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  • Molecular Sequence Data  (886)
  • Cell Line  (349)
  • Protein Conformation
  • American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)  (1,224)
  • American Chemical Society (ACS)
  • American Meteorological Society (AMS)
  • 1995-1999  (1,224)
Collection
Keywords
Publisher
  • American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)  (1,224)
  • American Chemical Society (ACS)
  • American Meteorological Society (AMS)
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Year
  • 1
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    Evolution of a protein fold in vitro (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-04-09
    Description: A "switch" mutant of the Arc repressor homodimer was constructed by interchanging the sequence positions of a hydrophobic core residue, leucine 12, and an adjacent surface polar residue, asparagine 11, in each strand of an intersubunit beta sheet. The mutant protein adopts a fold in which each beta strand is replaced by a right-handed helix and side chains in this region undergo significant repacking. The observed structural changes allow the protein to maintain solvent exposure of polar side chains and optimal burial of hydrophobic side chains. These results suggest that new protein folds can evolve from existing folds without drastic or large-scale mutagenesis.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cordes, M H -- Walsh, N P -- McKnight, C J -- Sauer, R T -- AI-15706/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Apr 9;284(5412):325-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10195898" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Amino Acid Substitution ; Asparagine/chemistry ; Circular Dichroism ; Hydrogen Bonding ; Leucine/chemistry ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutagenesis, Insertional ; Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Biomolecular ; Protein Conformation ; *Protein Folding ; *Protein Structure, Secondary ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Repressor Proteins/*chemistry ; Viral Proteins/*chemistry ; Viral Regulatory and Accessory Proteins
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 2
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    Crystal structure of invasin: a bacterial integrin-binding protein (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-10-09
    Description: The Yersinia pseudotuberculosis invasin protein promotes bacterial entry by binding to host cell integrins with higher affinity than natural substrates such as fibronectin. The 2.3 angstrom crystal structure of the invasin extracellular region reveals five domains that form a 180 angstrom rod with structural similarities to tandem fibronectin type III domains. The integrin-binding surfaces of invasin and fibronectin include similarly located key residues, but in the context of different folds and surface shapes. The structures of invasin and fibronectin provide an example of convergent evolution, in which invasin presents an optimized surface for integrin binding, in comparison with host substrates.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hamburger, Z A -- Brown, M S -- Isberg, R R -- Bjorkman, P J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Oct 8;286(5438):291-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Biology 156-29, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10514372" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Adhesins, Bacterial ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Bacterial Proteins/*chemistry/metabolism ; Binding Sites ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Evolution, Molecular ; Fibronectins/chemistry/metabolism ; Hydrogen Bonding ; Integrins/*metabolism ; Ligands ; Models, Molecular ; Protein Binding ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Folding ; Protein Structure, Secondary ; Yersinia pseudotuberculosis/*chemistry/metabolism
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  • 3
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    Affinity-driven peptide selection of an NFAT inhibitor more selective than cyclosporin A (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-09-25
    Description: The flow of information from calcium-mobilizing receptors to nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT)-dependent genes is critically dependent on interaction between the phosphatase calcineurin and the transcription factor NFAT. A high-affinity calcineurin-binding peptide was selected from combinatorial peptide libraries based on the calcineurin docking motif of NFAT. This peptide potently inhibited NFAT activation and NFAT-dependent expression of endogenous cytokine genes in T cells, without affecting the expression of other cytokines that require calcineurin but not NFAT. Substitution of the optimized peptide sequence into the natural calcineurin docking site increased the calcineurin responsiveness of NFAT. Compounds that interfere selectively with the calcineurin-NFAT interaction without affecting calcineurin phosphatase activity may be useful as therapeutic agents that are less toxic than current drugs.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Aramburu, J -- Yaffe, M B -- Lopez-Rodriguez, C -- Cantley, L C -- Hogan, P G -- Rao, A -- R01 AI 40127/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM056203/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 HL 03601/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- R43 AI 43726/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- etc. -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Sep 24;285(5436):2129-33.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10497131" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Binding Sites ; Calcineurin/*metabolism ; Calcineurin Inhibitors ; Cell Nucleus/metabolism ; Cyclosporine/pharmacology ; Cytokines/biosynthesis/genetics ; DNA-Binding Proteins/*antagonists & inhibitors/chemistry/metabolism ; Gene Expression Regulation ; Genes, Reporter ; HeLa Cells ; Humans ; Immunosuppressive Agents/chemistry/metabolism/*pharmacology ; Jurkat Cells ; Molecular Sequence Data ; NFATC Transcription Factors ; *Nuclear Proteins ; Oligopeptides/chemistry/metabolism/*pharmacology ; Peptide Library ; Peptides/chemistry/metabolism/*pharmacology ; Phosphorylation ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; T-Lymphocytes/*drug effects/immunology ; Transcription Factors/*antagonists & inhibitors/chemistry/metabolism ; Transfection
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 4
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    Requirement of ATM-dependent phosphorylation of brca1 in the DNA damage response to double-strand breaks (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-11-05
    Description: The Brca1 (breast cancer gene 1) tumor suppressor protein is phosphorylated in response to DNA damage. Results from this study indicate that the checkpoint protein kinase ATM (mutated in ataxia telangiectasia) was required for phosphorylation of Brca1 in response to ionizing radiation. ATM resides in a complex with Brca1 and phosphorylated Brca1 in vivo and in vitro in a region that contains clusters of serine-glutamine residues. Phosphorylation of this domain appears to be functionally important because a mutated Brca1 protein lacking two phosphorylation sites failed to rescue the radiation hypersensitivity of a Brca1-deficient cell line. Thus, phosphorylation of Brca1 by the checkpoint kinase ATM may be critical for proper responses to DNA double-strand breaks and may provide a molecular explanation for the role of ATM in breast cancer.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cortez, D -- Wang, Y -- Qin, J -- Elledge, S J -- GM44664/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Nov 5;286(5442):1162-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Verna and Mars McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Cell Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10550055" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Ataxia Telangiectasia/genetics ; Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated Proteins ; BRCA1 Protein/*metabolism ; Breast Neoplasms/genetics ; Cell Cycle Proteins ; Cell Line ; *DNA Damage ; *DNA Repair ; DNA, Complementary ; DNA-Binding Proteins ; Female ; Gamma Rays ; Genes, BRCA1 ; Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; HeLa Cells ; Heterozygote ; Humans ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Phosphorylation ; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases/genetics/*metabolism ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; Tumor Suppressor Proteins
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 5
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    Visualization of dioxygen bound to copper during enzyme catalysis (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-11-27
    Description: X-ray crystal structures of three species related to the oxidative half of the reaction of the copper-containing quinoprotein amine oxidase from Escherichia coli have been determined. Crystals were freeze-trapped either anaerobically or aerobically after exposure to substrate, and structures were determined to resolutions between 2.1 and 2.4 angstroms. The oxidation state of the quinone cofactor was investigated by single-crystal spectrophotometry. The structures reveal the site of bound dioxygen and the proton transfer pathways involved in oxygen reduction. The quinone cofactor is regenerated from the iminoquinone intermediate by hydrolysis involving Asp383, the catalytic base in the reductive half-reaction. Product aldehyde inhibits the hydrolysis, making release of product the rate-determining step of the reaction in the crystal.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wilmot, C M -- Hajdu, J -- McPherson, M J -- Knowles, P F -- Phillips, S E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Nov 26;286(5445):1724-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, School of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10576737" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Aerobiosis ; Amine Oxidase (Copper-Containing)/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Anaerobiosis ; Aspartic Acid/chemistry/metabolism ; Binding Sites ; Catalysis ; Copper/*metabolism ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Dihydroxyphenylalanine/*analogs & derivatives/chemistry/metabolism ; Dimerization ; Electrons ; Escherichia coli/enzymology ; Hydrogen Bonding ; Nitric Oxide/metabolism ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Oxygen/*metabolism ; Phenethylamines/metabolism ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Structure, Secondary ; Protons ; Spectrum Analysis
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  • 6
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    Overlooked control (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-10-16
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sherley, J L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Sep 10;285(5434):1676-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10523183" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Cell Line ; *Gene Expression Regulation ; Genetic Vectors ; Operator Regions, Genetic ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; Repressor Proteins/metabolism ; *Research Design ; Tetracycline/*pharmacology ; Trans-Activators/metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 7
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    Regulation of intestinal alpha-defensin activation by the metalloproteinase matrilysin in innate host defense (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-10-03
    Description: Precursors of alpha-defensin peptides require activation for bactericidal activity. In mouse small intestine, matrilysin colocalized with alpha-defensins (cryptdins) in Paneth cell granules, and in vitro it cleaved the pro segment from cryptdin precursors. Matrilysin-deficient (MAT-/-) mice lacked mature cryptdins and accumulated precursor molecules. Intestinal peptide preparations from MAT-/- mice had decreased antimicrobial activity. Orally administered bacteria survived in greater numbers and were more virulent in MAT-/- mice than in MAT+/+ mice. Thus, matrilysin functions in intestinal mucosal defense by regulating the activity of defensins, which may be a common role for this metalloproteinase in its numerous epithelial sites of expression.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wilson, C L -- Ouellette, A J -- Satchell, D P -- Ayabe, T -- Lopez-Boado, Y S -- Stratman, J L -- Hultgren, S J -- Matrisian, L M -- Parks, W C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Oct 1;286(5437):113-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy and Pulmonary Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA. wilson_c@kids.wustl.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10506557" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Catalysis ; Cytoplasmic Granules/enzymology ; Escherichia coli/growth & development ; Escherichia coli Infections/immunology/microbiology ; Female ; Humans ; *Immunity, Innate ; *Immunity, Mucosal ; Intestinal Mucosa/enzymology/immunology/microbiology ; Intestine, Small/enzymology/*immunology/microbiology ; Male ; Matrix Metalloproteinase 7 ; Metalloendopeptidases/genetics/*metabolism ; Mice ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Paneth Cells/enzymology ; Protein Precursors/genetics/*metabolism ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; Salmonella typhimurium/growth & development/pathogenicity ; Tissue Extracts/pharmacology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 8
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    Constitutive activation of toll-mediated antifungal defense in serpin-deficient Drosophila (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-09-18
    Description: The antifungal defense of Drosophila is controlled by the spaetzle/Toll/cactus gene cassette. Here, a loss-of-function mutation in the gene encoding a blood serine protease inhibitor, Spn43Ac, was shown to lead to constitutive expression of the antifungal peptide drosomycin, and this effect was mediated by the spaetzle and Toll gene products. Spaetzle was cleaved by proteolytic enzymes to its active ligand form shortly after immune challenge, and cleaved Spaetzle was constitutively present in Spn43Ac-deficient flies. Hence, Spn43Ac negatively regulates the Toll signaling pathway, and Toll does not function as a pattern recognition receptor in the Drosophila host defense.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Levashina, E A -- Langley, E -- Green, C -- Gubb, D -- Ashburner, M -- Hoffmann, J A -- Reichhart, J M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Sep 17;285(5435):1917-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉UPR 9022 CNRS, Institut de Biologie Moleculaire et Cellulaire, 15 Rue Rene Descartes, Strasbourg 67084, France.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10489372" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antifungal Agents/*metabolism ; *Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides ; Body Patterning ; Drosophila/embryology/genetics/*immunology ; *Drosophila Proteins ; Escherichia coli/genetics/immunology ; Genes, Insect ; Hemolymph/metabolism ; Insect Proteins/*biosynthesis/genetics/metabolism/*physiology ; Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics/*physiology ; Micrococcus luteus/immunology ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutagenesis ; Peptides/genetics/metabolism ; *Receptors, Cell Surface ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Serine Proteinase Inhibitors/genetics/*metabolism ; Serpins/genetics/*metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; Toll-Like Receptors ; Up-Regulation
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  • 9
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    Identification of an RNA-protein bridge spanning the ribosomal subunit interface (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-09-25
    Description: The 7.8 angstrom crystal structure of the 70S ribosome reveals a discrete double-helical bridge (B4) that projects from the 50S subunit, making contact with the 30S subunit. Preliminary modeling studies localized its contact site, near the bottom of the platform, to the binding site for ribosomal protein S15. Directed hydroxyl radical probing from iron(II) tethered to S15 specifically cleaved nucleotides in the 715 loop of domain II of 23S ribosomal RNA, one of the known sites in 23S ribosomal RNA that are footprinted by the 30S subunit. Reconstitution studies show that protection of the 715 loop, but none of the other 30S-dependent protections, is correlated with the presence of S15 in the 30S subunit. The 715 loop is specifically protected by binding free S15 to 50S subunits. Moreover, the previously determined structure of a homologous stem-loop from U2 small nuclear RNA fits closely to the electron density of the bridge.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Culver, G M -- Cate, J H -- Yusupova, G Z -- Yusupov, M M -- Noller, H F -- 1F32GM18065-01/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM-17129/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM-59140/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Sep 24;285(5436):2133-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center for Molecular Biology of RNA, Sinsheimer Laboratories, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10497132" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Bacterial Proteins/chemistry/metabolism ; Binding Sites ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Escherichia coli/chemistry ; Hydroxyl Radical ; Nucleic Acid Conformation ; Protein Conformation ; RNA, Bacterial/*chemistry/metabolism ; RNA, Ribosomal, 23S/*chemistry/metabolism ; RNA, Small Nuclear/chemistry/metabolism ; Ribosomal Proteins/chemistry/*metabolism ; Ribosomes/*chemistry/metabolism/ultrastructure ; Thermus thermophilus/chemistry
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  • 10
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    Microtubule disassembly by ATP-dependent oligomerization of the AAA enzyme katanin (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-10-26
    Description: Katanin, a member of the AAA adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) superfamily, uses nucleotide hydrolysis energy to sever and disassemble microtubules. Many AAA enzymes disassemble stable protein-protein complexes, but their mechanisms are not well understood. A fluorescence resonance energy transfer assay demonstrated that the p60 subunit of katanin oligomerized in an adenosine triphosphate (ATP)- and microtubule-dependent manner. Oligomerization increased the affinity of katanin for microtubules and stimulated its ATPase activity. After hydrolysis of ATP, microtubule-bound katanin oligomers disassembled microtubules and then dissociated into free katanin monomers. Coupling a nucleotide-dependent oligomerization cycle to the disassembly of a target protein complex may be a general feature of ATP-hydrolyzing AAA domains.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hartman, J J -- Vale, R D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Oct 22;286(5440):782-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉The Howard Hughes Medical Institute and the Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10531065" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenosine Triphosphatases/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Adenosine Triphosphate/analogs & derivatives/*metabolism ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Centrifugation, Density Gradient ; Fluorescence ; Hydrolysis ; Luminescent Proteins ; Microtubules/*metabolism ; Models, Biological ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Polymers ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/chemistry/metabolism ; Tubulin/metabolism
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  • 11
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    Perspectives: protein structure. Class-conscious TCR? (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-12-28
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wilson, I A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Dec 3;286(5446):1867-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular Biology and Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. wilson@scripps.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10610577" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antigens/*chemistry/immunology/metabolism ; Binding Sites ; CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology/metabolism ; CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology/metabolism ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/chemistry/immunology/metabolism ; Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/*chemistry/immunology/metabolism ; Mice ; Models, Molecular ; Peptides/chemistry/immunology/metabolism ; Protein Binding ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Structure, Secondary ; Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/*chemistry/immunology/metabolism
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  • 12
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    GTP binding by class II transactivator: role in nuclear import (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-08-28
    Description: Class II transactivator (CIITA) is a global transcriptional coactivator of human leukocyte antigen-D (HLA-D) genes. CIITA contains motifs similar to guanosine triphosphate (GTP)-binding proteins. This report shows that CIITA binds GTP, and mutations in these motifs decrease its GTP-binding and transactivation activity. Substitution of these motifs with analogous sequences from Ras restores CIITA function. CIITA exhibits little GTPase activity, yet mutations in CIITA that confer GTPase activity reduce transcriptional activity. GTP binding by CIITA correlates with nuclear import. Thus, unlike other GTP-binding proteins, CIITA is involved in transcriptional activation that uses GTP binding to facilitate its own nuclear import.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Harton, J A -- Cressman, D E -- Chin, K C -- Der, C J -- Ting, J P -- AI29564/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI41751/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI45580/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- etc. -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Aug 27;285(5432):1402-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10464099" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenosine Triphosphate/metabolism ; Animals ; Binding Sites ; COS Cells ; Cell Line ; Cell Nucleus/*metabolism ; GTP-Binding Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; *Genes, MHC Class II ; Guanosine Triphosphate/*metabolism ; HLA-DR Antigens/genetics ; Humans ; Mutation ; *Nuclear Proteins ; Promoter Regions, Genetic ; Temperature ; Trans-Activators/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Transcription Factors/metabolism ; *Transcriptional Activation
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  • 13
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    A tobacco syntaxin with a role in hormonal control of guard cell ion channels (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-01-23
    Description: The plant hormone abscisic acid (ABA) regulates potassium and chloride ion channels at the plasma membrane of guard cells, leading to stomatal closure that reduces transpirational water loss from the leaf. The tobacco Nt-SYR1 gene encodes a syntaxin that is associated with the plasma membrane. Syntaxins and related SNARE proteins aid intracellular vesicle trafficking, fusion, and secretion. Disrupting Nt-Syr1 function by cleavage with Clostridium botulinum type C toxin or competition with a soluble fragment of Nt-Syr1 prevents potassium and chloride ion channel response to ABA in guard cells and implicates Nt-Syr1 in an ABA-signaling cascade.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Leyman, B -- Geelen, D -- Quintero, F J -- Blatt, M R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Jan 22;283(5401):537-40.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, University of London, Wye College, Wye, Kent TN25 5AH, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9915701" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Abscisic Acid/*pharmacology ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Botulinum Toxins/metabolism ; Cell Membrane/physiology ; Chloride Channels/*physiology ; Genes, Plant ; Genetic Complementation Test ; Ion Channel Gating/drug effects ; Membrane Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*physiology ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Oocytes ; Patch-Clamp Techniques ; Plant Growth Regulators/*pharmacology ; Plant Leaves/*physiology ; *Plants, Toxic ; Potassium Channels/*physiology ; Qa-SNARE Proteins ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae/genetics/growth & development ; Signal Transduction ; Tobacco/genetics/*physiology ; Xenopus
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 14
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    Calmodulin dependence of presynaptic metabotropic glutamate receptor signaling (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-11-05
    Description: Glutamatergic neurotransmission is controlled by presynaptic metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs). A subdomain in the intracellular carboxyl-terminal tail of group III mGluRs binds calmodulin and heterotrimeric guanosine triphosphate-binding protein (G protein) betagamma subunits in a mutually exclusive manner. Mutations interfering with calmodulin binding and calmodulin antagonists inhibit G protein-mediated modulation of ionic currents by mGluR 7. Calmodulin antagonists also prevent inhibition of excitatory neurotransmission via presynaptic mGluRs. These results reveal a novel mechanism of presynaptic modulation in which Ca(2+)-calmodulin is required to release G protein betagamma subunits from the C-tail of group III mGluRs in order to mediate glutamatergic autoinhibition.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉O'Connor, V -- El Far, O -- Bofill-Cardona, E -- Nanoff, C -- Freissmuth, M -- Karschin, A -- Airas, J M -- Betz, H -- Boehm, S -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Nov 5;286(5442):1180-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Neurochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Brain Research, Deutschordenstrasse 46, 60528 Frankfurt, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10550060" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Calcium/metabolism ; Calmodulin/antagonists & inhibitors/*metabolism ; Cells, Cultured ; Dimerization ; G Protein-Coupled Inwardly-Rectifying Potassium Channels ; GTP-Binding Proteins/*metabolism ; Glutamic Acid/*metabolism ; Hippocampus/cytology/metabolism ; Humans ; Mice ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Neurons/metabolism ; Potassium Channels/metabolism ; *Potassium Channels, Inwardly Rectifying ; Presynaptic Terminals/metabolism ; Propionates/pharmacology ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Receptors, Metabotropic Glutamate/antagonists & inhibitors/*metabolism ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; Sesterterpenes ; Signal Transduction ; Swine ; *Synaptic Transmission ; Terpenes/pharmacology
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 15
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    Chlamydia infections and heart disease linked through antigenic mimicry (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-02-26
    Description: Chlamydia infections are epidemiologically linked to human heart disease. A peptide from the murine heart muscle-specific alpha myosin heavy chain that has sequence homology to the 60-kilodalton cysteine-rich outer membrane proteins of Chlamydia pneumoniae, C. psittaci, and C. trachomatis was shown to induce autoimmune inflammatory heart disease in mice. Injection of the homologous Chlamydia peptides into mice also induced perivascular inflammation, fibrotic changes, and blood vessel occlusion in the heart, as well as triggering T and B cell reactivity to the homologous endogenous heart muscle-specific peptide. Chlamydia DNA functioned as an adjuvant in the triggering of peptide-induced inflammatory heart disease. Infection with C. trachomatis led to the production of autoantibodies to heart muscle-specific epitopes. Thus, Chlamydia-mediated heart disease is induced by antigenic mimicry of a heart muscle-specific protein.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bachmaier, K -- Neu, N -- de la Maza, L M -- Pal, S -- Hessel, A -- Penninger, J M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Feb 26;283(5406):1335-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Amgen Institute, Ontario Cancer Institute, Departments of Medical Biophysics and Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2C1, Canada.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10037605" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adoptive Transfer ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Antigens, Bacterial/chemistry/immunology ; Autoantibodies/biosynthesis ; Autoimmune Diseases/immunology/*microbiology/pathology ; B-Lymphocytes/immunology ; Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins/chemistry/*immunology ; CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology ; Chlamydia/*immunology ; Chlamydia Infections/complications/*immunology ; Chlamydia trachomatis/immunology ; CpG Islands ; Humans ; Immunization ; Lymphocyte Activation ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; *Molecular Mimicry ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Myocarditis/immunology/*microbiology/pathology ; Myocardium/immunology/pathology ; Myosin Heavy Chains/chemistry/*immunology ; Oligodeoxyribonucleotides/immunology ; Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
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  • 16
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    A cytotoxic ribonuclease targeting specific transfer RNA anticodons (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-03-26
    Description: The carboxyl-terminal domain of colicin E5 was shown to inhibit protein synthesis of Escherichia coli. Its target, as revealed through in vivo and in vitro experiments, was not ribosomes as in the case of E3, but the transfer RNAs (tRNAs) for Tyr, His, Asn, and Asp, which contain a modified base, queuine, at the wobble position of each anticodon. The E5 carboxyl-terminal domain hydrolyzed these tRNAs just on the 3' side of this nucleotide. Tight correlation was observed between the toxicity of E5 and the cleavage of intracellular tRNAs of this group, implying that these tRNAs are the primary targets of colicin E5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ogawa, T -- Tomita, K -- Ueda, T -- Watanabe, K -- Uozumi, T -- Masaki, H -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Mar 26;283(5410):2097-100.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Yayoi 1-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10092236" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Anticodon/*metabolism ; Bacterial Proteins/biosynthesis/genetics/pharmacology ; Base Sequence ; Cloning, Molecular ; Colicins/genetics/*metabolism/pharmacology ; Escherichia coli/drug effects/metabolism ; *Escherichia coli Proteins ; Guanine/analogs & derivatives/analysis ; Molecular Sequence Data ; RNA, Bacterial/chemistry/*metabolism ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/metabolism ; RNA, Transfer, Amino Acid-Specific/chemistry/*metabolism ; RNA, Transfer, Asn/chemistry/metabolism ; RNA, Transfer, Asp/chemistry/metabolism ; RNA, Transfer, His/chemistry/metabolism ; RNA, Transfer, Tyr/chemistry/metabolism ; Ribonucleases/genetics/*metabolism/pharmacology ; Ribosomes/metabolism
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 17
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    A processive single-headed motor: kinesin superfamily protein KIF1A (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-02-19
    Description: A single kinesin molecule can move "processively" along a microtubule for more than 1 micrometer before detaching from it. The prevailing explanation for this processive movement is the "walking model," which envisions that each of two motor domains (heads) of the kinesin molecule binds coordinately to the microtubule. This implies that each kinesin molecule must have two heads to "walk" and that a single-headed kinesin could not move processively. Here, a motor-domain construct of KIF1A, a single-headed kinesin superfamily protein, was shown to move processively along the microtubule for more than 1 micrometer. The movement along the microtubules was stochastic and fitted a biased Brownian-movement model.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Okada, Y -- Hirokawa, N -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Feb 19;283(5405):1152-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Hongo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10024239" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenosine Triphosphate/metabolism ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Catalytic Domain ; Diffusion ; Drosophila ; Kinesin/chemistry/*metabolism ; Kinetics ; Microscopy, Fluorescence ; Microtubules/*metabolism ; Models, Chemical ; Molecular Motor Proteins/chemistry/*metabolism ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Nerve Tissue Proteins/chemistry/*metabolism ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins ; Stochastic Processes ; Thermodynamics
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 18
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    Chaperonin function: folding by forced unfolding (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-04-30
    Description: The ability of the GroEL chaperonin to unfold a protein trapped in a misfolded condition was detected and studied by hydrogen exchange. The GroEL-induced unfolding of its substrate protein is only partial, requires the complete chaperonin system, and is accomplished within the 13 seconds required for a single system turnover. The binding of nucleoside triphosphate provides the energy for a single unfolding event; multiple turnovers require adenosine triphosphate hydrolysis. The substrate protein is released on each turnover even if it has not yet refolded to the native state. These results suggest that GroEL helps partly folded but blocked proteins to fold by causing them first to partially unfold. The structure of GroEL seems well suited to generate the nonspecific mechanical stretching force required for forceful protein unfolding.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3427652/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3427652/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Shtilerman, M -- Lorimer, G H -- Englander, S W -- GM31847/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM031847/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Apr 30;284(5415):822-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉The Johnson Research Foundation, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10221918" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenosine Triphosphate/metabolism ; Adenylyl Imidodiphosphate/metabolism ; Binding Sites ; Chaperonin 10/chemistry/metabolism/physiology ; Chaperonin 60/chemistry/metabolism/*physiology ; Hydrogen/chemistry/metabolism ; Models, Molecular ; Protein Binding ; Protein Conformation ; *Protein Folding ; Protein Structure, Secondary ; Ribulose-Bisphosphate Carboxylase/*chemistry/metabolism
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 19
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    An activating immunoreceptor complex formed by NKG2D and DAP10 (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-07-31
    Description: Many immune receptors are composed of separate ligand-binding and signal-transducing subunits. In natural killer (NK) and T cells, DAP10 was identified as a cell surface adaptor protein in an activating receptor complex with NKG2D, a receptor for the stress-inducible and tumor-associated major histocompatibility complex molecule MICA. Within the DAP10 cytoplasmic domain, an Src homology 2 (SH2) domain-binding site was capable of recruiting the p85 subunit of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI 3-kinase), providing for NKG2D-dependent signal transduction. Thus, NKG2D-DAP10 receptor complexes may activate NK and T cell responses against MICA-bearing tumors.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wu, J -- Song, Y -- Bakker, A B -- Bauer, S -- Spies, T -- Lanier, L L -- Phillips, J H -- AI30581/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Jul 30;285(5428):730-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉DNAX Research Institute, 901 California Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10426994" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Binding Sites ; Cell Line ; Cytotoxicity, Immunologic ; Humans ; Killer Cells, Natural/*immunology/metabolism ; Ligands ; *Lymphocyte Activation ; Membrane Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Mice ; Molecular Sequence Data ; NK Cell Lectin-Like Receptor Subfamily K ; Neoplasms/immunology ; Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases/metabolism ; Phosphorylation ; Phosphotyrosine/metabolism ; Receptors, Immunologic/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Receptors, Natural Killer Cell ; Signal Transduction ; T-Lymphocytes/*immunology/metabolism ; Tumor Cells, Cultured ; src Homology Domains
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  • 20
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    Severe liver degeneration in mice lacking the IkappaB kinase 2 gene (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-04-09
    Description: Phosphorylation of inhibitor of kappa B (IkappaB) proteins is an important step in the activation of the transcription nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB) and requires two IkappaB kinases, IKK1 (IKKalpha) and IKK2 (IKKbeta). Mice that are devoid of the IKK2 gene had extensive liver damage from apoptosis and died as embryos, but these mice could be rescued by the inactivation of the gene encoding tumor necrosis factor receptor 1. Mouse embryonic fibroblast cells that were isolated from IKK2-/- embryos showed a marked reduction in tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha)- and interleukin-1alpha-induced NF-kappaB activity and an enhanced apoptosis in response to TNF-alpha. IKK1 associated with NF-kappaB essential modulator (IKKgamma/IKKAP1), another component of the IKK complex. These results show that IKK2 is essential for mouse development and cannot be substituted with IKK1.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Li, Q -- Van Antwerp, D -- Mercurio, F -- Lee, K F -- Verma, I M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Apr 9;284(5412):321-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Salk Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. Signal Pharmaceuticals, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10195897" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Apoptosis ; Cell Line ; DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism ; Embryonic and Fetal Development ; Gene Targeting ; I-kappa B Kinase ; I-kappa B Proteins ; Interleukin-1/pharmacology ; Liver/cytology/*embryology ; Mice ; NF-kappa B/metabolism ; Phosphorylation ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases/genetics/*metabolism ; Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/genetics/metabolism ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; Sequence Deletion ; Signal Transduction ; Transcription Factor RelA ; Transcription Factors/metabolism ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/pharmacology
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 21
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    Coordinated regulation of iron-controlling genes, H-ferritin and IRP2, by c-MYC (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-01-29
    Description: The protein encoded by the c-MYC proto-oncogene is a transcription factor that can both activate and repress the expression of target genes, but few of its transcriptional targets have been identified. Here, c-MYC is shown to repress the expression of the heavy subunit of the protein ferritin (H-ferritin), which sequesters intracellular iron, and to stimulate the expression of the iron regulatory protein-2 (IRP2), which increases the intracellular iron pool. Down-regulation of the expression of H-ferritin gene was required for cell transformation by c-MYC. These results indicate that c-MYC coordinately regulates genes controlling intracellular iron concentrations and that this function is essential for the control of cell proliferation and transformation by c-MYC.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wu, K J -- Polack, A -- Dalla-Favera, R -- CA-37165/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Jan 29;283(5402):676-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Oncology, Department of Pathology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA. an.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9924025" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cell Division ; Cell Line ; Cell Line, Transformed ; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic ; DNA/biosynthesis ; Down-Regulation ; Ferritins/*genetics/metabolism ; *Gene Expression Regulation ; Genes, myc ; Homeostasis ; Iron/*metabolism ; Iron Regulatory Protein 2 ; Iron-Regulatory Proteins ; Iron-Sulfur Proteins/*genetics/metabolism ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc/*physiology ; RNA/metabolism ; RNA-Binding Proteins/*genetics/metabolism ; Receptors, Transferrin/genetics ; Transcription, Genetic ; Transfection
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  • 22
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    Antiangiogenic activity of the cleaved conformation of the serpin antithrombin (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-09-18
    Description: Antithrombin, a member of the serpin family, functions as an inhibitor of thrombin and other enzymes. Cleavage of the carboxyl-terminal loop of antithrombin induces a conformational change in the molecule. Here it is shown that the cleaved conformation of antithrombin has potent antiangiogenic and antitumor activity in mouse models. The latent form of intact antithrombin, which is similar in conformation to the cleaved molecule, also inhibited angiogenesis and tumor growth. These data provide further evidence that the clotting and fibrinolytic pathways are directly involved in the regulation of angiogenesis.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉O'Reilly, M S -- Pirie-Shepherd, S -- Lane, W S -- Folkman, J -- P01-CA45548/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01-CA64481/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Sep 17;285(5435):1926-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital, Departments of Surgery and Cellular Biology, Harvard Microchemistry Facility, 16 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA. oreilly@hub.tch.harvard.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10489375" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antineoplastic Agents/chemistry/isolation & purification/metabolism/*pharmacology ; Antithrombins/chemistry/isolation & purification/metabolism/*pharmacology ; Carcinoma, Small Cell/blood supply/drug therapy ; Cell Line ; Culture Media, Conditioned ; Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor ; Humans ; Lung Neoplasms/blood supply/drug therapy ; Mice ; Mice, SCID ; Neoplasm Transplantation ; Neovascularization, Pathologic/*drug therapy ; Peptide Fragments/chemistry/metabolism/pharmacology ; Protein Conformation ; Tumor Cells, Cultured
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  • 23
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    Function is structure (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-10-16
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Liljas, A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Sep 24;285(5436):2077-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular Biology, Center for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Lund, Lund, Sweden. anders.liljas@mbfys.lu.se〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10523206" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Anticodon ; Bacterial Proteins/biosynthesis/chemistry ; Binding Sites ; Codon ; Cryoelectron Microscopy ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Nucleic Acid Conformation ; Peptide Elongation Factors/metabolism ; Protein Conformation ; RNA, Bacterial/chemistry/metabolism ; RNA, Ribosomal/chemistry ; RNA, Transfer/chemistry/metabolism ; Ribosomal Proteins/chemistry ; Ribosomes/*chemistry/*physiology/ultrastructure
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  • 24
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    Inhibition of the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase superfamily by a Yersinia effector (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-09-18
    Description: The bacterial pathogen Yersinia uses a type III secretion system to inject several virulence factors into target cells. One of the Yersinia virulence factors, YopJ, was shown to bind directly to the superfamily of MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) kinases (MKKs) blocking both phosphorylation and subsequent activation of the MKKs. These results explain the diverse activities of YopJ in inhibiting the extracellular signal-regulated kinase, c-Jun amino-terminal kinase, p38, and nuclear factor kappa B signaling pathways, preventing cytokine synthesis and promoting apoptosis. YopJ-related proteins that are found in a number of bacterial pathogens of animals and plants may function to block MKKs so that host signaling responses can be modulated upon infection.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Orth, K -- Palmer, L E -- Bao, Z Q -- Stewart, S -- Rudolph, A E -- Bliska, J B -- Dixon, J E -- 18024/PHS HHS/ -- AI35175/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Sep 17;285(5435):1920-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0606, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10489373" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Bacterial Proteins/*physiology ; Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases/*antagonists & inhibitors ; Cell Line ; Enzyme Activation ; Enzyme Inhibitors/*pharmacology ; HeLa Cells ; Humans ; *MAP Kinase Kinase Kinase 1 ; NF-kappa B/metabolism ; Phosphorylation ; Protein Binding ; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases/genetics/metabolism ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Transfection ; Virulence ; Yersinia pseudotuberculosis/genetics/metabolism/pathogenicity/*physiology
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  • 25
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    Dosage compensation proteins targeted to X chromosomes by a determinant of hermaphrodite fate (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-06-12
    Description: In many organisms, master control genes coordinately regulate sex-specific aspects of development. SDC-2 was shown to induce hermaphrodite sexual differentiation and activate X chromosome dosage compensation in Caenorhabditis elegans. To control these distinct processes, SDC-2 acts as a strong gene-specific repressor and a weaker chromosome-wide repressor. To initiate hermaphrodite development, SDC-2 associates with the promoter of the male sex-determining gene her-1 to repress its transcription. To activate dosage compensation, SDC-2 triggers assembly of a specialized protein complex exclusively on hermaphrodite X chromosomes to reduce gene expression by half. SDC-2 can localize to X chromosomes without other components of the dosage compensation complex, suggesting that SDC-2 targets dosage compensation machinery to X chromosomes.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Dawes, H E -- Berlin, D S -- Lapidus, D M -- Nusbaum, C -- Davis, T L -- Meyer, B J -- GM30702/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- T32 GM07127/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Jun 11;284(5421):1800-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3204, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10364546" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Caenorhabditis elegans/embryology/*genetics/physiology ; *Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins ; *DNA-Binding Proteins ; Disorders of Sex Development ; *Dosage Compensation, Genetic ; Female ; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental ; Genes, Helminth ; Helminth Proteins/genetics/*physiology ; Male ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Promoter Regions, Genetic ; Repressor Proteins/genetics/*physiology ; *Sex Determination Processes ; Transgenes ; X Chromosome/genetics/*metabolism
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Respiration without O2 (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-07-10
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hederstedt, L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Jun 18;284(5422):1941-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Microbiology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden. Lars.Hederstedt@mikrbiol.lu.se〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10400536" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Anaerobiosis ; Bacillus subtilis/enzymology ; Binding Sites ; Cell Membrane/enzymology ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Dimerization ; Electron Transport ; *Energy Metabolism ; Escherichia coli/*enzymology ; Evolution, Molecular ; Fumarates/metabolism ; Mitochondria/enzymology ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Oxygen Consumption ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Structure, Secondary ; Succinate Dehydrogenase/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Succinic Acid/metabolism
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    The Pex16p homolog SSE1 and storage organelle formation in Arabidopsis seeds (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-04-09
    Description: Mature Arabidopsis seeds are enriched in storage proteins and lipids, but lack starch. In the shrunken seed 1 (sse1) mutant, however, starch is favored over proteins and lipids as the major storage compound. SSE1 has 26 percent identity with Pex16p in Yarrowia lipolytica and complements pex16 mutants defective in the formation of peroxisomes and the transportation of plasma membrane- and cell wall-associated proteins. In Arabidopsis maturing seeds, SSE1 is required for protein and oil body biogenesis, both of which are endoplasmic reticulum-dependent. Starch accumulation in sse1 suggests that starch formation is a default storage deposition pathway.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lin, Y -- Sun, L -- Nguyen, L V -- Rachubinski, R A -- Goodman, H M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Apr 9;284(5412):328-30.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10195899" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Arabidopsis/genetics/*metabolism/ultrastructure ; *Arabidopsis Proteins ; *Fungal Proteins ; Gene Expression ; Genetic Complementation Test ; Membrane Proteins/chemistry/genetics ; Microbodies/metabolism/ultrastructure ; Microscopy, Electron ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Organelles/*metabolism/ultrastructure ; Phenotype ; Plant Oils/metabolism ; Plant Proteins/chemistry/genetics/metabolism/*physiology ; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Saccharomycetales/chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; Seeds/*metabolism/ultrastructure ; Starch/metabolism
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    A molecular phylogeny of reptiles (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-02-12
    Description: The classical phylogeny of living reptiles pairs crocodilians with birds, tuataras with squamates, and places turtles at the base of the tree. New evidence from two nuclear genes, and analyses of mitochondrial DNA and 22 additional nuclear genes, join crocodilians with turtles and place squamates at the base of the tree. Morphological and paleontological evidence for this molecular phylogeny is unclear. Molecular time estimates support a Triassic origin for the major groups of living reptiles.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hedges, S B -- Poling, L L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Feb 12;283(5404):998-1001.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Evolutionary Genetics, and Astrobiology Research Center, 208 Mueller Laboratory, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA. sbh1@psu.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9974396" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alligators and Crocodiles/anatomy & histology/classification/genetics ; Animals ; Birds/anatomy & histology/classification/genetics ; Genes, rRNA ; Lizards/anatomy & histology/classification/genetics ; Molecular Sequence Data ; *Phylogeny ; RNA, Ribosomal, 18S/genetics ; Reptiles/anatomy & histology/*classification/*genetics ; Snakes/anatomy & histology/classification/genetics ; Turtles/anatomy & histology/classification/genetics
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    A piston model for transmembrane signaling of the aspartate receptor (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-09-11
    Description: To characterize the mechanism by which receptors propagate conformational changes across membranes, nitroxide spin labels were attached at strategic positions in the bacterial aspartate receptor. By collecting the electron paramagnetic resonance spectra of these labeled receptors in the presence and absence of the ligand aspartate, ligand binding was shown to generate an approximately 1 angstrom intrasubunit piston-type movement of one transmembrane helix downward relative to the other transmembrane helix. The receptor-associated phosphorylation cascade proteins CheA and CheW did not alter the ligand-induced movement. Because the piston movement is very small, the ability of receptors to produce large outcomes in response to stimuli is caused by the ability of the receptor-coupled enzymes to detect small changes in the conformation of the receptor.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ottemann, K M -- Xiao, W -- Shin, Y K -- Koshland, D E Jr -- DK09765/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- GM51290/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Sep 10;285(5434):1751-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10481014" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Aspartic Acid/*metabolism ; Bacterial Proteins/metabolism ; Cell Membrane/*metabolism ; Chemotaxis ; Dimerization ; Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy ; Escherichia coli/metabolism ; *Escherichia coli Proteins ; Fourier Analysis ; Ligands ; Lipid Bilayers ; Membrane Proteins/metabolism ; Methylation ; *Models, Biological ; Mutagenesis ; Phosphorylation ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Kinases/metabolism ; Protein Structure, Secondary ; Receptors, Amino Acid/*chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; *Signal Transduction ; Spin Labels
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    Plant paralog to viral movement protein that potentiates transport of mRNA into the phloem (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-01-05
    Description: CmPP16 from Cucurbita maxima was cloned and the protein was shown to possess properties similar to those of viral movement proteins. CmPP16 messenger RNA (mRNA) is present in phloem tissue, whereas protein appears confined to sieve elements (SE). Microinjection and grafting studies revealed that CmPP16 moves from cell to cell, mediates the transport of sense and antisense RNA, and moves together with its mRNA into the SE of scion tissue. CmPP16 possesses the characteristics that are likely required to mediate RNA delivery into the long-distance translocation stream. Thus, RNA may move within the phloem as a component of a plant information superhighway.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Xoconostle-Cazares, B -- Xiang, Y -- Ruiz-Medrano, R -- Wang, H L -- Monzer, J -- Yoo, B C -- McFarland, K C -- Franceschi, V R -- Lucas, W J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Jan 1;283(5398):94-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Section of Plant Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9872750" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Biological Transport ; Cloning, Molecular ; Cucumis sativus ; Cucurbitaceae/genetics/*metabolism ; Microinjections ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Plant Leaves/metabolism ; Plant Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Plant Roots/metabolism ; Plant Stems/metabolism ; Plant Viral Movement Proteins ; RNA, Antisense/metabolism ; RNA, Messenger/*metabolism ; RNA, Plant/*metabolism ; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Signal Transduction ; Viral Proteins/chemistry/metabolism
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    Evolution of shape complementarity and catalytic efficiency from a primordial antibody template (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-12-22
    Description: The crystal structure of an efficient Diels-Alder antibody catalyst at 1.9 angstrom resolution reveals almost perfect shape complementarity with its transition state analog. Comparison with highly related progesterone and Diels-Alderase antibodies that arose from the same primordial germ line template shows the relatively subtle mutational steps that were able to evolve both structural complementarity and catalytic efficiency.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Xu, J -- Deng, Q -- Chen, J -- Houk, K N -- Bartek, J -- Hilvert, D -- Wilson, I A -- CA27489/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- GM38273/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Dec 17;286(5448):2345-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular Biology and Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10600746" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Antibodies, Catalytic/*chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Binding Sites, Antibody ; Catalysis ; Chemistry, Physical ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; *Evolution, Molecular ; Haptens/chemistry/metabolism ; Hydrogen Bonding ; Immunoglobulin Fab Fragments/chemistry/metabolism ; Ligands ; Models, Molecular ; Mutation ; Physicochemical Phenomena ; Progesterone/immunology ; Protein Conformation ; Solubility ; Temperature ; Templates, Genetic
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    Insights into editing from an ile-tRNA synthetase structure with tRNAile and mupirocin (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-08-14
    Description: Isoleucyl-transfer RNA (tRNA) synthetase (IleRS) joins Ile to tRNA(Ile) at its synthetic active site and hydrolyzes incorrectly acylated amino acids at its editing active site. The 2.2 angstrom resolution crystal structure of Staphylococcus aureus IleRS complexed with tRNA(Ile) and Mupirocin shows the acceptor strand of the tRNA(Ile) in the continuously stacked, A-form conformation with the 3' terminal nucleotide in the editing active site. To position the 3' terminus in the synthetic active site, the acceptor strand must adopt the hairpinned conformation seen in tRNA(Gln) complexed with its synthetase. The amino acid editing activity of the IleRS may result from the incorrect products shuttling between the synthetic and editing active sites, which is reminiscent of the editing mechanism of DNA polymerases.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Silvian, L F -- Wang, J -- Steitz, T A -- GM22778/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Aug 13;285(5430):1074-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular Biophysics, Yale University, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New Haven, CT 06520-8114, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10446055" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acylation ; Adenosine Monophosphate/analogs & derivatives/metabolism ; Amino Acids/metabolism ; Binding Sites ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; DNA-Directed DNA Polymerase/metabolism ; Glutamate-tRNA Ligase/chemistry/metabolism ; Isoleucine/metabolism ; Isoleucine-tRNA Ligase/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Models, Molecular ; Mupirocin/chemistry/*metabolism ; Nucleic Acid Conformation ; Oligopeptides/metabolism ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Structure, Secondary ; RNA, Transfer, Gln/chemistry/metabolism ; RNA, Transfer, Ile/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Staphylococcus aureus/enzymology ; Substrate Specificity
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    Paracellin-1, a renal tight junction protein required for paracellular Mg2+ resorption (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-07-03
    Description: Epithelia permit selective and regulated flux from apical to basolateral surfaces by transcellular passage through cells or paracellular flux between cells. Tight junctions constitute the barrier to paracellular conductance; however, little is known about the specific molecules that mediate paracellular permeabilities. Renal magnesium ion (Mg2+) resorption occurs predominantly through a paracellular conductance in the thick ascending limb of Henle (TAL). Here, positional cloning has identified a human gene, paracellin-1 (PCLN-1), mutations in which cause renal Mg2+ wasting. PCLN-1 is located in tight junctions of the TAL and is related to the claudin family of tight junction proteins. These findings provide insight into Mg2+ homeostasis, demonstrate the role of a tight junction protein in human disease, and identify an essential component of a selective paracellular conductance.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Simon, D B -- Lu, Y -- Choate, K A -- Velazquez, H -- Al-Sabban, E -- Praga, M -- Casari, G -- Bettinelli, A -- Colussi, G -- Rodriguez-Soriano, J -- McCredie, D -- Milford, D -- Sanjad, S -- Lifton, R P -- F.1/Telethon/Italy -- R01DK51696/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- TGM06S01/Telethon/Italy -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Jul 2;285(5424):103-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10390358" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Calcium/urine ; Chromosomes, Human, Pair 3/genetics ; Claudins ; Cloning, Molecular ; Female ; Genes, Recessive ; Homeostasis ; Humans ; Kidney Diseases/*genetics/metabolism ; Kidney Tubules/chemistry ; Loop of Henle/chemistry/*metabolism ; Magnesium/blood/*metabolism ; Magnesium Deficiency/*genetics/metabolism ; Male ; Membrane Proteins/analysis/chemistry/genetics/*physiology ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Pedigree ; Physical Chromosome Mapping ; Tight Junctions/*metabolism
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    Free copper ions in the cell? (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-05-21
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lippard, S J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Apr 30;284(5415):748-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. lippard@lippard.mit.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10336397" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Apoenzymes/metabolism ; Cell Membrane/metabolism ; Copper/*metabolism ; Enzyme Activation ; Fungal Proteins/*metabolism ; Ion Transport ; Molecular Chaperones/*metabolism ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Folding ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae/*metabolism ; *Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins ; Superoxide Dismutase/chemistry/*metabolism
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    Beta-defensins: linking innate and adaptive immunity through dendritic and T cell CCR6 (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-10-16
    Description: Defensins contribute to host defense by disrupting the cytoplasmic membrane of microorganisms. This report shows that human beta-defensins are also chemotactic for immature dendritic cells and memory T cells. Human beta-defensin was selectively chemotactic for cells stably transfected to express human CCR6, a chemokine receptor preferentially expressed by immature dendritic cells and memory T cells. The beta-defensin-induced chemotaxis was sensitive to pertussis toxin and inhibited by antibodies to CCR6. The binding of iodinated LARC, the chemokine ligand for CCR6, to CCR6-transfected cells was competitively displaced by beta-defensin. Thus, beta-defensins may promote adaptive immune responses by recruiting dendritic and T cells to the site of microbial invasion through interaction with CCR6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Yang, D -- Chertov, O -- Bykovskaia, S N -- Chen, Q -- Buffo, M J -- Shogan, J -- Anderson, M -- Schroder, J M -- Wang, J M -- Howard, O M -- Oppenheim, J J -- N01-CO-56000/CO/NCI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Oct 15;286(5439):525-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory of Molecular Immunoregulation, Division of Basic Sciences, Intramural Research Support Program, SAIC Frederick, National Cancer Institute-Frederick Cancer Research and Development Center, Frederick, MD 21702-1201, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10521347" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Antibodies/immunology ; Binding, Competitive ; Cell Line ; Chemokine CCL20 ; Chemokines, CC/metabolism/pharmacology ; Chemotaxis ; Chemotaxis, Leukocyte ; Defensins ; Dendritic Cells/*immunology ; Humans ; *Immunity, Active ; *Immunity, Innate ; Immunologic Memory ; *Macrophage Inflammatory Proteins ; Pertussis Toxin ; Proteins/pharmacology/*physiology ; Receptors, CCR6 ; Receptors, Chemokine/genetics/*metabolism ; Recombinant Proteins/pharmacology ; T-Lymphocyte Subsets/*immunology ; Transfection ; Virulence Factors, Bordetella/pharmacology ; *beta-Defensins
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    Mechanism of intrinsic transcription termination and antitermination (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-04-24
    Description: Gene expression is modulated by regulatory elements that influence transcription elongation by RNA polymerase: terminators that disrupt the elongation complex and release RNA, and regulators that overcome termination signals. RNA release from Escherichia coli RNA polymerase can be induced by a complementary oligonucleotide that replaces the upstream half of the RNA hairpin stem of intrinsic terminator transcripts, implying that RNA hairpins act by extracting RNA from the transcription complex. A transcription antiterminator inhibits this activity of oligonucleotides and therefore protects the elongation complex from destabilizing attacks on the emerging transcript. These effects illuminate the structure of the complex and the mechanism of transcription termination.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Yarnell, W S -- Roberts, J W -- GM 21941/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Apr 23;284(5414):611-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Section of Biochemistry, Molecular and Cell Biology, Biotechnology Building, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10213678" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Base Pairing ; Base Sequence ; DNA, Bacterial/chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; DNA-Directed RNA Polymerases/genetics/*metabolism ; Escherichia coli/*genetics/metabolism ; Models, Genetic ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Nucleic Acid Conformation ; Oligodeoxyribonucleotides/chemistry/metabolism ; RNA, Bacterial/chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; RNA, Messenger/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Templates, Genetic ; *Terminator Regions, Genetic ; *Transcription, Genetic ; Viral Proteins/*metabolism
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    Crystallographic evidence for preformed dimers of erythropoietin receptor before ligand activation (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-02-12
    Description: Erythropoietin receptor (EPOR) is thought to be activated by ligand-induced homodimerization. However, structures of agonist and antagonist peptide complexes of EPOR, as well as an EPO-EPOR complex, have shown that the actual dimer configuration is critical for the biological response and signal efficiency. The crystal structure of the extracellular domain of EPOR in its unliganded form at 2.4 angstrom resolution has revealed a dimer in which the individual membrane-spanning and intracellular domains would be too far apart to permit phosphorylation by JAK2. This unliganded EPOR dimer is formed from self-association of the same key binding site residues that interact with EPO-mimetic peptide and EPO ligands. This model for a preformed dimer on the cell surface provides insights into the organization, activation, and plasticity of recognition of hematopoietic cell surface receptors.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Livnah, O -- Stura, E A -- Middleton, S A -- Johnson, D L -- Jolliffe, L K -- Wilson, I A -- GM49497/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Feb 12;283(5404):987-90.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular Biology and Skaggs Institute of Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9974392" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Cell Membrane/chemistry ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Dimerization ; Erythropoietin/metabolism ; Humans ; Hydrogen Bonding ; Janus Kinase 2 ; Ligands ; Models, Molecular ; Peptide Fragments/*chemistry/metabolism ; Peptides, Cyclic/metabolism ; Protein Conformation ; Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/metabolism ; *Proto-Oncogene Proteins ; Receptors, Erythropoietin/*chemistry/metabolism
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    Positive and negative regulation of IkappaB kinase activity through IKKbeta subunit phosphorylation (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-04-09
    Description: IkappaB [inhibitor of nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB)] kinase (IKK) phosphorylates IkappaB inhibitory proteins, causing their degradation and activation of transcription factor NF-kappaB, a master activator of inflammatory responses. IKK is composed of three subunits-IKKalpha and IKKbeta, which are highly similar protein kinases, and IKKgamma, a regulatory subunit. In mammalian cells, phosphorylation of two sites at the activation loop of IKKbeta was essential for activation of IKK by tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-1. Elimination of equivalent sites in IKKalpha, however, did not interfere with IKK activation. Thus, IKKbeta, not IKKalpha, is the target for proinflammatory stimuli. Once activated, IKKbeta autophosphorylated at a carboxyl-terminal serine cluster. Such phosphorylation decreased IKK activity and may prevent prolonged activation of the inflammatory response.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Delhase, M -- Hayakawa, M -- Chen, Y -- Karin, M -- R01 AI43477/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R37 ES04151/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Apr 9;284(5412):309-13.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0636, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10195894" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Amino Acid Substitution ; Cell Line ; DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism ; Enzyme Activation ; HeLa Cells ; Helix-Loop-Helix Motifs ; Humans ; I-kappa B Kinase ; I-kappa B Proteins ; Interleukin-1/pharmacology ; Leucine Zippers ; *MAP Kinase Kinase Kinase 1 ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Phosphorylation ; Phosphoserine/metabolism ; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Transfection ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/pharmacology
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    Structure of the VHL-ElonginC-ElonginB complex: implications for VHL tumor suppressor function (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-04-16
    Description: Mutation of the VHL tumor suppressor is associated with the inherited von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) cancer syndrome and the majority of kidney cancers. VHL binds the ElonginC-ElonginB complex and regulates levels of hypoxia-inducible proteins. The structure of the ternary complex at 2.7 angstrom resolution shows two interfaces, one between VHL and ElonginC and another between ElonginC and ElonginB. Tumorigenic mutations frequently occur in a 35-residue domain of VHL responsible for ElonginC binding. A mutational patch on a separate domain of VHL indicates a second macromolecular binding site. The structure extends the similarities to the SCF (Skp1-Cul1-F-box protein) complex that targets proteins for degradation, supporting the hypothesis that VHL may function in an analogous pathway.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stebbins, C E -- Kaelin, W G Jr -- Pavletich, N P -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Apr 16;284(5413):455-61.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10205047" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Binding Sites ; Cell Cycle Proteins/chemistry/metabolism ; Cloning, Molecular ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; *Genes, Tumor Suppressor ; Humans ; Hydrogen Bonding ; *Ligases ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Mutation, Missense ; Neoplasms/genetics ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Folding ; Protein Structure, Secondary ; Proteins/*chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; S-Phase Kinase-Associated Proteins ; Surface Properties ; Transcription Factors/*chemistry/metabolism ; *Tumor Suppressor Proteins ; *Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases ; Von Hippel-Lindau Tumor Suppressor Protein ; von Hippel-Lindau Disease/*genetics
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    Focal adhesion motility revealed in stationary fibroblasts (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-11-05
    Description: Focal adhesions (FAs) are clustered integrins and associated proteins that mediate cell adhesion and signaling. A green fluorescent protein-beta1 integrin chimera was used to label FAs in living cells. In stationary cells, FAs were highly motile, moving linearly for several plaque lengths toward the cell center. FA motility was independent of cell density and resulted from contraction of associated actin fibers. In migrating cells, FAs were stationary and only moved in the tail. FA motility in stationary cells suggests that cell movement may be regulated by a clutch-like mechanism by which the affinity of integrins to substrate may be altered in response to migratory cues.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Smilenov, L B -- Mikhailov, A -- Pelham, R J -- Marcantonio, E E -- Gundersen, G G -- GM42026/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM44585/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Nov 5;286(5442):1172-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Pathology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10550057" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: 3T3 Cells ; Actins/physiology ; Animals ; Antigens, CD29/*metabolism ; *Cell Adhesion ; Cell Count ; Cell Line ; *Cell Movement ; Fibroblasts/*cytology/metabolism ; Fluorescence ; Green Fluorescent Proteins ; Luminescent Proteins ; Mice ; Microscopy, Interference ; Rats ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism
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    Setting the standards: quality control in the secretory pathway (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1999-12-03
    Description: A variety of quality control mechanisms operate in the endoplasmic reticulum and in downstream compartments of the secretory pathway to ensure the fidelity and regulation of protein expression during cell life and differentiation. As a rule, only proteins that pass a stringent selection process are transported to their target organelles and compartments. If proper maturation fails, the aberrant products are degraded. Quality control improves folding efficiency by retaining proteins in the special folding environment of the endoplasmic reticulum, and it prevents harmful effects that could be caused by the deployment of incompletely folded or assembled proteins.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ellgaard, L -- Molinari, M -- Helenius, A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Dec 3;286(5446):1882-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute of Biochemistry, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Universitatstrasse 16, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10583943" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Endoplasmic Reticulum/*metabolism ; Glycoproteins/chemistry/metabolism ; Golgi Apparatus/metabolism ; Membrane Proteins/chemistry/metabolism ; Models, Biological ; Molecular Chaperones/metabolism ; Oligosaccharides/metabolism ; Organelles/metabolism ; Protein Conformation ; *Protein Folding ; Proteins/*chemistry/*metabolism/secretion
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    Bile acids: natural ligands for an orphan nuclear receptor (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-05-21
    Description: Bile acids regulate the transcription of genes that control cholesterol homeostasis through molecular mechanisms that are poorly understood. Physiological concentrations of free and conjugated chenodeoxycholic acid, lithocholic acid, and deoxycholic acid activated the farnesoid X receptor (FXR; NR1H4), an orphan nuclear receptor. As ligands, these bile acids and their conjugates modulated interaction of FXR with a peptide derived from steroid receptor coactivator 1. These results provide evidence for a nuclear bile acid signaling pathway that may regulate cholesterol homeostasis.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Parks, D J -- Blanchard, S G -- Bledsoe, R K -- Chandra, G -- Consler, T G -- Kliewer, S A -- Stimmel, J B -- Willson, T M -- Zavacki, A M -- Moore, D D -- Lehmann, J M -- F32 DK09793/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R01 DK53366/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 May 21;284(5418):1365-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular Biochemistry, Glaxo Wellcome Research and Development, Research Triangle Park NC, 27709, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10334993" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Bile Acids and Salts/chemistry/*metabolism/pharmacology ; Carrier Proteins/metabolism ; Cell Line ; Chenodeoxycholic Acid/*metabolism/pharmacology ; Cholesterol/metabolism ; DNA-Binding Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Deoxycholic Acid/metabolism/pharmacology ; Histone Acetyltransferases ; Homeostasis ; Humans ; Ligands ; Lithocholic Acid/metabolism/pharmacology ; Mice ; Nuclear Receptor Coactivator 1 ; *Organic Anion Transporters, Sodium-Dependent ; Protein Conformation ; Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; Structure-Activity Relationship ; *Symporters ; Transcription Factors/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Transfection
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    Control of circadian rhythms and photoperiodic flowering by the Arabidopsis GIGANTEA gene (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1999-09-08
    Description: Photoperiodic responses in plants include flowering that is day-length-dependent. Mutations in the Arabidopsis thaliana GIGANTEA (GI) gene cause photoperiod-insensitive flowering and alteration of circadian rhythms. The GI gene encodes a protein containing six putative transmembrane domains. Circadian expression patterns of the GI gene and the clock-associated genes, LHY and CCA1, are altered in gi mutants, showing that GI is required for maintaining circadian amplitude and appropriate period length of these genes. The gi-1 mutation also affects light signaling to the clock, which suggests that GI participates in a feedback loop of the plant circadian system.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Park, D H -- Somers, D E -- Kim, Y S -- Choy, Y H -- Lim, H K -- Soh, M S -- Kim, H J -- Kay, S A -- Nam, H G -- GM56006/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Sep 3;285(5433):1579-82.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Life Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Kyungbuk, 790-784, Korea.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10477524" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Arabidopsis/*genetics/*physiology ; *Arabidopsis Proteins ; *Circadian Rhythm ; Cloning, Molecular ; Crosses, Genetic ; DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics ; Darkness ; Feedback ; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ; *Genes, Plant ; Light ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Photoperiod ; Plant Leaves/physiology ; Plant Proteins/chemistry/*genetics/physiology ; Plant Structures/physiology ; Sequence Deletion ; Transcription Factors/genetics
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    Apoptosis of T cells mediated by Ca2+-induced release of the transcription factor MEF2 (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1999-10-26
    Description: T cell receptor (TCR)-induced apoptosis of thymocytes is mediated by calcium-dependent expression of the steroid receptors Nur77 and Nor1. Nur77 expression is controlled by the transcription factor myocyte enhancer factor 2 (MEF2), but how MEF2 is activated by calcium signaling is still obscure. Cabin1, a calcineurin inhibitor, was found to regulate MEF2. MEF2 was normally sequestered by Cabin1 in a transcriptionally inactive state. TCR engagement led to an increase in intracellular calcium concentration and the dissociation of MEF2 from Cabin1, as a result of competitive binding of activated calmodulin to Cabin1. The interplay between Cabin1, MEF2, and calmodulin defines a distinct signaling pathway from the TCR to the Nur77 promoter during T cell apoptosis.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Youn, H D -- Sun, L -- Prywes, R -- Liu, J O -- GM55783/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Oct 22;286(5440):790-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center for Cancer Research, Department of Biology, Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10531067" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing ; *Apoptosis ; Calcineurin/chemistry/genetics/metabolism/pharmacology ; Calcium/metabolism ; *Calcium Signaling ; Calmodulin/metabolism ; Cell Line ; DNA-Binding Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Gene Expression ; Genes, Reporter ; Humans ; Jurkat Cells ; MEF2 Transcription Factors ; Myogenic Regulatory Factors ; Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4, Group A, Member 1 ; Phosphoproteins/chemistry/genetics/metabolism/pharmacology ; Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism ; Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear ; Receptors, Steroid ; T-Lymphocytes/*cytology/*metabolism ; Transcription Factors/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Transcription, Genetic ; Two-Hybrid System Techniques
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    Molecular architecture of the rotary motor in ATP synthase (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1999-11-27
    Description: Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthase contains a rotary motor involved in biological energy conversion. Its membrane-embedded F0 sector has a rotation generator fueled by the proton-motive force, which provides the energy required for the synthesis of ATP by the F1 domain. An electron density map obtained from crystals of a subcomplex of yeast mitochondrial ATP synthase shows a ring of 10 c subunits. Each c subunit forms an alpha-helical hairpin. The interhelical loops of six to seven of the c subunits are in close contact with the gamma and delta subunits of the central stalk. The extensive contact between the c ring and the stalk suggests that they may rotate as an ensemble during catalysis.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stock, D -- Leslie, A G -- Walker, J E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Nov 26;286(5445):1700-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Medical Research Council Dunn Human Nutrition Unit, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2XY, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10576729" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenosine Triphosphate/metabolism ; Catalysis ; Crystallization ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Hydrogen Bonding ; Mitochondria/enzymology ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Motor Proteins/*chemistry/metabolism ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Folding ; Protein Structure, Secondary ; Proton-Motive Force ; Proton-Translocating ATPases/*chemistry/metabolism ; Protons ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae/enzymology
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    Spatiotemporal dynamics of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate that underlies complex Ca2+ mobilization patterns (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-05-29
    Description: Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) is a second messenger that elicits complex spatiotemporal patterns of calcium ion (Ca2+) mobilization and has essential roles in the regulation of many cellular functions. In Madin-Darby canine kidney epithelial cells, green fluorescent protein-tagged pleckstrin homology domain translocated from the plasma membrane to the cytoplasm in response to increased concentration of IP3. The detection of translocation enabled monitoring of IP3 concentration changes within single cells and revealed spatiotemporal dynamics in the concentration of IP3 synchronous with Ca2+ oscillations and intracellular and intercellular IP3 waves that accompanied Ca2+ waves. Such changes in IP3 concentration may be fundamental to Ca2+ signaling.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hirose, K -- Kadowaki, S -- Tanabe, M -- Takeshima, H -- Iino, M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 May 28;284(5419):1527-30.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo and CREST, Japan Science and Technology Corporation, Tokyo 113-8654, Japan. hirose@calcium.cmp.m.u-tokyo.ac.jp〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10348740" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenosine Triphosphate/pharmacology ; Animals ; Calcium/*metabolism ; *Calcium Signaling ; Cell Line ; Cell Membrane/metabolism ; Cell Nucleus/metabolism ; Cytoplasm/metabolism ; Dogs ; Green Fluorescent Proteins ; Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate/*metabolism ; Inositol Phosphates/metabolism ; Isoenzymes/chemistry/metabolism ; Ligands ; Luminescent Proteins ; Microscopy, Confocal ; Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-Diphosphate/metabolism ; Phospholipase C delta ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; Time Factors ; Type C Phospholipases/chemistry/metabolism
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    X-ray crystallographic structure of the Norwalk virus capsid (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1999-10-09
    Description: Norwalk virus, a noncultivatable human calicivirus, is the major cause of epidemic gastroenteritis in humans. The first x-ray structure of a calicivirus capsid, which consists of 180 copies of a single protein, has been determined by phase extension from a low-resolution electron microscopy structure. The capsid protein has a protruding (P) domain connected by a flexible hinge to a shell (S) domain that has a classical eight-stranded beta-sandwich motif. The structure of the P domain is unlike that of any other viral protein with a subdomain exhibiting a fold similar to that of the second domain in the eukaryotic translation elongation factor-Tu. This subdomain, located at the exterior of the capsid, has the largest sequence variation among Norwalk-like human caliciviruses and is likely to contain the determinants of strain specificity and cell binding.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Prasad, B V -- Hardy, M E -- Dokland, T -- Bella, J -- Rossmann, M G -- Estes, M K -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Oct 8;286(5438):287-90.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Verna and Marrs Mclean Department of Biochemistry, Division of Molecular Virology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA. bprasad@bcm.tmc.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10514371" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Capsid/*chemistry/metabolism ; *Capsid Proteins ; Cryoelectron Microscopy ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Dimerization ; Genome, Viral ; Humans ; Hydrogen Bonding ; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Norwalk virus/*chemistry/genetics/physiology ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Folding ; Protein Structure, Secondary ; Recombinant Proteins/chemistry ; Virus Assembly
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    For the latest information, tune to channel KcsA (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-07-31
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zagrovic, B -- Aldrich, R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Jul 2;285(5424):59, 61.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. zagrovic@leland.stanford.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10428704" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Bacterial Proteins ; Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; *Ion Channel Gating ; Potassium/chemistry/*metabolism ; Potassium Channels/*chemistry/*physiology ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Structure, Secondary ; Shaker Superfamily of Potassium Channels ; Spin Labels ; Static Electricity ; Streptomyces/chemistry/physiology
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    Phosphorylation and sequestration of serotonin transporters differentially modulated by psychostimulants (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-07-31
    Description: Many psychotropic drugs interfere with the reuptake of dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin. Transport capacity is regulated by kinase-linked pathways, particularly those involving protein kinase C (PKC), resulting in transporter phosphorylation and sequestration. Phosphorylation and sequestration of the serotonin transporter (SERT) were substantially impacted by ligand occupancy. Ligands that can permeate the transporter, such as serotonin or the amphetamines, prevented PKC-dependent SERT phosphorylation. Nontransported SERT antagonists such as cocaine and antidepressants were permissive for SERT phosphorylation but blocked serotonin effects. PKC-dependent SERT sequestration was also blocked by serotonin. These findings reveal activity-dependent modulation of neurotransmitter reuptake and identify previously unknown consequences of amphetamine, cocaine, and antidepressant action.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ramamoorthy, S -- Blakely, R D -- DA07390/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Jul 30;285(5428):763-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Pharmacology and Center for Molecular Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232-6420, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10427004" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Antidepressive Agents/metabolism/pharmacology ; Biogenic Monoamines/metabolism/pharmacology ; Biotinylation ; Carrier Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors/*metabolism ; Cell Line ; Central Nervous System Agents/metabolism/*pharmacology ; Cocaine/metabolism/pharmacology ; Dextroamphetamine/metabolism/pharmacology ; Enzyme Activation ; Humans ; Ligands ; Membrane Glycoproteins/antagonists & inhibitors/*metabolism ; *Membrane Transport Proteins ; Models, Biological ; *Nerve Tissue Proteins ; Neurotransmitter Agents/metabolism/*pharmacology ; Phosphorylation ; Protein Kinase C/metabolism ; Protein Kinases/metabolism ; Serotonin/*metabolism/pharmacology ; Serotonin Antagonists/pharmacology ; Serotonin Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins ; Serotonin Uptake Inhibitors/metabolism/pharmacology ; Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate/pharmacology
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    The tyrosine kinase negative regulator c-Cbl as a RING-type, E2-dependent ubiquitin-protein ligase (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-10-09
    Description: Ubiquitination of receptor protein-tyrosine kinases (RPTKs) terminates signaling by marking active receptors for degradation. c-Cbl, an adapter protein for RPTKs, positively regulates RPTK ubiquitination in a manner dependent on its variant SRC homology 2 (SH2) and RING finger domains. Ubiquitin-protein ligases (or E3s) are the components of ubiquitination pathways that recognize target substrates and promote their ligation to ubiquitin. The c-Cbl protein acted as an E3 that can recognize tyrosine-phosphorylated substrates, such as the activated platelet-derived growth factor receptor, through its SH2 domain and that recruits and allosterically activates an E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme through its RING domain. These results reveal an SH2-containing protein that functions as a ubiquitin-protein ligase and thus provide a distinct mechanism for substrate targeting in the ubiquitin system.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Joazeiro, C A -- Wing, S S -- Huang, H -- Leverson, J D -- Hunter, T -- Liu, Y C -- CA39780/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 DK56558/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- T32CA09523/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- etc. -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Oct 8;286(5438):309-12.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉The Salk Institute, Molecular Biology and Virology Laboratory, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10514377" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Cell Line ; Humans ; Ligases/chemistry/*metabolism ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Phosphotyrosine/metabolism ; Point Mutation ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-cbl ; Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/*metabolism ; Receptor, Platelet-Derived Growth Factor beta/metabolism ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; Sequence Alignment ; Signal Transduction ; *Ubiquitin-Conjugating Enzymes ; Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases ; Ubiquitins/*metabolism ; src Homology Domains
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    A molecular mechanism for electrical tuning of cochlear hair cells (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-01-08
    Description: Cochlear frequency selectivity in lower vertebrates arises in part from electrical tuning intrinsic to the sensory hair cells. The resonant frequency is determined largely by the gating kinetics of calcium-activated potassium (BK) channels encoded by the slo gene. Alternative splicing of slo from chick cochlea generated kinetically distinct BK channels. Combination with accessory beta subunits slowed the gating kinetics of alpha splice variants but preserved relative differences between them. In situ hybridization showed that the beta subunit is preferentially expressed by low-frequency (apical) hair cells in the avian cochlea. Interaction of beta with alpha splice variants could provide the kinetic range needed for electrical tuning of cochlear hair cells.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ramanathan, K -- Michael, T H -- Jiang, G J -- Hiel, H -- Fuchs, P A -- DC00276/DC/NIDCD NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Jan 8;283(5399):215-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center for Hearing Sciences, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9880252" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alternative Splicing ; Animals ; Calcium/metabolism ; Cell Line ; Electrophysiology ; Gene Expression ; Hair Cells, Auditory/*physiology ; Humans ; In Situ Hybridization ; *Ion Channel Gating ; Kinetics ; Large-Conductance Calcium-Activated Potassium Channel beta Subunits ; Large-Conductance Calcium-Activated Potassium Channels ; Membrane Potentials ; Patch-Clamp Techniques ; Potassium Channels/genetics/*physiology ; *Potassium Channels, Calcium-Activated ; Quail ; RNA, Messenger/genetics/metabolism ; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Transfection
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    Signaling of cell fate decisions by CLAVATA3 in Arabidopsis shoot meristems (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-03-19
    Description: In higher plants, organogenesis occurs continuously from self-renewing apical meristems. Arabidopsis thaliana plants with loss-of-function mutations in the CLAVATA (CLV1, 2, and 3) genes have enlarged meristems and generate extra floral organs. Genetic analysis indicates that CLV1, which encodes a receptor kinase, acts with CLV3 to control the balance between meristem cell proliferation and differentiation. CLV3 encodes a small, predicted extracellular protein. CLV3 acts nonautonomously in meristems and is expressed at the meristem surface overlying the CLV1 domain. These proteins may act as a ligand-receptor pair in a signal transduction pathway, coordinating growth between adjacent meristematic regions.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Fletcher, J C -- Brand, U -- Running, M P -- Simon, R -- Meyerowitz, E M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Mar 19;283(5409):1911-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10082464" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Arabidopsis/*cytology/genetics/growth & development/metabolism ; *Arabidopsis Proteins ; Cell Differentiation ; Cell Division ; Cloning, Molecular ; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ; Genes, Plant ; In Situ Hybridization ; Ligands ; Meristem/*cytology/growth & development/metabolism ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Phenotype ; Plant Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Plant Shoots/cytology ; RNA, Messenger/genetics/metabolism ; RNA, Plant/genetics/metabolism ; Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/genetics/metabolism ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; *Signal Transduction
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    A nucleoside transporter from Trypanosoma brucei involved in drug resistance (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-07-10
    Description: Drug resistance of pathogens is an increasing problem whose underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. Cellular uptake of the major drugs against Trypanosoma brucei spp., the causative agents of sleeping sickness, is thought to occur through an unusual, so far unidentified adenosine transporter. Saccharomyces cerevisiae was used in a functional screen to clone a gene (TbAT1) from Trypanosoma brucei brucei that encodes a nucleoside transporter. When expressed in yeast, TbAT1 enabled adenosine uptake and conferred susceptibility to melaminophenyl arsenicals. Drug-resistant trypanosomes harbor a defective TbAT1 variant. The molecular identification of the entry route of trypanocides opens the way to approaches for diagnosis and treatment of drug-resistant sleeping sickness.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Maser, P -- Sutterlin, C -- Kralli, A -- Kaminsky, R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Jul 9;285(5425):242-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Swiss Tropical Institute, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland. Biozentrum, University of Basel, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10398598" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenosine/*metabolism ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Arsenicals/metabolism/pharmacology ; Biological Transport ; Carrier Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Cloning, Molecular ; Drug Resistance/genetics ; Genes, Protozoan ; Membrane Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Nucleoside Transport Proteins ; Nucleosides/metabolism ; Purines/metabolism/pharmacology ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae/genetics ; Substrate Specificity ; Trypanocidal Agents/metabolism/*pharmacology ; Trypanosoma brucei brucei/*drug effects/genetics/*metabolism ; Trypanosomiasis, African/drug therapy/parasitology
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    Putting stem cells to work (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-04-17
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Solter, D -- Gearhart, J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Mar 5;283(5407):1468-70.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute of Immunology, Freiburg, Germany. solter@immunbio.mpg.de〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10206877" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Bioethics ; Blastocyst/*cytology ; *Cell Differentiation ; Cell Line ; Cells, Cultured ; Cloning, Organism ; Cytoplasm/physiology ; Embryo, Mammalian/cytology ; Humans ; Mice ; Nuclear Transfer Techniques ; Stem Cells/*cytology
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    A cyclic antimicrobial peptide produced in primate leukocytes by the ligation of two truncated alpha-defensins (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-10-16
    Description: Analysis of rhesus macaque leukocytes disclosed the presence of an 18-residue macrocyclic, tridisulfide antibiotic peptide in granules of neutrophils and monocytes. The peptide, termed rhesus theta defensin-1 (RTD-1), is microbicidal for bacteria and fungi at low micromolar concentrations. Antibacterial activity of the cyclic peptide was threefold greater than that of an open-chain analog, and the cyclic conformation was required for antimicrobial activity in the presence of 150 millimolar sodium chloride. Biosynthesis of RTD-1 involves the head-to-tail ligation of two alpha-defensin-related nonapeptides, requiring the formation of two new peptide bonds. Thus, host defense cells possess mechanisms for synthesis and granular packaging of macrocyclic antibiotic peptides that are components of the phagocyte antimicrobial armamentarium.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Tang, Y Q -- Yuan, J -- Osapay, G -- Osapay, K -- Tran, D -- Miller, C J -- Ouellette, A J -- Selsted, M E -- AI22931/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- DK33506/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- DK44632/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- etc. -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Oct 15;286(5439):498-502.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10521339" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Anti-Infective Agents/chemistry/*metabolism/pharmacology ; Bacteria/drug effects ; Cloning, Molecular ; Defensins ; Disulfides/chemistry ; Fungi/drug effects ; Humans ; Leukopoiesis ; Macaca mulatta ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Monocytes/*metabolism ; Neutrophils/*metabolism ; Oligopeptides/chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; Osmolar Concentration ; Peptides, Cyclic/*biosynthesis/chemistry/genetics/pharmacology ; *Protein Biosynthesis ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Precursors/chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; Protein Processing, Post-Translational ; Proteins/chemistry/genetics/pharmacology
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    Structural basis of Smad2 recognition by the Smad anchor for receptor activation (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-12-30
    Description: The Smad proteins mediate transforming growth factor-beta (TGFbeta) signaling from the transmembrane serine-threonine receptor kinases to the nucleus. The Smad anchor for receptor activation (SARA) recruits Smad2 to the TGFbeta receptors for phosphorylation. The crystal structure of a Smad2 MH2 domain in complex with the Smad-binding domain (SBD) of SARA has been determined at 2.2 angstrom resolution. SARA SBD, in an extended conformation comprising a rigid coil, an alpha helix, and a beta strand, interacts with the beta sheet and the three-helix bundle of Smad2. Recognition between the SARA rigid coil and the Smad2 beta sheet is essential for specificity, whereas interactions between the SARA beta strand and the Smad2 three-helix bundle contribute significantly to binding affinity. Comparison of the structures between Smad2 and a comediator Smad suggests a model for how receptor-regulated Smads are recognized by the type I receptors.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wu, G -- Chen, Y G -- Ozdamar, B -- Gyuricza, C A -- Chong, P A -- Wrana, J L -- Massague, J -- Shi, Y -- CA85171/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Jan 7;287(5450):92-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10615055" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Activin Receptors, Type I ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Binding Sites ; Carrier Proteins/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; DNA-Binding Proteins/*chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Hydrogen Bonding ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Phosphorylation ; Point Mutation ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Structure, Secondary ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases/chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta/chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/chemistry/metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; Smad2 Protein ; Trans-Activators/*chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Zinc Fingers
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    Brain transplants? (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-01-16
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sikorski, R -- Peters, R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Dec 18;282(5397):2213.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9890829" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Brain Tissue Transplantation ; Cell Differentiation ; Cell Line ; Cell Movement ; Cerebellum/cytology ; Cerebral Ventricles/cytology/embryology ; *Fetal Tissue Transplantation ; Humans ; Mice ; Neuroglia/cytology ; Neurons/cytology ; *Stem Cell Transplantation ; Stem Cells/cytology/enzymology ; beta-N-Acetylhexosaminidases/genetics
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    The rotary enzyme of the cell: the rotation of F1-ATPase (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-01-05
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Noji, H -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Dec 4;282(5395):1844-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉"Genetic Programming" Team 13, Teikyo Unmiversity Biotechnology Center, Nogawa, Kawasaki, Japan. noji@phys.keio.ac.jp〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9874637" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Actins/chemistry/metabolism ; Adenosine Triphosphate/metabolism ; *Awards and Prizes ; *Biochemistry/history ; Catalytic Domain ; History, 20th Century ; Japan ; Microscopy, Fluorescence ; Models, Molecular ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Structure, Secondary ; Proton-Translocating ATPases/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Protons ; Thermodynamics
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  • 59
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    Negative regulation of Wingless signaling by D-axin, a Drosophila homolog of axin (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-03-12
    Description: Wnt/Wingless directs many cell fates during development. Wnt/Wingless signaling increases the amount of beta-catenin/Armadillo, which in turn activates gene transcription. Here the Drosophila protein D-Axin was shown to interact with Armadillo and D-APC. Mutation of d-axin resulted in the accumulation of cytoplasmic Armadillo and one of the Wingless target gene products, Distal-less. Ectopic expression of d-axin inhibited Wingless signaling. Hence, D-Axin negatively regulates Wingless signaling by down-regulating the level of Armadillo. These results establish the importance of the Axin family of proteins in Wnt/Wingless signaling in Drosophila.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hamada, F -- Tomoyasu, Y -- Takatsu, Y -- Nakamura, M -- Nagai, S -- Suzuki, A -- Fujita, F -- Shibuya, H -- Toyoshima, K -- Ueno, N -- Akiyama, T -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Mar 12;283(5408):1739-42.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Oncogene Research, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita 565-0871, Japan.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10073940" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing ; Adenomatous Polyposis Coli Protein ; Animals ; Armadillo Domain Proteins ; Axin Protein ; Body Patterning ; Carrier Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Chromosome Mapping ; Cytoplasm/metabolism ; Cytoskeletal Proteins/metabolism ; Down-Regulation ; Drosophila/*embryology/genetics/metabolism ; *Drosophila Proteins ; Embryo, Nonmammalian/metabolism ; Extremities/embryology ; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental ; Genes, Insect ; Homeodomain Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; In Situ Hybridization ; Insect Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Phenotype ; Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins/*metabolism ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; *Repressor Proteins ; *Signal Transduction ; *Trans-Activators ; *Transcription Factors ; Wings, Animal/embryology/metabolism ; Wnt1 Protein
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    MaRX: an approach to genetics in mammalian cells (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-03-13
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hannon, G J -- Sun, P -- Carnero, A -- Xie, L Y -- Maestro, R -- Conklin, D S -- Beach, D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Feb 19;283(5405):1129-30.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10075573" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cell Line ; Cloning, Molecular/*methods ; DNA, Complementary ; Gene Expression ; Gene Library ; Genes, p53 ; Genes, ras ; *Genetic Techniques ; Genetic Vectors ; Mammals ; Phenotype ; Proviruses/genetics ; Retroviridae/genetics ; Transformation, Genetic
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    Crystal structure of the ectodomain of human transferrin receptor (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-10-26
    Description: The transferrin receptor (TfR) undergoes multiple rounds of clathrin-mediated endocytosis and reemergence at the cell surface, importing iron-loaded transferrin (Tf) and recycling apotransferrin after discharge of iron in the endosome. The crystal structure of the dimeric ectodomain of the human TfR, determined here to 3.2 angstroms resolution, reveals a three-domain subunit. One domain closely resembles carboxy- and aminopeptidases, and features of membrane glutamate carboxypeptidase can be deduced from the TfR structure. A model is proposed for Tf binding to the receptor.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lawrence, C M -- Ray, S -- Babyonyshev, M -- Galluser, R -- Borhani, D W -- Harrison, S C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Oct 22;286(5440):779-82.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Children's Hospital Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, 320 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10531064" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; CHO Cells ; Carboxypeptidases/chemistry ; Cell Membrane/chemistry ; Conserved Sequence ; Cricetinae ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Dimerization ; Ferric Compounds/metabolism ; Glycosylation ; Humans ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Structure, Secondary ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Receptors, Transferrin/*chemistry/metabolism ; Transferrin/metabolism
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    Genetic selection of peptide inhibitors of biological pathways (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-07-27
    Description: Genetic selections were used to find peptides that inhibit biological pathways in budding yeast. The peptides were presented inside cells as peptamers, surface loops on a highly expressed and biologically inert carrier protein, a catalytically inactive derivative of staphylococcal nuclease. Peptamers that inhibited the pheromone signaling pathway, transcriptional silencing, and the spindle checkpoint were isolated. Putative targets for the inhibitors were identified by a combination of two-hybrid analysis and genetic dissection of the target pathways. This analysis identified Ydr517w as a component of the spindle checkpoint and reinforced earlier indications that Ste50 has both positive and negative roles in pheromone signaling. Analysis of transcript arrays showed that the peptamers were highly specific in their effects, which suggests that they may be useful reagents in organisms that lack sophisticated genetics as well as for identifying components of existing biological pathways that are potential targets for drug discovery.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Norman, T C -- Smith, D L -- Sorger, P K -- Drees, B L -- O'Rourke, S M -- Hughes, T R -- Roberts, C J -- Friend, S H -- Fields, S -- Murray, A W -- P41-RR11823/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Jul 23;285(5427):591-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0444, USA. tnorman@microbia.com〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10417390" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases/metabolism ; Fungal Proteins/metabolism ; G1 Phase ; Galactose/metabolism ; Lipoproteins/metabolism ; Micrococcal Nuclease ; Mitosis ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Peptide Library ; Peptides/genetics/metabolism/*pharmacology ; Pheromones/*metabolism ; Protein Binding ; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases ; Protein-Tyrosine Kinases ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae/cytology/genetics/*metabolism ; *Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins ; *Selection, Genetic ; *Signal Transduction ; Spindle Apparatus/drug effects/*metabolism ; Transcription, Genetic
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    Reconstitution of G1 cyclin ubiquitination with complexes containing SCFGrr1 and Rbx1 (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-04-24
    Description: Control of cyclin levels is critical for proper cell cycle regulation. In yeast, the stability of the G1 cyclin Cln1 is controlled by phosphorylation-dependent ubiquitination. Here it is shown that this reaction can be reconstituted in vitro with an SCF E3 ubiquitin ligase complex. Phosphorylated Cln1 was ubiquitinated by SCF (Skp1-Cdc53-F-box protein) complexes containing the F-box protein Grr1, Rbx1, and the E2 Cdc34. Rbx1 promotes association of Cdc34 with Cdc53 and stimulates Cdc34 auto-ubiquitination in the context of Cdc53 or SCF complexes. Rbx1, which is also a component of the von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor complex, may define a previously unrecognized class of E3-associated proteins.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Skowyra, D -- Koepp, D M -- Kamura, T -- Conrad, M N -- Conaway, R C -- Conaway, J W -- Elledge, S J -- Harper, J W -- AG11085/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- GM41628/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM54137/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Apr 23;284(5414):662-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10213692" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Anaphase-Promoting Complex-Cyclosome ; Animals ; Carrier Proteins/chemistry/*metabolism ; Cell Cycle Proteins/metabolism ; Cell Line ; *Cullin Proteins ; Cyclins/*metabolism ; F-Box Proteins ; Fungal Proteins/*metabolism ; Ligases/metabolism ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Peptide Synthases/*metabolism ; Phosphorylation ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; S-Phase Kinase-Associated Proteins ; SKP Cullin F-Box Protein Ligases ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae/metabolism ; *Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins ; Sequence Alignment ; Ubiquitin-Conjugating Enzymes ; *Ubiquitin-Protein Ligase Complexes ; Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases ; Ubiquitins/*metabolism
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    Evolutionarily conserved pathways of energetic connectivity in protein families (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-10-09
    Description: For mapping energetic interactions in proteins, a technique was developed that uses evolutionary data for a protein family to measure statistical interactions between amino acid positions. For the PDZ domain family, this analysis predicted a set of energetically coupled positions for a binding site residue that includes unexpected long-range interactions. Mutational studies confirm these predictions, demonstrating that the statistical energy function is a good indicator of thermodynamic coupling in proteins. Sets of interacting residues form connected pathways through the protein fold that may be the basis for efficient energy conduction within proteins.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lockless, S W -- Ranganathan, R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Oct 8;286(5438):295-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75235-9050, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10514373" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Amino Acids/chemistry/metabolism ; Binding Sites ; Conserved Sequence ; *Evolution, Molecular ; Models, Molecular ; Mutation ; Probability ; Protein Binding ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Folding ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Proteins/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/chemistry/metabolism ; Sequence Alignment ; Statistics as Topic ; Thermodynamics
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Identification of a vertebrate sister-chromatid separation inhibitor involved in transformation and tumorigenesis (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-07-20
    Description: A vertebrate securin (vSecurin) was identified on the basis of its biochemical analogy to the Pds1p protein of budding yeast and the Cut2p protein of fission yeast. The vSecurin protein bound to a vertebrate homolog of yeast separins Esp1p and Cut1p and was degraded by proteolysis mediated by an anaphase-promoting complex in a manner dependent on a destruction motif. Furthermore, expression of a stable Xenopus securin mutant protein blocked sister-chromatid separation but did not block the embryonic cell cycle. The vSecurin proteins share extensive sequence similarity with each other but show no sequence similarity to either of their yeast counterparts. Human securin is identical to the product of the gene called pituitary tumor-transforming gene (PTTG), which is overexpressed in some tumors and exhibits transforming activity in NIH 3T3 cells. The oncogenic nature of increased expression of vSecurin may result from chromosome gain or loss, produced by errors in chromatid separation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zou, H -- McGarry, T J -- Bernal, T -- Kirschner, M W -- GM26875/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Jul 16;285(5426):418-22.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, 240 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10411507" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: 3T3 Cells ; Amino Acid Sequence ; *Anaphase ; Anaphase-Promoting Complex-Cyclosome ; Animals ; CDC2 Protein Kinase/metabolism ; Cell Cycle Proteins/chemistry/metabolism ; *Cell Transformation, Neoplastic ; Chromatids/*physiology ; Conserved Sequence ; Cyclin B/metabolism ; Cyclin B1 ; *Endopeptidases ; Fungal Proteins/chemistry/metabolism ; HeLa Cells ; Humans ; Ligases/metabolism ; Mice ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutagenesis, Site-Directed ; Neoplasm Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Neoplasms/etiology ; Nuclear Proteins/chemistry/metabolism ; Oncogene Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Oncogenes ; *Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins ; *Schizosaccharomyces pombe Proteins ; Securin ; Separase ; Spindle Apparatus/metabolism ; *Ubiquitin-Protein Ligase Complexes ; Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases ; Xenopus
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    Xyloglucan fucosyltransferase, an enzyme involved in plant cell wall biosynthesis (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-06-18
    Description: Cell walls are crucial for development, signal transduction, and disease resistance in plants. Cell walls are made of cellulose, hemicelluloses, and pectins. Xyloglucan (XG), the principal load-bearing hemicellulose of dicotyledonous plants, has a terminal fucosyl residue. A 60-kilodalton fucosyltransferase (FTase) that adds this residue was purified from pea epicotyls. Peptide sequence information from the pea FTase allowed the cloning of a homologous gene, AtFT1, from Arabidopsis. Antibodies raised against recombinant AtFTase immunoprecipitate FTase enzyme activity from solubilized Arabidopsis membrane proteins, and AtFT1 expressed in mammalian COS cells results in the presence of XG FTase activity in these cells.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Perrin, R M -- DeRocher, A E -- Bar-Peled, M -- Zeng, W -- Norambuena, L -- Orellana, A -- Raikhel, N V -- Keegstra, K -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Jun 18;284(5422):1976-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Michigan State University-Department of Energy (MSU-DOE) Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10373113" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Arabidopsis/*enzymology/genetics ; COS Cells ; Carbohydrate Conformation ; Cell Wall/*metabolism ; Cloning, Molecular ; DNA, Complementary ; Expressed Sequence Tags ; Fucosyltransferases/chemistry/genetics/isolation & purification/*metabolism ; Genes, Plant ; *Glucans ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Peas/*enzymology ; Polysaccharides/*biosynthesis/chemistry ; *Xylans
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    TCR-Mediated internalization of peptide-MHC complexes acquired by T cells (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-11-05
    Description: Peptide-major histocompatibility complex protein complexes (pMHCs) on antigen-presenting cells (APCs) are central to T cell activation. Within minutes of peptide-specific T cells interacting with APCs, pMHCs on APCs formed clusters at the site of T cell contact. Thereafter, these clusters were acquired by T cells and internalized through T cell receptor-mediated endocytosis. During this process, T cells became sensitive to peptide-specific lysis by neighboring T cells (fratricide). This form of immunoregulation could explain the "exhaustion" of T cell responses that is induced by high viral loads and may serve to down-regulate immune responses.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Huang, J F -- Yang, Y -- Sepulveda, H -- Shi, W -- Hwang, I -- Peterson, P A -- Jackson, M R -- Sprent, J -- Cai, Z -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Oct 29;286(5441):952-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉R. W. Johnson Pharmaceutical Research Institute, 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10542149" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cell Line ; Drosophila ; *Endocytosis ; Flow Cytometry ; Histocompatibility Antigens/*immunology ; Macromolecular Substances ; Peptides/*immunology ; Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/*immunology ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/genetics/immunology ; T-Lymphocytes/*immunology/metabolism ; T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
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    Perforin gene defects in familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-12-03
    Description: Familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (FHL) is a rare, rapidly fatal, autosomal recessive immune disorder characterized by uncontrolled activation of T cells and macrophages and overproduction of inflammatory cytokines. Linkage analyses indicate that FHL is genetically heterogeneous and linked to 9q21.3-22, 10q21-22, or another as yet undefined locus. Sequencing of the coding regions of the perforin gene of eight unrelated 10q21-22-linked FHL patients revealed homozygous nonsense mutations in four patients and missense mutations in the other four patients. Cultured lymphocytes from patients had defective cytotoxic activity, and immunostaining revealed little or no perforin in the granules. Thus, defects in perforin are responsible for 10q21-22-linked FHL. Perforin-based effector systems are, therefore, involved not only in the lysis of abnormal cells but also in the down-regulation of cellular immune activation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stepp, S E -- Dufourcq-Lagelouse, R -- Le Deist, F -- Bhawan, S -- Certain, S -- Mathew, P A -- Henter, J I -- Bennett, M -- Fischer, A -- de Saint Basile, G -- Kumar, V -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Dec 3;286(5446):1957-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Pathology and the Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas, TX 75235, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10583959" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Antigen-Presenting Cells/immunology ; Cell Death ; Cell Line ; Cells, Cultured ; Chromosome Mapping ; Chromosomes, Human, Pair 10/*genetics ; Codon, Terminator ; Cytoplasmic Granules/chemistry ; Cytotoxicity, Immunologic ; Frameshift Mutation ; Genetic Linkage ; Granzymes ; Heterozygote ; Histiocytosis, Non-Langerhans-Cell/*genetics/immunology ; Humans ; Lymphocyte Activation ; Membrane Glycoproteins/analysis/*genetics/physiology ; Mutation, Missense ; Perforin ; Point Mutation ; Pore Forming Cytotoxic Proteins ; Serine Endopeptidases/analysis ; T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/chemistry/immunology
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    Difference mapping cryo-EM (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-03-13
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Peters, R -- Sikorski, R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Feb 19;283(5405):1133.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10075576" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Capsid/*chemistry/ultrastructure ; Cryoelectron Microscopy/*methods ; Hepatitis B Core Antigens/*chemistry ; Hepatitis B virus/*chemistry/ultrastructure ; *Image Processing, Computer-Assisted ; Oligopeptides ; Protein Conformation
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    Structure of an E6AP-UbcH7 complex: insights into ubiquitination by the E2-E3 enzyme cascade (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-11-13
    Description: The E6AP ubiquitin-protein ligase (E3) mediates the human papillomavirus-induced degradation of the p53 tumor suppressor in cervical cancer and is mutated in Angelman syndrome, a neurological disorder. The crystal structure of the catalytic hect domain of E6AP reveals a bilobal structure with a broad catalytic cleft at the junction of the two lobes. The cleft consists of conserved residues whose mutation interferes with ubiquitin-thioester bond formation and is the site of Angelman syndrome mutations. The crystal structure of the E6AP hect domain bound to the UbcH7 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme (E2) reveals the determinants of E2-E3 specificity and provides insights into the transfer of ubiquitin from the E2 to the E3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Huang, L -- Kinnucan, E -- Wang, G -- Beaudenon, S -- Howley, P M -- Huibregtse, J M -- Pavletich, N P -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Nov 12;286(5443):1321-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Cellular Biochemistry and Biophysics Program, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10558980" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Angelman Syndrome/genetics ; Binding Sites ; Catalytic Domain ; Conserved Sequence ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Cysteine/chemistry ; Humans ; Ligases/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Structure, Secondary ; Substrate Specificity ; Ubiquitin-Conjugating Enzymes ; Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases ; Ubiquitins/*metabolism
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    Structural analysis of the mechanism of adenovirus binding to its human cellular receptor, CAR (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-11-24
    Description: Binding of virus particles to specific host cell surface receptors is known to be an obligatory step in infection even though the molecular basis for these interactions is not well characterized. The crystal structure of the adenovirus fiber knob domain in complex with domain I of its human cellular receptor, coxsackie and adenovirus receptor (CAR), is presented here. Surface-exposed loops on knob contact one face of CAR, forming a high-affinity complex. Topology mismatches between interacting surfaces create interfacial solvent-filled cavities and channels that may be targets for antiviral drug therapy. The structure identifies key determinants of binding specificity, which may suggest ways to modify the tropism of adenovirus-based gene therapy vectors.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bewley, M C -- Springer, K -- Zhang, Y B -- Freimuth, P -- Flanagan, J M -- 1P41 RR12408-01A1/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Nov 19;286(5444):1579-83.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Biology Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10567268" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenoviruses, Human/chemistry/*metabolism ; Amino Acid Substitution ; Binding Sites ; Capsid/*chemistry/*metabolism ; *Capsid Proteins ; Coxsackie and Adenovirus Receptor-Like Membrane Protein ; Crystallization ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Hydrogen Bonding ; Models, Molecular ; Mutagenesis ; Protein Binding ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Structure, Secondary ; Receptors, Virus/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Recombinant Proteins/chemistry/metabolism ; Thermodynamics
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    The transcriptional program in the response of human fibroblasts to serum (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999
    Description: The temporal program of gene expression during a model physiological response of human cells, the response of fibroblasts to serum, was explored with a complementary DNA microarray representing about 8600 different human genes. Genes could be clustered into groups on the basis of their temporal patterns of expression in this program. Many features of the transcriptional program appeared to be related to the physiology of wound repair, suggesting that fibroblasts play a larger and richer role in this complex multicellular response than had previously been appreciated.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Iyer, V R -- Eisen, M B -- Ross, D T -- Schuler, G -- Moore, T -- Lee, J C -- Trent, J M -- Staudt, L M -- Hudson, J Jr -- Boguski, M S -- Lashkari, D -- Shalon, D -- Botstein, D -- Brown, P O -- CA 77097/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- HG00450/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- T32 HG00450/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- etc. -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Jan 1;283(5398):83-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford CA 94305, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9872747" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Blood ; Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases/genetics/metabolism ; Cell Cycle/*genetics ; Cell Line ; Cholesterol/biosynthesis ; Culture Media ; Culture Media, Serum-Free ; Expressed Sequence Tags ; Fibroblasts/cytology/*physiology ; Fluorescent Dyes ; *Gene Expression Regulation ; Genes, Immediate-Early ; Humans ; Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis ; Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods ; Software ; Time Factors ; Transcription Factors/genetics ; *Transcription, Genetic ; Wound Healing/*genetics
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    Inhibition of the interferon-inducible protein kinase PKR by HCV E2 protein (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-07-03
    Description: Most isolates of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections are resistant to interferon, the only available therapy, but the mechanism underlying this resistance has not been defined. Here it is shown that the HCV envelope protein E2 contains a sequence identical with phosphorylation sites of the interferon-inducible protein kinase PKR and the translation initiation factor eIF2alpha, a target of PKR. E2 inhibited the kinase activity of PKR and blocked its inhibitory effect on protein synthesis and cell growth. This interaction of E2 and PKR may be one mechanism by which HCV circumvents the antiviral effect of interferon.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Taylor, D R -- Shi, S T -- Romano, P R -- Barber, G N -- Lai, M M -- AI 40038/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Jul 2;285(5424):107-10.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Southern California, School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10390359" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Cell Line ; Chloramphenicol O-Acetyltransferase/biosynthesis ; Drug Resistance, Microbial ; Endoplasmic Reticulum/metabolism ; Enzyme Induction ; Eukaryotic Initiation Factor-2/chemistry/metabolism ; HeLa Cells ; *Hepacivirus/drug effects ; Humans ; Interferon-alpha/*pharmacology ; Phosphorylation ; Protein Biosynthesis ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism/pharmacology ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae/genetics/growth & development/metabolism ; Transfection ; Transformation, Genetic ; Viral Envelope Proteins/chemistry/metabolism/pharmacology/*physiology ; eIF-2 Kinase/*antagonists & inhibitors/chemistry/metabolism
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Inhibitors of the nonmevalonate pathway of isoprenoid biosynthesis as antimalarial drugs (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-09-08
    Description: A mevalonate-independent pathway of isoprenoid biosynthesis present in Plasmodium falciparum was shown to represent an effective target for chemotherapy of malaria. This pathway includes 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate (DOXP) as a key metabolite. The presence of two genes encoding the enzymes DOXP synthase and DOXP reductoisomerase suggests that isoprenoid biosynthesis in P. falciparum depends on the DOXP pathway. This pathway is probably located in the apicoplast. The recombinant P. falciparum DOXP reductoisomerase was inhibited by fosmidomycin and its derivative, FR-900098. Both drugs suppressed the in vitro growth of multidrug-resistant P. falciparum strains. After therapy with these drugs, mice infected with the rodent malaria parasite P. vinckei were cured.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Jomaa, H -- Wiesner, J -- Sanderbrand, S -- Altincicek, B -- Weidemeyer, C -- Hintz, M -- Turbachova, I -- Eberl, M -- Zeidler, J -- Lichtenthaler, H K -- Soldati, D -- Beck, E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Sep 3;285(5433):1573-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute of Biochemistry, Academic Hospital Centre, Justus-Liebig-University, Friedrichstrasse 24, D-35392 Giessen, Germany. hassan.jomaa@biochemie.med.uni-giessen.de〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10477522" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Aldose-Ketose Isomerases/*antagonists & inhibitors/chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Antimalarials/*pharmacology ; Cloning, Molecular ; Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology ; Fosfomycin/*analogs & derivatives/pharmacology ; Genes, Protozoan ; *Hemiterpenes ; Malaria/*drug therapy/parasitology ; Malaria, Falciparum/drug therapy/parasitology ; Mevalonic Acid/metabolism ; Mice ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Multienzyme Complexes/*antagonists & inhibitors/chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; Organelles/drug effects/metabolism ; Organophosphorus Compounds/metabolism ; Oxidoreductases/*antagonists & inhibitors/chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; Pentosephosphates/*metabolism ; Plasmodium falciparum/*drug effects/genetics/metabolism ; Recombinant Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors/metabolism ; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Terpenes/*pharmacology
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    Structural changes in bacteriorhodopsin during ion transport at 2 angstrom resolution (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-10-09
    Description: Crystal structures of the Asp96 to Asn mutant of the light-driven proton pump bacteriorhodopsin and its M photointermediate produced by illumination at ambient temperature have been determined to 1.8 and 2.0 angstroms resolution, respectively. The trapped photoproduct corresponds to the late M state in the transport cycle-that is, after proton transfer to Asp85 and release of a proton to the extracellular membrane surface, but before reprotonation of the deprotonated retinal Schiff base. Its density map describes displacements of side chains near the retinal induced by its photoisomerization to 13-cis,15-anti and an extensive rearrangement of the three-dimensional network of hydrogen-bonded residues and bound water that accounts for the changed pKa values (where Ka is the acid constant) of the Schiff base and Asp85. The structural changes detected suggest the means for conserving energy at the active site and for ensuring the directionality of proton translocation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Luecke, H -- Schobert, B -- Richter, H T -- Cartailler, J P -- Lanyi, J K -- R01-GM29498/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01-GM56445/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01-GM59970/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Oct 8;286(5438):255-61.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA. hudel@uci.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10514362" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Bacteriorhodopsins/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Binding Sites ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Cytoplasm/chemistry ; Hydrogen Bonding ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Ion Transport ; Isomerism ; Light ; Models, Molecular ; Photolysis ; Photons ; Point Mutation ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Structure, Secondary ; Proton Pumps/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Protons ; Retinaldehyde/chemistry/metabolism ; Schiff Bases ; Thermodynamics ; Water
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    Bacterial photoreceptor with similarity to photoactive yellow protein and plant phytochromes (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-07-20
    Description: A phytochrome-like protein called Ppr was discovered in the purple photosynthetic bacterium Rhodospirillum centenum. Ppr has a photoactive yellow protein (PYP) amino-terminal domain, a central domain with similarity to phytochrome, and a carboxyl-terminal histidine kinase domain. Reconstitution experiments demonstrate that Ppr covalently attaches the blue light-absorbing chromophore p-hydroxycinnamic acid and that it has a photocycle that is spectrally similar to, but kinetically slower than, that of PYP. Ppr also regulates chalcone synthase gene expression in response to blue light with autophosphorylation inhibited in vitro by blue light. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrates that R. centenum Ppr may be ancestral to cyanobacterial and plant phytochromes.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Jiang, Z -- Swem, L R -- Rushing, B G -- Devanathan, S -- Tollin, G -- Bauer, C E -- GM 40941/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM040941/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM053940/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Jul 16;285(5426):406-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, Indiana University, Jordan Hall, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10411503" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acyltransferases/genetics ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Apoproteins/chemistry/metabolism ; Bacterial Proteins/*chemistry/genetics/physiology ; Chemotaxis ; Cloning, Molecular ; Coumaric Acids/metabolism ; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial ; Light ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Phosphorylation ; *Photoreceptors, Microbial ; Phylogeny ; Phytochrome/*chemistry ; Protein Kinases/metabolism ; Rhodospirillum/*chemistry/genetics/physiology ; Sequence Alignment
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    Prevention of constitutive TNF receptor 1 signaling by silencer of death domains (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-01-23
    Description: Tumor necrosis factor receptor type 1 (TNF-R1) contains a cytoplasmic death domain that is required for the signaling of TNF activities such as apoptosis and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB) activation. Normally, these signals are generated only after TNF-induced receptor aggregation. However, TNF-R1 self-associates and signals independently of ligand when overexpressed. This apparent paradox may be explained by silencer of death domains (SODD), a widely expressed approximately 60-kilodalton protein that was found to be associated with the death domain of TNF-R1. TNF treatment released SODD from TNF-R1, permitting the recruitment of proteins such as TRADD and TRAF2 to the active TNF-R1 signaling complex. SODD also interacted with death receptor-3 (DR3), another member of the TNF receptor superfamily. Thus, SODD association may be representative of a general mechanism for preventing spontaneous signaling by death domain-containing receptors.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Jiang, Y -- Woronicz, J D -- Liu, W -- Goeddel, D V -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Jan 22;283(5401):543-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Tularik, Two Corporate Drive, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9915703" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Antigens, CD/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Apoptosis ; Carrier Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Cell Line ; Fas-Associated Death Domain Protein ; Humans ; Jurkat Cells ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; NF-kappa B/metabolism ; Protein Binding ; Proteins/metabolism ; Receptor Aggregation ; Receptor-Interacting Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases ; Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Member 25 ; Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; *Signal Transduction ; TNF Receptor-Associated Factor 1 ; TNF Receptor-Associated Factor 2 ; Transfection ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/pharmacology ; U937 Cells
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    Molecular rotary motors (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-12-28
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Fillingame, R H -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Nov 26;286(5445):1687-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin Medical School, Madison, WI 53706, USA. rhfillin@facstaff.wisc.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10610565" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Actins/chemistry/metabolism ; Adenosine Triphosphate/metabolism ; Catalysis ; Catalytic Domain ; Crystallization ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Escherichia coli/enzymology ; Helix-Loop-Helix Motifs ; Hydrolysis ; Mitochondria/enzymology ; Models, Biological ; *Molecular Motor Proteins/chemistry/metabolism ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Structure, Secondary ; Proton-Motive Force ; Proton-Translocating ATPases/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae/enzymology
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    Ruling may free NIH to fund stem cells studies (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1999-02-13
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Marshall, E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Jan 22;283(5401):465, 467.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9988645" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Advisory Committees ; Bioethics ; Cell Line ; *Embryo Research ; Embryo, Mammalian/*cytology ; Federal Government ; *Government Regulation ; Humans ; National Institutes of Health (U.S.)/economics/*legislation & jurisprudence ; Research ; Research Support as Topic/*legislation & jurisprudence ; *Stem Cells ; United States
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    Beta-arrestin-dependent formation of beta2 adrenergic receptor-Src protein kinase complexes (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-01-29
    Description: The Ras-dependent activation of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase pathways by many receptors coupled to heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide binding proteins (G proteins) requires the activation of Src family tyrosine kinases. Stimulation of beta2 adrenergic receptors resulted in the assembly of a protein complex containing activated c-Src and the receptor. Src recruitment was mediated by beta-arrestin, which functions as an adapter protein, binding both c-Src and the agonist-occupied receptor. beta-Arrestin 1 mutants, impaired either in c-Src binding or in the ability to target receptors to clathrin-coated pits, acted as dominant negative inhibitors of beta2 adrenergic receptor-mediated activation of the MAP kinases Erk1 and Erk2. These data suggest that beta-arrestin binding, which terminates receptor-G protein coupling, also initiates a second wave of signal transduction in which the "desensitized" receptor functions as a critical structural component of a mitogenic signaling complex.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Luttrell, L M -- Ferguson, S S -- Daaka, Y -- Miller, W E -- Maudsley, S -- Della Rocca, G J -- Lin, F -- Kawakatsu, H -- Owada, K -- Luttrell, D K -- Caron, M G -- Lefkowitz, R J -- DK02352/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- DK55524/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- HL16037/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- etc. -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Jan 29;283(5402):655-61.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9924018" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adrenergic beta-Agonists/metabolism/pharmacology ; Animals ; Arrestins/genetics/*metabolism ; Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases/metabolism ; Cell Line ; Cell Membrane/metabolism ; Enzyme Activation ; GTP-Binding Proteins/metabolism ; Humans ; Isoproterenol/metabolism/pharmacology ; Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1 ; Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3 ; *Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases ; Models, Biological ; Phosphorylation ; Point Mutation ; Precipitin Tests ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins pp60(c-src)/*metabolism ; Receptor Cross-Talk ; Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/*metabolism ; Receptors, Cell Surface/metabolism ; *Signal Transduction ; Transfection ; src Homology Domains
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    Two-metal-Ion catalysis in adenylyl cyclase (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1999-07-31
    Description: Adenylyl cyclase (AC) converts adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to cyclic adenosine monophosphate, a ubiquitous second messenger that regulates many cellular functions. Recent structural studies have revealed much about the structure and function of mammalian AC but have not fully defined its active site or catalytic mechanism. Four crystal structures were determined of the catalytic domains of AC in complex with two different ATP analogs and various divalent metal ions. These structures provide a model for the enzyme-substrate complex and conclusively demonstrate that two metal ions bind in the active site. The similarity of the active site of AC to those of DNA polymerases suggests that the enzymes catalyze phosphoryl transfer by the same two-metal-ion mechanism and likely have evolved from a common ancestor.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Tesmer, J J -- Sunahara, R K -- Johnson, R A -- Gosselin, G -- Gilman, A G -- Sprang, S R -- DK38828/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- DK46371/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- GM34497/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Jul 30;285(5428):756-60.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75235-9050, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10427002" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenosine Triphosphate/metabolism ; Adenylyl Cyclase Inhibitors ; Adenylyl Cyclases/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Animals ; Aspartic Acid/metabolism ; Binding Sites ; Catalysis ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Deoxyadenine Nucleotides/metabolism/pharmacology ; Dideoxynucleotides ; Dimerization ; Enzyme Inhibitors/metabolism ; Hydrogen Bonding ; Ligands ; Magnesium/*metabolism ; Manganese/*metabolism ; Models, Molecular ; Mutation ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Folding ; Rats ; Thionucleotides/metabolism/pharmacology ; Zinc/*metabolism
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    ROUGH SHEATH2: a Myb protein that represses knox homeobox genes in maize lateral organ primordia (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1999-04-02
    Description: The regulation of members of the knotted1-like homeobox (knox) gene family is required for the normal initiation and development of lateral organs. The maize rough sheath2 (rs2) gene, which encodes a Myb-domain protein, is expressed in lateral organ primordia and their initials. Mutations in the rs2 gene permit ectopic expression of knox genes in leaf and floral primordia, causing a variety of developmental defects. Ectopic KNOX protein accumulation in rs2 mutants occurs in a subset of the normal rs2-expressing cells. This variegated accumulation of KNOX proteins in rs2 mutants suggests that rs2 represses knox expression through epigenetic means.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Timmermans, M C -- Hudson, A -- Becraft, P W -- Nelson, T -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Apr 2;284(5411):151-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10102816" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; DNA-Binding Proteins/chemistry/genetics/physiology ; Down-Regulation ; *Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ; *Genes, Homeobox ; Genes, Plant ; Homeodomain Proteins/*genetics/metabolism ; Meristem/genetics/growth & development/metabolism ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Plant Leaves/genetics/growth & development/metabolism ; Plant Proteins/chemistry/genetics/physiology ; *Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myb ; Repressor Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*physiology ; Sequence Alignment ; Zea mays/*genetics/growth & development/metabolism
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    Arabidopsis galactolipid biosynthesis and lipid trafficking mediated by DGD1 (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-06-26
    Description: The photosynthetic apparatus in plant cells is associated with membranes of the thylakoids within the chloroplast and is embedded into a highly specialized lipid matrix. Diacylglycerol galactolipids are common in thylakoid membranes but are excluded from all others. Isolation of the gene DGD1, encoding a galactosyltransferase-like protein, now provides insights into assembly of the thylakoid lipid matrix and subcellular lipid trafficking in Arabidopsis thaliana.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Dormann, P -- Balbo, I -- Benning, C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Jun 25;284(5423):2181-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biochemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10381884" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Arabidopsis/genetics/growth & development/*metabolism ; *Arabidopsis Proteins ; Base Sequence ; Chloroplasts/metabolism ; Chromosome Mapping ; DNA, Complementary/genetics ; Endoplasmic Reticulum/metabolism ; Exons ; Galactolipids ; Galactosyltransferases/chemistry/*genetics/*metabolism ; Genes, Plant ; Glycolipids/*biosynthesis ; Intracellular Membranes/metabolism ; *Lipid Metabolism ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Plants, Genetically Modified ; Recombinant Proteins/metabolism
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    The race to the ribosome structure (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1999-10-16
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pennisi, E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Sep 24;285(5436):2048-51.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10523195" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Bacterial Proteins/chemistry ; Cryoelectron Microscopy ; Crystallization ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted ; Models, Molecular ; Nucleic Acid Conformation ; Protein Conformation ; RNA, Bacterial/chemistry/metabolism ; RNA, Messenger/chemistry/metabolism ; RNA, Ribosomal/chemistry ; RNA, Transfer/chemistry/metabolism ; Ribosomal Proteins/chemistry ; Ribosomes/*chemistry/*ultrastructure
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    Identification of a nuclear receptor for bile acids (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1999-05-21
    Description: Bile acids are essential for the solubilization and transport of dietary lipids and are the major products of cholesterol catabolism. Results presented here show that bile acids are physiological ligands for the farnesoid X receptor (FXR), an orphan nuclear receptor. When bound to bile acids, FXR repressed transcription of the gene encoding cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase, which is the rate-limiting enzyme in bile acid synthesis, and activated the gene encoding intestinal bile acid-binding protein, which is a candidate bile acid transporter. These results demonstrate a mechanism by which bile acids transcriptionally regulate their biosynthesis and enterohepatic transport.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Makishima, M -- Okamoto, A Y -- Repa, J J -- Tu, H -- Learned, R M -- Luk, A -- Hull, M V -- Lustig, K D -- Mangelsdorf, D J -- Shan, B -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 May 21;284(5418):1362-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75235-9050, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10334992" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Bile Acids and Salts/biosynthesis/*metabolism ; Biological Transport ; Carrier Proteins/*genetics/metabolism ; Cell Line ; Chenodeoxycholic Acid/*metabolism ; Cholesterol/metabolism ; Cholesterol 7-alpha-Hydroxylase/*genetics ; DNA-Binding Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Gene Expression Regulation ; Histone Acetyltransferases ; Homeostasis ; Humans ; *Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases ; Ligands ; Liver/metabolism ; *Membrane Glycoproteins ; Mice ; Nuclear Receptor Coactivator 1 ; *Organic Anion Transporters, Sodium-Dependent ; Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; *Symporters ; Transcription Factors/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Transfection ; Tumor Cells, Cultured
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    Ribosome finally begins to yield its complete structure (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-09-18
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pennisi, E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Aug 27;285(5432):1343.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10490407" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Crystallography, X-Ray ; Haloarcula marismortui/ultrastructure ; Models, Molecular ; Neutrons ; Nucleic Acid Conformation ; Protein Conformation ; RNA, Ribosomal/*chemistry ; Ribosomal Proteins/*chemistry ; Ribosomes/*chemistry/*ultrastructure ; Scattering, Radiation ; Thermus thermophilus/ultrastructure
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    Purification and cloning of aggrecanase-1: a member of the ADAMTS family of proteins (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-06-05
    Description: We purified, cloned, and expressed aggrecanase, a protease that is thought to be responsible for the degradation of cartilage aggrecan in arthritic diseases. Aggrecanase-1 [a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs-4 (ADAMTS-4)] is a member of the ADAMTS protein family that cleaves aggrecan at the glutamic acid-373-alanine-374 bond. The identification of this protease provides a specific target for the development of therapeutics to prevent cartilage degradation in arthritis.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Tortorella, M D -- Burn, T C -- Pratta, M A -- Abbaszade, I -- Hollis, J M -- Liu, R -- Rosenfeld, S A -- Copeland, R A -- Decicco, C P -- Wynn, R -- Rockwell, A -- Yang, F -- Duke, J L -- Solomon, K -- George, H -- Bruckner, R -- Nagase, H -- Itoh, Y -- Ellis, D M -- Ross, H -- Wiswall, B H -- Murphy, K -- Hillman, M C Jr -- Hollis, G F -- Newton, R C -- Magolda, R L -- Trzaskos, J M -- Arner, E C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Jun 4;284(5420):1664-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Inflammatory Diseases Research, DuPont Pharmaceuticals Company, Wilmington, DE 19880-0400, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10356395" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: ADAM Proteins ; Aggrecans ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Arthritis/drug therapy ; Cartilage/metabolism ; Catalytic Domain ; Cloning, Molecular ; Disintegrins/chemistry/metabolism ; *Extracellular Matrix Proteins ; Humans ; Hydroxamic Acids/pharmacology ; Interleukin-1/pharmacology ; Lectins, C-Type ; Metalloendopeptidases/*chemistry/*genetics/isolation & purification/metabolism ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Procollagen N-Endopeptidase ; Protease Inhibitors/pharmacology ; Protein Sorting Signals ; Proteoglycans/metabolism ; Recombinant Proteins/chemistry/metabolism ; Sequence Analysis
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  • 88
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    The maize rough sheath2 gene and leaf development programs in monocot and dicot plants (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-04-02
    Description: Leaves of higher plants develop in a sequential manner from the shoot apical meristem. Previously it was determined that perturbed leaf development in maize rough sheath2 (rs2) mutant plants results from ectopic expression of knotted1-like (knox) homeobox genes. Here, the rs2 gene sequence was found to be similar to the Antirrhinum PHANTASTICA (PHAN) gene sequence, which encodes a Myb-like transcription factor. RS2 and PHAN are both required to prevent the accumulation of knox gene products in maize and Antirrhinum leaves, respectively. However, rs2 and phan mutant phenotypes differ, highlighting fundamental differences in monocot and dicot leaf development programs.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Tsiantis, M -- Schneeberger, R -- Golz, J F -- Freeling, M -- Langdale, J A -- GM14578/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM42610/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Apr 2;284(5411):154-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3BR, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10102817" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Cloning, Molecular ; DNA-Binding Proteins/chemistry/*genetics ; Down-Regulation ; *Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ; *Genes, Homeobox ; Genes, Plant ; Homeodomain Proteins/*genetics/metabolism ; In Situ Hybridization ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Phenotype ; Plant Development ; Plant Leaves/cytology/genetics/*growth & development/metabolism ; Plant Proteins/chemistry/*genetics ; Plants/*genetics/metabolism ; *Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myb ; Repressor Proteins/chemistry/*genetics/physiology ; Sequence Alignment ; Zea mays/*genetics/growth & development/metabolism
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 89
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    Differentiation stage-specific inhibition of the Raf-MEK-ERK pathway by Akt (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-11-27
    Description: Extracellular signals often result in simultaneous activation of both the Raf-MEK-ERK and PI3K-Akt pathways (where ERK is extracellular-regulated kinase, MEK is mitogen-activated protein kinase or ERK kinase, and PI3K is phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase). However, these two signaling pathways were shown to exert opposing effects on muscle cell hypertrophy. Furthermore, the PI3K-Akt pathway was shown to inhibit the Raf-MEK-ERK pathway; this cross-regulation depended on the differentiation state of the cell: Akt activation inhibited the Raf-MEK-ERK pathway in differentiated myotubes, but not in their myoblast precursors. The stage-specific inhibitory action of Akt correlated with its stage-specific ability to form a complex with Raf, suggesting the existence of differentially expressed mediators of an inhibitory Akt-Raf complex.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Rommel, C -- Clarke, B A -- Zimmermann, S -- Nunez, L -- Rossman, R -- Reid, K -- Moelling, K -- Yancopoulos, G D -- Glass, D J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Nov 26;286(5445):1738-41.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10576741" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cell Differentiation ; Cell Line ; Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21 ; Cyclins/genetics ; Enzyme Activation ; Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology ; Flavonoids/pharmacology ; Insulin-Like Growth Factor I/pharmacology ; MAP Kinase Signaling System/drug effects ; Mice ; Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/*antagonists & inhibitors/metabolism ; Muscle, Skeletal/*cytology/*metabolism ; Myogenin/genetics ; Phenotype ; Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases/metabolism ; Phosphorylation ; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases/*metabolism ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins/*metabolism ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-raf/*antagonists & inhibitors/metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; Transfection ; Transgenes
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 90
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    Aging-dependent large accumulation of point mutations in the human mtDNA control region for replication (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-10-26
    Description: Progressive damage to mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) during life is thought to contribute to aging processes. However, this idea has been difficult to reconcile with the small fraction of mtDNA so far found to be altered. Here, examination of mtDNA revealed high copy point mutations at specific positions in the control region for replication of human fibroblast mtDNA from normal old, but not young, individuals. Furthermore, in longitudinal studies, one or more mutations appeared in an individual only at an advanced age. Some mutations appeared in more than one individual. Most strikingly, a T414G transversion was found, in a generally high proportion (up to 50 percent) of mtDNA molecules, in 8 of 14 individuals above 65 years of age (57 percent) but was absent in 13 younger individuals.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Michikawa, Y -- Mazzucchelli, F -- Bresolin, N -- Scarlato, G -- Attardi, G -- AG-12117-03/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Oct 22;286(5440):774-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10531063" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Aging/*genetics ; Cell Line ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; DNA Damage ; DNA Repair ; DNA Replication/*genetics ; DNA, Mitochondrial/biosynthesis/chemistry/*genetics ; Fetus ; Fibroblasts ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Longitudinal Studies ; Middle Aged ; Mitochondria/*genetics ; Nucleic Acid Conformation ; Nucleic Acid Heteroduplexes ; *Point Mutation ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Pseudogenes
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 91
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    Molecular identification of a eukaryotic, stretch-activated nonselective cation channel (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-08-07
    Description: Calcium-permeable, stretch-activated nonselective cation (SA Cat) channels mediate cellular responses to mechanical stimuli. However, genes encoding such channels have not been identified in eukaryotes. The yeast MID1 gene product (Mid1) is required for calcium influx in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Functional expression of Mid1 in Chinese hamster ovary cells conferred sensitivity to mechanical stress that resulted in increases in both calcium conductance and the concentration of cytosolic free calcium. These increases were dependent on the presence of extracellular calcium and were reduced by gadolinium, a blocker of SA Cat channels. Single-channel analyses with cell-attached patches revealed that Mid1 acts as a calcium-permeable, cation-selective stretch-activated channel with a conductance of 32 picosiemens at 150 millimolar cesium chloride in the pipette. Thus, Mid1 appears to be a eukaryotic, SA Cat channel.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kanzaki, M -- Nagasawa, M -- Kojima, I -- Sato, C -- Naruse, K -- Sokabe, M -- Iida, H -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Aug 6;285(5429):882-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8510, Japan.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10436155" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; CHO Cells ; Calcium/metabolism ; Calcium Channels/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Cations/*metabolism ; Cell Membrane/metabolism ; Cell Membrane Permeability ; Cesium/metabolism ; Chlorides/pharmacology ; Cricetinae ; Fungal Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Gadolinium/pharmacology ; Ion Channels/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Membrane Glycoproteins/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Membrane Potentials ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Patch-Clamp Techniques ; Pressure ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae/genetics/metabolism ; *Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins ; Stress, Mechanical ; Transfection ; Zinc Compounds/pharmacology
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  • 92
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    The cavity and pore helices in the KcsA K+ channel: electrostatic stabilization of monovalent cations (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-07-03
    Description: The electrostatic influence of the central cavity and pore alpha helices in the potassium ion channel from Streptomyces lividans (KcsA K+ channel) was analyzed by solving the finite difference Poisson equation. The cavity and helices overcome the destabilizing influence of the membrane and stabilize a cation at the membrane center. The electrostatic effect of the pore helices is large compared to that described for water-soluble proteins because of the low dielectric membrane environment. The combined contributions of the ion self-energy and the helix electrostatic field give rise to selectivity for monovalent cations in the water-filled cavity. Thus, the K+ channel uses simple electrostatic principles to solve the fundamental problem of ion destabilization by the cell membrane lipid bilayer.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Roux, B -- MacKinnon, R -- GM47400/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Jul 2;285(5424):100-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉GRTM, Dipartements de Physique et Chimie, Universite de Montreal, Case Postal 6128, succursale Centre-Ville, Montreal, Canada H3C 3J7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10390357" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Bacterial Proteins ; Cations, Monovalent/*metabolism ; Cell Membrane/*chemistry/metabolism ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Ion Transport ; Lipid Bilayers ; Models, Molecular ; Potassium/*metabolism ; Potassium Channels/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Structure, Secondary ; Static Electricity ; Streptomyces/*chemistry ; Thermodynamics ; Water
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  • 93
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    Sequencing complex polysaccharides (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-10-16
    Description: Although rapid sequencing of polynucleotides and polypeptides has become commonplace, it has not been possible to rapidly sequence femto- to picomole amounts of tissue-derived complex polysaccharides. Heparin-like glycosaminoglycans (HLGAGs) were readily sequenced by a combination of matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry and a notation system for representation of polysaccharide sequences. This will enable identification of sequences that are critical to HLGAG biological activities in anticoagulation, cell growth, and differentiation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Venkataraman, G -- Shriver, Z -- Raman, R -- Sasisekharan, R -- GM 57073/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Oct 15;286(5439):537-42.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Division of Bioengineering and Environmental Health, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10521350" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Carbohydrate Sequence ; Disaccharides/chemistry ; Glycosaminoglycans/*chemistry ; Heparin/chemistry ; Heparin Lyase/metabolism ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Molecular Weight ; Nitrous Acid ; Oligosaccharides/*chemistry ; Polysaccharide-Lyases/metabolism ; *Sequence Analysis ; Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization
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  • 94
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    Clonal interference and the evolution of RNA viruses (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-09-11
    Description: In asexual populations, beneficial mutations that occur in different lineages compete with one another. This phenomenon, known as clonal interference, ensures that those beneficial mutations that do achieve fixation are of large effect. Clonal interference also increases the time between fixations, thereby slowing the adaptation of asexual populations. The effects of clonal interference were measured in the asexual RNA virus vesicular stomatitis virus; rates and average effects of beneficial mutations were quantified.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Miralles, R -- Gerrish, P J -- Moya, A -- Elena, S F -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Sep 10;285(5434):1745-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institut Cavanilles de Biodiversitat i Biologia Evolutiva and Departament de Genetica, Universitat de Valencia, Apartado 22085, 46071 Valencia, Spain.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10481012" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adaptation, Physiological ; Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Cell Line ; Confidence Intervals ; Cricetinae ; Gene Frequency ; Genes, Viral ; Likelihood Functions ; Models, Biological ; Models, Statistical ; *Mutation ; Vesicular stomatitis Indiana virus/genetics/*physiology ; Virus Replication
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  • 95
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    Light-dependent sequestration of TIMELESS by CRYPTOCHROME (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-07-27
    Description: Most organisms have circadian clocks consisting of negative feedback loops of gene regulation that facilitate adaptation to cycles of light and darkness. In this study, CRYPTOCHROME (CRY), a protein involved in circadian photoperception in Drosophila, is shown to block the function of PERIOD/TIMELESS (PER/TIM) heterodimeric complexes in a light-dependent fashion. TIM degradation does not occur under these conditions; thus, TIM degradation is uncoupled from abrogation of its function by light. CRY and TIM are part of the same complex and directly interact in yeast in a light-dependent fashion. PER/TIM and CRY influence the subcellular distribution of these protein complexes, which reside primarily in the nucleus after the perception of a light signal. Thus, CRY acts as a circadian photoreceptor by directly interacting with core components of the circadian clock.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ceriani, M F -- Darlington, T K -- Staknis, D -- Mas, P -- Petti, A A -- Weitz, C J -- Kay, S A -- MH-51573/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- MH-59943/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Jul 23;285(5427):553-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Cell Biology and NSF Center for Biological Timing, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10417378" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Clocks ; Cell Line ; Cell Nucleus/metabolism ; *Circadian Rhythm ; Cryptochromes ; Cytoplasm/metabolism ; Darkness ; Dimerization ; Drosophila ; *Drosophila Proteins ; *Eye Proteins ; Flavoproteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Green Fluorescent Proteins ; Insect Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; *Light ; Luminescent Proteins ; Mutation ; Nuclear Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Period Circadian Proteins ; *Photoreceptor Cells, Invertebrate ; Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; Transfection ; Yeasts/genetics/metabolism
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  • 96
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    Structure of a transcribing T7 RNA polymerase initiation complex (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-12-22
    Description: The structure of a T7 RNA polymerase (T7 RNAP) initiation complex captured transcribing a trinucleotide of RNA from a 17-base pair promoter DNA containing a 5-nucleotide single-strand template extension was determined at a resolution of 2.4 angstroms. Binding of the upstream duplex portion of the promoter occurs in the same manner as that in the open promoter complex, but the single-stranded template is repositioned to place the +4 base at the catalytic active site. Thus, synthesis of RNA in the initiation phase leads to accumulation or "scrunching" of the template in the enclosed active site pocket of T7 RNAP. Only three base pairs of heteroduplex are formed before the RNA peels off the template.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cheetham, G M -- Steitz, T A -- GM-22778/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Dec 17;286(5448):2305-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New Haven, CT 06520-8114, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10600732" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Motifs ; Bacteriophage T7/enzymology ; Catalytic Domain ; Conserved Sequence ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; DNA, Single-Stranded/*chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; DNA-Directed DNA Polymerase/chemistry/metabolism ; DNA-Directed RNA Polymerases/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Hydrogen Bonding ; Models, Molecular ; N-Acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine Amidase/metabolism ; Nucleic Acid Conformation ; Nucleic Acid Heteroduplexes/chemistry/metabolism ; Oligoribonucleotides/chemistry/metabolism ; *Promoter Regions, Genetic ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis/*chemistry/genetics ; Substrate Specificity ; Templates, Genetic ; *Transcription, Genetic ; Viral Proteins
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  • 97
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    Drosophila S6 kinase: a regulator of cell size (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-09-25
    Description: Cell proliferation requires cell growth; that is, cells only divide after they reach a critical size. However, the mechanisms by which cells grow and maintain their appropriate size have remained elusive. Drosophila deficient in the S6 kinase gene (dS6K) exhibited an extreme delay in development and a severe reduction in body size. These flies had smaller cells rather than fewer cells. The effect was cell-autonomous, displayed throughout larval development, and distinct from that of ribosomal protein mutants (Minutes). Thus, the dS6K gene product regulates cell size in a cell-autonomous manner without impinging on cell number.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Montagne, J -- Stewart, M J -- Stocker, H -- Hafen, E -- Kozma, S C -- Thomas, G -- F32 GM15926/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Sep 24;285(5436):2126-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Friedrich Miescher Institute, Maulbeerstrasse 66, 4058 Basel, Switzerland.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10497130" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Base Sequence ; Body Constitution ; Cell Count ; Cell Division ; Cell Size ; Drosophila melanogaster/cytology/*enzymology/genetics/*growth & development ; Epithelial Cells/cytology ; Female ; Genes, Insect ; Larva/cytology/growth & development ; Male ; Metamorphosis, Biological ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Ribosomal Protein S6 Kinases/genetics/*metabolism ; Wings, Animal/*cytology/growth & development
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  • 98
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    Structural basis of chaperone function and pilus biogenesis (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-08-14
    Description: Many Gram-negative pathogens assemble architecturally and functionally diverse adhesive pili on their surfaces by the chaperone-usher pathway. Immunoglobulin-like periplasmic chaperones escort pilus subunits to the usher, a large protein complex that facilitates the translocation and assembly of subunits across the outer membrane. The crystal structure of the PapD-PapK chaperone-subunit complex, determined at 2.4 angstrom resolution, reveals that the chaperone functions by donating its G(1) beta strand to complete the immunoglobulin-like fold of the subunit via a mechanism termed donor strand complementation. The structure of the PapD-PapK complex also suggests that during pilus biogenesis, every subunit completes the immunoglobulin-like fold of its neighboring subunit via a mechanism termed donor strand exchange.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sauer, F G -- Futterer, K -- Pinkner, J S -- Dodson, K W -- Hultgren, S J -- Waksman, G -- R01AI29549/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01DK51406/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R01GM54033/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Aug 13;285(5430):1058-61.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10446050" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Bacterial Proteins/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Escherichia coli ; *Escherichia coli Proteins ; Fimbriae Proteins ; Fimbriae, Bacterial/chemistry/*metabolism/ultrastructure ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Chaperones/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Molecular Sequence Data ; *Periplasmic Proteins ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Folding ; Protein Structure, Secondary ; Sequence Alignment
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  • 99
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    Mouse models of tumor development in neurofibromatosis type 1 (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-12-11
    Description: Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is a prevalent familial cancer syndrome resulting from germ line mutations in the NF1 tumor suppressor gene. Hallmark features of the disease are the development of benign peripheral nerve sheath tumors (neurofibromas), which can progress to malignancy. Unlike humans, mice that are heterozygous for a mutation in Nf1 do not develop neurofibromas. However, as described here, chimeric mice composed in part of Nf1-/- cells do, which demonstrates that loss of the wild-type Nf1 allele is rate-limiting in tumor formation. In addition, mice that carry linked germ line mutations in Nf1 and p53 develop malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNSTs), which supports a cooperative and causal role for p53 mutations in MPNST development. These two mouse models provide the means to address fundamental aspects of disease development and to test therapeutic strategies.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cichowski, K -- Shih, T S -- Schmitt, E -- Santiago, S -- Reilly, K -- McLaughlin, M E -- Bronson, R T -- Jacks, T -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Dec 10;286(5447):2172-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology and Center for Cancer Research and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10591652" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cell Line ; Chimera ; *Disease Models, Animal ; Female ; *Genes, Neurofibromatosis 1 ; Genes, p53 ; Germ-Line Mutation ; Humans ; Loss of Heterozygosity ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mice, Transgenic ; Mutation ; Nerve Sheath Neoplasms/*genetics/*pathology ; Nerve Tissue Proteins/analysis/physiology ; Neurofibromatosis 1/*genetics/*pathology ; Neurofibromin 1 ; Proteins/analysis/physiology ; S100 Proteins/analysis ; Schwann Cells/chemistry/ultrastructure ; Stem Cells
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    A pair of related genes with antagonistic roles in mediating flowering signals (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-12-03
    Description: Flowering in Arabidopsis is promoted via several interacting pathways. A photoperiod-dependent pathway relays signals from photoreceptors to a transcription factor gene, CONSTANS (CO), which activates downstream meristem identity genes such as LEAFY (LFY). FT, together with LFY, promotes flowering and is positively regulated by CO. Loss of FT causes delay in flowering, whereas overexpression of FT results in precocious flowering independent of CO or photoperiod. FT acts in part downstream of CO and mediates signals for flowering in an antagonistic manner with its homologous gene, TERMINAL FLOWER1 (TFL1).〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kobayashi, Y -- Kaya, H -- Goto, K -- Iwabuchi, M -- Araki, T -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Dec 3;286(5446):1960-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Botany, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10583960" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Arabidopsis/*genetics/*growth & development ; *Arabidopsis Proteins ; DNA-Binding Proteins/chemistry/*genetics/physiology ; *Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ; Genes, Plant ; MADS Domain Proteins ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Phenotype ; Photoperiod ; Plant Proteins/chemistry/*genetics/physiology ; Plant Structures/growth & development ; Plants, Genetically Modified ; Signal Transduction ; Transcription Factors/chemistry/*genetics/physiology ; Up-Regulation
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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