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  • 1
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    Auditory temporal resolution of a wild white-beaked dolphin (Lagenorhynchus albirostris) (2010)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © The Author(s), 2009. This is the author's version of the work. It is posted here by permission of Springer for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Comparative Physiology A: Neuroethology, Sensory, Neural, and Behavioral Physiology 195 (2009): 375-384, doi:10.1007/s00359-009-0415-x.
    Description: Adequate temporal resolution is required across taxa to properly utilize amplitude modulated acoustic signals. Among mammals, odontocete marine mammals are considered to have relatively high temporal resolution, which is a selective advantage when processing fast traveling underwater sound. However, multiple methods used to estimate auditory temporal resolution have left comparisons among odontocetes and other mammals somewhat vague. Here we present the estimated auditory temporal resolution of an adult male white-beaked dolphin, (Lagenorhynchus albirostris), using auditory evoked potentials and click stimuli. Ours is the first of such studies performed on a wild dolphin in a capture-and-release scenario. The white-beaked dolphin followed rhythmic clicks up to a rate of approximately 1125-1250 Hz, after which the modulation rate transfer function (MRTF) cut-off steeply. However, 10% of the maximum response was still found at 1450 Hz indicating high temporal resolution. The MRTF was similar in shape and bandwidth to that of other odontocetes. The estimated maximal temporal resolution of white-beaked dolphins and other odontocetes was approximately twice that of pinnipeds and manatees, and more than ten-times faster than humans and gerbils. The exceptionally high temporal resolution abilities of odontocetes are likely due primarily to echolocation capabilities that require rapid processing of acoustic cues.
    Description: We wish to thank the Danish Natural Science Research Council for major financial support (grant no. 272-05-0395).
    Keywords: Dolphin ; Mammal ; Temporal resolution ; Auditory evoked potential ; Modulation rate transfer function
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Preprint
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 2
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    High source levels and small active space of high-pitched song in bowhead whales (Balaena mysticetus) (2013)
    Public Library of Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2012. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Public Library of Science, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0052072.
    Description: The low-frequency, powerful vocalizations of blue and fin whales may potentially be detected by conspecifics across entire ocean basins. In contrast, humpback and bowhead whales produce equally powerful, but more complex broadband vocalizations composed of higher frequencies that suffer from higher attenuation. Here we evaluate the active space of high frequency song notes of bowhead whales (Balaena mysticetus) in Western Greenland using measurements of song source levels and ambient noise. Four independent, GPS-synchronized hydrophones were deployed through holes in the ice to localize vocalizing bowhead whales, estimate source levels and measure ambient noise. The song had a mean apparent source level of 185±2 dB rms re 1 µPa @ 1 m and a high mean centroid frequency of 444±48 Hz. Using measured ambient noise levels in the area and Arctic sound spreading models, the estimated active space of these song notes is between 40 and 130 km, an order of magnitude smaller than the estimated active space of low frequency blue and fin whale songs produced at similar source levels and for similar noise conditions. We propose that bowhead whales spatially compensate for their smaller communication range through mating aggregations that co-evolved with broadband song to form a complex and dynamic acoustically mediated sexual display.
    Description: This work was funded by the Oticon Foundation (grant # 08-3469 to Arctic Station, OT). OT and MC were additionally funded by AP Møller og Hustru Chastine Mc-Kinney Møllers Fond til almene Formaal, MS by a PhD scholarship from the Oticon Foundation, FHJ by a Danish Council for Independent Research, Natural Sciences post-doctoral grant, SEP by a grant from the U.S. Office of Naval Research, and PTM by frame grants from the Danish Natural Science Research Council.
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Synthesis of 2,7-Disubstituted Tropones via Aromatization (1957)
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Journal of the American Chemical Society 79 (1957), S. 1482-1485 
    Details
    ISSN: 1520-5126
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja01563a056
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Unsaturated Amines. VIII. Dehydrogenation and Hydroxylation of 1-Methyldecahydroquinoline by Means of Mercuric Acetate1 (1956)
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Journal of the American Chemical Society 78 (1956), S. 3463-3468 
    Details
    ISSN: 1520-5126
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja01595a054
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    THE CLICK-SOUNDS OF NARWHALS (MONODON MONOCEROS) IN INGLEFIELD BAY, NORTHWEST GREENLAND (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Marine mammal science 11 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1748-7692
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: We studied the sounds of narwhals (Monodon monoceros) foraging in the open waters in Northwest Greenland. We used a linear, vertical array of three hydrophones (depth 10 m, 30 m, 100 m) with a fourth hydrophone (depth 30 m) about 20 m from the vertical array. A smaller fifth hydrophone (depth 2 m) allowed for registering frequencies up to 125 kHz (± 2 dB) when signals were recorded at 762 mm/set on an instrumentation tape recorder. Clicks were the prevalent signals, but we heard whistles occasionally. We separated the clicks into two classes: click trains that had rates of 3-10 clicks/sec and click bursts having rates of 110-150 clicks/sec. The spectra of train clicks had maximum amplitudes at 48 ± 10 kHz and a duration of 29 ± 6 psec. The spectra of burst clicks had maximum amplitudes at 19 ± 1 kHz and a duration of 40 ± 3 psec. By analogy with other dolphin species, narwhals presumably use the clicks for echolocation during orientation and for locating prey. The narwhal click patterns resemble those of insectivorous bats. Click trains might correspond to bat searching signals and click bursts to the bat's terminal “buzz”, emitted just before prey capture.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-7692.1995.tb00672.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Auditory input to motor neurons of the dorsal longitudinal flight muscles in a noctuid moth (Barathra brassicae L.) (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 160 (1987), S. 23-31 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Motor neurons innervating the dorsal longitudinal muscles of a noctuid moth receive synaptic input activated by auditory stimuli. Each ear of a noctuid moth contains two auditory neurons that are sensitive to ultrasound (Fig. 1). The ears function as bat detectors. Five pairs of large motor neurons and three pairs of small motor neurons found in the pterothoracic ganglia innervate the dorsal longitudinal (depressor) muscles of the mesothorax (Figs. 2 to 5). In non-flying preparations the motor neurons receive no oscillatory synaptic input. Synaptic input to a cell resulting from ultrasonic stimulation is consistent and can be either depolarizing or hyperpolarizing (Figs. 6 to 9). Quiescent neurons only rarely fire a spike in response to auditory inputs. Motor neurons in flying preparations receive oscillatory synaptic drive from the flight pattern generator and usually fire a spike for each wingbeat cycle (Figs. 10 to 12). Ultrasonic stimulation can provide augmented synaptic drive causing a neuron to fire two spikes per wingbeat cycle thus increasing flight vigor (Fig. 11). The same stimulus presented on another occasion can also inhibit spiking in the same motor neuron, but the rhythmic drive remains (Fig. 12). Thus, when the flight oscillator is running auditory stimuli can modulate neuronal responses in different ways depending on some unknown state of the nervous system. Sound intensity is the only stimulus parameter essential for activating the auditory pathway to these motor neurons. The intensity must be sufficient to excite two or three auditory neurons. The significance of these responses in relation to avoidance behavior to bats is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00613438
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Parallel processing of afferent input by identified interneurones in the auditory pathway of the noctuid moth Noctua pronuba (L.) (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 168 (1991), S. 727-738 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Keywords: Synaptic integration ; Identified neurones ; Audition ; Moth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. Interneurones 501 and 504 are identified sound-sensitive interneurones in the pterothoracic ganglion of the noctuid moth Noctua pronuba (Fig. 1). Both neurones receive monosynaptic input from the A1 afferent (Figs. 2, 3) and experiments with current injection suggest that the synapse is chemical (Fig. 4). The EPSPs evoked in either IN 501 or 504 by the A1 afferent do not facilitate (Fig. 5A, B). 2. Temporal integration in INs 501 and 504 was compared by presenting the moth with tones at repetition rates found in the search, approach and terminal phases of the echolocating call of a hunting bat (Figs. 6, 7, 8, 9). INs 501 and 504 differ in their capacity to resolve stimulus repetition rates because the mean decay times of their compound EPSPs differ by a factor of three (Fig. 10), although both interneurones receive monosynaptic input from the A1 afferent. 3. The features extracted from the authentic, prerecorded, call of an echolocating bat at the level of the pterothoracic ganglion were examined by recording sequentially from a range of interneurones in the same preparation (Fig. 11). The capacity of INs 501 and 504 to encode the various phases of the call was examined in the light of their measured mean decay times and related to the avoidance behaviour of the insect (Figs. 12, 13).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00224361
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Avoidance behavior in green lacewings (1979)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 131 (1979), S. 113-120 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. Free flying green lacewings (Chrysopa carnea) fold their wings and nose dive in response to cries of hunting bats. This is an early warning response that tends to take the insect out of the bat's acoustic field (Fig. 1). 2. However, should a bat detect and attempt to catch a falling green lacewing, the insect can switch to a last chance maneuver. This maneuver consists of a momentary extension of the wings, or wing flip, released by the bat's high cry repetition rate during the buzz, which is always associated with an attempted catch (Fig. 2). The last chance response can also be released by using artificial bat cries (Fig. 3). 3. The green lacewing's behavioral repertoire is not limited to early warning and last chance responses. The insects can change their pattern of flight or fall with the wings extended. The release of avoidance behavior depends upon the intensity and repetition rate of the ultrasonic stimulus (Fig. 4). 4. The responses of a single insect can vary for the same stimulus repeated successively. Avoidance behavior and variability are discussed in relation to selective advantage and to the interpretation of physiological results.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00619071
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Avoidance behavior in green lacewings (1979)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 131 (1979), S. 121-128 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. Green lacewings in stationary flight respond by stopping some or all of their flight muscles for a variable period of time in response to ultrasonic stimulation (Figs. 1, 3 and 4 A). 2. The direct depressors show a greater tendency for stopping than the indirect depressors. The elevators show the lowest tendency for stopping (Figs. 1 and 2). 3. The activity recorded from flight muscles during stationary flight agrees closely with maneuvers actually observed in free flying green lacewings in response to hunting bats and ultrasound (Fig. 6 and Miller and Olesen, 1979). 4. The stopping of flight muscles is probably produced by an uncoupling of their motor neurons from a continuously active flight pattern generator. The uncoupling is variable; causing variation in the number of muscles that stop and the time that elapses for stopping. Consequently, behavioral responses include a measure of unpredictability (Miller and Olesen, 1979) that probably provides the green lacewing certain advantages when encountering bats.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00619072
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The acoustic behavior of four species of vespertilionid bats studied in the field (1981)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 142 (1981), S. 67-74 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The acoustic behavior of four species of Vespertilionid bats flying in the field was studied using high speed tape recorders and ultrasonic detectors. The bats can be identified solely on the basis of their cries when using a ‘divide-by-ten’ detector. Three species (Eptesicus serotinus, Nyctalus noctula, andPipistrellus pipistrellus) show considerable flexibility in their acoustic behavior, whileMyotis daubentoni has a stereotyped acoustic behavior under our study conditions. Several aspects of the cry repertoire can be correlated with the bats' activities and acoustic environment. During aerial chases and when circling the roost,E. serotinus, N. noctula andP. pipistrellus emit ultrasound that is distinctly different from their orientational cries. Such ultrasound may have a social function.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00605477
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