Metabolic Diseases Institute, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45237, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23430646" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acids, Branched-Chain/metabolism ; Animals ; Bacteria/metabolism ; Diet ; Dietary Carbohydrates/*metabolism ; Dietary Fats/*metabolism ; Digestive System/microbiology ; Fatty Acids/metabolism ; *Food ; *Hormones ; Humans ; Nutritional Physiological Phenomena ; *Signal Transduction
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    Physics. Negative temperatures? (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-01-05
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Carr, Lincoln D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Jan 4;339(6115):42-3. doi: 10.1126/science.1232558.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Physics, Colorado School of Mines, Boulder, CO 80401, USA. lcarr@mines.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23288530" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    Role of tissue protection in lethal respiratory viral-bacterial coinfection (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-04-27
    Description: Secondary bacterial pneumonia leads to increased morbidity and mortality from influenza virus infections. What causes this increased susceptibility, however, is not well defined. Host defense from infection relies not only on immune resistance mechanisms but also on the ability to tolerate a given level of pathogen burden. Failure of either resistance or tolerance can contribute to disease severity, making it hard to distinguish their relative contribution. We employ a coinfection mouse model of influenza virus and Legionella pneumophila in which we can separate resistance and tolerance. We demonstrate that influenza virus can promote susceptibility to lethal bacterial coinfection, even when bacterial infection is controlled by the immune system. We propose that this failure of host defense is due to impaired ability to tolerate tissue damage.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3933032/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3933032/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Jamieson, Amanda M -- Pasman, Lesley -- Yu, Shuang -- Gamradt, Pia -- Homer, Robert J -- Decker, Thomas -- Medzhitov, Ruslan -- AI R01 055502/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 046688/PHS HHS/ -- R01 AI046688/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI055502/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Jun 7;340(6137):1230-4. doi: 10.1126/science.1233632. Epub 2013 Apr 25.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA. amanda_jamieson@brown.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23618765" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Caspase 1 ; Coinfection/*immunology/pathology ; Disease Models, Animal ; Host-Pathogen Interactions/immunology ; Interleukin-1beta/metabolism ; *Legionella pneumophila ; Legionnaires' Disease/*immunology/pathology ; Lung/microbiology/pathology/virology ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; *Orthomyxoviridae ; Orthomyxoviridae Infections/*immunology/pathology ; Pneumonia, Bacterial/*immunology/pathology ; Toll-Like Receptor 2/metabolism ; Toll-Like Receptor 3/metabolism ; Toll-Like Receptor 4/metabolism ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolism
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    Hydrogen isotopes in lunar volcanic glasses and melt inclusions reveal a carbonaceous chondrite heritage (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-05-11
    Description: Water is perhaps the most important molecule in the solar system, and determining its origin and distribution in planetary interiors has important implications for understanding the evolution of planetary bodies. Here we report in situ measurements of the isotopic composition of hydrogen dissolved in primitive volcanic glass and olivine-hosted melt inclusions recovered from the Moon by the Apollo 15 and 17 missions. After consideration of cosmic-ray spallation and degassing processes, our results demonstrate that lunar magmatic water has an isotopic composition that is indistinguishable from that of the bulk water in carbonaceous chondrites and similar to that of terrestrial water, implying a common origin for the water contained in the interiors of Earth and the Moon.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Saal, Alberto E -- Hauri, Erik H -- Van Orman, James A -- Rutherford, Malcolm J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Jun 14;340(6138):1317-20. doi: 10.1126/science.1235142. Epub 2013 May 9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Geological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA. asaal@brown.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23661641" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    The genome of the ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi and its implications for cell type evolution (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2013-12-18
    Description: An understanding of ctenophore biology is critical for reconstructing events that occurred early in animal evolution. Toward this goal, we have sequenced, assembled, and annotated the genome of the ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi. Our phylogenomic analyses of both amino acid positions and gene content suggest that ctenophores rather than sponges are the sister lineage to all other animals. Mnemiopsis lacks many of the genes found in bilaterian mesodermal cell types, suggesting that these cell types evolved independently. The set of neural genes in Mnemiopsis is similar to that of sponges, indicating that sponges may have lost a nervous system. These results present a newly supported view of early animal evolution that accounts for major losses and/or gains of sophisticated cell types, including nerve and muscle cells.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3920664/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3920664/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ryan, Joseph F -- Pang, Kevin -- Schnitzler, Christine E -- Nguyen, Anh-Dao -- Moreland, R Travis -- Simmons, David K -- Koch, Bernard J -- Francis, Warren R -- Havlak, Paul -- NISC Comparative Sequencing Program -- Smith, Stephen A -- Putnam, Nicholas H -- Haddock, Steven H D -- Dunn, Casey W -- Wolfsberg, Tyra G -- Mullikin, James C -- Martindale, Mark Q -- Baxevanis, Andreas D -- ZIA HG000140-13/Intramural NIH HHS/ -- ZIA HG000140-14/Intramural NIH HHS/ -- ZIA HG000140-15/Intramural NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Dec 13;342(6164):1242592. doi: 10.1126/science.1242592.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Genome Technology Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24337300" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Base Sequence ; *Biological Evolution ; Cell Lineage/*genetics ; Ctenophora/classification/*cytology/*genetics ; *Genome ; Mesoderm/cytology ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Muscle Development/genetics ; Neurogenesis/genetics ; Phylogeny
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    Arms control. Beyond arms-control monitoring (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-02-16
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Jeanloz, Raymond -- Fung, Inez -- Bowyer, Theodore W -- Wofsy, Steven C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Feb 15;339(6121):761-2. doi: 10.1126/science.1228731.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94707, USA. jeanloz@berkeley.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23413340" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Environmental Monitoring/*methods ; International Cooperation/*legislation & jurisprudence ; Weapons of Mass Destruction/*legislation & jurisprudence
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    Pest control: embrace marketing (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-11-16
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Verissimo, Diogo -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Nov 15;342(6160):798-9. doi: 10.1126/science.342.6160.798-b.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology, University of Kent, Canterbury, CT2 7NZ, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24233705" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Crops, Agricultural ; Insect Control/*methods ; *Insecticides ; *Oryza
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    2013 Runners-Up. Newcomer juices up the race to harness sunlight (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2013-12-21
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Dec 20;342(6165):1438-9. doi: 10.1126/science.342.6165.1438-b.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24357290" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Air Pollutants/chemistry/toxicity ; Calcium Compounds/*chemistry/toxicity ; Crystallization ; Lead/chemistry/toxicity ; Oxides/*chemistry/toxicity ; *Solar Energy ; Titanium/*chemistry/toxicity ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/chemistry/toxicity
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    Indispensable outsider (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-07-28
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Finkbeiner, Ann -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Jul 26;341(6144):334-5, 337. doi: 10.1126/science.341.6144.334.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23888016" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    Polarization-controlled tunable directional coupling of surface plasmon polaritons (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2013-04-20
    Description: Light can be coupled into propagating electromagnetic surface waves at a metal-dielectric interface known as surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs). This process has traditionally faced challenges in the polarization sensitivity of the coupling efficiency and in controlling the directionality of the SPPs. We designed and demonstrated plasmonic couplers that overcome these limits using polarization-sensitive apertures in a gold film. Our devices enable polarization-controlled tunable directional coupling with polarization-invariant total conversion efficiency and preserve the incident polarization information. Both bidirectional and unidirectional launching of SPPs are demonstrated. The design is further applied to circular structures that create radially convergent and divergent SPPs, illustrating that this concept can be extended to a broad range of applications.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lin, Jiao -- Mueller, J P Balthasar -- Wang, Qian -- Yuan, Guanghui -- Antoniou, Nicholas -- Yuan, Xiao-Cong -- Capasso, Federico -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Apr 19;340(6130):331-4. doi: 10.1126/science.1233746.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23599488" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    Soft-chemistry-based routes to epitaxial alpha-quartz thin films with tunable textures (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2013-05-21
    Description: Piezoelectric nanostructured quartz films of high resonance frequencies are needed for microelectronic devices; however, synthesis methods have been frustrated by the inhomogeneous crystal growth, crystal twinning, and loss of nanofeatures upon crystallization. We report the epitaxial growth of nanostructured polycrystalline quartz films on silicon [Si(100)] substrates via the solution deposition and gelation of amorphous silica thin films, followed by thermal treatment. Key to the process is the combined use of either a strontium (Sr(2+)) or barium (Ba(2+)) catalyst with an amphiphilic molecular template. The silica nanostructure constructed by cooperative self-assembly permits homogeneous distribution of the cations, which are responsible for the crystallization of quartz. The low mismatch between the silicon and alpha-quartz cell parameters selects this particular polymorph, inducing epitaxial growth.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Carretero-Genevrier, A -- Gich, M -- Picas, L -- Gazquez, J -- Drisko, G L -- Boissiere, C -- Grosso, D -- Rodriguez-Carvajal, J -- Sanchez, C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 May 17;340(6134):827-31. doi: 10.1126/science.1232968.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratoire Chimie de la Matiere Condensee, UMR UPMC-College de France-CNRS 7574, College de France, 11 Place Marcelin Berthelot, 75231 Paris, France.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23687040" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    Defining stem cell dynamics in models of intestinal tumor initiation (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-11-23
    Description: Cancer is a disease in which cells accumulate genetic aberrations that are believed to confer a clonal advantage over cells in the surrounding tissue. However, the quantitative benefit of frequently occurring mutations during tumor development remains unknown. We quantified the competitive advantage of Apc loss, Kras activation, and P53 mutations in the mouse intestine. Our findings indicate that the fate conferred by these mutations is not deterministic, and many mutated stem cells are replaced by wild-type stem cells after biased, but still stochastic events. Furthermore, P53 mutations display a condition-dependent advantage, and especially in colitis-affected intestines, clones harboring mutations in this gene are favored. Our work confirms the previously theoretical notion that the tissue architecture of the intestine suppresses the accumulation of mutated lineages.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Vermeulen, Louis -- Morrissey, Edward -- van der Heijden, Maartje -- Nicholson, Anna M -- Sottoriva, Andrea -- Buczacki, Simon -- Kemp, Richard -- Tavare, Simon -- Winton, Douglas J -- Cancer Research UK/United Kingdom -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Nov 22;342(6161):995-8. doi: 10.1126/science.1243148.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Cancer Research UK, Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24264992" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenomatous Polyposis Coli Protein/genetics ; Animals ; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/*genetics/*pathology ; *Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic ; Intestinal Neoplasms/*genetics/*pathology ; Mice ; Mice, Mutant Strains ; Models, Biological ; Mutation ; Neoplastic Stem Cells/metabolism/*pathology ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras)/genetics ; Transcriptional Activation ; Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/genetics
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    The inhibitory circuit architecture of the lateral hypothalamus orchestrates feeding (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-28
    Description: The growing prevalence of overeating disorders is a key contributor to the worldwide obesity epidemic. Dysfunction of particular neural circuits may trigger deviations from adaptive feeding behaviors. The lateral hypothalamus (LH) is a crucial neural substrate for motivated behavior, including feeding, but the precise functional neurocircuitry that controls LH neuronal activity to engage feeding has not been defined. We observed that inhibitory synaptic inputs from the extended amygdala preferentially innervate and suppress the activity of LH glutamatergic neurons to control food intake. These findings help explain how dysregulated activity at a number of unique nodes can result in a cascading failure within a defined brain network to produce maladaptive feeding.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4131546/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4131546/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Jennings, Joshua H -- Rizzi, Giorgio -- Stamatakis, Alice M -- Ung, Randall L -- Stuber, Garret D -- AA011605/AA/NIAAA NIH HHS/ -- AA022234/AA/NIAAA NIH HHS/ -- DA032750/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- DA034472/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- F31 DA034472/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- NS007431/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- P30 NS045892/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- P50 AA011605/AA/NIAAA NIH HHS/ -- R01 DA032750/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Sep 27;341(6153):1517-21. doi: 10.1126/science.1241812.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24072922" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adaptation, Physiological ; Amygdala/physiology ; Animals ; Bacterial Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Eating/*physiology ; Feeding Behavior/*physiology ; GABAergic Neurons/*physiology ; Hypothalamus/*physiology ; Luminescent Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Mutant Strains ; Obesity/physiopathology ; Rhodopsin/genetics/metabolism ; Septal Nuclei/physiology ; Synapses/physiology ; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid/metabolism/physiology
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Topology of feather melanocyte progenitor niche allows complex pigment patterns to emerge (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2013-04-27
    Description: Color patterns of bird plumage affect animal behavior and speciation. Diverse patterns are present in different species and within the individual. Here, we study the cellular and molecular basis of feather pigment pattern formation. Melanocyte progenitors are distributed as a horizontal ring in the proximal follicle, sending melanocytes vertically up into the epithelial cylinder, which gradually emerges as feathers grow. Different pigment patterns form by modulating the presence, arrangement, or differentiation of melanocytes. A layer of peripheral pulp further regulates pigmentation via patterned agouti expression. Lifetime feather cyclic regeneration resets pigment patterns for physiological needs. Thus, the evolution of stem cell niche topology allows complex pigment patterning through combinatorial co-option of simple regulatory mechanisms.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4144997/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4144997/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lin, S J -- Foley, J -- Jiang, T X -- Yeh, C Y -- Wu, P -- Foley, A -- Yen, C M -- Huang, Y C -- Cheng, H C -- Chen, C F -- Reeder, B -- Jee, S H -- Widelitz, R B -- Chuong, C M -- AR060306/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ -- AR42177/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ -- AR47364/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 AR042177/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 AR047364/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Jun 21;340(6139):1442-5. doi: 10.1126/science.1230374. Epub 2013 Apr 25.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23618762" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Agouti Signaling Protein/metabolism ; Animals ; Birds/*anatomy & histology/physiology ; Cell Differentiation ; Cell Lineage ; Cell Proliferation ; Chickens/anatomy & histology/physiology ; Columbidae/anatomy & histology/physiology ; Feathers/*cytology/growth & development ; Female ; Galliformes/anatomy & histology/physiology ; Male ; Melanocytes/*cytology/physiology ; Models, Biological ; *Pigmentation ; Regeneration ; *Stem Cell Niche ; Stem Cells/*cytology/physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Education. Can rating pre-K programs predict children's learning? (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-24
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sabol, T J -- Soliday Hong, S L -- Pianta, R C -- Burchinal, M R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Aug 23;341(6148):845-6. doi: 10.1126/science.1233517.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA. terri.sabol@northwestern.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23970684" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Child ; Educational Measurement/*methods ; *Educational Status ; Faculty ; Humans ; Language ; *Learning ; Mathematics/education ; Program Evaluation/*methods ; Reading ; United States
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    2013 Runners-Up. Dishing up mini-organs (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-12-21
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Dec 20;342(6165):1436-7. doi: 10.1126/science.342.6165.1436-b.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24357288" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Brain/anatomy & histology/blood supply/*growth & development ; Humans ; Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells/*cytology ; Neural Stem Cells/*cytology ; *Neurogenesis ; *Organ Culture Techniques
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    2013 Runners-Up. Human cloning at last (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-12-21
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Dec 20;342(6165):1436. doi: 10.1126/science.342.6165.1436-a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24357287" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cell Line ; Cell Separation ; Cloning, Organism/*methods ; Female ; Humans ; *Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells ; Nuclear Transfer Techniques ; Pregnancy ; *Research Embryo Creation ; Surrogate Mothers
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Resident neural stem cells restrict tissue damage and neuronal loss after spinal cord injury in mice (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2013-11-02
    Description: Central nervous system injuries are accompanied by scar formation. It has been difficult to delineate the precise role of the scar, as it is made by several different cell types, which may limit the damage but also inhibit axonal regrowth. We show that scarring by neural stem cell-derived astrocytes is required to restrict secondary enlargement of the lesion and further axonal loss after spinal cord injury. Moreover, neural stem cell progeny exerts a neurotrophic effect required for survival of neurons adjacent to the lesion. One distinct component of the glial scar, deriving from resident neural stem cells, is required for maintaining the integrity of the injured spinal cord.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sabelstrom, Hanna -- Stenudd, Moa -- Reu, Pedro -- Dias, David O -- Elfineh, Marta -- Zdunek, Sofia -- Damberg, Peter -- Goritz, Christian -- Frisen, Jonas -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Nov 1;342(6158):637-40. doi: 10.1126/science.1242576.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institute, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24179227" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Apoptosis ; Astrocytes/physiology ; Axons/*physiology ; Cell Survival ; Cicatrix/*pathology ; Forkhead Transcription Factors/genetics ; Genes, ras ; Mice ; Mice, Mutant Strains ; Neural Stem Cells/*physiology ; Spinal Cord Injuries/*pathology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 99
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    27-Hydroxycholesterol links hypercholesterolemia and breast cancer pathophysiology (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-11-30
    Description: Hypercholesterolemia is a risk factor for estrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast cancers and is associated with a decreased response of tumors to endocrine therapies. Here, we show that 27-hydroxycholesterol (27HC), a primary metabolite of cholesterol and an ER and liver X receptor (LXR) ligand, increases ER-dependent growth and LXR-dependent metastasis in mouse models of breast cancer. The effects of cholesterol on tumor pathology required its conversion to 27HC by the cytochrome P450 oxidase CYP27A1 and were attenuated by treatment with CYP27A1 inhibitors. In human breast cancer specimens, CYP27A1 expression levels correlated with tumor grade. In high-grade tumors, both tumor cells and tumor-associated macrophages exhibited high expression levels of the enzyme. Thus, lowering circulating cholesterol levels or interfering with its conversion to 27HC may be a useful strategy to prevent and/or treat breast cancer.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3899689/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3899689/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Nelson, Erik R -- Wardell, Suzanne E -- Jasper, Jeff S -- Park, Sunghee -- Suchindran, Sunil -- Howe, Matthew K -- Carver, Nicole J -- Pillai, Ruchita V -- Sullivan, Patrick M -- Sondhi, Varun -- Umetani, Michihisa -- Geradts, Joseph -- McDonnell, Donald P -- K99CA172357/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R37 DK048807/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R37DK048807/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- T32 CA059365/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Nov 29;342(6162):1094-8. doi: 10.1126/science.1241908.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24288332" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Breast Neoplasms/blood/*metabolism/*pathology ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Cholestanetriol 26-Monooxygenase/antagonists & inhibitors/metabolism ; Disease Models, Animal ; Female ; Humans ; Hydroxycholesterols/antagonists & inhibitors/blood/*metabolism ; Hypercholesterolemia/blood/*metabolism ; Lung Neoplasms/secondary ; Mice ; Tumor Cells, Cultured
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    An efficient polymer molecular sieve for membrane gas separations (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-01-19
    Description: Microporous polymers of extreme rigidity are required for gas-separation membranes that combine high permeability with selectivity. We report a shape-persistent ladder polymer consisting of benzene rings fused together by inflexible bridged bicyclic units. The polymer's contorted shape ensures both microporosity-with an internal surface area greater than 1000 square meters per gram-and solubility so that it is readily cast from solution into robust films. These films demonstrate exceptional performance as molecular sieves with high gas permeabilities and good selectivities for smaller gas molecules, such as hydrogen and oxygen, over larger molecules, such as nitrogen and methane. Hence, this polymer has excellent potential for making membranes suitable for large-scale gas separations of commercial and environmental relevance.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Carta, Mariolino -- Malpass-Evans, Richard -- Croad, Matthew -- Rogan, Yulia -- Jansen, Johannes C -- Bernardo, Paola -- Bazzarelli, Fabio -- McKeown, Neil B -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Jan 18;339(6117):303-7. doi: 10.1126/science.1228032.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23329042" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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