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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2001-12-01
    Description: Cholesterol, fatty acids, fat-soluble vitamins, and other lipids present in our diets are not only nutritionally important but serve as precursors for ligands that bind to receptors in the nucleus. To become biologically active, these lipids must first be absorbed by the intestine and transformed by metabolic enzymes before they are delivered to their sites of action in the body. Ultimately, the lipids must be eliminated to maintain a normal physiological state. The need to coordinate this entire lipid-based metabolic signaling cascade raises important questions regarding the mechanisms that govern these pathways. Specifically, what is the nature of communication between these bioactive lipids and their receptors, binding proteins, transporters, and metabolizing enzymes that links them physiologically and speaks to a higher level of metabolic control? Some general principles that govern the actions of this class of bioactive lipids and their nuclear receptors are considered here, and the scheme that emerges reveals a complex molecular script at work.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Chawla, A -- Repa, J J -- Evans, R M -- Mangelsdorf, D J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Nov 30;294(5548):1866-70.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Gene Expression Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, Post Office Box 85800, San Diego, CA 92186-5800, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11729302" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Bile Acids and Salts/metabolism ; Cholesterol/analogs & derivatives/metabolism ; DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism ; Dimerization ; Fatty Acids/metabolism ; Humans ; Ligands ; *Lipid Metabolism ; Orphan Nuclear Receptors ; Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/classification/*metabolism ; Receptors, Retinoic Acid/*metabolism ; *Receptors, Steroid/metabolism ; Retinoid X Receptors ; Signal Transduction ; Transcription Factors/*metabolism ; Xenobiotics/metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 1999-05-21
    Description: Bile acids are essential for the solubilization and transport of dietary lipids and are the major products of cholesterol catabolism. Results presented here show that bile acids are physiological ligands for the farnesoid X receptor (FXR), an orphan nuclear receptor. When bound to bile acids, FXR repressed transcription of the gene encoding cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase, which is the rate-limiting enzyme in bile acid synthesis, and activated the gene encoding intestinal bile acid-binding protein, which is a candidate bile acid transporter. These results demonstrate a mechanism by which bile acids transcriptionally regulate their biosynthesis and enterohepatic transport.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Makishima, M -- Okamoto, A Y -- Repa, J J -- Tu, H -- Learned, R M -- Luk, A -- Hull, M V -- Lustig, K D -- Mangelsdorf, D J -- Shan, B -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 May 21;284(5418):1362-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75235-9050, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10334992" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Bile Acids and Salts/biosynthesis/*metabolism ; Biological Transport ; Carrier Proteins/*genetics/metabolism ; Cell Line ; Chenodeoxycholic Acid/*metabolism ; Cholesterol/metabolism ; Cholesterol 7-alpha-Hydroxylase/*genetics ; DNA-Binding Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Gene Expression Regulation ; Histone Acetyltransferases ; Homeostasis ; Humans ; *Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases ; Ligands ; Liver/metabolism ; *Membrane Glycoproteins ; Mice ; Nuclear Receptor Coactivator 1 ; *Organic Anion Transporters, Sodium-Dependent ; Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; *Symporters ; Transcription Factors/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Transfection ; Tumor Cells, Cultured
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2000-09-01
    Description: Several nuclear hormone receptors involved in lipid metabolism form obligate heterodimers with retinoid X receptors (RXRs) and are activated by RXR agonists such as rexinoids. Animals treated with rexinoids exhibited marked changes in cholesterol balance, including inhibition of cholesterol absorption and repressed bile acid synthesis. Studies with receptor-selective agonists revealed that oxysterol receptors (LXRs) and the bile acid receptor (FXR) are the RXR heterodimeric partners that mediate these effects by regulating expression of the reverse cholesterol transporter, ABC1, and the rate-limiting enzyme of bile acid synthesis, CYP7A1, respectively. Thus, these RXR heterodimers serve as key regulators of cholesterol homeostasis by governing reverse cholesterol transport from peripheral tissues, bile acid synthesis in liver, and cholesterol absorption in intestine.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Repa, J J -- Turley, S D -- Lobaccaro, J A -- Medina, J -- Li, L -- Lustig, K -- Shan, B -- Heyman, R A -- Dietschy, J M -- Mangelsdorf, D J -- R37 HL 09610/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Sep 1;289(5484):1524-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390-9050, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10968783" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: ATP Binding Cassette Transporter 1 ; ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters/genetics/*metabolism ; Animals ; Bile Acids and Salts/biosynthesis ; Biological Transport/drug effects ; Cholesterol/*metabolism ; Cholesterol 7-alpha-Hydroxylase/metabolism ; Cholesterol, Dietary/administration & dosage ; Cricetinae ; DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism ; Dimerization ; Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects ; Glycoproteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Homeostasis/drug effects ; Intestinal Absorption/*drug effects ; Intestine, Small/*metabolism ; Ligands ; Liver/*metabolism ; Macrophages, Peritoneal/metabolism ; Male ; Mesocricetus ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mice, Knockout ; Orphan Nuclear Receptors ; *Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear ; Receptors, Retinoic Acid/agonists/genetics/*metabolism ; Receptors, Thyroid Hormone/agonists/genetics/metabolism ; Retinoid X Receptors ; Transcription Factors/agonists/*metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2002-05-23
    Description: The vitamin D receptor (VDR) mediates the effects of the calcemic hormone 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3]. We show that VDR also functions as a receptor for the secondary bile acid lithocholic acid (LCA), which is hepatotoxic and a potential enteric carcinogen. VDR is an order of magnitude more sensitive to LCA and its metabolites than are other nuclear receptors. Activation of VDR by LCA or vitamin D induced expression in vivo of CYP3A, a cytochrome P450 enzyme that detoxifies LCA in the liver and intestine. These studies offer a mechanism that may explain the proposed protective effects of vitamin D and its receptor against colon cancer.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Makishima, Makoto -- Lu, Timothy T -- Xie, Wen -- Whitfield, G Kerr -- Domoto, Hideharu -- Evans, Ronald M -- Haussler, Mark R -- Mangelsdorf, David J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 May 17;296(5571):1313-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390-9050, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12016314" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases ; Binding, Competitive ; COS Cells ; Cell Line ; Colonic Neoplasms/prevention & control ; Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A ; Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System/genetics/metabolism ; DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism ; Dimerization ; Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic ; Histone Acetyltransferases ; Humans ; Intestine, Small/*metabolism ; Ligands ; Lithocholic Acid/analogs & derivatives/*metabolism/pharmacology ; Male ; Mice ; Nuclear Receptor Coactivator 1 ; Oxidoreductases, N-Demethylating/genetics/metabolism ; Promoter Regions, Genetic ; Rats ; Receptors, Calcitriol/agonists/genetics/*metabolism ; Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/metabolism ; Receptors, Steroid/metabolism ; Transcription Factors/metabolism ; Transfection
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2002-05-04
    Description: Extracts of the resin of the guggul tree (Commiphora mukul) lower LDL (low-density lipoprotein) cholesterol levels in humans. The plant sterol guggulsterone [4,17(20)-pregnadiene-3,16-dione] is the active agent in this extract. We show that guggulsterone is a highly efficacious antagonist of the farnesoid X receptor (FXR), a nuclear hormone receptor that is activated by bile acids. Guggulsterone treatment decreases hepatic cholesterol in wild-type mice fed a high-cholesterol diet but is not effective in FXR-null mice. Thus, we propose that inhibition of FXR activation is the basis for the cholesterol-lowering activity of guggulsterone. Other natural products with specific biologic effects may modulate the activity of FXR or other relatively promiscuous nuclear hormone receptors.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Urizar, Nancy L -- Liverman, Amy B -- Dodds, D'Nette T -- Silva, Frank Valentin -- Ordentlich, Peter -- Yan, Yingzhuo -- Gonzalez, Frank J -- Heyman, Richard A -- Mangelsdorf, David J -- Moore, David D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 May 31;296(5573):1703-6. Epub 2002 May 2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11988537" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Binding Sites ; Caco-2 Cells ; Carrier Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Cells, Cultured ; Chenodeoxycholic Acid/pharmacology ; Cholesterol/*metabolism ; Cholesterol, Dietary/administration & dosage ; DNA/metabolism ; DNA-Binding Proteins/*antagonists & inhibitors/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Hepatocytes/metabolism ; Histone Acetyltransferases ; Humans ; *Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases ; Hypolipidemic Agents/metabolism/*pharmacology ; Ligands ; Liver/metabolism ; *Membrane Glycoproteins ; Mice ; Nuclear Receptor Coactivator 1 ; Pregnenediones/metabolism/*pharmacology ; Promoter Regions, Genetic ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/antagonists & inhibitors/genetics/metabolism ; Receptors, Steroid/antagonists & inhibitors/metabolism ; Transcription Factors/*antagonists & inhibitors/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Transcriptional Activation/drug effects ; Transfection ; Tumor Cells, Cultured
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2009-04-04
    Description: In response to small-molecule signals such as retinoids or steroids, nuclear receptors activate gene expression to regulate development in different tissues. MicroRNAs turn off target gene expression within cells by binding complementary regions in messenger RNA transcripts, and they have been broadly implicated in development and disease. Here we show that the Caenorhabditis elegans nuclear receptor DAF-12 and its steroidal ligand directly activate promoters of let-7 microRNA family members to down-regulate the microRNA target hbl-1, which drives progression of epidermal stem cells from second to third larval stage patterns of cell division. Conversely, the receptor without the ligand represses microRNA expression during developmental arrest. These findings identify microRNAs as components of a hormone-coupled molecular switch that shuts off earlier developmental programs to allow for later ones.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2757405/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2757405/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bethke, Axel -- Fielenbach, Nicole -- Wang, Zhu -- Mangelsdorf, David J -- Antebi, Adam -- GM077201/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM077201/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM077201-03/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Apr 3;324(5923):95-8. doi: 10.1126/science.1164899.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Huffington Center on Aging, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19342589" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Animals, Genetically Modified ; Caenorhabditis elegans/cytology/genetics/*growth & development/*metabolism ; Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Cell Line ; Cholestenes/*metabolism ; DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Down-Regulation ; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental ; Genes, Helminth ; Humans ; Ligands ; MicroRNAs/*genetics ; Mutation ; RNA, Helminth/genetics/metabolism ; Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/genetics/*metabolism ; Response Elements ; Signal Transduction ; Transcription Factors/genetics/metabolism ; Transfection ; Up-Regulation
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2011-03-26
    Description: Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 19 is an enterokine synthesized and released when bile acids are taken up into the ileum. We show that FGF19 stimulates hepatic protein and glycogen synthesis but does not induce lipogenesis. The effects of FGF19 are independent of the activity of either insulin or the protein kinase Akt and, instead, are mediated through a mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway that activates components of the protein translation machinery and stimulates glycogen synthase activity. Mice lacking FGF15 (the mouse FGF19 ortholog) fail to properly maintain blood concentrations of glucose and normal postprandial amounts of liver glycogen. FGF19 treatment restored the loss of glycogen in diabetic animals lacking insulin. Thus, FGF19 activates a physiologically important, insulin-independent endocrine pathway that regulates hepatic protein and glycogen metabolism.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3076083/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3076083/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kir, Serkan -- Beddow, Sara A -- Samuel, Varman T -- Miller, Paul -- Previs, Stephen F -- Suino-Powell, Kelly -- Xu, H Eric -- Shulman, Gerald I -- Kliewer, Steven A -- Mangelsdorf, David J -- DK40936/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- DK62434/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- DK67158/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R01 DK040936/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R01 DK040936-23/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R01 DK067158/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R01 DK067158-09/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R24 DK085638/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- U19 DK062434/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- U19 DK062434-10/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- U24 DK059635/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- U24 DK059635-05/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- U24 DK076169/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- U24 DK076169-05/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Mar 25;331(6024):1621-4. doi: 10.1126/science.1198363.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6001 Forest Park Road, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21436455" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Blood Glucose/metabolism ; Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/metabolism ; Eukaryotic Initiation Factors/metabolism ; Fibroblast Growth Factors/*metabolism/*pharmacology ; Glucose/metabolism ; Glycogen Synthase/metabolism ; Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3/metabolism ; Hep G2 Cells ; Humans ; Insulin/*metabolism/pharmacology ; Liver/drug effects/*metabolism ; Liver Glycogen/*biosynthesis ; MAP Kinase Signaling System ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Phosphorylation ; *Protein Biosynthesis ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/metabolism ; Ribosomal Protein S6/metabolism ; Signal Transduction
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 1987-03-06
    Description: Vitamin D3 receptors are intracellular proteins that mediate the nuclear action of the active metabolite 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3]. Two receptor-specific monoclonal antibodies were used to recover the complementary DNA (cDNA) of this regulatory protein from a chicken intestinal lambda gt11 cDNA expression library. The amino acid sequences that were deduced from this cDNA revealed a highly conserved cysteine-rich region that displayed homology with a domain characteristic of other steroid receptors and with the gag-erbA oncogene product of avian erythroblastosis virus. RNA selected via hybridization with this DNA sequence directed the cell-free synthesis of immunoprecipitable vitamin D3 receptor. Northern blot analysis of polyadenylated RNA with these cDNA probes revealed two vitamin D receptor messenger RNAs (mRNAs) of 2.6 and 3.2 kilobases in receptor-containing chicken tissues and a major cross-hybridizing receptor mRNA species of 4.2 kilobases in mouse 3T6 fibroblasts. The 4.2-kilobase species was substantially increased by prior exposure of 3T6 cells to 1,25(OH)2D3. This cDNA represents perhaps the rarest mRNA cloned to date in eukaryotes, as well as the first receptor sequence described for an authentic vitamin.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉McDonnell, D P -- Mangelsdorf, D J -- Pike, J W -- Haussler, M R -- O'Malley, B W -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1987 Mar 6;235(4793):1214-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3029866" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Calcitriol/metabolism ; Chickens/*metabolism ; Cholecalciferol/*metabolism ; Cloning, Molecular ; DNA/*genetics ; Genetic Code ; Mice ; Molecular Conformation ; RNA, Messenger/metabolism ; Receptors, Steroid/*genetics/metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 9
  • 10
    Publication Date: 1997-05-13
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
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