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  • Articles  (2,625)
  • Animals  (2,269)
  • Chemical Engineering
  • Models, Molecular
  • phosphorus
  • 1990-1994  (2,625)
  • Biology  (2,538)
  • Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition  (88)
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  • Articles  (2,625)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Historical changes in sediments of Pyramid Lake, Nevada, USA: consequences of changes in the water balance of a terminal desert lake (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of paleolimnology 12 (1994), S. 87-101 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0417
    Keywords: Great Basin ; climatic variations ; productivity ; organic matter ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; hardwater lake
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Sediment cores from the shallow and deep basins of Pyramid Lake, Nevada, revealed variations in composition with depth reflecting changes in lake level, river inflow, and lake productivity. Recent sediments from the period of historical record indicate: (1) CaCO3 and organic content of sediment in the shallow basin decrease at lower lake level, (2) CaCO3 content of deep basin sediments increases when lake level decreases rapidly, and (3) the inorganic P content of sediments increases with decreasing lake volume. Variations in sediment composition also indicate several periods for which productivity in Pyramid Lake may have been elevated over the past 1000 years. Our data provide strong evidence for increased productivity during the first half of the 20th Century, although the typical pattern for cultural eutrophication was not observed. The organic content of sediments also suggests periods of increased productivity in the lake prior to the discovery and development of the region by white settlers. Indeed, a broad peak in organic fractions during the 1800's originates as an increase starting around 1600. However, periods of changing organic content of sediments also correspond to periods when inflow to the lake was probably at extremes (e.g. drought or flood) indicating that fluctuations in river inflow may be an important factor affecting sediment composition in Pyramid Lake.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00678089
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Environmental impact of fertilizing soils by using sewage and animal wastes (1994)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 37 (1994), S. 1-22 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: animal slurries and manures ; applications to soils ; carbon- ; nitrogen- ; phosphorus ; contamination ; crop production ; dissemination ; hazardous organics ; heavy metals ; inputs ; macro- and micronutrients ; pathogens ; sewage sludges ; survival- ; transfer- ; transport and adsorption rates in soils
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The European Community is producing annually about 300 × 106 tons of sewage sludges as well as about 150, 950,160 and 200 tons of domestic, agricultural, industrial and other wastes (street litter, dead leaves etc.). About 20–25% of the German sewage sludges, which contain in average about 3.8,1.6, 0.4, 0.6, 5.3% DM−1 N, P, K, Mg and Ca, 202, 5, 131, 349, 53, 3 and 1446 mg kg−1 DM Pb, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Hg, Zn as well as ca. 37 and 5 mg kg−1 Dm polychlorinated hydrocarbons and biphenyls, are recycled annually as fertilizer. In addition environmental impacts on the arable land of Germany may derive from 76,19.2, 64.7, 33.6, 7.8 and 0.1 kg ha−1 a−1 of N, P, K, Ca, Mg and Cu added as animal manures. Besides heavy metals and hazardous organics pathogens are disseminated with organic wastes. Crop production and soil fertility generally profit from the considerable amounts of plant nutrients and carbon in sewage sludges, animal slurries and manures, but the physicochemical soil properties, the composition of microbial, faunal and plant communities as well as the metabolic processes in the soil-, rhizo- and phyllosphere are changed by organic manuring. Consequences for the soil carbon-, nitrogen-and phosphorus-cycle are discussed. Impacts of heavy metals and hazardous organics on the soil biomass and its habitat as well as on transport mechanisms and surival times of disseminated pathogens in soils are reviewed with emphasis on the German situation. A proposal for future strategies (landscape recycling) is made.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00750669
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Land application of poultry litter and water quality in Oklahoma, U.S.A. (1994)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 40 (1994), S. 165-173 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Animal manure ; eutrophication ; ground water ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; surface runoff
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract With the rapid growth of the poultry industry in Oklahoma, U.S.A., more litter is applied to farm land. Thus, information is required on the impact of applications on regional soil and water resources. The effect of soil and poultry litter management on nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) loss in runoff and subsurface flow from four 16 m2 plots (Ruston fine sandy loam, 6 to 8% slope) was investigated under natural rainfall. Plots under Bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) received 11 Mg litter ha−1, which amounts to contributions of approximately 410 kg N and 140 kg P ha−1 yr−1. In spring, litter was broadcast on 3 of the plots; the upper half of one and total area of the other two. One of the total-area broadcast plots was tilled to 6 cm, the other remained as no till. The fourth plot served as a control. Relative to the control, litter application increased mean concentrations of total N and total P in runoff during the 16-week study for no-till (15.4 and 5.8 mg L−1) and tilled treatments (16.7 and 6.1 mg L−1). However, values for the half-area application (5.6 and 2.0 mg L−1) were similar to the control (5.7 and 1.3 mg L−1). Interflow (subsurface lateral flow at 70 cm depth) P was not affected by litter application; however, nitrate-N concentrations increased from 0.6 (control) to 2.9 mg L−1 (no till). In all cases, 〈 2 % litter N and P was lost in runoff and interflow, maintaining acceptable water quality concentrations. Although litter increased grass yield (8518 kg ha−1) compared to the control (3501 kg ha−1), yields were not affected by litter management. An 8-fold increase in the plant available P content of surface soil indicates long-term litter management and application rates will be critical to the environmentally sound use of this nutrient resource.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00750462
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Response of ensete (Ensete ventricosum W.) to mineral fertilizers in southwest Ethiopia (1994)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 37 (1994), S. 107-113 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Ensete ventricosum ; fertilizer response ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; potassium ; sulphur ; starch
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Ensete (Ensete ventricosum W. Cheesm.) is a root crop which stores starch in the root and in the lower part of the stem. It is grown in the southwest of Ethiopia and due to its drought resistance, it is of outstanding importance for the supply of food to the local population. Until now virtually nothing is known about the response of Ensete to fertilizer application. Field trials carried out on three representative soils in Ethiopia showed that Ensete biomass yields were increased significantly on all three soils by nitrogen and phosphorus application. Potassium had only marginal effect on biomass growth but favourably influenced starch production. Sulfate application had no major impact on growth and starch yield. The yield response was well related to the level of available nutrients in the soil, as determined by electroultrafiltration (EUF). Leaf analysis provided preliminary evidence that optimum levels of N, P, and K may be 3.8%, 0.3%, and 4.8%, respectively.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00748551
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of phosphate on the sorption, desorption and plant-availability of selenium in soil (1994)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 39 (1994), S. 189-197 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: interaction ; isotopic exchange ; phosphorus ; plant-availability ; selenium ; soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Phosphate, applied at 5µg P cm−3, decreased selenite sorption by from 30–70% in three soils studied. Both maximum sorption (Xm) and the binding-energy of sorption as indicated by the binding-energy related constant (k) or the molar free energy (ΔG) of the sorption reaction derived from the Langmuir equation were considerably decreased. On the other hand, phosphate sorption was decreased by increasing concentration of selenite from 0.2µg Se cm−3 to 1.0µg Se cm−3 in the initial solution. The competitive sorption of phosphate with selenite was likely the main mechanism involved in the P-Se interactions. The competitively sorbed selenite exhibited much larger desorption in 0.01M CaCl2 solution, more readily extractable to 0.5M NaHCO3 and significantly higher isotopic exchangeability compared to that sorbed without the competing anion. Results from pot trial using ryegrass indicated that phosphate application increased more efficiently the plant-availability of applied fertilizer Se than that of indegeneous Se in soil.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00750246
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Phosphorus and nitrogen limitation of algal biomass across trophic gradients (1994)
    Springer
    Aquatic sciences 56 (1994), S. 16-28 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9055
    Keywords: Chlorophyll-a ; phosphorus ; nitrogen ; lake ecosystem ; nutrient limitation ; regression analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Regression results based on data from 46 northern temperate lakes show that total phosphorus (TP) is the best predictor for phytoplankton (as chl-a) at lower trophic levels, TP 〈 200 mg · m−3. A regression including both TP and TN as regressors is the best predictor for lakes with TP 〉 200 mg · m−3. However, the good correlation is probably due to a high correlation between lake average chl-a (all years observed) and lake average TP and TN. Within single hypereutrophic lakes, TN alone is the best predictor. It was not possible to identify a medium trophic domain where TN and TP in combination was the best predictor for chl-a. The ratio TN:TP in the water decreases from about 40 to about 5 with increasing trophic level. Optimum TN:TP ratio for algal species with high abundance during late summer and autumn reflects this decreasing ratio, but within a lesser range, i.e., 20 to 5. In contrast, TN:TP ratios for species abundant during the early vernal period showed no, or an inverse, relation to the TN:TP ratio of the water.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00877432
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The role of suspended matter in the distribution of dissolved inorganic phosphate, iron and aluminium in the Ems estuary (1994)
    Springer
    Aquatic ecology 28 (1994), S. 383-395 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5125
    Keywords: Ems estuary ; phosphorus ; iron ; fluorescence ; aluminium ; adsorption ; suspended matter
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In winter 1992/1993, a persistent local maximum in fluorescence, dissolved iron, dissolved aluminium and dissolved inorganic phosphate was found, upstream of the turbidity maximum in the freshwater zone of the Ems estuary (The Netherlands — Federal Republic Germany; western Europe). Upstream of this local maximum values ranged from 6 to 9 rel. units fluorescence, 0.9 to 2.4 μmol dm−3 iron, 0.5 to 0.7 μmol dm−3 aluminium and 0.6 to 2.3 μmol dm−3 dissolved inorganic phosphate. Within the maximum peak values of 24 rel. units fluorescence, 5.8 μmol dm−3 iron, 1.4 μmol dm−3 aluminium and 8.3 μmol dm−3 dissolved inorganic phosphate were observed. Downstream, fluorescence (indicator of dissolved organic carbon) showed conservative mixing with sea water, whereas dissolved iron, aluminium and dissolved inorganic phosphate did not. Dissolved aluminium and iron were quickly removed from solution to reach values of ∼100 nmol dm−3 aluminium and ∼0.3 μmol·dm−3 Fe at salinities of approximately 7 PSU. Further seaward iron concentrations gradually decreased to levels below 0.04 μmol dm−3. Dissolved aluminium first decreased to ∼20 nmol dm−3 at 29 PSU and increased again to concentrations of 30–44 nmol dm−3 at higher salinities. Dissolved inorganic phosphate, however, first decreased to upstream concentrations before reaching a secondary peak in the mid-estuarine reaches. At salinities 〉25 PSU dissolved inorganic phosphate mixed conservatively with sea water. It is hypothesized that adsorption-desorption equilibria are responsible for the local maximum values of fluorescence (DOC), iron, aluminium and dissolved inorganic phosphate. The similarity between the observed curves suggests a common underlying process, possibly related to the adjustment of new equilibria between suspended matter of marine and riverine origin.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02334208
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Determination of orthophosphate in highly saline waters (1994)
    Springer
    International journal of salt lake research 3 (1994), S. 159-173 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8590
    Keywords: phosphorus ; orthophosphate ; phosphomolybdenum blue ; salt effect ; hypersaline ; saline ; lakes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geography
    Notes: Abstract Standard methods for the determination of phosphorus as phosphate ion are now well established for fresh and marine waters. In highly saline waters, however, salt effects due to ionic strength, or to particular ions present, may result in method interferences. Three methods of analysis of phosphate based on the formation of phosphomolybdenum blue complexes have been evaluated here for hypersaline waters. Stannous chloride reduction in aqueous media exhibits a substantial salt effect and its use is not recommended. Stannous chloride reduction following extraction into non aqueous solvents shows a significant salt effect (up to 30 per cent) in solutions of salinity 〉100 g L−1. Dilution of hypersaline waters to below this salinity may overcome the salt effect but the method suffers from other disadvantages involving resource constraints and health and safety considerations. Ascorbic acid reduction, catalysed by antimony (III) ions, appears to offer the most promise for hypersaline waters. Turbidity in samples having high salinity (〉 100 g L−1) and high phosphorus concentrations (〉 500 μg P L−1) changes the spectral characteristics of solutions but linear calibration curves still result for concentrations in the range 400 to 1,000 μg P L−1. The occurrence of turbidity is also affected by the ionic composition of hypersaline waters since solutions made from sea salt give different results to those made from sodium chloride. Dilution of samples, to give salinities less than 100 g L−1 prior to reduction is recommended to avoid turbidity. The salt effect in these lower salinity waters is less than 3 per cent up to 100 g L−1.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01990492
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Growth and elemental content of several sagebrush-steppe species in unburned and post-wildfire soil and plant effects on soil attributes (1994)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 164 (1994), S. 35-41 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: nitrogen ; phosphorus ; revegetation ; silica ; succession ; shrubland
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Fire is the principal means of stand renewal in big sagebrush-steppe communities of western North America. Plant growth following fire may be influenced by heat-induced changes in the nutrient status of the soil. Moreover, post-wildfire pioneer plant species may alter soil properties, and thereby, impact subsequent plant recruitment. Our study compared the growth and elemental content of big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata), squirreltail (Elymus elymoides), cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum), and Indian ricegrass (Achnatherum hymenoides), grown under greenhouse conditions in post-wildfire and similar unburned soil. We also examined soil attributes following plant growth. Cheatgrass and squirreltail, grown in post-wildfire soil, had significantly (p≤0.05) greater aboveground mass than plants grown in unburned soil. As compared with unburned soil, post-wildfire soil engendered the following significant (p≤0.05) differences in leaf elemental content: 1) big sagebrush had higher levels of P and lower levels of Mn; 2) squirreltail accumulated more P and N; and 3) all grass species had higher SiO2 content. Following harvest of plants, post-wildfire soil generally contained significantly (p≤0.05) more KCl-extractable ortho-P, NH inf4 + , and SO 4 − , than unburned soil. Plant growth in both burned and unburned soils fostered a significant (p≤0.05) increase in the bicarbonate-extractable pool of P as compared with unplanted controls. Soil Kjeldahl-N was significantly (p≤0.05) greater after plant growth in burned treatments as compared with the control. This study demonstrates that post-wildfire soil can have a stimulatory effect on plant growth for some species. Squirreltail deserves consideration as a post-wildfire revegetation species. Furthermore, pioneer plant growth following wildfires can attenuate soil properties and therefore influence plant succession.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00010108
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Subterranean clover decline in permanent pastures in north-eastern Victoria (1994)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 164 (1994), S. 231-241 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: phosphorus ; root disease ; soil acidity ; subterranean clover ; yield decline
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Experimental sites were established at two locations in north-eastern Victoria to define factors limiting the establishment and growth of Trifolium subterranean L. (subterranean clover). Liming the soil, seed inoculation and fungicide application were used in renovating subterranean clover pasture on two acidic soils (Longwood: brown/grey sandy loam DY 3.14 and Seymour: grey brown light clay DY 3.22, Northcote classification) with mean annual rainfall of 650 mm and 600 mm respectively. Soil acidity, low available soil phosphorus and plant disease were identified as factors limiting clover yield on these soils. Significant yield responses to lime (35–140%) were obtained with subterranean clover at both sites, with corresponding decreases in Al in the 0–10 cm soil horizon. Liming the soil, when combined with seed inoculation, increased the number and effectiveness of root nodules at both sites. Soil P available for plant growth was low at both sites (6.1 and 8.4 μg g−1) resulting in sub-optimal P concentrations in the clover herbage (45 mmol kg−1 at Longwood). Levels of root disease were low but Aphanomyces euteiches and Phytophthora clandestina (causal agents of lateral and tap root rot) were detected frequently on roots. Application of fungicide resulted in higher dry matter yields (p=0.05) at both sites. An assessment of the relative contributions of these limiting factors and the benefits to be obtained from better management would provide a clearer picture of the profitability and sustainability of this farming system.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00010075
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Phosphorus depletion in the rhizosphere as influenced by soil moisture (1994)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 159 (1994), S. 213-218 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: concentration gradient ; diffusion ; phosphorus ; rhizosphere ; soil moisture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract To study the influence of soil moisture on phosphorus (P) depletion in the rhizosphere, maize (Zea mays cv. Trak) was pre-grown in vermiculite filled-PVC tubes for 9 days and then the plants with the tubes were transplanted into soil columns maintained at two soil moisture levels (θ) of 0.14 and 0.20 cm3 cm−3 for 10 days. The soil columns were separated at 1 cm depth by a nylon screen of 53 μm inner mesh size, into 1 cm soil layer above and 3 cm soil column below screen. A root mat developed over the screen, but root hairs only could penetrate it. Regardless of the soil moisture level in the columns, and adequate and equal water and nutrients supply was maintained via wicks from an external nutrient solution to the plant roots in vermiculite. After 10 days, the soil columns were separated from the root mats, quickly frozen in liquid nitrogen and sliced into thin layers (0.2mm) using a refrigerated microtome to give soil samples at defined distances from the root mats for analyses. Lower soil moisture (θ=0.14) resulted in narrower and steeper depletion profile of 0.5 M NaHCO3 extractable P (NaHCO3-Pi) as compared to higher soil moisture (θ=0.20). Depletion of P in soil solution in the immediate vicinity of root mats did not differ much but the extension of the depletion zones was 0.10 cm at θ=0.14 and 0.20 cm at θ=0.20. The depletion up to 0.05cm with θ=0.14 and up to 0.07 cm with θ=0.20 was uniform, and may be attributed to the depletion in the root hair zone. Beyond the root hair zones, the theory of diffusion and mass flow was able to explain the observed differences in shape and extent of the P depletion profiles at the two soil moisture levels.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00009283
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of elevated CO2 on mycorrhizal colonization of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) seedlings (1994)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 165 (1994), S. 81-88 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: carbohydrates ; ectomycorrhizae ; elevated CO2 ; phosphorus ; Pinus taeda L. ; Pisolithus tinctorius (Pers.) Coker & Couch
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Interactive effects of elevated atmospheric CO2 and phosphorus supply on mycorrhizal colonization rates were investigated using loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) seedlings from Florida and coastal North Carolina. Seedlings from both populations were grown in greenhouses maintained at either 35.5 Pa or 71.0 Pa CO2. In both CO2 treatments, seedlings were grown in a full factorial experiment with or without mycorrhizal inoculum and with an adequate or a limiting supply of phosphorus. Seedlings were harvested 60, 90 and 120 days after emergence and at each harvest root subsamples were examined to determine the percent of fine roots that were mycorrhizal. Additionally, root carbohydrate and nutrient levels were measured at each harvest. Root starch, sugar and total non-structural carbohydrate (TNC) concentrations were increased by growth in elevated CO2 and decreased by mycorrhizal colonization. Phosphorus stress decreased root starch concentrations, increased root sugar concentrations and did not significantly affect TNC concentrations. However, despite significant effects on root carbohydrate levels, there were generally no significant treatment effects on mycorrhizal colonization. Additionally, at all harvests, root starch and sugar concentrations were not correlated with percent of fine roots that were mycorrhizal. These results suggest that although elevated CO2 may significantly increase root carbohydrate levels, the increases may not affect the percent of fine roots that are mycorrhizal.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00009965
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Enhanced root system C-sink activity, water relations and aspects of nutrient acquisition in mycotrophic Bouteloua gracilis subjected to CO2 enrichment (1994)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 165 (1994), S. 139-146 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: blue grama ; Bouteloua gracilis ; C4 grass ; CO2 enrichment ; mycorrhizae ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; VAM ; water relations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In order to better elucidate fixed-C partitioning, nutrient acquisition and water relations of prairie grasses under elevated [CO2], we grew the C4 grass Bouteloua gracilis (H.B.K.) lag ex Steud. from seed in soil-packed, column-lysimeters in two growth chambers maintained at current ambient [CO2] (350 μL L−1) and twice enriched [CO2] (700 μL L−1). Once established, plants were deficit irrigated; growth chamber conditions were maintained at day/night temperatures of 25/16°C, relative humidities of 35%/90% and a 14-hour photoperiod to simulate summer conditions on the shortgrass steppe in eastern Colorado. After 11 weeks of growth, plants grown under CO2 enrichment had produced 35% and 65% greater total and root biomass, respectively, and had twice the level of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) infection (19.8% versus 10.8%) as plants grown under current ambient [CO2]. The CO2-enriched plants also exhibited greater leaf water potentials and higher plant water use efficiencies. Plant N uptake was reduced by CO2 enrichment, while P uptake appeared little influenced by CO2 regime. Under the conditions of the experiment, CO2 enrichment increased root biomass and VAM infection via stimulated growth and adjustments in C partitioning below-ground.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00009970
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Growth response and phosphorus uptake of rye with long and short root hairs: Interactions with mycorrhizal infection (1994)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 167 (1994), S. 247-254 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: efficiency ; Glomus intraradices ; phosphorus ; root hair ; rye ; Secale cereale L. ; VA mycorrhiza
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Plant growth and phosphorus (P) uptake of two selections of rye (Secale cereale L.) differing in length of root hairs, in response to mycorrhizal infection were investigated. Rye plants with short root hairs (SRH) had a greater length of root infected by Glomus intraradices (up to 32 m pot−1) than those with long root hairs (LRH) (up to 10 m pot−1). Application of P decreased the percentage of root length infected in both selections. In low-P soil, mycorrhizal infection increased shoot and root P concentration, especially in LRH plants. Generally, LRH had higher shoot dry weight than SRH plants. P uptake was increased both by LRH and by mycorrhizal infection. Differences in specific P uptake and P utilization efficiency between SRH and LRH plants were observed in non-mycorrhizal plants. With low P supply, P utilization efficiency (dry matter yield per unit of P taken up) of LRH plants increased with time. However, mycorrhizal infection reduced P utilization efficiency, particularly of SRH plants. SRH plants, which were agronomically less efficient (i.e. low dry matter yield at low P supply) were more responsive to either mycorrhizal infection or P addition than the LRH plants. No interaction was observed between mycorrhizal infection and root hair length.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00007951
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nutrient uptake in eastern deciduous tree seedlings (1994)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 160 (1994), S. 193-199 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: gaps ; ion uptake ; nitrogen ; nutrient acquisition ; phosphorus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Tree seedlings that colonize large treefall gaps are generally shade-intolerant species with high potential relative growth rates. Nutrient availability may be significantly elevated in disturbance-induced gaps, however, little is known about the role of differences in nutrient uptake capacities of different species in structuring the community response to gap openings in eastern North American deciduous forests. Seven tree species were grown from seed under both a high and a low nutrient regime, and uptake kinetics of phosphate, ammonium, and nitrate were studied. Yellow birch, a species with intermediate shade tolerance and relative growth rate, had the highest maximum rates of uptake of all ions, while tulip tree, a gap-colonizing species with high relative growth rate, had the lowest rate of phosphate uptake and intermediate rates of ammonium and nitrate uptake. Beech and hickory, which have low relative growth rates and are not gap-colonizing species, had intermediate levels of nutrient uptake. There was no evidence that species with the highest maximum uptake rates measured at high supply concentrations had relatively low uptake at low nutrient supply concentrations. Although birch increased phosphate absorption capacity when grown under a low nutrient regime, this pattern did not hold for nitrate or ammonium uptake, and other species showed no change in nutrient uptake capacity according to nutrient growth regime. Clearly, factors other than nutrient absorption capacity, such as nutrient use efficiency or allocation to root vs. shoot biomass, underlie differences in species' capacities to colonize and maintain a high relative growth rate in canopy gaps.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00010145
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  • 16
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    Carbon cost of root systems: an architectural approach (1994)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 165 (1994), S. 161-169 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: carbon cost ; phosphorus ; Phaseolus vulgaris ; root architecture ; root growth ; root simulation model
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Root architecture is an important component of nutrient uptake and may be sensitive to carbon allocational changes brought about by rising CO2. We describe a deformable geometric model of root growth, SimRoot, for the dynamic morphological and physiological simulation of root architectures. Using SimRoot, and measurements of root biomass deposition, respiration and exudation, carbon/phosphorus budgets were developed for three contrasting root architectures. Carbon allocation patterns and phosphorus acquisition efficiencies were estimated for Phaseolus vulgaris seedlings with either a dichotomous, herringbone, or empirically determined bean root architecture. Carbon allocation to biomass, respiration, and exudation varied significantly among architectures. Root systems also varied in the relationship between C expenditure and P acquisition, providing evidence for the importance of architecture in nutrient acquisition efficiency.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00009972
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  • 17
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    Effects of growth period, plant age and changes in solution aluminium concentrations on aluminium toxicity in wheat (1994)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 166 (1994), S. 21-30 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: aluminium ; growth period ; phosphorus ; plant age ; root length ; root width ; solution culture ; techniques ; Triticum aestivum ; variation ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effects of growth period (time between transplanting and harvesting), plant age at which aluminium (Al) was added to solution, changes in Al concentration, and solution culture techniques (monitoring and adjusting solution Al concentrations thrice weekly or weekly replacement of the solutions) were investigated using a low ionic strength (2.7×10−3 M) solution culture technique. The wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars Waalt (Al-tolerant) and Warigal (Al-sensitive), or the near isogenic lines bred from these cultivars (RR for the Al-tolerant line and SS for the Al-sensitive line) were grown. In all experiments and treatments, Al additions were required to maintain the nominal concentration. The decline in solution Al concentrations was partially attributed to formation of an Al-hydroxy-phosphate precipitate with an Al:P molar ratio of 2.8 to 4.0. Increasing the growth period from 14 to 28 days increased Al sensitivity in Warigal but not in Waalt. When plants were exposed to Al for the same time, increasing the age of the plants that Al was added to solution decreased sensitivity to Al. Differential Al tolerance between the two lines was evident when solutions were monitored thrice weekly or replaced weekly. However, the Al concentration required to reduce relative yield by a given amount when the solutions were replaced weekly was about twice that when the solutions were monitored. With a constant growth period of 28 days, increasing solution Al concentrations for 3 or more days resulted in decreased yields at harvest. The exact effect depended on the cultivar, plant part (tops or roots), when solution Al concentrations were increased and the duration of the increase. For example, increasing Al concentrations from 5 μM to 20 μM for 10 days reduced yield in the RR line by approximately 50% in the tops and 30% in the roots beyond the effect of 5 M but had no effect in the SS line due to yields already being low at 5 μM. Adding 10 μM Al to solution for 6 days at the beginning of the experiment reduced yield by 25% in the RR line and 50% in the SS line. In contrast, adding 10 μM Al for 6 days in the middle of the growth cycle had no effect on the RR line but reduced yield by approximately 25% in the SS line. These results show that growth period, the age of the plants at which Al is added and the technique used (monitored or weekly replacement) all need to be considered when comparing results from different experiments. These results also show that the Al concentrations in solution need to be regularly monitored in long term experiments.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02185477
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  • 18
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    Colonisation of wheat by VA-mycorrhizal fungi was found to be higher on a farm managed in an organic manner than on a conventional neighbour (1994)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 160 (1994), S. 33-40 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: organic agriculture ; phosphorus ; rock phosphate ; VA-mycorrhizas ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Levels of colonisation by vesicular-arbuscular (VA)-mycorrhizal fungi were compared between adjacent farms, one operated in a conventional manner and the other run according to organic farming principles. Wheat grown on the organic farm was found to have VA-mycorrhizal colonisation levels consistently 2 to 3 times higher than wheat on the conventional farm. Glasshouse and field trials indicated that the lower colonisation levels on the conventional farm were due to continual use of fertiliser containing soluble phosphorus (P). The fertiliser appeared to have an immediate negative effect on the rate of colonisation, and also appeared to have a long term negative effect through maintaining higher levels of soluble P in the soil, and by decreasing inoculum levels. Use of the relatively insoluble reactive rock phosphate fertiliser on the organic farm did not decrease levels of VA-mycorrhizas. Colonisation levels did not vary between wheat varieties, and herbicides and seed dressings were also not found to be having any significant effect on levels of colonisation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00150343
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  • 19
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    Nutrient balances and phytoplankton dynamics in two agriculturally loaded shallow lakes (1994)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 275-276 (1994), S. 359-369 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: agriculture ; blue-green algae ; eutrophication ; internal loading ; nitrogen ; phosphorus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The impact of agriculture was estimated on two shallow, eutrophic lakes, Lake Kotojärvi and Lake Villikkalanjärvi in southern Finland. The main emphasis was on phosphorus and nitrogen budgets and on the phytoplankton dynamics. Special attention was paid to internal P loading and blue-green algal blooms. The mean Tot-P load from agricultural land was 1.2 kg ha-1 a-1 in both basins and Tot-N loads were 19 kg ha-1 a-1 in L. Villikkalanjärvi and 12 kg ha-1 a-1 in L. Kotojärvi. The Tot-P input to L. Kotojärvi was on an average 0.62 g m-2 a-1 (per lake surface area), and the Tot-N input 9.1 g m-2 a-1. The corresponding inputs to L. Villikkalanjärvi were 3.1 and 57 g m-2 a-1, respectively. The annual variation followed the runoff volumes. About half of the Tot-P and one third of the Tot-N load was retained in L. Kotojärvi. In L. Villikkalanjärvi the retention was only 24% for Tot-P and 19% for Tot-N. The difference was very probably due to a longer theoretical retention time in L. Kotojärvi. In L. Villikkalanjärvi the mean concentration of Tot-P was 120 µg 1-1 and that of Tot-N 1700 µg 1-1 and the corresponding figures in L. Kotojärvi 67 and 990 µg 1-1, respectively. The mean chlorophyll a concentration was, however, higher in L. Kotojärvi (26 µg 1-1) than in L. Villikkalanjärvi (20 µg 1-1). This was probably due to an internal P load in L. Kotojärvi: in 1988 the internal load of dissolved P was estimated to be as much as twofold the external load. In L. Villikkalanjärvi the internal dissolved P load was only up to 50% of the external input. In L. Kotojärvi the high internal P load coupled with a low DIN:DIP ratio resulted in a strong blue-green algal bloom in the summer of 1988. In L. Villikkalanjärvi blue-green algae were observed only in small amounts. Even in August 1990, when the DIN:DIP ratio was low enough to favor the occurrence of blue-green algae, they contributed only up to 10–15% of the total phytoplankton biomass.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00026726
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  • 20
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    A diatom-phosphorus transfer function for shallow, eutrophic ponds in southeast England (1994)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 275-276 (1994), S. 391-410 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: diatoms ; phosphorus ; palaeolimnology ; transfer function ; United Kingdom ; shallow
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Shallow ponds in southeast England are often eutrophic with high phosphorus concentrations. The aim of this study was to develop a diatom-phosphorus ‘transfer function’ to enable past phosphorus levels in such waters to be inferred from the sediment record. A water chemistry survey of 123 randomly chosen, shallow, artificial ponds in southeast England was carried out. Principal components analysis (PCA) revealed that phosphorus was an important environmental variable. A subset of 31 sites was selected along a total phosphorus (TP) gradient (winter TP range 7–1123 µg 1-1), in order to explore the relationship between the surface-sediment diatom assemblages and the contemporary water chemistry using canonical correspondence analysis (CCA). Annual mean TP was the most significant variable in explaining the variance in the diatom species data. Weighted averaging (WA) regression and calibration techniques were used to generate a transfer function, enabling annual mean TP (range 25–646 µg 1-1) to be inferred from the diatom species TP optima of 102 common taxa in the dataset (r 2 = 0.79; RMSE = 0.161; RMSE(boot) = 0.279; n = 30). The model was applied to fossil diatom assemblages in a sediment core from Marsworth Reservoir, Hertfordshire, a Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI), with currently high TP levels of 476 µg 1-1, to reconstruct past epilimnetic annual mean TP concentrations. The study shows that artificial, shallow waters can be suitable for palaeolimnological research and that it is possible to reliably infer lake water TP using the WA technique, across a large range of phosphorus concentrations. This method has the potential to provide limnologists, conservationists and water quality managers with an estimate of pre-enrichment phosphorus concentrations and an indication of the onset and development of eutrophication at a site. This information is essential for lake management strategies and restoration programmes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00026729
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  • 21
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    Nutrient metabolism (C, N, P, and Si) in the trophogenic zone of a meromictic lake (1994)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 277 (1994), S. 17-39 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: carbon ; phosphorus ; nitrogen ; silica ; sedimentation ; mineralization ; meromixis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The dynamics of seston and dissolved elements in a meromictic lake with high concentrations of manganese and iron in the monimolimnion were studied through an annual cycle. This publication presents results for assimilation, sedimentation and recovery of nutrients (C, N, P, and Si) in the trophogenic zone. Phosphorus deficiency kept the productivity of the diatom dominated phytoplankton at an oligotrophic level. High concentrations of iron in influent streams and redistribution followed by precipitation of iron during periods of partial turnover removed phosphorus from the water. High concentrations of manganese and sulfate did not have the anticipated fertilizing effect, and recovery of nutrients from the depth of the lake was negligible. Mass balance calculations indicate that liberation of phosphorus from the sediments in the trophogenic zone was most important for the maintenance of primary production. 75% of carbon, 80% of nitrogen and 25% of phosphorus assimilated by the phytoplankton was mineralized in the trophogenic zone. Silica was effectively regenerated from the littoral zone during the decline of diatom blooms. Nitrogen and silica retention was 45% of the external load compared to 66% for phosphorus.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00023983
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  • 22
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    The importance of avian-contributed nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) to Lake Grand-Lieu, France (1994)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 279-280 (1994), S. 133-147 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: eutrophication ; birds ; lake ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; eutrophisation ; oiseaux ; lac ; azote ; phosphore
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Le plus grand lac de plaine français, Grand-Lieu, est actuellement largement eutrophisé. Le but de cette étude est d'estimer l'importation annuelle de N et P par les fientes des oiseaux qui s'alimentent à l'extérieur du lac, et de la comparer avec les apports des rivières alimentant le lac. Deux années sont comparées: 1981–82 et 1990–91. Les populations nicheuses (jusqu'à 956 couples de hérons cendrés et 136 couples de grands cormorans et 30 000 canards) et hivernantes (jusqu'à 17 000 canards, 1100 grands cormorans, 15 000 goélands et 2,4 millions d'étourneaux) ont respectivement importé 5800 kg de N total en 1981–82 et 7640 en 1990–91, soit 0,7% et 0,4% des entrées totales du système, et 2000 à 2530 kg de P total soit 2,4 et 6,6% des entrées. Les étourneaux sont responsables des trois quarts des apports d'azote par les oiseaux, et les canards de l'essentiel du reste, tandis que la part des étourneaux baisse pour le phosphore (36% en 1981–82 et 41% en 1990–91), au profit des Canards et des Hérons (respectivement 35% et 27% en 1981–82, 22% et 24% en 1990–91). Mais pendant la phase de croissance végétale (avril–septembre), la part des oiseaux monte jusqu'à 37% des entrées totales de phosphore. L'action localisée des colonies d'oiseaux piscivores est significative, avec une teneur de phosphore 42 fois plus grande dans l'eau sous la colonie qu'à l'extérieur des colonies. A l'échelle du l'ac, l'action actuelle globalement mineure des oiseaux sur les apports totaux d'azote et de phosphore est largement due à l'augmentation catastrophique des apports d'origine humaine (agriculture intensive et stations d'épuration). La teneur moyenne des rivières atteint désormais 10 mg l−1 de N (jusqu'à 23 mg en crue) et 394 mg m−3 de P (jusqu'à 468 mg en crue). Avant cette pollution généralisée, l'eau des rivières bretonnes ne contenait dans les années 1960 que 0,1 à 1,1 mg l−1 de N et 1 à 5 mg m−3 de P lors des périodes de débits maximum. A cette époque, les oiseaux représentaient probablement jusqu'à 36% des apports de N et 95% des apports de P dans les entrées du système lacustre.
    Notes: Abstract The largest natural lake in France, Grand-Lieu, has suffered eutrophication. The objective of the study was to estimate the annual input of nutrients (N, P) resulting from avian excrement, deposited by birds feeding out of the lake and returning to its waters for breeding or roosting, as compared to the input by the rivers that enter in the lake. Two years are compared: 1981–82 and 1990–91. About 1600–2000 breeding herons and cormorants, 20 000–33 000 wintering ducks, gulls and cormorants and 1–2.4 million starlings deposited about 5800 kg total N in 1981–82 and 7640 kg in 1990–91. Respectively, 2000 and 2530 kg total P were deposited over the same time periods. These represent 0.7% and 0.4% of the total N input of the lake and 2.4 and 6.6% of the total P input in 1981–82 and 1990–91. Starlings account for 74% of the N and mallards most of the rest. P input by starlings (36% in 1981–82, 41% in 1990–91), and by mallards and herons (35% and 27% in 1981–82 and 22% and 24% in 1990–91 respectively) plays an appreciable role among birds. During the plant growing period (April–September), the contribution by birds can increase to 37% of total P input of the lake. Piscivorous bird colonies concentrate Phosphorus 42 times more within the colony than outside the colony. Overall, the role birds play in total N and P input is relatively small due to very high inputs from human sewage and agriculture run off. The monthly mean concentration of the water of the two rivers reaches currently 10 mg l−1 of N (to 23 mg during peak floods) and 394 mg m−3 of P (to 468 mg during peak floods). Earlier, for example in the 1960's, water in Brittany only contained 0.1 to 1.1 mg 1−1 of N and 1 to 5 mg m−3 of P during the maximum flow period. At this time, birds could probably have represented annually up to 37% of the N input and up to 95% of the P input to the lake.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00027848
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  • 23
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    Different responses to changes in phosphorus, P, among lakes. A study of slopes in chl-a = f(P) graphs (1994)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 286 (1994), S. 27-36 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Lake ; eutrophication ; phytoplankton ; phosphorus ; non-linear interpolation ; chlorophyll-a
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The least squares estimator of a linear regression coefficient βL will give an overall expression for the change in Δ with Δx. In fresh water ecology, however, subgroups, % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr% 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq-Jc9% vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0-yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr-x% fr-xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamiuaSGaci% 4Aaaaa!37BE!\[P\operatorname{k}\], of a parent population may have slopes which differ from the overall slope, βκ ≠ βL. By constructing frequency histograms for the set of angles: Arctang % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr% 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq-Jc9% vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0-yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr-x% fr-xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaci4uaSGaam% yAaiaadQgaaaa!38AE!\[\operatorname{S} ij\],% MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr% 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq-Jc9% vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0-yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr-x% fr-xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaci4uaSGaam% yAaiaadQgaaaa!38AE!\[\operatorname{S} ij\]= para sa y and x% MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr% 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq-Jc9% vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0-yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr-x% fr-xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaaiikaiaadM% faliaadMgakiabgkHiTiaadMfaliaadQgakiaacMcacaGGVaGaaiik% aiaadIhaliaadMgakiabgkHiTiaadIhaliaadQgakiaacMcaaaa!42F0!\[(Yi - Yj)/(xi - xj)\], i 〈 j, % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr% 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq-Jc9% vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0-yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr-x% fr-xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamiEaSGaam% yAaOGaeyiyIKRaamiEaSGaamOAaaaa!3BAB!\[xi \ne xj\], peaks in the distribution may be identified and related to ecological phenomenon. To identify peaks we fit Gaussian distributions to the frequency histograms. For a set consisting of 142 observations of chlorophyll-a and total phosphorus (nutrient) concentrations (TP) from 16 lakes we found four Gaussian peaks corresponding to four subgroups, % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr% 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq-Jc9% vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0-yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr-x% fr-xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamiuaSGaci% 4Aaaaa!37BE!\[P\operatorname{k}\]k = 1,4. One group identified a response of chl-a to changes in TP which correspond approximately to the average slope found by least square regression (the slope was 0.49). The second group consisted of steeper response than the average (1.28). A third group showed that there is an enhanced proportion of cases where chl-a does not respond to TP (zero slope, all the three deep lakes 〉 10 m, included in the date set contributed to this group). The size of the last group, spanning a wide range of slopes, suggested that about 30% of the inter annual changes in chl-a is unrelated to TP. The results are compared to result obtained by simple least squares regression and to the Theil non-parametric slope estimator.
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    Chlorophyll-phosphorus relationship in acidified lakes of the High Tatra Mountains (Slovakia) (1994)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 274 (1994), S. 171-177 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: chlorophyll ; phosphorus ; mountain lakes ; acidification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Concentrations of total phosphorus (TP) and chlorophyll a (CHLA) were measured in 28 lakes in the High Tatra Mountains (Slovakia) from 1983 to 1990. The relationship between log CHLA and log TP in the Tatra lakes is similar to relationships developed for lakes in other regions, but variation is higher. A part of this variation is caused by acidification of the lakes. In the lakes with pH between 4.9 and 6.3 the CHLA concentrations are often extremely low while TP concentrations decreased, but not as drastically.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00014640
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    Nutrient cycling in shallow, oligotrophic Lake Kvie, Denmark (1994)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 275-276 (1994), S. 267-276 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: phosphorus ; redox potential ; sediment ; rhizosphere ; macrophyte ; lake
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The importance of isoetids for the exchange of phosphorus between sediment and water was studied in the shallow Lake Kvie, Denmark. Vegetated sediments from the littoral zone (55% of lake area) were compared to unvegetated sediments from the littoral and profundal zone. Porewater concentration of soluble reactive phosphate (SRP) was in general low, however, different distributions were found in the three sediments. The vegetated littoral sediment showed highest conc. of SRP just below the surface and decreasing conc. with sediment depth. The SRP release was low on all stations ( 〈 40 µmol m-2 d-1). The observed release of SRP on the vegetated station was much lower than the calculated diffusional flux probably due to assimilation of P by isoetids and binding of SRP to oxidized Fe. The high redox potential in the rhizosphere was probably caused by oxygen excretion from roots. The annual P release from vegetated sediments were only 5% of the P requirements of the macrophytes. The efficient plant assimilation of SRP from the porewater resulted in a small SRP pool with a very fast turnover of P of 500–900 times per year. Both the effects of isoetids on the P cycle in littoral sediments and on the P budget of the entire lake indicate that this plant group is important for keeping lakes in an oligotrophic state.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00026717
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    Can Chara control phosphorus cycling in Lake Łuknajno (Poland)? (1994)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 275-276 (1994), S. 277-283 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: phosphorus ; eutrophication ; Chara aspera ; phytoplankton
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Waters of Lake Łuknajno (623 ha, 3 m max. depth postglacial basin in Masurian Lakeland) are of meso-eutrophic type in spite of an intensive land impact and substantial phosphorus loading. The reason of this peculiarity is an abundance of 4 species of charophytes (Chara aculeolata, C. aspera, C. contraria and C. tomentosa) which dominate the submerged vegetation of the lake and yielded 417 g m-2 dry biomass in summer 1991. The plants have high potential for phosphorus uptake and accumulation as was checked in laboratory experiments. Due to this potential Chara can outcompete planktonic algae in mixed cultures at different mineral P supplies.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00026718
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    Phosphorus fluctuation in water and deposition into sediment within an emergent macrophyte stand (1994)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 275-276 (1994), S. 285-292 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: phosphorus ; sediment ; lake littoral ; Equisetum fluviatile
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Seasonal fluctuation of phosphorus in water, and total phosphorus and different inorganic P fractions (extracted by NH4Cl, NH4F, NaOH and H2SO4) and organic P fraction (residual P) in surface sediment, were measured in the littoral of oligotrophic Lake Pääjärvi (southern Finland). After the emergence of Equisetum fluviatile L. shoots in mid June, water exchange between the littoral and pelagial area diminished and phosphorus concentrations in water and in surface sediment increased in the inner and mid littoral zones. Phosphorus pool in flocculent, ‘easily resuspensible’ sediment composed on average 62% of inorganic phosphorus and 38% of organic phosphorus. 63% of the inorganic phosphorus, on the average, was extracted from ‘apatite-P fraction’ 29% from ‘iron-P fraction’ 7% from ‘aluminum-P fraction’ and less than 1% from ‘loosely-bound P fraction’. During the growing season, net accumulation of sediment and phosphorus was measured only in the inner littoral zone whereas the outer littoral zones acted rather as a source of phosphorus for the pelagic area. The results of this study indicated that nutrient dynamics in littoral environment was through changes in flow environment greatly governed by the macrophytes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00026719
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    Electronic Resource
    Recent palaeolimnology of three shallow Danish lakes (1994)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 275-276 (1994), S. 411-422 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: diatoms ; phosphorus ; weighted averaging ; lake sediments ; carbonates ; radionuclides ; mixing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Recent eutrophication histories of three shallow lakes (mean depths 〈3 m) were studied using palaeolimnological methods. Freeze-cores were dated using 210Pb, 137Cs, 134Cs and 241Am. Resultant chronologies were problematical at two sites (Væng Sø and Vesterborg Sø) due to sediment-water interface mixing, indicated by uniform 137Cs profiles over the surface 20–30 cm. Sediments at Langesø and Vesterborg Sø have a high carbonate content, which together with the high mixing rate have resulted in diatom dissolution below 30 cm at Vesterborg Sø. Diatom stratigraphy indicates relatively small biological changes at both Væng Sø and Langesø both lakes have been eutrophic for at least the last 150–200 years. Væng Sø is dominated by planktonic diatoms together with high percentages of benthic Fragilaria spp., and Langesø by planktonic diatoms, especially Cyclostephanos dubius and Stephanodiscus parvus. Epilimnetic phosphorus concentrations were inferred using weighted averaging; at Væng Sø the diatom-inferred TP (DI-TP) concentrations were close to observed values in the early 1980s, but failed to record the post-biomanipulation decrease to 55 μg l-1 after 1988, presumably due to the smoothing of the sediment record by resuspension and mixing. At Langesø two increases in DI-TP suggest a two-phase enrichment of the lake, initial eutrophication ∼ 1880, and hypertrophy after 1950. The recent DI-TP values are lower than the annual observed values, and reasons for this are discussed. Despite problems associated with sediment mixing, the sediment records of these shallow systems can still be used for monitoring and for environmental reconstructions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00026730
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  • 29
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    High resolution measurements of sediment resuspension above an accumulation bottom in a stratified lake (1994)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 284 (1994), S. 43-57 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: sediment ; resuspension ; lakes ; optical measurements ; transmissometer ; phosphorus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A detailed record of suspended particulate matter (SPM) concentrations in the benthic boundary layer (BBL) 1.5 m above an accumulation bottom and 13.5 m below the surface was obtained from frequent (30 min interval) beam attenuation measurements made with a Sea Tech transmissometer in the main basin of Lake Erken, a moderately deep (mean depth 9 m, maximum depth 21 m) dimictic lake in central Sweden. Concentrations of SPM (g m−3) were not as strongly correlated to the beam attenuation coefficient (c, [m−1]), as were concentrations of the inorganic SPM fraction. Apparently, this was caused by large optically inactive organic particles which significantly affected the measurements of SPM, but had little effect on the attenuation of light. When the water column was thermally stratified, SPM concentrations in the BBL showed a seasonal increase which was related to an increase in the thermocline depth. As the epilimnion deepened, there was also a marked increase in the occurrence of rapid and large changes in SPM concentration. After the loss of stratification, the amount of SPM and the temporal variability in its concentration was reduced. Since surface waves could not influence sediment resuspension at the depth of measurement, these data show the importance of internal waves in promoting sediment resuspension in areas of sediment accumulation. The relatively short period in each summer, when the thermocline reaches a sufficient depth to allow for resuspension over accumulation bottoms, can have important consequences for both the redistribution of lake sediments and the internal loading of phosphorus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00005730
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  • 30
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bioavailability of phosphorus in agriculturally loaded rivers in southern Finland (1994)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 287 (1994), S. 179-194 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: agriculture ; phosphorus ; bioavailability ; bioassays ; isotherms ; eutrophication
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The potential bioavailability of phosphorus in agriculturally loaded rivers of southern Finland was determined by an algal bioassay and the release of the potentially bioavailable particulate P was estimated by sorption studies. According to the bioassay 0 to 13.2 per cent (mean 5.1%) of the particulate P in river water samples was potentially bioavailable. Dissolved reactive P (DRP) in river waters appeared to be totally bioavailable whereas the dissolved unreactive P appeared not to be utilized by algae. In addition to river waters two lake sediment samples were also assayed. In these samples 0 and 2.6% of the P was bioavailable. The potential bioavailability of particulate P in agriculturally loaded rivers obtained in this study was lower than that reported in studies from other countries. The difference was assumed to arise partly from methodological factors and partly from the nature of the Finnish soils. The EPC (equilibrium phosphate concentration) values indicated that during the period when most of the agricultural loading enters the lakes in Finland, potentially bioavailable P is not released from the particles because of the relatively high DRP concentration in the receiving waters. However, during the algal production period the DRP concentration in lakes decreases below the EPC and potentially bioavailable particulate P is desorbed. The increase in pH during this period may further enhance the desorption of P.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00010733
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  • 31
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    Scion-rootstock relationships with respect to height growth and foliar concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus in reciprocal grafts of Pinus caribaea var. hondurensis (1994)
    Springer
    New forests 8 (1994), S. 71-79 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5095
    Keywords: foliage ; grafting ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; Pinus caribaea ; rootstock ; scion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Both scion and rootstock clones significantly influenced scion elongation and concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus in the scion foliage. Scion clone was the more important determinant. Scion clone × rootstock clone interactions were not significant. The ability of a clone to elongate as a scion was not correlated with its capacity to promote or retard scion elongation when used as a rootstock. Genetic differences in foliar nutrient concentrations appeared to reflect levels of nutrient demand, rather than the ability of roots to absorb nutrients. Nutrient demand of the rootstock can also explain negative correlations between nitrogen levels in rootstock clones and levels of both nitrogen and phosphorus in the scions. There was no significant relationship between scion elongation and foliar nitrogen concentrations of either rootstock or scion. The weak relationship between scion elongation and concentration of phosphorus in the rootstock apparently resulted from tissue dilution.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00034132
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  • 32
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    Electronic Resource
    Assessment of nutrient availability and limitation using macroalgae (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of aquatic ecosystem stress and recovery 3 (1994), S. 27-34 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5141
    Keywords: nutrient limitation ; critical tissue concentrations ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; macroalgae ; biomonitoring
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Discs of the macroalga,Ulva lactuca L., were transplanted around an ocean outfall and at a reference site in Køge Bay, Denmark, to assess the influence of the outfall on the nutrient availability. At 2-wk intervals, samples were collected and analyzed for growth, nitrogen, and phosphorus content. The tissue concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus decreased with distance to the outfall, showing that the tissue concentrations are suitable for monitoring nutrient availability in coastal areas and provide a time-integrated measure of the nutrient availability. The lowest tissue concentrations of nitrogen were recorded at the reference station, where the internal concentrations generally were below the critical concentration level, showing that nitrogen limited the growth. At the station located close to the outfall, the flux of nitrogen was sufficient to maintain the maximum growth rate. The tissue concentrations of phosphorus were only below the critical concentration level on one occasion, and the result showed a net uptake throughout the study period. It was concluded that in the Køge Bay, nitrogen was the main limiting factor for macroalgae growth during the summer. The applicability of tissue concentrations for assessment of nutrient availability is discussed and it is considered that the method, when evaluated against established critical concentrations, provides a valuable tool for assessing ecosystem health with regard to eutrophication.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00045154
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  • 33
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    Mycorrhizal dependency of micropropagated argan tree (Argania spinosa): II. Mineral nutrition (1994)
    Springer
    Agroforestry systems 27 (1994), S. 67-77 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: Argania spinosa ; micro-elements ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; V.A. mycorrhization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'influence de la mycorhization V.A. sur la nutrition minérale de 2 clones d'Arganier (Argania spinosa) a été étudiée sur des plantules micropropagées in vitro poussant en conditions contrôlées. L'inoculation (qui augmentait la production de matière sèche d'un facteur 4,5) accroit également la teneur des plantes en phosphore, notamment dans les feuilles, et les plantes mycorhizées mobilisent 15 fois plus de phosphore que les plantes non inoculées. La teneur en azote est légèrement plus faible chez les plantes mycorhizées mais au total ces dernières exportent 3 fois plus d'azote. L'absorption des micro-éléments est aussi affectée par l'inoculation, qui accroit les teneurs des plantes en Fe, Zn et Cu. La nutrition minérale des deux clones étudiés semble affectée par le rapport racines/parties aériennes et d'autres caractéristiques génétiques, comme l'efficacité de translocation du fer. Ces résultats nous permettent de comprendre en quoi son système racinaire profond et mycorhizé permet à l'Arganier non seulement de pousser dans des zones arides aux sols pauvres, mais aussi d'améliorer la fertilité des couches supérieures du sol par l'effet litière.
    Notes: Abstract The influence of V.A. mycorrhization on mineral nutrition of 2 clones ofArgania spinosa was studied with in-vitro micropropagated plantlets grown in confined medium under controlled conditions. Inoculation, which increased dry matter production by a factor of 4.5, also increased P concentration in the plant, especially in the leaves, and the mycorrhizal plants mobilized 15 times more P than control plants. N concentration was slightly lower in mycorrhizal plants, but total N content was 3 times higher. Uptake of micro elements was also affected, inoculation increasing plant Fe, Zn and Cu content. Mineral nutrition in the test clones seemed affected by root/shoot ratio and other genetically-related characteristics, such as Fe translocation efficiency. These results help us to understand how its deep mycorrhizal root system might allowArgania spinosa not only to grow in infertile arid areas but also to improve top-soil fertility by a litter effect.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00704835
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  • 34
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of small river conditions on the abundance of Tubificidae (1994)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 278 (1994), S. 129-131 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: small rivers ; water contamination ; Tubificidae ; bacteria ; nitrogen ; phosphorus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Two small rivers, the Yerik and Nezhegolyok, were studied seasonally in 1979–1980. Increase in concentration of nitrogen and phosphorus compounds in the river water as well as proliferation of enterococci and enterobacilli favoured the abundance of Tubificidae while, at the same time, their numbers were reduced by chironomids and leeches.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00142320
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  • 35
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    Electronic Resource
    Assessment of eutrophication in Loch Lomond by desk analysis (1994)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 290 (1994), S. 51-52 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Loch Lomond ; Scotland ; eutrophication ; phosphorus ; loss coefficients ; chlorophyll
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Phosphorus and chlorophyll a levels were predicted for Loch Lomond from desk-derived P loss coefficients and flushing rates related according to existing eutrophication models. These were in close keeping with measured values.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00008952
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  • 36
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nutrient uptake in mycorrhizal symbiosis (1994)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 159 (1994), S. 89-102 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: copper ; ectomycorrhizas ; hyphal uptake ; phosphorus ; vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizas ; zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The role of mycorrhizal fungi in acquisition of mineral nutrients by host plants is examined for three groups of mycorrhizas. These are; the ectomycorrhizas (ECM), the ericoid mycorrhizas (EM), and the vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizas (VAM). Mycorrhizal infection may affect the mineral nutrition of the host plant directly by enhancing plant growth through nutrient acquisition by the fungus, or indirectly by modifying transpiration rates and the composition of rhizosphere microflora. A capacity for the external hyphae to take up and deliver nutrients to the plant has been demonstrated for the following nutrients and mycorrhizas; P (VAM, EM, ECM), NH4 + (VAM, EM, ECM), NO3 - (ECM), K (VAM, ECM), Ca (VAM, EM), SO4 2- (VAM), Cu (VAM), Zn (VAM) and Fe (EM). In experimental chambers, the external hyphae of VAM can deliver up to 80% of plant P, 25% of plant N, 10% of plant K, 25% of plant Zn and 60% of plant Cu. Knowledge of the role of mycorrhiza in the uptake of nutrients other than P and N is limited because definitive studies are few, especially for the ECM. Although further quantification is required, it is feasible that the external hyphae may provide a significant delivery system for N, K, Cu and Zn in addition to P in many soils. Proposals that ECM and VAM fungi contribute substantially to the Mg, B and Fe nutrition of the host plant have not been substantiated. ECM and EM fungi produce ectoenzymes which provide host plants with the potential to access organic N and P forms that are normally unavailable to VAM fungi or to non mycorrhizal roots. The relative contribution of these nutrient sources requires quantification in the field. Further basic research, including the quantification of nutrient uptake and transport by fungal hyphae in soil and regulation at the fungal-plant interface, is essential to support the selection and utilization of mycorrhizal fungi on a commercial scale.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00000098
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    Desorption and plant-availability of phosphate sorbed by some important minerals (1994)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 162 (1994), S. 89-97 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: desorption ; phosphorus ; rice ; variable-charge mineral
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Experiments were conducted to study the desorption characteristics and plant-availability of phosphate sorbed by some important variable-charge minerals including kaolinite, goethite and amorphous Al oxide. Phosphate desorption from the complexes of goethite-P, kaolinite-P and Al oxide-P by equilibration with 0.02M KCl, resin or some commonly used chemical extractants was slow compared to desorption from a permanent-charge mineral (montmorillonite). However, rice plants were not observed under P deficiency in a pot trial with a phosphate-mineral complex as the only P source for both the permanent-charge mineral and the variable-charge minerals at either 50% or 100% sorption saturation with the exception of goethite-P at 50% saturation. In the exceptional goethite-P treatment, plant P concentration (1.0 g kg−1) was on the threshold of P deficiency. From 15% to 31% of the applied P was recovered by the plants within a growing period of three months, depending on sorption saturation and mineral type. Both the dry matter yield and P uptake decreased with decreasing sorption saturation for all the tested complexes except for Al oxide-P100 (100% saturation). In the case of Al oxide-P100, Al toxicity may have occurred, for poor root growth and high Al concentration in the plants were observed. The effect of sorption saturation on the yield and P uptake of plant was obvious for kaolinite and goethite but not very significant for montmorillonite. Based on the recovery of applied P, the plant-availability decreased in the following order: kaolinite-P100 〉 goethite-P100 〉 Al oxide-P50 〉 montmorillonite-P100 〉 montmorillonite-P50 〉 kaolinite-P50 〉 goethite-P50. Fractionation of the sorbed P before and after plant uptake showed that most of the P uptake originated from the resin-exchangeable P fraction in montmorillonite-P complex, but came mainly from NaOH-extractable fractions in goethite-P complex, whereas all the resin-P, NaHCO3-P and NaOH-P fractions in kaolinite- and amorphous Al oxide-P complex made a contribution to P uptake.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01416093
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  • 38
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    Electronic Resource
    Selection for improved adaptation of white clover to low phosphorus and acid soils (1994)
    Springer
    Euphytica 77 (1994), S. 243-250 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Acid soils ; phosphorus ; selection ; Trifolium repens ; white clover
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A total of 490 white clover genotypes were grown in competition withAgrostis tenuis and repeatedly defoliated, in a glasshouse trial. The percentage change in shoot yield from the first to the last harvest (harvest 6) was negatively correlated with the soil-P level from which ecotypes were collected. High- and low-yielding genotypes were selected from this study and compared in a field trial on a low-P soil (12 mg Olsen P/kg soil), in a grazed mixed species sward. Over the first year there was no significant difference in spread into the sward, and over three years no significant difference in persistence. Selection in glasshouses for yield is unlikely to improve edaphic stress tolerance in the field. In a field study in New Zealand, comparison of six ecotype populations showed that after one year the highest-spreading population had been collected from a low-P soil while the lowest spreading population came from a high-P soil, although the correlation between spread and soi-P from which ecotypes were collected was not significant (r=−0.67 p〉0.05). However, in another field trial in England it was shown that populations collected from low-P soils not only outyielded those, collected from high-P soils but that they also responded less to added P. It was concluded that populations collected from low-P soils will be a useful source of germplasm to identify genotypes adapted to low-P soils. Successful identification of such genotypes is most likely to be made in the field rather than in controlled more artificial environments.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02262637
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  • 39
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    Premature p34cdc2 activation required for apoptosis (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1994-02-25
    Description: Activation of the serine-threonine kinase p34cdc2 at an inappropriate time during the cell cycle leads to cell death that resembles apoptosis. Premature activation of p34cdc2 was shown to be required for apoptosis induced by a lymphocyte granule protease. The kinase was rapidly activated and tyrosine dephosphorylated at the initiation of apoptosis. DNA fragmentation and nuclear collapse could be prevented by blocking p34cdc2 activity with excess peptide substrate, or by inactivating p34cdc2 in a temperature-sensitive mutant. Premature p34cdc2 activation may be a general mechanism by which cells induced to undergo apoptosis initiate the disruption of the nucleus.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Shi, L -- Nishioka, W K -- Th'ng, J -- Bradbury, E M -- Litchfield, D W -- Greenberg, A H -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Feb 25;263(5150):1143-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Manitoba Institute of Cell Biology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8108732" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; *Apoptosis ; CDC2 Protein Kinase/*metabolism ; DNA Damage ; Deoxyribonucleases/pharmacology ; Enzyme Activation ; Enzyme Induction ; Membrane Glycoproteins/pharmacology ; Mice ; Mitosis ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Perforin ; Phosphorylation ; Pore Forming Cytotoxic Proteins ; Serine Endopeptidases/pharmacology ; Tumor Cells, Cultured
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    The Met proto-oncogene mesenchymal to epithelial cell conversion (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1994-01-07
    Description: Coexpression of the human Met receptor and its ligand, hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor (HGF/SF), in NIH 3T3 fibroblasts causes the cells to become tumorigenic in nude mice. The resultant tumors display lumen-like morphology, contain carcinoma-like focal areas with intercellular junctions resembling desmosomes, and coexpress epithelial (cytokeratin) and mesenchymal (vimentin) cytoskeletal markers. The tumor cells also display enhanced expression of desmosomal and tight-junction proteins. The apparent mesenchymal to epithelial conversion of the tumor cells mimics the conversion that occurs during embryonic kidney development, suggesting that Met-HGF/SF signaling plays a role in this process as well as in tumors that express both epithelial and mesenchymal markers.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Tsarfaty, I -- Rong, S -- Resau, J H -- Rulong, S -- da Silva, P P -- Vande Woude, G F -- N01-CO-74101/CO/NCI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Jan 7;263(5143):98-101.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉ABL-Basic Research Program, National Cancer Institute (NCI)-Frederick Cancer Research and Development Center, MD 21702-1201.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7505952" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: 3T3 Cells ; Animals ; *Cell Transformation, Neoplastic ; Desmosomes/ultrastructure ; Epithelial Cells ; Hepatocyte Growth Factor/metabolism/pharmacology ; Keratins/biosynthesis ; Kidney/embryology/metabolism ; Mesoderm/cytology ; Mice ; Mice, Nude ; Neoplasms, Experimental/metabolism/*pathology ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-met ; *Proto-Oncogenes ; Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/genetics/*metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; Transfection ; Vimentin/biosynthesis
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    CD26 antigen and HIV fusion? (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1994-05-20
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Patience, C -- McKnight, A -- Clapham, P R -- Boyd, M T -- Weiss, R A -- Schulz, T F -- G117/547/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 May 20;264(5162):1159-60; author reply 1162-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7909960" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antigens, CD4/*physiology ; Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/*physiology ; Base Sequence ; Cats ; Cell Line ; Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 ; HIV-1/*physiology ; Humans ; Mink ; Molecular Sequence Data
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Microtubule severing by elongation factor 1 alpha (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1994-10-14
    Description: An activity that severs stable microtubules is thought to be involved in microtubule reorganization during the cell cycle. Here, a 48-kilodalton microtubule-severing protein was purified from Xenopus eggs and identified as translational elongation factor 1 alpha (EF-1 alpha). Bacterially expressed human EF-1 alpha also displayed microtubule-severing activity in vitro and, when microinjected into fibroblasts, induced rapid and transient fragmentation of cytoplasmic microtubule arrays. Thus, EF-1 alpha, an essential component of the eukaryotic translational apparatus, appears to have a second role as a regulator of cytoskeletal rearrangements.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Shiina, N -- Gotoh, Y -- Kubomura, N -- Iwamatsu, A -- Nishida, E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Oct 14;266(5183):282-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Kyoto University, Japan.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7939665" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenosine Triphosphate/pharmacology ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Base Sequence ; Cell Line ; Guanosine Triphosphate/analogs & derivatives/metabolism ; Humans ; Microtubules/drug effects/*metabolism ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Molecular Weight ; Oocytes ; Peptide Elongation Factor 1 ; Peptide Elongation Factors/chemistry/isolation & purification/*physiology ; Rats ; Recombinant Proteins/pharmacology ; Ribonucleoproteins/chemistry/isolation & purification/*physiology ; Sepharose/analogs & derivatives/metabolism ; Xenopus laevis
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Treatment of murine lupus with CTLA4Ig (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1994-08-26
    Description: The interaction of B7-related molecules on antigen-presenting cells with CD28 or CTLA-4 antigens on T cells provides a second signal for T cell activation. Selection inhibition of the B7-CD28 or B7-CTLA-4 interactions produces antigen-specific T cell unresponsiveness in vitro and suppresses immune function in vivo. To determine whether selective inhibition of the B7-CD28 or B7-CTLA-4 interactions could suppress spontaneous autoimmune disease, a B7-binding protein was generated by genetic fusion of the extracellular domain of murine CTLA-4 to the Fc portion of a mouse immunoglobulin G2a monoclonal antibody (muCTLA4Ig). In lupus-prone NZB/NZW filial generation (F1) mice, treatment with muCTLA4Ig blocked autoantibody production and prolonged life, even when treatment was delayed until the most advanced stage of clinical illness. These findings suggest a possible role for human CTLA4Ig in the treatment of autoimmune diseases in humans.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Finck, B K -- Linsley, P S -- Wofsy, D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Aug 26;265(5176):1225-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7520604" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Abatacept ; Animals ; Antibodies, Antinuclear/biosynthesis ; Antibodies, Monoclonal ; Antigens, CD ; Antigens, CD80/metabolism ; Antigens, Differentiation/immunology/metabolism/*therapeutic use ; B-Lymphocytes/immunology ; CTLA-4 Antigen ; Female ; Humans ; *Immunoconjugates ; Immunotherapy ; Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/immunology/*therapy ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred NZB ; Mice, Inbred Strains ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/therapeutic use ; T-Lymphocytes/immunology
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    ATP-dependent nucleosome reconfiguration and transcriptional activation from preassembled chromatin templates (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1994-12-23
    Description: GAL4-VP16-mediated nucleosome reconfiguration and transcriptional activation were observed with preassembled chromatin templates that contained regular and physiological nucleosome spacing. Both processes were dependent on adenosine triphosphate (ATP), although binding of GAL4-VP16 to the chromatin was ATP-independent. Factor-mediated nucleosome reconfiguration was not, however, sufficient for transcriptional activation. These experiments recreate in vitro the active participation of nucleosomal cores in the regulation of transcription that occurs in vivo, and they suggest a multistep pathway for transcriptional activation in which factor- and ATP-dependent nucleosome reconfiguration is followed by facilitation by the DNA-bound activator of transcription from the repressed chromatin template.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pazin, M J -- Kamakaka, R T -- Kadonaga, J T -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Dec 23;266(5193):2007-11.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla 92093-0347.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7801129" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenosine Triphosphate/*metabolism ; Animals ; Chromatin/chemistry/*metabolism ; DNA/metabolism ; DNA-Binding Proteins ; Drosophila ; Fungal Proteins/metabolism ; Models, Genetic ; Nucleosomes/chemistry/*metabolism ; *Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins ; Templates, Genetic ; Trans-Activators/metabolism ; Transcription Factors/metabolism ; *Transcriptional Activation
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  • 45
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    Enhancer point mutation results in a homeotic transformation in Drosophila (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1994-05-13
    Description: In Drosophila, the misexpression or altered activity of genes from the bithorax complex results in homeotic transformations. One of these genes, abd-A, normally specifies the identity of the second through fourth abdominal segments (A2 to A4). In the dominant Hyperabdominal mutations (Hab), portions of the third thoracic segment (T3) are transformed toward A2 as the result of ectopic abd-A expression. Sequence analysis and deoxyribonuclease I footprinting demonstrate that the misexpression of abd-A in two independent Hab mutations results from the same single base change in a binding site for the gap gene Kruppel protein. These results establish that the spatial limits of the homeotic genes are directly regulated by gap gene products.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Shimell, M J -- Simon, J -- Bender, W -- O'Connor, M B -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 May 13;264(5161):968-71.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine 92717.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7909957" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Base Sequence ; Binding Sites ; DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; *Drosophila Proteins ; Drosophila melanogaster/embryology/*genetics ; Enhancer Elements, Genetic/*genetics ; Gene Expression Regulation ; *Genes, Homeobox ; Genes, Insect ; Kruppel-Like Transcription Factors ; Molecular Sequence Data ; *Nuclear Proteins ; *Point Mutation ; Proteins/*genetics ; Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid ; *Repressor Proteins ; Transcription Factors/genetics/metabolism
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  • 46
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    Requirement for intron-encoded U22 small nucleolar RNA in 18S ribosomal RNA maturation (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1994-12-02
    Description: The nucleoli of vertebrate cells contain a number of small RNAs that are generated by the processing of intron fragments of protein-coding gene transcripts. The host gene (UHG) for intro-encoded human U22 is unusual in that it specifies a polyadenylated but apparently noncoding RNA. Depletion of U22 from Xenopus oocytes by oligonucleotide-directed ribonuclease H targeting prevented the processing of 18S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) at both ends. The appearance of 18S rRNA was restored by injection of in vitro-synthesized U22 RNA. These results identify a cellular function for an intron-encoded small RNA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Tycowski, K T -- Shu, M D -- Steitz, J A -- GM26154/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Dec 2;266(5190):1558-61.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06536.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7985025" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Base Sequence ; Blotting, Northern ; Cell Nucleolus/*chemistry ; Humans ; *Introns ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Oligonucleotide Probes ; Oocytes/metabolism ; RNA Precursors/*metabolism ; RNA Processing, Post-Transcriptional ; RNA, Nuclear/chemistry/*genetics/*physiology ; RNA, Ribosomal, 18S/*metabolism ; RNA, Small Nuclear/chemistry/*genetics/*physiology ; Xenopus
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  • 47
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    Putting our oldest ancestors in their proper place (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1994-09-30
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Fischman, J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Sep 30;265(5181):2011-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8091222" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Ethiopia ; *Fossils ; History, Ancient ; Hominidae/*classification ; Humans ; Paleodontology ; Pan troglodytes/*classification
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  • 48
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    Delocalization of Vg1 mRNA from the vegetal cortex in Xenopus oocytes after destruction of Xlsirt RNA (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1994-08-19
    Description: The Xlsirts are a family of transcribed repeat sequence genes that do not code for protein. Xlsirt RNAs become localized to the vegetal cortex of Xenopus oocytes early in oogenesis, before the localization of the messenger RNA Vg1, which encodes a transforming growth factor-beta-like molecule involved in mesoderm formation, and coincident with the localization of Xcat2 transcripts, which encode a nanos-like molecule. Destruction of the localized Xlsirts by injection of antisense oligodeoxynucleotides into stage 4 oocytes resulted in the release of Vg1 transcripts but not Xcat2 transcripts from the vegetal cortex. Xlsirt RNAs, which may be a structural component of the vegetal cortex, are a crucial part of a genetic pathway necessary for the proper localization of Vg1 that leads to subsequent normal pattern formation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kloc, M -- Etkin, L D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Aug 19;265(5175):1101-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston 77030.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7520603" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Base Sequence ; Cells, Cultured ; Glycoproteins/*genetics ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Oligonucleotides, Antisense/pharmacology ; Oogenesis ; RNA/*genetics ; RNA, Messenger/genetics/*metabolism ; RNA-Binding Proteins/genetics ; Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid ; Transforming Growth Factor beta/genetics ; Xenopus ; *Xenopus Proteins ; Zinc Fingers
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  • 49
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    Structures of ternary complexes of rat DNA polymerase beta, a DNA template-primer, and ddCTP (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1994-06-24
    Description: Two ternary complexes of rat DNA polymerase beta (pol beta), a DNA template-primer, and dideoxycytidine triphosphate (ddCTP) have been determined at 2.9 A and 3.6 A resolution, respectively. ddCTP is the triphosphate of dideoxycytidine (ddC), a nucleoside analog that targets the reverse transcriptase of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and is at present used to treat AIDS. Although crystals of the two complexes belong to different space groups, the structures are similar, suggesting that the polymerase-DNA-ddCTP interactions are not affected by crystal packing forces. In the pol beta active site, the attacking 3'-OH of the elongating primer, the ddCTP phosphates, and two Mg2+ ions are all clustered around Asp190, Asp192, and Asp256. Two of these residues, Asp190 and Asp256, are present in the amino acid sequences of all polymerases so far studied and are also spatially similar in the four polymerases--the Klenow fragment of Escherichia coli DNA polymerase I, HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, T7 RNA polymerase, and rat DNA pol beta--whose crystal structures are now known. A two-metal ion mechanism is described for the nucleotidyl transfer reaction and may apply to all polymerases. In the ternary complex structures analyzed, pol beta binds to the DNA template-primer in a different manner from that recently proposed for other polymerase-DNA models.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pelletier, H -- Sawaya, M R -- Kumar, A -- Wilson, S H -- Kraut, J -- CA17374/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- ES06839/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/ -- GM10928/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Jun 24;264(5167):1891-903.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Chemistry, University of California, San Diego 92093-0317.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7516580" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Base Sequence ; Binding Sites ; Crystallization ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; DNA/chemistry/metabolism ; DNA Polymerase I/*chemistry/metabolism ; DNA Primers/*chemistry/metabolism ; DNA-Directed RNA Polymerases/chemistry/metabolism ; Deoxycytosine Nucleotides/*chemistry/metabolism ; Dideoxynucleotides ; HIV Reverse Transcriptase ; Humans ; Hydrogen Bonding ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Sequence Data ; RNA-Directed DNA Polymerase/chemistry/metabolism ; Rats ; Recombinant Proteins ; Templates, Genetic ; Thymine Nucleotides/chemistry/metabolism ; Viral Proteins ; Zidovudine/analogs & derivatives/chemistry/metabolism
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    Abnormal fear response and aggressive behavior in mutant mice deficient for alpha-calcium-calmodulin kinase II (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1994-10-14
    Description: Mice deficient for the gene encoding alpha-calcium-calmodulin-dependent kinase II (alpha-CaMKII knockout mice) provide a promising tool to link behavioral and cellular abnormalities with a specific molecular lesion. The heterozygous mouse exhibited a well-circumscribed syndrome of behavioral abnormalities, consisting primarily of a decreased fear response and an increase in defensive aggression, in the absence of any measured cognitive deficits. Unlike the heterozygote, the homozygote displayed abnormal behavior in all paradigms tested. At the cellular level, both extracellular and whole-cell patch clamp recordings indicated that serotonin release in putative serotonergic neurons of the dorsal raphe was reduced. Thus, alpha-CaMKII knockout mice, in particular the heterozygote, may provide a model for studying the molecular and cellular basis underlying emotional disorders involving fear and aggression.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Chen, C -- Rainnie, D G -- Greene, R W -- Tonegawa, S -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Oct 14;266(5183):291-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Center for Cancer Research, Cambridge, MA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7939668" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Aggression ; Animals ; Behavior, Animal ; Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase Type 2 ; Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases/deficiency/genetics/*physiology ; *Fear ; Fluoxetine/pharmacology ; Gene Dosage ; Heterozygote ; Homozygote ; In Vitro Techniques ; Membrane Potentials ; Mice ; Mice, Knockout ; Mutation ; Neurons/metabolism ; Patch-Clamp Techniques ; Raphe Nuclei/metabolism ; Serotonin/metabolism/pharmacology ; Synaptic Transmission/drug effects
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  • 51
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    Suppression of Ras-induced transformation of NIH 3T3 cells by activated G alpha s (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1994-03-04
    Description: Conversion of external signals into proliferative responses may be mediated by interactions between signaling pathways that control cell proliferation. Interactions between G alpha s, the alpha subunit of the heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide binding protein that stimulates adenylyl cyclase, and Ras, an important element in growth factor signaling, were studied. Expression of activated G alpha s in NIH 3T3 cells increased intracellular concentrations of adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP) and inhibited H-Ras-stimulated DNA synthesis and mitogen-activated protein kinase activity. Activated G alpha s and 8-Br-cAMP suppressed H-Ras-induced transformation of NIH 3T3 cells. Apparently, G alpha s inhibits proliferative signals from Ras by stimulating cAMP production and activating protein kinase A.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Chen, J -- Iyengar, R -- CA-44998/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- DK-38761/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Mar 4;263(5151):1278-81.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biochemistry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, City University of New York, NY 10029.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8122111" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: 3T3 Cells ; 8-Bromo Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate/pharmacology ; Animals ; Cell Division ; Cell Line ; *Cell Transformation, Neoplastic ; Cyclic AMP/metabolism ; Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases/metabolism ; Enzyme Activation ; GTP-Binding Proteins/genetics/*physiology ; *Genes, ras ; Mice ; Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1 ; Mutagenesis, Site-Directed ; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors/metabolism ; Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors/metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; Transfection
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  • 52
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    Functional consequences of posttranslational isomerization of Ser46 in a calcium channel toxin (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1994-11-11
    Description: The venom of the funnel-web spider Agelenopsis aperta contains several peptides that paralyze prey by blocking voltage-sensitive calcium channels. Two peptides, omega-Aga-IVB (IVB) and omega-Aga-IVC (IVC), have identical amino acid sequences, yet have opposite absolute configurations at serine 46. These toxins had similar selectivities for blocking voltage-sensitive calcium channel subtypes but different potencies for blocking P-type voltage-sensitive calcium channels in rat cerebellar Purkinje cells as well as calcium-45 influx into rat brain synaptosomes. An enzyme purified from venom converts IVC to IVB by isomerizing serine 46, which is present in the carboxyl-terminal tail, from the L to the D configuration. Unlike the carboxyl terminus of IVC, that of IVB was resistant to the major venom protease. These results show enzymatic activities in A. aperta venom being used in an unprecedented strategy for coproduction of necessary neurotoxins that possess enhanced stability and potency.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Heck, S D -- Siok, C J -- Krapcho, K J -- Kelbaugh, P R -- Thadeio, P F -- Welch, M J -- Williams, R D -- Ganong, A H -- Kelly, M E -- Lanzetti, A J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Nov 11;266(5187):1065-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉NPS Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, Salt Lake City, Utah 84108.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7973665" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Agatoxins ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Base Sequence ; Calcium/metabolism ; Calcium Channel Blockers/chemistry/*metabolism/toxicity ; Calcium Channels/*metabolism ; Isomerases/metabolism ; Molecular Sequence Data ; *Protein Processing, Post-Translational ; Purkinje Cells/metabolism ; Rats ; Serine/*metabolism ; Spider Venoms/chemistry/enzymology/*metabolism/toxicity ; Stereoisomerism ; Structure-Activity Relationship ; Synaptosomes/metabolism
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    Functional participation of the IL-2 receptor gamma chain in IL-7 receptor complexes (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1994-03-11
    Description: The gamma chain of the interleukin-2 (IL-2) receptor is shared with the functional IL-4 receptor and is causatively related to X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency (XSCID), which is ascribed to a profound T cell defect. Studies with monoclonal antibodies specific for the IL-2 receptor gamma chain showed that the gamma chain participates in the functional high-affinity receptor complexes for IL-7 that are involved in the differentiation of T and B cells. Participation of the gamma subunit in more than one receptor may enable the elucidation of the mechanisms of XSCID development and lymphocyte differentiation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kondo, M -- Takeshita, T -- Higuchi, M -- Nakamura, M -- Sudo, T -- Nishikawa, S -- Sugamura, K -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Mar 11;263(5152):1453-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Microbiology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8128231" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antibodies, Monoclonal ; B-Lymphocytes/*immunology ; Cell Line ; Cells, Cultured ; Female ; Genetic Linkage ; Interleukin-7/*metabolism/pharmacology ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Receptors, Interleukin/*metabolism ; Receptors, Interleukin-2/genetics/immunology/*metabolism ; Receptors, Interleukin-7 ; Severe Combined Immunodeficiency/genetics/immunology ; T-Lymphocytes/*immunology ; X Chromosome
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  • 54
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    Structure of an electron transfer complex: methylamine dehydrogenase, amicyanin, and cytochrome c551i (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1994-04-01
    Description: The crystal structure of a ternary protein complex has been determined at 2.4 angstrom resolution. The complex is composed of three electron transfer proteins from Paracoccus denitrificans, the quinoprotein methylamine dehydrogenase, the blue copper protein amicyanin, and the cytochrome c551i. The central region of the c551i is folded similarly to several small bacterial c-type cytochromes; there is a 45-residue extension at the amino terminus and a 25-residue extension at the carboxyl terminus. The methylamine dehydrogenase-amicyanin interface is largely hydrophobic, whereas the amicyanin-cytochrome interface is more polar, with several charged groups present on each surface. Analysis of the simplest electron transfer pathways between the redox partners points out the importance of other factors such as energetics in determining the electron transfer rates.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Chen, L -- Durley, R C -- Mathews, F S -- Davidson, V L -- GM41574/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Apr 1;264(5155):86-90.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8140419" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Bacterial Proteins/*chemistry/metabolism ; Computer Graphics ; Cytochrome c Group/*chemistry/metabolism ; Electron Transport ; Hydrogen Bonding ; *Indolequinones ; Models, Molecular ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Oxidoreductases Acting on CH-NH Group Donors/*chemistry/metabolism ; Paracoccus denitrificans/*chemistry/enzymology ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Folding ; Protein Structure, Secondary ; Quinones/chemistry/metabolism ; Software ; Tryptophan/analogs & derivatives/chemistry/metabolism
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  • 55
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    Regulatory T cell clones induced by oral tolerance: suppression of autoimmune encephalomyelitis (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1994-08-26
    Description: Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is a cell-mediated autoimmune disease that serves as an animal model for multiple sclerosis. Oral administration of myelin basic protein (MBP) suppresses EAE by inducing peripheral tolerance. T cell clones were isolated from the mesenteric lymph nodes of SJL mice that had been orally tolerized to MBP. These clones were CD4+ and were structurally identical to T helper cell type 1 (TH1) encephalitogenic CD4+ clones in T cell receptor usage, major histocompatibility complex restriction, and epitope recognition. However, they produced transforming growth factor-beta with various amounts of interleukin-4 and interleukin-10 and suppressed EAE induced with either MBP or proteolipid protein. Thus, mucosally derived TH2-like clones induced by oral antigen can actively regulate immune responses in vivo and may represent a different subset of T cells.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Chen, Y -- Kuchroo, V K -- Inobe, J -- Hafler, D A -- Weiner, H L -- AR/A143220/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ -- NS29352/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- NS30843/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Aug 26;265(5176):1237-40.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7520605" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Administration, Oral ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/*immunology ; Clone Cells ; Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/*immunology ; Epitopes/immunology ; *Immune Tolerance ; Interleukin-10/biosynthesis ; Interleukin-4/biosynthesis ; Lymph Nodes/immunology ; Major Histocompatibility Complex ; Mesentery/immunology ; Mice ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Myelin Basic Protein/administration & dosage/*immunology ; Myelin Proteins/immunology ; Myelin Proteolipid Protein ; Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology ; Transforming Growth Factor beta/biosynthesis
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    Regulation of IgE responses to inhaled antigen in mice by antigen-specific gamma delta T cells (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1994-09-23
    Description: Indirect evidence implicates gamma delta T cells in the cross-regulation of CD4 alpha beta T cell responses. Adoptive transfer of small numbers of gamma delta T cells from ovalbumin (OVA)-tolerant mice selectively suppressed TH2-dependent immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibody production without affecting parallel IgG responses. Challenge of these gamma delta T cells in vitro with specific antigen resulted in production of high levels of interferon gamma. The effects of the gamma delta T cells may be mediated by direct inhibition of OVA-specific CD4+ TH2 cell proliferation or selection for specific CD4 TH2 cells.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉McMenamin, C -- Pimm, C -- McKersey, M -- Holt, P G -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Sep 23;265(5180):1869-71.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Cell Biology, Institute for Child Health Research, West Perth, Western Australia.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7916481" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/*immunology ; Dose-Response Relationship, Immunologic ; *Immune Tolerance ; Immunoglobulin E/*biosynthesis ; Immunoglobulin G/biosynthesis ; Immunotherapy, Adoptive ; Interferon-gamma/biosynthesis ; Interleukin-2/biosynthesis ; Lymphocyte Activation ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Ovalbumin/immunology ; Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/*immunology ; T-Lymphocyte Subsets/*immunology ; Transforming Growth Factor beta/biosynthesis
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    Inhibitory CA1-CA3-hilar region feedback in the hippocampus (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1994-09-16
    Description: The organization of the hippocampus is generally thought of as a series of cell groups that form a unidirectionally excited chain, regulated by localized inhibitory circuits. With the use of in vivo intracellular labeling, histochemical, and extracellular tracing methods, a longitudinally widespread, inhibitory feedback in rat brain from the CA1 area to the CA3 and hilar regions was observed. This long-range, cross-regional inhibition may allow precise synchronization of population activity by timing the occurrence of action potentials in the principal cells and may contribute to the coordinated induction of synaptic plasticity in distributed networks.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sik, A -- Ylinen, A -- Penttonen, M -- Buzsaki, G -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Sep 16;265(5179):1722-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center for Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07102.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8085161" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Axons/ultrastructure ; Dendrites/ultrastructure ; Feedback ; Hippocampus/cytology/*physiology ; Interneurons/*physiology/ultrastructure ; Membrane Potentials ; *Neural Inhibition ; Neural Pathways ; Pyramidal Cells/*physiology/ultrastructure ; Rats ; Synapses/ultrastructure
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    Engineering poliovirus as a vaccine vector for the expression of diverse antigens (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1994-09-02
    Description: As a step toward developing poliovirus as a vaccine vector, poliovirus recombinants were constructed by fusing exogenous peptides (up to 400 amino acids) and an artificial cleavage site for viral protease 3Cpro to the amino terminus of the viral polyprotein. Viral replication proceeded normally. An extended polyprotein was produced in infected cells and proteolytically processed into the complete array of viral proteins plus the foreign peptide, which was excluded from mature virions. The recombinants retained exogenous sequences through successive rounds of replication in culture and in vivo. Infection of animals with recombinants elicited a humoral immune response to the foreign peptides.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Andino, R -- Silvera, D -- Suggett, S D -- Achacoso, P L -- Miller, C J -- Baltimore, D -- Feinberg, M B -- AI22346/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI35545/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- RR00169/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Sep 2;265(5177):1448-51.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8073288" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Antibodies, Bacterial/biosynthesis ; Antibodies, Viral/biosynthesis ; Antigens, Bacterial/genetics/immunology ; Antigens, Viral/genetics/immunology ; Base Sequence ; Cloning, Molecular ; *Genetic Engineering ; Genetic Vectors ; HeLa Cells ; Humans ; Macaca fascicularis ; Mice ; Mice, Transgenic ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Poliovirus/*genetics/immunology/physiology ; Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral/*genetics ; *Protein Biosynthesis ; Proteins/metabolism ; Recombinant Proteins/biosynthesis/metabolism ; Vaccines, Synthetic/genetics/*immunology ; Virus Replication
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    Contribution of early cells to the fate map of the zebrafish gastrula (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1994-07-22
    Description: Previously, a tissue-specific fate map was compiled for the gastrula stage of the zebrafish embryo, indicating that development subsequent to this stage follows a reproducible pattern. Here it is shown that each early zebrafish blastomere normally contributes to a subset of the gastrula and thus gives rise to a limited array of tissues. However, the final contribution that any early blastomere makes to the fate map in the gastrula cannot be predicted because of variability in both the position of the future dorsoventral axis with respect to the early cleavage blastomeres and the scattering of daughter cells as the gastrula is formed. Therefore, early cell divisions of the zebrafish embryo cannot reproducibly segregate determinants of tissue fates.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Helde, K A -- Wilson, E T -- Cretekos, C J -- Grunwald, D J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Jul 22;265(5171):517-20.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Human Genetics, Eccles Institute of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City 84112.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8036493" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Blastomeres/cytology ; Cell Division ; Gastrula/*cytology ; Zebrafish/*embryology
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Rates of mortality in populations of Caenorhabditis elegans (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1994-11-04
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Vaupel, J W -- Johnson, T E -- Lithgow, G J -- P01-AG08761/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- R01-AG08332/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- R01-AG10248/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- etc. -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Nov 4;266(5186):826; author reply 828.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7973641" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Aging ; Animals ; Caenorhabditis elegans/genetics/*physiology ; Genotype ; Longevity ; Mortality
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    Potentiated transmission and prevention of further LTP by increased CaMKII activity in postsynaptic hippocampal slice neurons (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1994-12-16
    Description: Calcium-calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) is a necessary component of the cellular machinery underlying learning and memory. Here, a constitutively active form of this enzyme, CaMKII(1-290), was introduced into neurons of hippocampal slices with a recombinant vaccinia virus to test the hypothesis that increased postsynaptic activity of this enzyme is sufficient to produce long-term synaptic potentiation (LTP), a prominent cellular model of learning and memory. Postsynaptic expression of CaMKII(1-290) increased CaMKII activity, enhanced synaptic transmission, and prevented more potentiation by an LTP-inducing protocol. These results, together with previous studies, suggest that postsynaptic CaMKII activity is necessary and sufficient to generate LTP.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pettit, D L -- Perlman, S -- Malinow, R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Dec 16;266(5192):1881-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Neuroscience Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City 52242.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7997883" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: 2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate/pharmacology ; Animals ; Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase Type 2 ; Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases/*metabolism ; Cell Line ; Genetic Vectors ; Hippocampus/cytology/enzymology/*physiology ; In Vitro Techniques ; Long-Term Potentiation/drug effects/*physiology ; Membrane Potentials ; Patch-Clamp Techniques ; Pyramidal Cells/enzymology/*physiology ; Rats ; Recombinant Proteins/metabolism ; Synaptic Transmission/drug effects/*physiology ; Transfection ; Vaccinia virus/genetics/physiology
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    GDNF: a potent survival factor for motoneurons present in peripheral nerve and muscle (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1994-11-11
    Description: For survival, embryonic motoneurons in vertebrates depend on as yet undefined neurotrophic factors present in the limb bud. Members of the neurotrophin family are currently the best candidates for such neurotrophic factors, but inactivation of their receptor genes leads to only partial loss of motoneurons, which suggests that other factors are involved. Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), originally identified as a trophic factor specific for dopaminergic neurons, was found to be 75-fold more potent than the neurotrophins in supporting the survival of purified embryonic rat motoneurons in culture. GDNF messenger RNA was found in the immediate vicinity of motoneurons during the period of cell death in development. In vivo, GDNF rescues and prevents the atrophy of facial motoneurons that have been deprived of target-derived survival factors by axotomy. GDNF may therefore be a physiological trophic factor for spinal motoneurons. Its potency and specificity in vitro and in vivo also make it a good candidate for treatment of motoneuron disease.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Henderson, C E -- Phillips, H S -- Pollock, R A -- Davies, A M -- Lemeulle, C -- Armanini, M -- Simmons, L -- Moffet, B -- Vandlen, R A -- Simpson LC corrected to Simmons, L -- Koliatsos, V E -- Rosenthal, A -- NS 10580/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Nov 11;266(5187):1062-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉INSERM U.382, IBDM, Marseille, France.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7973664" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor ; Cell Death ; Cell Survival/drug effects ; Cells, Cultured ; Ciliary Neurotrophic Factor ; Face/innervation ; Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor ; Growth Inhibitors/pharmacology ; *Interleukin-6 ; Leukemia Inhibitory Factor ; Lymphokines/pharmacology ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Motor Neurons/*cytology/drug effects ; Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/*metabolism ; Nerve Growth Factors/analysis/biosynthesis/genetics/*pharmacology ; Nerve Tissue Proteins/*analysis/biosynthesis/genetics/*pharmacology ; Neurons, Afferent/cytology/drug effects ; Peripheral Nerves/*metabolism ; RNA, Messenger/analysis/genetics ; Rats ; Schwann Cells/metabolism
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    A neurochemically distinct third channel in the macaque dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1994-04-22
    Description: The primate visual system is often divided into two channels, designated M and P, whose signals are relayed to the cerebral cortex by neurons in the magnocellular and parvicellular layers of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus. We have identified a third population of geniculocortical neurons in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus of macaques, which is immunoreactive for the alpha subunit of type II calmodulin-dependent protein kinase. This large third population occupies interlaminar regions (intercalated layers) ventral to each principal layer. Retrograde labeling of kinase-immunoreactive cells from the primary visual cortex shows that they provide the geniculocortical input to cytochrome oxidase-rich puffs in layers II and III.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hendry, S H -- Yoshioka, T -- EY 06432/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Apr 22;264(5158):575-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Zanvyl Krieger Mind/Brain Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8160015" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase Type 2 ; Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases/*analysis ; Fluorescent Antibody Technique ; Geniculate Bodies/*cytology ; Interneurons/*cytology/enzymology ; Macaca fascicularis ; Macaca mulatta ; Visual Cortex/*cytology ; *Visual Pathways
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    Drosophila TAFII150: similarity to yeast gene TSM-1 and specific binding to core promoter DNA (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1994-05-13
    Description: In Drosophila and human cells, the TATA binding protein (TBP) of the transcription factor IID (TFIID) complex is tightly associated with multiple subunits termed TBP-associated factors (TAFs) that are essential for mediating regulation of RNA polymerase II transcription. The Drosophila TAFII150 has now been molecularly cloned and biochemically characterized. The deduced primary amino acid sequence of dTAFII150 reveals a striking similarity to the essential yeast gene, TSM-1. Furthermore, like dTAFII150, the TSM-1 protein is found associated with the TBP in vivo, thus identifying the first yeast homolog of a TAF associated with TFIID. Both the product of TSM-1 and dTAFII150 bind directly to TBP and dTAFII250, demonstrating a functional similarity between human and yeast TAFs. Surprisingly, DNA binding studies indicate that purified recombinant dTAFII150 binds specifically to DNA sequences overlapping the start site of transcription. The data demonstrate that at least one of the TAFs is a sequence-specific DNA binding protein and that dTAFII150 together with TBP are responsible for TFIID interactions with an extended region of the core promoter.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Verrijzer, C P -- Yokomori, K -- Chen, J L -- Tjian, R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 May 13;264(5161):933-41.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley 94720-3202.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8178153" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Base Sequence ; Cloning, Molecular ; DNA/*metabolism ; DNA-Binding Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Drosophila ; *Drosophila Proteins ; Genes, Fungal ; Genes, Insect ; Histone Acetyltransferases ; Humans ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Nuclear Proteins/metabolism ; *Promoter Regions, Genetic ; RNA Polymerase II/metabolism ; Recombinant Proteins/metabolism ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae/genetics ; *Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins ; Sequence Alignment ; TATA Box ; *TATA-Binding Protein Associated Factors ; TATA-Box Binding Protein ; Transcription Factor TFIID ; Transcription Factors/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism
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    beta-Carotene and the prevention of cancer (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1994-10-07
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Vilenchik, M M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Oct 7;266(5182):14-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7939634" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Anticarcinogenic Agents/*therapeutic use ; Carotenoids/administration & dosage/*adverse effects/*therapeutic use ; Clinical Trials as Topic ; Humans ; Lung Neoplasms/etiology ; Neoplasms/*prevention & control ; Smoking ; beta Carotene
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    Detection of endogenous malondialdehyde-deoxyguanosine adducts in human liver (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1994-09-09
    Description: Endogenous DNA adducts may contribute to the etiology of human genetic disease and cancer. One potential source of endogenous DNA adducts is lipid peroxidation, which generates mutagenic carbonyl compounds such as malondialdehyde. A sensitive mass spectrometric method permitted detection and quantitation of the major malondialdehyde-DNA adduct, a pyrimidopurinone derived from deoxyguanosine. DNA from disease-free human liver was found to contain 5400 adducts per cell, a frequency comparable to that of adducts formed by exogenous carcinogens.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Chaudhary, A K -- Nokubo, M -- Reddy, G R -- Yeola, S N -- Morrow, J D -- Blair, I A -- Marnett, L J -- CA47479/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- ES00267/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/ -- GM42056/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Sep 9;265(5178):1580-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉A. B. Hancock Jr. Memorial Laboratory for Cancer Research, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232-0146.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8079172" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adolescent ; Adult ; Animals ; Carbon Tetrachloride/toxicity ; DNA/*chemistry ; DNA Damage ; Deoxyguanosine/*analogs & derivatives/analysis/*metabolism ; Female ; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry ; Humans ; Lipid Peroxidation ; Liver/*chemistry ; Male ; Malondialdehyde/*metabolism ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley
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    Sequestration of GPI-anchored proteins in caveolae triggered by cross-linking (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1994-06-24
    Description: Glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored proteins have been reported to reside in clusters collected over small membrane invaginations called caveolae. The detection of different GPI-anchored proteins with fluorescently labeled monoclonal antibodies showed that these proteins are not constitutively concentrated in caveolae; they enter these structures independently after cross-linking with polyclonal secondary antibodies. Analysis of the cell surface distribution of the GPI-anchored folate receptor by electron microscopy confirms these observations. Thus, multimerization of GPI-anchored proteins regulates their sequestration in caveolae, but in the absence of agents that promote clustering they are diffusely distributed over the plasma membrane.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mayor, S -- Rothberg, K G -- Maxfield, F R -- DK27083/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Jun 24;264(5167):1948-51.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Pathology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7516582" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: 3T3 Cells ; Animals ; Antibodies, Monoclonal ; Antigens, CD/analysis/immunology/metabolism ; Antigens, CD55 ; Antigens, Surface/analysis/immunology/metabolism ; Antigens, Thy-1 ; Carrier Proteins/analysis/immunology/*metabolism ; Caveolin 1 ; *Caveolins ; Cell Membrane/*metabolism/ultrastructure ; Fluorescent Antibody Technique ; Folate Receptors, GPI-Anchored ; Folic Acid/metabolism ; Glycosylphosphatidylinositols/analysis/*metabolism ; Humans ; Immunoglobulin G/metabolism ; Membrane Glycoproteins/analysis/immunology/metabolism ; Membrane Proteins/analysis ; Mice ; Microscopy, Electron ; *Receptors, Cell Surface ; Tumor Cells, Cultured
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    Activation and regeneration of rhodopsin in the insect visual cycle (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1994-11-25
    Description: Light absorption by rhodopsin generates metarhodopsin, which activates heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) in photoreceptor cells of vertebrates and invertebrates. In contrast to vertebrate metarhodopsins, most invertebrate metarhodopsins are thermally stable and regenerate rhodopsin by absorption of a second photon. In experiments with Rh1 Drosophila rhodopsin, the thermal stability of metarhodopsin was found not to be an intrinsic property of the visual pigment but a consequence of its interaction with arrestin (49 kilodaltons). The stabilization of metarhodopsin resulted in a large decrease in the efficiency of G protein activation. Light absorption by thermally stable metarhodopsin initially regenerated an inactive rhodopsin-like intermediate, which was subsequently converted in the dark to active rhodopsin. The accumulation of inactive rhodopsin at higher light levels may represent a mechanism for gain regulation in the insect visual cycle.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kiselev, A -- Subramaniam, S -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Nov 25;266(5189):1369-73.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7973725" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antigens/*metabolism ; Arrestin ; Darkness ; Drosophila ; Eye Proteins/*metabolism ; GTP-Binding Proteins/*metabolism ; *Light ; Models, Biological ; Phosphorylation ; Photoreceptor Cells, Invertebrate/*metabolism ; Rhodopsin/*analogs & derivatives/chemistry/*metabolism ; Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet ; Temperature
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    Role of TCR zeta chain in T cell development and selection (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1994-11-11
    Description: Signals mediated by the T cell receptor (TCR) are required for thymocyte maturation and selection. To examine the role of TCR zeta chain signals in development, TCR expression was restored in zeta-deficient mice with transgenic zeta chains that partially or completely lacked sequences required for signal transduction. The zeta chain played a role in thymic development by promoting TCR surface expression, but zeta-mediated signals were not essential because TCRs that contained signaling-deficient zeta chains promoted T cell maturation and transduced signals associated with thymic selection.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Shores, E W -- Huang, K -- Tran, T -- Lee, E -- Grinberg, A -- Love, P E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Nov 11;266(5187):1047-50.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Hematologic Products, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD 20892.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7526464" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Antigens, CD/analysis/genetics ; Antigens, CD4/analysis ; Antigens, CD5 ; Antigens, CD8/analysis ; Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/analysis ; *DNA-Binding Proteins ; Down-Regulation ; Gene Expression ; *Homeodomain Proteins ; Lectins, C-Type ; Lymph Nodes/immunology ; Membrane Proteins/genetics/*physiology ; Mice ; Mice, Transgenic ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Proteins/genetics ; RNA, Messenger/genetics/metabolism ; Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics/*physiology ; Signal Transduction ; T-Lymphocytes/cytology/*immunology ; Thymus Gland/immunology
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Another shakeup at LBL genome center (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1994-01-28
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Anderson, C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Jan 28;263(5146):464.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8290951" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Academies and Institutes ; Animals ; California ; Drosophila/genetics ; *Genome ; Human Genome Project ; Humans ; *Sequence Analysis, DNA
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    Resistance to antibiotics (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1994-04-15
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Apr 15;264(5157):360-93.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8153616" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Drug Resistance, Microbial ; Humans
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 72
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    'Lucy,' crucial early human ancestor, finally gets a head (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1994-04-01
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Shreeve, J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Apr 1;264(5155):34-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8140418" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Ethiopia ; Female ; *Fossils ; History, Ancient ; *Hominidae ; Humans ; Male ; *Skull
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 73
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    Induction of mesoderm in Xenopus laevis embryos by translation initiation factor 4E (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1994-08-05
    Description: The microinjection of messenger RNA encoding the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E (eIF-4E) into early embryos of Xenopus laevis leads to the induction of mesoderm in ectodermal explants. This induction occurs without a stimulation of overall protein synthesis and is blocked by the co-expression of a dominant negative mutant of the proto-oncogene ras or a truncated activin type II receptor. Although other translation factors have been studied in vertebrate and invertebrate embryos, none have been shown to play a direct role in development. The results here suggest a mechanism for relaying and amplifying signals for mesoderm induction.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Klein, P S -- Melton, D A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Aug 5;265(5173):803-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8047887" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Base Sequence ; Eukaryotic Initiation Factor-1/physiology ; Eukaryotic Initiation Factor-4E ; Gene Expression Regulation/physiology ; Mesoderm/metabolism/*physiology ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Peptide Initiation Factors/genetics/*physiology ; RNA, Messenger ; Xenopus laevis/*embryology
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  • 74
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    Control of thalamocortical afferent rearrangement by postsynaptic activity in developing visual cortex (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1994-09-16
    Description: The formation of specific connections in the developing central nervous system is thought to result from mechanisms that increase the strengths of synapses at which pre- and postsynaptic activity are correlated and decrease it otherwise. In the visual cortex, initially widespread inputs normally sort out into eye-specific patches during early life. If only one eye can see during this period, its patches are much larger than normal, and patches from the occluded eye become much smaller. Anatomical experiments here show that closed-eye inputs expand within a region of cortex that is silenced, establishing that inhibition of common target cells gives less active inputs a competitive advantage.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hata, Y -- Stryker, M P -- EY02874/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- R01 EY002874/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Sep 16;265(5179):1732-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉W. M. Keck Center for Integrative Neuroscience, Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco 94143-0444.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8085163" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Brain Mapping ; Cats ; Geniculate Bodies/anatomy & histology/physiology ; Muscimol/pharmacology ; Neuronal Plasticity ; Synapses/*physiology ; Thalamus/anatomy & histology/growth & development/*physiology ; Visual Cortex/anatomy & histology/growth & development/*physiology ; Visual Pathways/*physiology
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  • 75
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    Cooperative display and relatedness among males in a lek-mating bird (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1994-11-11
    Description: Long-tailed manakins mate in leks and cooperate in multiyear male-male partnerships. An alpha male is responsible for virtually all mating, whereas a beta male assists in the courtship displays. Such altruism by the beta male poses a problem for evolutionary theory because most theoretical treatments and empirical examples of cooperative behavior involve kin selection or reciprocity. Here it is shown that alpha and beta partners are not relatives and that reciprocity is not involved. Instead, direct, though long-delayed benefits to beta males are demonstrated, which include rare copulations, ascension to alpha status, and female lek fidelity. These benefits maintain this unusual form of male-male cooperation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉McDonald, D B -- Potts, W K -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Nov 11;266(5187):1030-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Archbold Biological Station, Lake Placid, FL 33852-2057.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7973654" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alleles ; Animals ; Base Sequence ; Birds/genetics/*physiology ; *Cooperative Behavior ; Copulation ; Female ; Heterozygote ; Male ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; *Sexual Behavior, Animal
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    Routes to catalysis: structure of a catalytic antibody and comparison with its natural counterpart (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1994-02-04
    Description: The three-dimensional structure of a catalytic antibody (1F7) with chorismate mutase activity has been determined to 3.0 A resolution as a complex with a transition state analog. The structural data suggest that the antibody stabilizes the same conformationally restricted pericyclic transition state as occurs in the uncatalyzed reaction. Overall shape and charge complementarity between the combining site and the transition state analog dictate preferential binding of the correct substrate enantiomer in a conformation appropriate for reaction. Comparison with the structure of a chorismate mutase enzyme indicates an overall similarity between the catalytic mechanism employed by the two proteins. Differences in the number of specific interactions available for restricting the rotational degrees of freedom in the transition state, and the lack of multiple electrostatic interactions that might stabilize charge separation in this highly polarized metastable species, are likely to account for the observed 10(4) times lower activity of the antibody relative to that of the natural enzymes that catalyze this reaction. The structure of the 1F7 Fab'-hapten complex provides confirmation that the properties of an antibody catalyst faithfully reflect the design of the transition state analog.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Haynes, M R -- Stura, E A -- Hilvert, D -- Wilson, I A -- AI-23498/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- GM-38273/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Feb 4;263(5147):646-52.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular Biology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8303271" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Antibodies, Catalytic/*chemistry/metabolism ; Bacillus subtilis/enzymology ; Binding Sites ; Binding Sites, Antibody ; Catalysis ; Chorismate Mutase/*chemistry/metabolism ; Chorismic Acid/metabolism ; Crystallization ; Haptens ; Hydrogen Bonding ; Immunoglobulin Fab Fragments/metabolism ; Models, Molecular ; Thermodynamics
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    Anthropology. Putting a new spin on the birth of human birth (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1994-05-20
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Fischman, J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 May 20;264(5162):1082-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8178166" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Female ; *Fossils ; Hominidae/*anatomy & histology ; Humans ; *Labor, Obstetric ; Pelvic Bones/*anatomy & histology ; Pelvimetry ; Pregnancy
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    Finding 'sustainable' ways to prevent parasitic diseases (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1994-06-24
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kolberg, R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Jun 24;264(5167):1859-61.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8009210" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Bedding and Linens ; Disease Vectors ; Dracunculiasis/prevention & control ; Female ; Fishes ; Humans ; Insect Control/*methods ; Malaria/prevention & control ; Male ; Parasitic Diseases/*prevention & control ; Pest Control, Biological/*methods ; Schistosomiasis/prevention & control ; World Health Organization
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    Insights into reproduction (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1994-12-02
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Fischman, J -- Ray, L B -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Dec 2;266(5190):1459.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7985005" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Contraception ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; *Reproduction/genetics/physiology ; Sex Differentiation
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  • 80
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    Gating current noise produced by elementary transitions in Shaker potassium channels (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1994-04-22
    Description: Gating currents provide a direct record of the spatial rearrangement of charges occurring within the protein of voltage-sensitive ion channels. If the elementary charges move as very brief discrete pulses of current, they will produce fluctuations in the macroscopic gating current. The variance of such fluctuations in gating currents was measured in Shaker potassium channels expressed in Xenopus oocytes with a sufficiently high recording bandwidth to estimate the magnitude and time distribution of the elementary transition charge movements. Channel activation occurred in two sequential stages. The first stage consisted of numerous, fast transitions, each moving small amounts of charge that contributed little to the fluctuation in gating current, whereas the second stage, which contributed the bulk of the fluctuation, was represented by a number of discrete, correlated transitions, one or more of which carried a charge of at least 2.4 elementary charges across the membrane field.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sigg, D -- Stefani, E -- Bezanilla, F -- AR39874/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ -- GM08042/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM30376/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- etc. -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Apr 22;264(5158):578-82.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles 90024.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8160016" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Ion Channel Gating/*physiology ; Kv1.1 Potassium Channel ; Membrane Potentials ; Oocytes ; Point Mutation ; Potassium Channels/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; *Potassium Channels, Voltage-Gated ; Xenopus ; *Xenopus Proteins
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  • 81
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    Mathematical studies of parasitic infection and immunity (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1994-06-24
    Description: The techniques that underpin modern molecular biology have been rapidly adopted by those interested in the major parasitic infections of humans. The parasitological literature is full of reports of genes and their amino acid sequences, of molecules, of cell membrane receptors and channels, and of the fine details of the immunological responses mounted by the host to combat infection. Much less enthusiasm has been shown for the mathematical techniques that facilitate the analysis and interpretation of dynamical processes such as transmission, evolution, and the interplay between parasite population growth and immunological responses within the host. Molecular techniques provide enormous opportunities for description, but ultimately, understanding biological systems with the precision that physicists and engineers aspire to in their own fields will require quantitative description of the many rate processes that dictate both an observed pattern and the dynamics of its change.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Anderson, R M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Jun 24;264(5167):1884-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8009218" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Antigenic Variation ; Host-Parasite Interactions ; Humans ; Mathematics ; *Models, Biological ; Parasites/immunology/physiology ; *Parasitic Diseases/epidemiology/immunology/parasitology/transmission
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    Inhibition of NF-kappa B by sodium salicylate and aspirin (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1994-08-12
    Description: The transcription factor nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappa B) is critical for the inducible expression of multiple cellular and viral genes involved in inflammation and infection including interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-6, and adhesion molecules. The anti-inflammatory drugs sodium salicylate and aspirin inhibited the activation of NF-kappa B, which further explains the mechanism of action of these drugs. This inhibition prevented the degradation of the NF-kappa B inhibitor, I kappa B, and therefore NF-kappa B was retained in the cytosol. Sodium salicylate and aspirin also inhibited NF-kappa B-dependent transcription from the Ig kappa enhancer and the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) long terminal repeat (LTR) in transfected T cells.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kopp, E -- Ghosh, S -- R01 AI 33443-01A1/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Aug 12;265(5174):956-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06536.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8052854" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Aspirin/*pharmacology ; Cell Line ; Enhancer Elements, Genetic ; Gene Expression/drug effects ; Genes, Reporter ; HIV Long Terminal Repeat ; HIV-1/genetics ; Humans ; Immunoglobulin kappa-Chains/genetics ; Lipopolysaccharides/pharmacology ; Mice ; NF-kappa B/*antagonists & inhibitors/metabolism ; Phosphorylation ; Promoter Regions, Genetic ; Protein Biosynthesis/drug effects ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins/metabolism ; Sodium Salicylate/*pharmacology ; T-Lymphocytes/metabolism ; Transcription Factor RelB ; *Transcription Factors ; Transfection ; Tumor Cells, Cultured
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    Identification of the target of a transcription activator protein by protein-protein photocrosslinking (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1994-07-01
    Description: Here it is shown, with the use of protein-protein photocrosslinking, that the carboxyl-terminal region of the alpha subunit of RNA polymerase (RNAP) is in direct physical proximity to the activating region of the catabolite gene activator protein (CAP) in the ternary complex of the lac promoter, RNAP, and CAP. These results strongly support the proposal that transcription activation by CAP involves protein-protein contact between the carboxyl-terminal region of the alpha subunit and the activating region of CAP.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Chen, Y -- Ebright, Y W -- Ebright, R H -- GM41376/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Jul 1;265(5168):90-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08855.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8016656" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Azides/metabolism ; Cross-Linking Reagents ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Cyclic AMP Receptor Protein/chemistry/*metabolism ; DNA-Directed RNA Polymerases/chemistry/*metabolism ; Lac Operon ; Models, Molecular ; *Promoter Regions, Genetic ; Pyridines/metabolism ; *Transcriptional Activation
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    Genetic mapping of quantitative trait loci for growth and fatness in pigs (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1994-03-25
    Description: The European wild boar was crossed with the domesticated Large White pig to genetically dissect phenotypic differences between these populations for growth and fat deposition. The most important effects were clustered on chromosome 4, with a single region accounting for a large part of the breed difference in growth rate, fatness, and length of the small intestine. The study is an advance in genome analyses and documents the usefulness of crosses between divergent outbred populations for the detection and characterization of quantitative trait loci. The genetic mapping of a major locus for fat deposition in the pig could have implications for understanding human obesity.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Andersson, L -- Haley, C S -- Ellegren, H -- Knott, S A -- Johansson, M -- Andersson, K -- Andersson-Eklund, L -- Edfors-Lilja, I -- Fredholm, M -- Hansson, I -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Mar 25;263(5154):1771-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8134840" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adipose Tissue/*anatomy & histology ; Animals ; *Chromosome Mapping ; Crosses, Genetic ; Disease Models, Animal ; Female ; *Genes ; Genetic Markers ; Humans ; Intestine, Small/anatomy & histology ; Likelihood Functions ; Male ; Obesity/genetics ; Phenotype ; Swine/anatomy & histology/*genetics/growth & development
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 85
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    Receptor and ligand domains for invasion of erythrocytes by Plasmodium falciparum (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1994-06-24
    Description: A 175-kilodalton erythrocyte binding protein, EBA-175, of the parasite Plasmodium falciparum mediates the invasion of erythrocytes. The erythrocyte receptor for EBA-175 is dependent on sialic acid. The domain of EBA-175 that binds erythrocytes was identified as region II with the use of truncated portions of EBA-175 expressed on COS cells. Region II, which contains a cysteine-rich motif, and native EBA-175 bind specifically to glycophorin A, but not to glycophorin B, on the erythrocyte membrane. Erythrocyte recognition of EBA-175 requires both sialic acid and the peptide backbone of glycophorin A. The identification of both the receptor and ligand domains may suggest rational designs for receptor blockade and vaccines.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sim, B K -- Chitnis, C E -- Wasniowska, K -- Hadley, T J -- Miller, L H -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Jun 24;264(5167):1941-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory of Malaria Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8009226" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Antigens, Protozoan ; Base Sequence ; Binding Sites ; Carrier Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Cell Line ; Erythrocytes/metabolism/*parasitology ; Glycopeptides/chemistry/metabolism ; Glycophorin/chemistry/*metabolism ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Plasmodium falciparum/*metabolism ; Protozoan Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; Sialic Acids/*metabolism
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  • 86
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    Molecule of the year: the DNA repair enzyme (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1994-12-23
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Koshland, D E Jr -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Dec 23;266(5193):1925.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7801114" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; DNA Damage ; *DNA Ligases ; *DNA Repair ; DNA Replication ; Humans ; Mutation ; Species Specificity
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  • 87
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    The structure of flavocytochrome c sulfide dehydrogenase from a purple phototrophic bacterium (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1994-10-21
    Description: The structure of the heterodimeric flavocytochrome c sulfide dehydrogenase from Chromatium vinosum was determined at a resolution of 2.53 angstroms. It contains a glutathione reductase-like flavin-binding subunit and a diheme cytochrome subunit. The diheme cytochrome folds as two domains, each resembling mitochondrial cytochrome c, and has an unusual interpropionic acid linkage joining the two heme groups in the interior of the subunit. The active site of the flavoprotein subunit contains a catalytically important disulfide bridge located above the pyrimidine portion of the flavin ring. A tryptophan, threonine, or tyrosine side chain may provide a partial conduit for electron transfer to one of the heme groups located 10 angstroms from the flavin.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Chen, Z W -- Koh, M -- Van Driessche, G -- Van Beeumen, J J -- Bartsch, R G -- Meyer, T E -- Cusanovich, M A -- Mathews, F S -- GM-20530/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM-21277/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Oct 21;266(5184):430-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7939681" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Binding Sites ; Chromatium/*enzymology ; Computer Graphics ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Cytochrome c Group/*chemistry ; Electron Transport ; Flavin-Adenine Dinucleotide/metabolism ; Hydrogen Bonding ; Models, Molecular ; Oxidoreductases/*chemistry ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Structure, Secondary
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  • 88
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    Insights from the study of animals lacking functional estrogen receptor (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1994-12-02
    Description: Estrogen hormones produce physiological actions within a variety of target sites in the body and during development by activating a specific receptor protein. Hormone responsiveness for the estrogen receptor protein was investigated at different stages of development with the use of gene knockout techniques because no natural genetic mutants have been described. A mutant mouse line without a functional estrogen receptor was created and is being used to assess estrogen responsiveness. Both sexes of these mutant animals are infertile and show a variety of phenotypic changes, some of which are associated with the gonads, mammary glands, reproductive tracts, and skeletal tissues.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Korach, K S -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Dec 2;266(5190):1524-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Receptor Biology Section, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7985022" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Estrogens/*physiology ; Female ; Heterozygote ; Homozygote ; Humans ; Infertility, Female/etiology ; Infertility, Male/etiology ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Knockout ; Mutation ; Phenotype ; Receptors, Estrogen/genetics/*physiology ; Signal Transduction
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 89
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    Protection from Fas-mediated apoptosis by a soluble form of the Fas molecule (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1994-03-25
    Description: Fas is an apoptosis-signaling receptor molecule on the surface of a number of cell types. Molecular cloning and nucleotide sequence analysis revealed a human Fas messenger RNA variant capable of encoding a soluble Fas molecule lacking the transmembrane domain because of the deletion of an exon encoding this region. The expression of soluble Fas was confirmed by flow cytometry and immunocytochemical analysis. Supernatants from cells transfected with the variant messenger RNA blocked apoptosis induced by the antibody to Fas. Levels of soluble Fas were elevated in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, and mice injected with soluble Fas displayed autoimmune features.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cheng, J -- Zhou, T -- Liu, C -- Shapiro, J P -- Brauer, M J -- Kiefer, M C -- Barr, P J -- Mountz, J D -- P01 AR03555/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ -- P50 AI23694/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- P60 AR20614/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ -- etc. -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Mar 25;263(5154):1759-62.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉University of Alabama at Birmingham.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7510905" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Antibodies/immunology ; Antigens, CD95 ; Antigens, Surface/chemistry/genetics/immunology/*physiology ; *Apoptosis ; Arthritis, Rheumatoid/blood ; Base Sequence ; Cell Line ; Cell Membrane/chemistry ; Humans ; Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/blood ; Mice ; Molecular Sequence Data ; RNA, Messenger/genetics ; Solubility ; T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology ; Transfection
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 90
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    Effect of the nigrostriatal dopamine system on acquired neural responses in the striatum of behaving monkeys (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1994-07-15
    Description: Dysfunction of the nigrostriatal dopamine system results in marked disorders of movement such as occur in Parkinson's disease. Functions of this dopamine-containing projection system were examined in monkeys trained in a classical conditioning task, and the effects of striatal dopamine depletion were tested. Unilateral dopamine loss substantially reduced the acquired sensory responsiveness of striatal neurons monitored electrophysiologically. This effect was ipsilateral and selective, and could be reversed by apomorphine. These results suggest that the primate nigrostriatal system modulates expression of neuronal response plasticity in the striatum during sensorimotor learning.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Aosaki, T -- Graybiel, A M -- Kimura, M -- R01 NS25529/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Jul 15;265(5170):412-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 02139.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8023166" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine/pharmacology ; Action Potentials/drug effects ; Animals ; Apomorphine/pharmacology ; *Behavior, Animal/drug effects ; *Conditioning, Classical ; Corpus Striatum/cytology/*physiology ; Dopamine/*physiology ; Haloperidol/pharmacology ; Macaca ; Male ; Neuronal Plasticity ; Neurons/drug effects/*physiology ; Substantia Nigra/cytology/physiology
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 91
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    Chemical prospectors scour the seas for promising drugs (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1994-11-25
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Flam, F -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Nov 25;266(5189):1324-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7973722" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Anti-Infective Agents/isolation & purification/pharmacology ; *Antineoplastic Agents/isolation & purification/pharmacology ; Clinical Trials as Topic ; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical ; *Seawater ; *Water Microbiology
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  • 92
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    Mediation of c-Myc-induced apoptosis by p53 (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1994-09-30
    Description: The cellular proto-oncogene c-myc is involved in cell proliferation and transformation but is also implicated in the induction of programmed cell death (apoptosis). The same characteristics have been described for the tumor suppressor gene p53, the most commonly mutated gene in human cancer. In quiescent mouse fibroblasts expressing wild-type p53 protein, activation of c-Myc was found to induce apoptosis and cell cycle reentry, preceded by stabilization of p53. In contrast, in quiescent p53-null fibroblasts, activation of c-Myc induced cell cycle reentry but not apoptosis. These results suggest that p53 mediates apoptosis as a safeguard mechanism to prevent cell proliferation induced by oncogene activation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hermeking, H -- Eick, D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Sep 30;265(5181):2091-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institut fur Klinische Molekularbiologie und Tumorgenetik Forschungszentrum fur Umwelt und Gesundheit, GSF, Munchen, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8091232" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: 3T3 Cells ; Animals ; *Apoptosis ; Cell Line ; Estradiol/pharmacology ; G1 Phase ; Gene Expression Regulation ; Genes, myc ; Genes, p53 ; Mice ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc/*metabolism ; Tamoxifen/analogs & derivatives/pharmacology ; Transfection ; Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/*metabolism
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  • 93
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    Mutagenesis and mapping of a mouse gene, Clock, essential for circadian behavior (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1994-04-29
    Description: In a search for genes that regulate circadian rhythms in mammals, the progeny of mice treated with N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU) were screened for circadian clock mutations. A semidominant mutation, Clock, that lengthens circadian period and abolishes persistence of rhythmicity was identified. Clock segregated as a single gene that mapped to the midportion of mouse chromosome 5, a region syntenic to human chromosome 4. The power of ENU mutagenesis combined with the ability to clone murine genes by map position provides a generally applicable approach to study complex behavior in mammals.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3839659/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3839659/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Vitaterna, M H -- King, D P -- Chang, A M -- Kornhauser, J M -- Lowrey, P L -- McDonald, J D -- Dove, W F -- Pinto, L H -- Turek, F W -- Takahashi, J S -- P30-CA07175/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01-DK40493/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- T32 NS071040/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- etc. -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Apr 29;264(5159):719-25.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Neurobiology and Physiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8171325" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Chromosome Mapping ; Chromosomes, Human, Pair 4 ; Circadian Rhythm/*genetics ; Ethylnitrosourea ; Female ; *Genes ; Genotype ; Humans ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; *Mutagenesis ; Phenotype
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  • 94
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    Activation of phosphatidylinositol-3' kinase by Src-family kinase SH3 binding to the p85 subunit (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1994-03-18
    Description: Engagement of antigen receptor complexes induces rapid activation of Src-family kinases and association with phosphatidylinositol-3' kinase (PI-3 kinase). Here it was found that the Src homology 3 (SH3) domain of Lyn and Fyn bound to a proline-rich region (residues 84 to 99) within the 85-kilodalton subunit (p85) of PI-3 kinase. The binding of SH3 to the purified kinase led to a five- to sevenfold increase in the specific activity of PI-3 kinase. Ligand-induced receptor stimulation activated PI-3 kinase, and this activation was blocked by a peptide containing residues 84 to 99 of p85. These data demonstrate a mechanism for PI-3 kinase activation and show that binding of SH3 domains to proline-rich target sequences can regulate enzymatic activity.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pleiman, C M -- Hertz, W M -- Cambier, J C -- A120519/PHS HHS/ -- A121768/PHS HHS/ -- A129903/PHS HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Mar 18;263(5153):1609-12.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Center for Immunology and Respiratory Medicine, Denver, CO 80206.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8128248" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; B-Lymphocytes/*enzymology ; Enzyme Activation ; Lymphocyte Activation ; Mice ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Peptide Fragments/pharmacology ; Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases ; Phosphotransferases (Alcohol Group Acceptor)/chemistry/*metabolism ; Proline/chemistry ; Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/chemistry/*metabolism ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins/chemistry/*metabolism ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fyn ; *src-Family Kinases
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  • 95
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    Risk from low-dose exposures (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1994-11-18
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉von Borstel, R C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Nov 18;266(5188):1144-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7832907" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Anticarcinogenic Agents ; *Antimutagenic Agents ; Carcinogenicity Tests/*statistics & numerical data ; DNA Repair ; Humans ; Mice
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  • 96
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    Channel-like function of the Na,K pump probed at microsecond resolution in giant membrane patches (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1994-03-11
    Description: Ion transporters can be thought of as ion channels that open and close only at one end at a time. As in real channels, ions may cross through an electrical field as they diffuse into and bind within the transporter pore, thereby generating electrical current. Extracellular sodium binding by the sodium potassium (Na,K) pump is associated with ultrafast charge movements in giant cardiac membrane patches. The charge movements are complete within 4 microseconds. They occur only when binding sites are open to the extracellular side, and they are abolished by ouabain and by the removal of extracellular sodium. Fast extracellular ion binding may be the exclusive source of Na,K pump electrogenicity.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hilgemann, D W -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Mar 11;263(5152):1429-32.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas 75235.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8128223" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenosine Triphosphate/metabolism ; Animals ; Binding Sites ; Guinea Pigs ; Membrane Potentials ; Models, Biological ; Myocardium/cytology/*metabolism ; Sodium/*metabolism ; Sodium Channels/*metabolism ; Sodium-Potassium-Exchanging ATPase/*metabolism
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  • 97
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    Rules for alpha-helix termination by glycine (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1994-05-20
    Description: A predictive rule for protein folding is presented that involves two recurrent glycine-based motifs that cap the carboxyl termini of alpha helices. In proteins, helices that terminated in glycine residues were found predominantly in one of these two motifs. These glycine structures had a characteristic pattern of polar and apolar residues. Visual inspection of known helical sequences was sufficient to distinguish the two motifs from each other and from internal glycines that fail to terminate helices. These glycine motifs--in which the local sequence selects between available structures--represent an example of a stereochemical rule for protein folding.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Aurora, R -- Srinivasan, R -- Rose, G D -- GM 29458/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 May 20;264(5162):1126-30.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8178170" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Glycine/*chemistry ; Hydrogen Bonding ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Oligopeptides/chemistry ; *Protein Folding ; *Protein Structure, Secondary
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  • 98
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    Freedom of information. Washington law forces grant disclosure (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1994-12-09
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Slind-Flor, V -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Dec 9;266(5191):1635.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7992041" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animal Welfare ; Animals ; *Civil Rights ; Financing, Government/*legislation & jurisprudence ; Research/*legislation & jurisprudence ; Research Support as Topic/*legislation & jurisprudence ; Truth Disclosure ; Washington
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  • 99
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    Phylogeny of the attine ant fungi based on analysis of small subunit ribosomal RNA gene sequences (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1994-12-09
    Description: Complete 16S-like ribosomal RNA coding regions were obtained from the fungal symbiont of five genera of attine (leaf-cutting) ants and two free-living fungi. Phylogenetic analyses with distance matrix, maximum likelihood, and parsimony methods revealed that the attine fungal symbionts are homobasidiomycetes in the order Agaricales. Comparison of the topology of the attine fungal symbiont phylogenetic tree with a tree based on attine ant morphology revealed a congruent branching pattern of the more derived attine ants and their fungal symbionts. The parallel branching pattern suggests a long-term coevolution of derived leaf-cutting attine ants and their fungal symbionts.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hinkle, G -- Wetterer, J K -- Schultz, T R -- Sogin, M L -- GM32964/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Dec 9;266(5191):1695-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Marine Biological laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7992052" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Agaricales/*classification/genetics/physiology ; Agaricus/classification/genetics ; Animals ; Ants/classification/*microbiology/physiology ; Biological Evolution ; *Genes, Fungal ; Molecular Sequence Data ; *Phylogeny ; RNA, Fungal/*genetics ; RNA, Ribosomal/*genetics ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; Symbiosis
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Promoter-selective transcriptional defect in cell cycle mutant ts13 rescued by hTAFII250 (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1994-02-11
    Description: The TAFII250 subunit of the human transcription factor IID (TFIID) rescues the temperature-sensitive hamster cell line ts13 and overcomes a G1 arrest. Investigation of the transcriptional properties of ts13 nuclear extracts in vitro showed that activation by the site-specific regulators Sp1 and Gal4VP16 is temperature sensitive in ts13 extracts, whereas basal transcription remains unaffected. This transcriptional defect can be rescued by purified human TFIID or by expression of wild-type TAFII250 in ts13 cells. Expression from the cyclin A but not c-fos promoter is temperature sensitive in these mutant cells. Thus, the mutation in TAFII250 appears to have gene-specific effects that may lead to the ts13 cell cycle phenotype.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wang, E H -- Tjian, R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Feb 11;263(5148):811-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley 94720.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8303298" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cell Line ; Cyclins/genetics ; DNA-Binding Proteins/*genetics/physiology ; Fungal Proteins/physiology ; *G1 Phase ; Genes, fos ; Genetic Complementation Test ; Genetic Vectors ; Histone Acetyltransferases ; Humans ; Mutation ; Nuclear Proteins/*genetics/physiology ; *Promoter Regions, Genetic ; Sp1 Transcription Factor/physiology ; *TATA-Binding Protein Associated Factors ; Temperature ; Trans-Activators/physiology ; Transcription Factor TFIID ; Transcription Factors/pharmacology ; *Transcription, Genetic ; Transfection
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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