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  • 1
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    Grampian migmatites in the Buchan Block, NE Scotland (2015)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-06-24
    Description: Rocks exposed along the Scottish coast between Fraserburgh and Inzie Head contain information critical to understanding the evolution of the Buchan Block, the type locality for low–pressure, high–temperature regional metamorphism, and its relationship with the rest of the Grampian terrane, one of the major tectonostratigraphic components of the Scottish Caledonides. The ~8 km long section traverses a regional network of shear zones and, at the highest grades around Inzie Head, passes into the core of the Buchan Anticline, a large-scale open fold that is commonly regarded as a late structure, post-dating metamorphism. The metasedimentary rocks increase in grade from upper amphibolite to granulite facies and preserve unequivocal evidence for partial melting. The diatexite migmatites around Inzie Head, along with other gneissose units within the Buchan Block, have been regarded as allochthonous Precambrian basement rocks that were thrust into their current position during Grampian orogenesis. However, field observations show that the onset of in situ partial melting in metapelitic rocks, which was associated with the formation of garnet-bearing aplites and associated pegmatites, occurred around Fraserburgh, where shear fabrics are absent. Thus, the rocks preserve a continuous metamorphic field gradient that straddles the shear zone network. This observation supports an alternative interpretation that anatexis was the result of the mid-Ordovician (Grampian) metamorphism, rather than an older tectonothermal event, and that the Inzie Head gneisses are autochthonous. Using an average mid-Dalradian pelite as a plausible representative protolith, phase equilibria modelling satisfactorily reproduces the observed appearance and disappearance of key minerals providing that peritectic garnet produced with the first formed melts (represented by the garnet-bearing aplites) depleted the source rocks in Mn. The modelled metamorphic field gradient records a temperature increase of at least 150 °C (from around 650 °C near Fraserburgh to in excess of 800 °C at Inzie Head) but is isobaric at pressures of 2.7–2.8 kbar, suggesting the Buchan Anticline developed synchronous with partial melting. The Buchan Anticline is likely an expression of crustal thinning and asthenospheric upwelling, which produced voluminous gabbroic intrusions that supplied the heat for Buchan metamorphism. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
    Print ISSN: 0263-4929
    Electronic ISSN: 1525-1314
    Topics: Geosciences
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  • 2
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    Polymetamorphism in the mainland Lewisian complex, NW Scotland – phase equilibria and geochronological constraints from the Cnoc an t’Sidhean suite (2012)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2012-08-25
    Description: The metamorphic evolution of rocks cropping out near Stoer, within the Assynt terrane of the central region of the mainland Lewisian complex of NW Scotland, is investigated using phase equilibria modelling in the NCKFMASHTO and MnNCKFMASHTO model systems. The focus is on the Cnoc an t’Sidhean suite, garnet-bearing biotite-rich rocks (brown gneiss) with rare layers of white mica gneiss, which have been interpreted as sedimentary in origin. The results show that these rocks are polymetamorphic and experienced granulite facies peak metamorphism (Badcallian) followed by retrograde fluid-driven metamorphism (Inverian) under amphibolite facies conditions. The brown gneisses are inferred to have contained an essentially anhydrous granulite facies peak metamorphic assemblage of garnet, quartz, plagioclase and ilmenite (±rutile, K-feldspar and pyroxene) with biotite, hornblende, muscovite, chlorite and/or epidote as hydrous retrograde minerals. P–T constraints imposed by phase equilibria modelling imply conditions of 13–16 kbar at 〉900 °C for the Badcallian granulite facies metamorphic peak, consistent with the field evidence for partial melting in most lithologies. The white mica gneiss comprises a muscovite-dominated matrix containing porphyroblasts of staurolite, corundum, kyanite and rare garnet. Previous studies have suggested that staurolite, corundum, kyanite and muscovite all grew at the granulite facies peak, with partial melting and melt loss producing a highly aluminous residue. However, at the inferred peak P–T conditions, staurolite and muscovite are not predicted to be stable, suggesting they are retrograde phases that grew during amphibolite facies retrograde metamorphism. The large proportion of mica suggests extensive H 2 O-rich fluid-influx, consistent with the retrograde growth of hornblende, biotite, epidote and chlorite in the brown gneisses. P–T conditions of 5.0–6.5 kbar at 520–550 °C are derived for the Inverian event. In situ dating of zircon from samples of the white mica gneiss yield apparent ages that are difficult to interpret. However, the data are permissive of granulite facies (Badcallian) metamorphism having occurred at c. 2.7–2.8 Ga with subsequent fluid driven (Inverian) retrogression at c . 2.5–2.6 Ga, consistent with previous interpretations.
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    Topics: Geosciences
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  • 3
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    Increased life-span of age-1 mutants in Caenorhabditis elegans and lower Gompertz rate of aging (1990)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1990-08-24
    Description: A mutation in the age-1 gene of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans has been shown to result in a 65 percent increase in mean life-span and a 110 percent increase in maximum life-span at 25 degrees. One of the hallmarks of organismic aging and senescent processes is an exponential acceleration of age-specific mortality rate with chronological age. This exponential acceleration is under genetic control: age-1 mutant hermaphrodites show a 50 percent slower rate of acceleration of mortality with chronological age than wild-type strains. Mutant males also show a lengthening of life and a slowing of the rate of acceleration of mortality, although age-1 mutant males still have significantly shorter life-spans than do hermaphrodites of the same genotype. The slower rates of acceleration of mortality are recessive characteristics of the age-1 mutant alleles examined.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Johnson, T E -- K04 AG00369/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- R01 AG08332/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- R01AG05720/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1990 Aug 24;249(4971):908-12.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Psychology, University of Colorado, Boulder 80309.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2392681" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Aging/*genetics ; Animals ; Caenorhabditis/genetics/*growth & development ; Disorders of Sex Development ; Life Expectancy ; Male ; *Mutation
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 4
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    Cell biology. Rapid aging rescue? (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-06-15
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Johnson, Thomas E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Jun 14;340(6138):1299-300. doi: 10.1126/science.1240843.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute for Behavioral Genetics and Department of Integrative Physiology, Box 447, University of Colorado, Boulder 80309, USA. johnsont@colorado.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23766322" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Gene Knockout Techniques ; Humans ; Membrane Proteins/*metabolism ; Metalloendopeptidases/*metabolism ; Progeria/*therapy ; Protein Methyltransferases/*genetics/*metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 5
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    Biodemographic trajectories of longevity (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1998-05-23
    Description: Old-age survival has increased substantially since 1950. Death rates decelerate with age for insects, worms, and yeast, as well as humans. This evidence of extended postreproductive survival is puzzling. Three biodemographic insights--concerning the correlation of death rates across age, individual differences in survival chances, and induced alterations in age patterns of fertility and mortality--offer clues and suggest research on the failure of complicated systems, on new demographic equations for evolutionary theory, and on fertility-longevity interactions. Nongenetic changes account for increases in human life-spans to date. Explication of these causes and the genetic license for extended survival, as well as discovery of genes and other survival attributes affecting longevity, will lead to even longer lives.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Vaupel, J W -- Carey, J R -- Christensen, K -- Johnson, T E -- Yashin, A I -- Holm, N V -- Iachine, I A -- Kannisto, V -- Khazaeli, A A -- Liedo, P -- Longo, V D -- Zeng, Y -- Manton, K G -- Curtsinger, J W -- AG08761/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 May 8;280(5365):855-60.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany. jwv@demogr.mpg.de〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9599158" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Aging ; Animals ; Developed Countries ; Female ; Fertility ; Genes ; Genetic Variation ; Humans ; *Longevity ; Male ; Models, Statistical ; *Mortality
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 6
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    Extending life-span in C. elegans (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-08-31
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Houthoofd, Koen -- Braeckman, Bart P -- Johnson, Thomas E -- Vanfleteren, Jacques R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Aug 27;305(5688):1238-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15333823" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Caenorhabditis elegans/genetics/metabolism/*physiology ; Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins/genetics/physiology ; Caloric Restriction ; Genes, Helminth ; *Longevity ; Mutation ; Receptor, Insulin/genetics/*physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 7
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    Constraints on the timing and conditions of high-grade metamorphism, charnockite formation, and fluid-rock interaction in the Trivandrum Block, southern India (2016)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-04-05
    Description: Incipient charnockites have been widely used as evidence for the infiltration of CO 2 -rich fluids driving dehydration of the lower crust. Rocks exposed at Kakkod quarry in the Trivandrum Block of southern India allow for a thorough investigation of the metamorphic evolution by preserving not only orthopyroxene-bearing charnockite patches in a host garnet-biotite felsic gneiss, but also layers of garnet-sillimanite metapelite gneiss. Thermodynamic phase equilibria modelling of all three bulk compositions indicates consistent peak metamorphic conditions of 830–925°C and 6–9 kbar with retrograde evolution involving suprasolidus decompression at high-temperature. These models suggest that orthopyroxene was most likely stabilised close to the metamorphic peak as a result of small compositional heterogeneities in the host garnet-biotite gneiss. There is insufficient evidence to determine whether the heterogeneities were inherited from the protolith or introduced during syn-metamorphic fluid flow. U–Pb geochronology of monazite and zircon from all three rock types constrains the peak of metamorphism and orthopyroxene growth to have occurred between the onset of high-grade metamorphism at c . 590 Ma and the onset of melt crystallization at c . 540 Ma. The majority of metamorphic zircon growth occurred during protracted melt crystallization between c . 540–510 Ma. Melt crystallization was followed by the influx of aqueous, alkali-rich fluids likely derived from melts crystallizing at depth. This late fluid flow led to retrogression of orthopyroxene, the observed outcrop pattern and to the textural and isotopic modification of monazite grains at c . 525–490 Ma. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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    Topics: Geosciences
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  • 8
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    Rates of mortality in populations of Caenorhabditis elegans (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1994-11-04
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Vaupel, J W -- Johnson, T E -- Lithgow, G J -- P01-AG08761/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- R01-AG08332/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- R01-AG10248/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- etc. -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Nov 4;266(5186):826; author reply 828.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7973641" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Aging ; Animals ; Caenorhabditis elegans/genetics/*physiology ; Genotype ; Longevity ; Mortality
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 9
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    Mortality rates in a genetically heterogeneous population of Caenorhabditis elegans (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1994-02-04
    Description: Age-specific mortality rates in isogenic populations of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans increase exponentially throughout life. In genetically heterogeneous populations, age-specific mortality increases exponentially until about 17 days and then remains constant until the last death occurs at about 60 days. This period of constant age-specific mortality results from genetic heterogeneity. Subpopulations differ in mean life-span, but they all exhibit near exponential, albeit different, rates of increase in age-specific mortality. Thus, much of the observed heterogeneity in mortality rates later in life could result from genetic heterogeneity and not from an inherent effect of aging.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Brooks, A -- Lithgow, G J -- Johnson, T E -- K04-AG00369/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- R01-AG08332/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- R01-AG10248/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Feb 4;263(5147):668-71.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute of Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, Boulder 80309.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8303273" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Aging ; Animals ; Caenorhabditis elegans/genetics/*physiology ; *Genetic Variation ; Kinetics ; Longevity/genetics ; Mortality
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 10
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    The effect of Mn on mineral stability in metapelites revisited:new a–x relations for manganese-bearing minerals (2014)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2014-06-12
    Description: The a – x relations recently presented in White et al . 2014, Journal of Metamorphic Geology, 32 , 261–286 are extended to include MnO. This provides a set of internally consistent a – x relations for metapelitic rocks in the MnO–Na2O–CaO–K2O–FeO–MgO– Al2O3–SiO2–H2O–TiO2–O2 (MnNCKFMASHTO) system. The mixing parameters for the Mn-bearing minerals were estimated using the micro- ϕ approach of Powell et al . 2014, Journal of Metamorphic Geology, 32 , 245–260. Then the Mn-end-member thermodynamic properties were calibrated using a database of co-existing minerals involving literature data from rocks and from experiments on natural materials. Mn-end-members were calibrated for orthopyroxene, cordierite, staurolite, chloritoid, chlorite, biotite, ilmenite and hematite, assuming known properties for the garnet end-member spessartine. The addition of MnO to phase diagram calculations results in a marked expansion of the stability of garnet-bearing assemblages. At greenschist facies conditions garnet stability is extended down temperature. At amphibolite facies conditions the garnet-in boundary shifts to lower pressure. While the addition of MnO greatly influences the stability of garnet, it has relatively little effect on the stability of other common metapelitic minerals, with the resultant diagrams being topologically very similar to those calculated without MnO. Furthermore, the addition of MnO in the amounts measured in most metapelites has only a small effect on the mode of garnet, with calculated garnet modes remaining smaller than 1% in the P – T range outside its predicted Mn-free P – T range. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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