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  • *Biological Evolution  (50)
  • Mice, Inbred C57BL  (42)
  • American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)  (92)
  • Elsevier
  • 2010-2014  (92)
  • 1980-1984
  • 1925-1929
  • 2013  (92)
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  • 2010-2014  (92)
  • 1980-1984
  • 1925-1929
Year
  • 1
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    Comment on "Nuclear genomic sequences reveal that polar bears are an old and distinct bear lineage" (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-03-30
    Description: Based on nuclear and mitochondrial DNA, Hailer et al. (Reports, 20 April 2012, p. 344) suggested early divergence of polar bears from a common ancestor with brown bears and subsequent introgression. Our population genetic analysis that traces each of the genealogies in the independent nuclear loci does not support the evolutionary model proposed by the authors.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Nakagome, Shigeki -- Mano, Shuhei -- Hasegawa, Masami -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Mar 29;339(6127):1522. doi: 10.1126/science.1227339.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute of Statistical Mathematics, Tachikawa, Tokyo, Japan. nakagome@ism.ac.jp〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23539580" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; *Genome ; *Multilocus Sequence Typing ; Ursidae/*genetics
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 2
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    B cells use mechanical energy to discriminate antigen affinities (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-05-21
    Description: The generation of high-affinity antibodies depends on the ability of B cells to extract antigens from the surfaces of antigen-presenting cells. B cells that express high-affinity B cell receptors (BCRs) acquire more antigen and obtain better T cell help. However, the mechanisms by which B cells extract antigen remain unclear. Using fluid and flexible membrane substrates to mimic antigen-presenting cells, we showed that B cells acquire antigen by dynamic myosin IIa-mediated contractions that pull out and invaginate the presenting membranes. The forces generated by myosin IIa contractions ruptured most individual BCR-antigen bonds and promoted internalization of only high-affinity, multivalent BCR microclusters. Thus, B cell contractility contributes to affinity discrimination by mechanically testing the strength of antigen binding.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3713314/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3713314/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Natkanski, Elizabeth -- Lee, Wing-Yiu -- Mistry, Bhakti -- Casal, Antonio -- Molloy, Justin E -- Tolar, Pavel -- MC_U117570592/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- MC_U117597138/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- U117570592/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- U117597138/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Jun 28;340(6140):1587-90. doi: 10.1126/science.1237572. Epub 2013 May 16.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Immune Cell Biology, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23686338" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Antibody Affinity ; *Antigen Presentation ; Antigens/*immunology ; B-Lymphocytes/*immunology ; Cells, Cultured ; Mechanical Processes ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Microscopy, Atomic Force ; Nonmuscle Myosin Type IIA/*physiology ; Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/immunology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 3
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    Role of tissue protection in lethal respiratory viral-bacterial coinfection (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-04-27
    Description: Secondary bacterial pneumonia leads to increased morbidity and mortality from influenza virus infections. What causes this increased susceptibility, however, is not well defined. Host defense from infection relies not only on immune resistance mechanisms but also on the ability to tolerate a given level of pathogen burden. Failure of either resistance or tolerance can contribute to disease severity, making it hard to distinguish their relative contribution. We employ a coinfection mouse model of influenza virus and Legionella pneumophila in which we can separate resistance and tolerance. We demonstrate that influenza virus can promote susceptibility to lethal bacterial coinfection, even when bacterial infection is controlled by the immune system. We propose that this failure of host defense is due to impaired ability to tolerate tissue damage.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3933032/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3933032/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Jamieson, Amanda M -- Pasman, Lesley -- Yu, Shuang -- Gamradt, Pia -- Homer, Robert J -- Decker, Thomas -- Medzhitov, Ruslan -- AI R01 055502/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 046688/PHS HHS/ -- R01 AI046688/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI055502/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Jun 7;340(6137):1230-4. doi: 10.1126/science.1233632. Epub 2013 Apr 25.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA. amanda_jamieson@brown.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23618765" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Caspase 1 ; Coinfection/*immunology/pathology ; Disease Models, Animal ; Host-Pathogen Interactions/immunology ; Interleukin-1beta/metabolism ; *Legionella pneumophila ; Legionnaires' Disease/*immunology/pathology ; Lung/microbiology/pathology/virology ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; *Orthomyxoviridae ; Orthomyxoviridae Infections/*immunology/pathology ; Pneumonia, Bacterial/*immunology/pathology ; Toll-Like Receptor 2/metabolism ; Toll-Like Receptor 3/metabolism ; Toll-Like Receptor 4/metabolism ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 4
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    The genome of the ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi and its implications for cell type evolution (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-12-18
    Description: An understanding of ctenophore biology is critical for reconstructing events that occurred early in animal evolution. Toward this goal, we have sequenced, assembled, and annotated the genome of the ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi. Our phylogenomic analyses of both amino acid positions and gene content suggest that ctenophores rather than sponges are the sister lineage to all other animals. Mnemiopsis lacks many of the genes found in bilaterian mesodermal cell types, suggesting that these cell types evolved independently. The set of neural genes in Mnemiopsis is similar to that of sponges, indicating that sponges may have lost a nervous system. These results present a newly supported view of early animal evolution that accounts for major losses and/or gains of sophisticated cell types, including nerve and muscle cells.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3920664/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3920664/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ryan, Joseph F -- Pang, Kevin -- Schnitzler, Christine E -- Nguyen, Anh-Dao -- Moreland, R Travis -- Simmons, David K -- Koch, Bernard J -- Francis, Warren R -- Havlak, Paul -- NISC Comparative Sequencing Program -- Smith, Stephen A -- Putnam, Nicholas H -- Haddock, Steven H D -- Dunn, Casey W -- Wolfsberg, Tyra G -- Mullikin, James C -- Martindale, Mark Q -- Baxevanis, Andreas D -- ZIA HG000140-13/Intramural NIH HHS/ -- ZIA HG000140-14/Intramural NIH HHS/ -- ZIA HG000140-15/Intramural NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Dec 13;342(6164):1242592. doi: 10.1126/science.1242592.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Genome Technology Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24337300" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Base Sequence ; *Biological Evolution ; Cell Lineage/*genetics ; Ctenophora/classification/*cytology/*genetics ; *Genome ; Mesoderm/cytology ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Muscle Development/genetics ; Neurogenesis/genetics ; Phylogeny
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 5
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    Adaptive evolution of multiple traits through multiple mutations at a single gene (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-03-16
    Description: The identification of precise mutations is required for a complete understanding of the underlying molecular and evolutionary mechanisms driving adaptive phenotypic change. Using plasticine models in the field, we show that the light coat color of deer mice that recently colonized the light-colored soil of the Nebraska Sand Hills provides a strong selective advantage against visually hunting predators. Color variation in an admixed population suggests that this light Sand Hills phenotype is composed of multiple traits. We identified distinct regions within the Agouti locus associated with each color trait and found that only haplotypes associated with light trait values have evidence of selection. Thus, local adaptation is the result of independent selection on many mutations within a single locus, each with a specific effect on an adaptive phenotype, thereby minimizing pleiotropic consequences.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3836219/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3836219/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Linnen, Catherine R -- Poh, Yu-Ping -- Peterson, Brant K -- Barrett, Rowan D H -- Larson, Joanna G -- Jensen, Jeffrey D -- Hoekstra, Hopi E -- 308796/European Research Council/International -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Mar 15;339(6125):1312-6. doi: 10.1126/science.1233213.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA. catherine.linnen@uky.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23493712" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adaptation, Physiological/*genetics ; Agouti Signaling Protein/genetics ; Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Color ; Food Chain ; *Multifactorial Inheritance ; Mutation ; Organic Chemicals ; Peromyscus/genetics/*physiology ; Pigmentation/*genetics ; Selection, Genetic
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 6
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    Global epigenomic reconfiguration during mammalian brain development (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-07-06
    Description: DNA methylation is implicated in mammalian brain development and plasticity underlying learning and memory. We report the genome-wide composition, patterning, cell specificity, and dynamics of DNA methylation at single-base resolution in human and mouse frontal cortex throughout their lifespan. Widespread methylome reconfiguration occurs during fetal to young adult development, coincident with synaptogenesis. During this period, highly conserved non-CG methylation (mCH) accumulates in neurons, but not glia, to become the dominant form of methylation in the human neuronal genome. Moreover, we found an mCH signature that identifies genes escaping X-chromosome inactivation. Last, whole-genome single-base resolution 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (hmC) maps revealed that hmC marks fetal brain cell genomes at putative regulatory regions that are CG-demethylated and activated in the adult brain and that CG demethylation at these hmC-poised loci depends on Tet2 activity.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3785061/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3785061/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lister, Ryan -- Mukamel, Eran A -- Nery, Joseph R -- Urich, Mark -- Puddifoot, Clare A -- Johnson, Nicholas D -- Lucero, Jacinta -- Huang, Yun -- Dwork, Andrew J -- Schultz, Matthew D -- Yu, Miao -- Tonti-Filippini, Julian -- Heyn, Holger -- Hu, Shijun -- Wu, Joseph C -- Rao, Anjana -- Esteller, Manel -- He, Chuan -- Haghighi, Fatemeh G -- Sejnowski, Terrence J -- Behrens, M Margarita -- Ecker, Joseph R -- AI44432/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- CA151535/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- HD065812/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- HG006827/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- K99NS080911/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- MH094670/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI044432/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA151535/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 HD065812/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- R01 HG006827/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- R01 MH094670/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- R01 MH094774/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Aug 9;341(6146):1237905. doi: 10.1126/science.1237905. Epub 2013 Jul 4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Genomic Analysis Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. ryan.lister@uwa.edu.au〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23828890" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: 5-Methylcytosine/metabolism ; Adult ; Animals ; Base Sequence ; Conserved Sequence ; Cytosine/*analogs & derivatives/metabolism ; *DNA Methylation ; *Epigenesis, Genetic ; Epigenomics ; Frontal Lobe/*growth & development ; *Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental ; Genome-Wide Association Study ; Humans ; Longevity ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; X Chromosome Inactivation/genetics
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 7
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    Human Evolution. Elusive Denisovans sighted in oldest human DNA (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-12-07
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gibbons, Ann -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Dec 6;342(6163):1156. doi: 10.1126/science.342.6163.1156.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24311652" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Bone and Bones ; *DNA, Mitochondrial ; *Fossils ; *Hominidae ; Humans ; Neanderthals ; Spain
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 8
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    Paleoanthropology. Stunning skull gives a fresh portrait of early humans (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-10-19
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gibbons, Ann -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Oct 18;342(6156):297-8. doi: 10.1126/science.342.6156.297.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24136941" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Anthropology ; *Biological Evolution ; *Fossils ; Georgia (Republic) ; History, Ancient ; Humans ; Skull/*anatomy & histology/*growth & development
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 9
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    Ardi's a hominin--but how did she move? (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-04-27
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gibbons, Ann -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Apr 26;340(6131):427. doi: 10.1126/science.340.6131.427.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23620032" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Anthropology, Physical/*history ; *Biological Evolution ; Female ; Foot/*anatomy & histology/*physiology ; History, Ancient ; Hominidae/*anatomy & histology/*physiology ; Walking/*history
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 10
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    Paleontology. Feathers before flight (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-05-11
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Clarke, Julia -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 May 10;340(6133):690-2. doi: 10.1126/science.1235463.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Geological Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA. julia_clarke@jsg.utexas.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23661746" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Birds/anatomy & histology/growth & development ; Dinosaurs/anatomy & histology/growth & development ; Feathers/anatomy & histology/*growth & development/ultrastructure ; *Flight, Animal ; *Fossils ; Protein Structure, Secondary ; beta-Keratins/chemistry
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 11
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    Caspase-11 protects against bacteria that escape the vacuole (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-01-26
    Description: Caspases are either apoptotic or inflammatory. Among inflammatory caspases, caspase-1 and -11 trigger pyroptosis, a form of programmed cell death. Whereas both can be detrimental in inflammatory disease, only caspase-1 has an established protective role during infection. Here, we report that caspase-11 is required for innate immunity to cytosolic, but not vacuolar, bacteria. Although Salmonella typhimurium and Legionella pneumophila normally reside in the vacuole, specific mutants (sifA and sdhA, respectively) aberrantly enter the cytosol. These mutants triggered caspase-11, which enhanced clearance of S. typhimurium sifA in vivo. This response did not require NLRP3, NLRC4, or ASC inflammasome pathways. Burkholderia species that naturally invade the cytosol also triggered caspase-11, which protected mice from lethal challenge with B. thailandensis and B. pseudomallei. Thus, caspase-11 is critical for surviving exposure to ubiquitous environmental pathogens.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3697099/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3697099/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Aachoui, Youssef -- Leaf, Irina A -- Hagar, Jon A -- Fontana, Mary F -- Campos, Cristine G -- Zak, Daniel E -- Tan, Michael H -- Cotter, Peggy A -- Vance, Russell E -- Aderem, Alan -- Miao, Edward A -- AI057141/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI063302/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI065359/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI075039/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI080749/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI097518/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- P01 AI063302/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- P30 CA016086/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI075039/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI080749/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI097518/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- U19 AI100627/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- U54 AI057141/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- U54 AI065359/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Feb 22;339(6122):975-8. doi: 10.1126/science.1230751. Epub 2013 Jan 24.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23348507" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Burkholderia/pathogenicity/physiology ; Burkholderia Infections/enzymology/immunology/metabolism ; Burkholderia pseudomallei/pathogenicity/physiology ; Caspases/*metabolism ; *Cell Death ; Cytosol/*microbiology ; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections/enzymology/*immunology/microbiology ; Immunity, Innate ; Inflammasomes/metabolism ; Macrophages/immunology/*microbiology ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Phagosomes/microbiology ; Salmonella Infections, Animal/enzymology/immunology/microbiology ; Salmonella typhimurium/pathogenicity/physiology ; Vacuoles/*microbiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 12
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    Stress in puberty unmasks latent neuropathological consequences of prenatal immune activation in mice (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-03-02
    Description: Prenatal infection and exposure to traumatizing experiences during peripuberty have each been associated with increased risk for neuropsychiatric disorders. Evidence is lacking for the cumulative impact of such prenatal and postnatal environmental challenges on brain functions and vulnerability to psychiatric disease. Here, we show in a translational mouse model that combined exposure to prenatal immune challenge and peripubertal stress induces synergistic pathological effects on adult behavioral functions and neurochemistry. We further demonstrate that the prenatal insult markedly increases the vulnerability of the pubescent offspring to brain immune changes in response to stress. Our findings reveal interactions between two adverse environmental factors that have individually been associated with neuropsychiatric disease and support theories that mental illnesses with delayed onsets involve multiple environmental hits.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Giovanoli, Sandra -- Engler, Harald -- Engler, Andrea -- Richetto, Juliet -- Voget, Mareike -- Willi, Roman -- Winter, Christine -- Riva, Marco A -- Mortensen, Preben B -- Feldon, Joram -- Schedlowski, Manfred -- Meyer, Urs -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Mar 1;339(6123):1095-9. doi: 10.1126/science.1228261.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Physiology and Behavior Laboratory, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, 8603 Schwerzenbach, Switzerland.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23449593" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cytokines/immunology ; Disease Models, Animal ; Female ; Humans ; Mental Disorders/*immunology ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Poly I-C/immunology/pharmacology ; Pregnancy ; Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects/*immunology/virology ; Puberty/*immunology ; Stress, Physiological/*immunology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 13
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    Interstitial dendritic cell guidance by haptotactic chemokine gradients (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-01-19
    Description: Directional guidance of cells via gradients of chemokines is considered crucial for embryonic development, cancer dissemination, and immune responses. Nevertheless, the concept still lacks direct experimental confirmation in vivo. Here, we identify endogenous gradients of the chemokine CCL21 within mouse skin and show that they guide dendritic cells toward lymphatic vessels. Quantitative imaging reveals depots of CCL21 within lymphatic endothelial cells and steeply decaying gradients within the perilymphatic interstitium. These gradients match the migratory patterns of the dendritic cells, which directionally approach vessels from a distance of up to 90-micrometers. Interstitial CCL21 is immobilized to heparan sulfates, and its experimental delocalization or swamping the endogenous gradients abolishes directed migration. These findings functionally establish the concept of haptotaxis, directed migration along immobilized gradients, in tissues.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Weber, Michele -- Hauschild, Robert -- Schwarz, Jan -- Moussion, Christine -- de Vries, Ingrid -- Legler, Daniel F -- Luther, Sanjiv A -- Bollenbach, Tobias -- Sixt, Michael -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Jan 18;339(6117):328-32. doi: 10.1126/science.1228456.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉IST Austria (Institute of Science and Technology Austria), Klosterneuburg, Austria.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23329049" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Chemokine CCL19/metabolism ; Chemokine CCL21/chemistry/*immunology ; Chemotaxis/*immunology ; Dendritic Cells/*immunology ; Heparitin Sulfate/chemistry ; Immobilized Proteins/chemistry/immunology ; Lymphatic Vessels/*immunology ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mice, Mutant Strains ; Receptors, CCR7/genetics ; Skin/*immunology
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  • 14
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    Response to comment on "Bilaterian burrows and grazing behavior at 〉585 million years ago" (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-09-07
    Description: Gaucher et al. suggest that their field observations and petrographic analysis of one thin section do not support an Ediacaran age for the trace fossils-bearing strata of the Tacuari Formation. We have strengthened our conclusion of an Ediacaran age for the Tacuari Formation based on reassessment of new and previously presented field and petrographic evidence.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pecoits, Ernesto -- Konhauser, Kurt O -- Aubet, Natalie R -- Heaman, Larry M -- Veroslavsky, Gerardo -- Stern, Richard -- Gingras, Murray K -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Feb 22;339(6122):906. doi: 10.1126/science.1230677.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2E3, Canada.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23430639" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; *Fossils
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  • 15
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    Plant biology. Evolution heresy? Epigenetics underlies heritable plant traits (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-09-07
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pennisi, Elizabeth -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Sep 6;341(6150):1055. doi: 10.1126/science.341.6150.1055.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24009370" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Arabidopsis/*genetics/growth & development ; *Biological Evolution ; Breeding ; Congresses as Topic ; *Epigenesis, Genetic ; Flowers/*genetics ; *Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental ; *Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ; Portugal ; *Quantitative Trait, Heritable ; Time Factors
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  • 16
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    Compartmentalization of GABAergic inhibition by dendritic spines (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-05-11
    Description: gamma-aminobutyric acid-mediated (GABAergic) inhibition plays a critical role in shaping neuronal activity in the neocortex. Numerous experimental investigations have examined perisomatic inhibitory synapses, which control action potential output from pyramidal neurons. However, most inhibitory synapses in the neocortex are formed onto pyramidal cell dendrites, where theoretical studies suggest they may focally regulate cellular activity. The precision of GABAergic control over dendritic electrical and biochemical signaling is unknown. By using cell type-specific optical stimulation in combination with two-photon calcium (Ca(2+)) imaging, we show that somatostatin-expressing interneurons exert compartmentalized control over postsynaptic Ca(2+) signals within individual dendritic spines. This highly focal inhibitory action is mediated by a subset of GABAergic synapses that directly target spine heads. GABAergic inhibition thus participates in localized control of dendritic electrical and biochemical signaling.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3752161/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3752161/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Chiu, Chiayu Q -- Lur, Gyorgy -- Morse, Thomas M -- Carnevale, Nicholas T -- Ellis-Davies, Graham C R -- Higley, Michael J -- DC009977/DC/NIDCD NIH HHS/ -- GM053395/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- K01 MH097961/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- MH099045/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- NS011613/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- NS069720/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R01 DC009977/DC/NIDCD NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM053395/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 MH099045/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- R01 NS011613/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R01 NS069720/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 May 10;340(6133):759-62. doi: 10.1126/science.1234274.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Neurobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23661763" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Calcium/metabolism ; Computer Simulation ; Dendritic Spines/*physiology ; Female ; Glutamic Acid/physiology ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Models, Neurological ; Neocortex/*physiology ; *Neural Inhibition ; Photic Stimulation ; Pyramidal Cells/*physiology ; Rhodopsin/metabolism ; Synapses/physiology ; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid/*physiology
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  • 17
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    Interferon-epsilon protects the female reproductive tract from viral and bacterial infection (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2013-03-02
    Description: The innate immune system senses pathogens through pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) that signal to induce effector cytokines, such as type I interferons (IFNs). We characterized IFN-epsilon as a type I IFN because it signaled via the Ifnar1 and Ifnar2 receptors to induce IFN-regulated genes. In contrast to other type I IFNs, IFN-epsilon was not induced by known PRR pathways; instead, IFN-epsilon was constitutively expressed by epithelial cells of the female reproductive tract (FRT) and was hormonally regulated. Ifn-epsilon-deficient mice had increased susceptibility to infection of the FRT by the common sexually transmitted infections (STIs) herpes simplex virus 2 and Chlamydia muridarum. Thus, IFN-epsilon is a potent antipathogen and immunoregulatory cytokine that may be important in combating STIs that represent a major global health and socioeconomic burden.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3617553/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3617553/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Fung, Ka Yee -- Mangan, Niamh E -- Cumming, Helen -- Horvat, Jay C -- Mayall, Jemma R -- Stifter, Sebastian A -- De Weerd, Nicole -- Roisman, Laila C -- Rossjohn, Jamie -- Robertson, Sarah A -- Schjenken, John E -- Parker, Belinda -- Gargett, Caroline E -- Nguyen, Hong P T -- Carr, Daniel J -- Hansbro, Philip M -- Hertzog, Paul J -- R01 AI053108/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Mar 1;339(6123):1088-92. doi: 10.1126/science.1233321.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Monash Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23449591" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cell Line ; Chlamydia Infections/genetics/*immunology ; *Chlamydia muridarum ; Estrogens/administration & dosage/immunology ; Female ; HEK293 Cells ; Herpes Genitalis/genetics/*immunology ; *Herpesvirus 2, Human ; Humans ; Interferons/genetics/*immunology ; Ligands ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Oligodeoxyribonucleotides/immunology ; Poly I-C/immunology ; Poly dA-dT/immunology ; Toll-Like Receptors/*immunology ; Uterus/immunology ; Vagina/*immunology/microbiology/virology
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    Multiple fitness peaks on the adaptive landscape drive adaptive radiation in the wild (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2013-01-12
    Description: The relationship between phenotype and fitness can be visualized as a rugged landscape. Multiple fitness peaks on this landscape are predicted to drive early bursts of niche diversification during adaptive radiation. We measured the adaptive landscape in a nascent adaptive radiation of Cyprinodon pupfishes endemic to San Salvador Island, Bahamas, and found multiple coexisting high-fitness regions driven by increased competition at high densities, supporting the early burst model. Hybrids resembling the generalist phenotype were isolated on a local fitness peak separated by a valley from a higher-fitness region corresponding to trophic specialization. This complex landscape could explain both the rarity of specialists across many similar environments due to stabilizing selection on generalists and the rapid morphological diversification rate of specialists due to their higher fitness.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Martin, Christopher H -- Wainwright, Peter C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Jan 11;339(6116):208-11. doi: 10.1126/science.1227710.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Evolution and Ecology and Center for Population Biology, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, USA. chmartin@ucdavis.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23307743" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adaptation, Physiological/*genetics ; Animals ; Bahamas ; *Biological Evolution ; Crosses, Genetic ; Ecosystem ; Environment ; Female ; *Genetic Fitness ; Genetic Speciation ; Hybridization, Genetic ; Killifishes/*genetics/*physiology ; Lakes ; Male ; Models, Biological ; Phenotype ; Selection, Genetic
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  • 19
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    Evolution. Diverse crystals account for beetle sheen (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2013-07-13
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pennisi, Elizabeth -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Jul 12;341(6142):120. doi: 10.1126/science.341.6142.120.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23846885" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; *Color ; DNA/genetics ; Pigments, Biological/*chemistry ; Weevils/*anatomy & histology/*chemistry/genetics
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  • 20
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    Evolution. Why male mammals are monogamous (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-03
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kappeler, Peter M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Aug 2;341(6145):469-70. doi: 10.1126/science.1242001.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology Unit, German Primate Center (DPZ), and Department of Sociobiology/Anthropology, University of Gottingen, Gottingen, Germany. pkappel@gwdg.de〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23908214" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Female ; Male ; *Marriage ; *Sexual Behavior, Animal
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  • 21
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    Response to comment on "The placental mammal ancestor and the post-K-Pg radiation of placentals" (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-10
    Description: Tree-building with diverse data maximizes explanatory power. Application of molecular clock models to ancient speciation events risks a bias against detection of fast radiations subsequent to the Cretaceous-Paleogene (K-Pg) event. Contrary to Springer et al., post-K-Pg placental diversification does not require "virus-like" substitution rates. Even constraining clade ages to their model, the explosive model best explains placental evolution.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉O'Leary, Maureen A -- Bloch, Jonathan I -- Flynn, John J -- Gaudin, Timothy J -- Giallombardo, Andres -- Giannini, Norberto P -- Goldberg, Suzann L -- Kraatz, Brian P -- Luo, Zhe-Xi -- Meng, Jin -- Ni, Xijun -- Novacek, Michael J -- Perini, Fernando A -- Randall, Zachary -- Rougier, Guillermo W -- Sargis, Eric J -- Silcox, Mary T -- Simmons, Nancy B -- Spaulding, Michelle -- Velazco, Paul M -- Weksler, Marcelo -- Wible, John R -- Cirranello, Andrea L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Aug 9;341(6146):613. doi: 10.1126/science.1238162.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Anatomical Sciences, HSC T-8 (040), Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8081, USA. maureen.oleary@stonybrook.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23929968" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Female ; *Fossils ; *Mammals ; *Phylogeny ; Pregnancy
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  • 22
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    Gut microbiomes of Malawian twin pairs discordant for kwashiorkor (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-02-01
    Description: Kwashiorkor, an enigmatic form of severe acute malnutrition, is the consequence of inadequate nutrient intake plus additional environmental insults. To investigate the role of the gut microbiome, we studied 317 Malawian twin pairs during the first 3 years of life. During this time, half of the twin pairs remained well nourished, whereas 43% became discordant, and 7% manifested concordance for acute malnutrition. Both children in twin pairs discordant for kwashiorkor were treated with a peanut-based, ready-to-use therapeutic food (RUTF). Time-series metagenomic studies revealed that RUTF produced a transient maturation of metabolic functions in kwashiorkor gut microbiomes that regressed when administration of RUTF was stopped. Previously frozen fecal communities from several discordant pairs were each transplanted into gnotobiotic mice. The combination of Malawian diet and kwashiorkor microbiome produced marked weight loss in recipient mice, accompanied by perturbations in amino acid, carbohydrate, and intermediary metabolism that were only transiently ameliorated with RUTF. These findings implicate the gut microbiome as a causal factor in kwashiorkor.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3667500/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3667500/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Smith, Michelle I -- Yatsunenko, Tanya -- Manary, Mark J -- Trehan, Indi -- Mkakosya, Rajhab -- Cheng, Jiye -- Kau, Andrew L -- Rich, Stephen S -- Concannon, Patrick -- Mychaleckyj, Josyf C -- Liu, Jie -- Houpt, Eric -- Li, Jia V -- Holmes, Elaine -- Nicholson, Jeremy -- Knights, Dan -- Ursell, Luke K -- Knight, Rob -- Gordon, Jeffrey I -- DK078669/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- DK30292/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- F32 DK091044/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- P01 DK078669/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- P30 DK056341/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R37 DK030292/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- T32 HD049338/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- T32-HD049338/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- T35 DK074375/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Feb 1;339(6119):548-54. doi: 10.1126/science.1229000. Epub 2013 Jan 30.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23363771" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acids/metabolism ; Animals ; Arachis ; Carbohydrate Metabolism ; Child, Preschool ; Diseases in Twins/*microbiology ; Feces/microbiology ; Female ; Gastrointestinal Tract/*microbiology ; Germ-Free Life ; Humans ; Infant ; Kwashiorkor/diet therapy/epidemiology/*microbiology ; Longitudinal Studies ; Malawi/epidemiology ; Male ; *Metagenome ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL
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  • 23
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    Fear learning enhances neural responses to threat-predictive sensory stimuli (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2013-12-18
    Description: The central nervous system rapidly learns that particular stimuli predict imminent danger. This learning is thought to involve associations between neutral and harmful stimuli in cortical and limbic brain regions, though associative neuroplasticity in sensory structures is increasingly appreciated. We observed the synaptic output of olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) in individual mice before and after they learned that a particular odor indicated an impending foot shock. OSNs are the first cells in the olfactory system, physically contacting the odor molecules in the nose and projecting their axons to the brain's olfactory bulb. OSN output evoked by the shock-predictive odor was selectively facilitated after fear conditioning. These results indicate that affective information about a stimulus can be encoded in its very earliest representation in the nervous system.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4011636/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4011636/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kass, Marley D -- Rosenthal, Michelle C -- Pottackal, Joseph -- McGann, John P -- DC009442/DC/NIDCD NIH HHS/ -- DC013090/DC/NIDCD NIH HHS/ -- MH101293/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- R00 DC009442/DC/NIDCD NIH HHS/ -- R01 DC013090/DC/NIDCD NIH HHS/ -- R01 MH101293/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Dec 13;342(6164):1389-92. doi: 10.1126/science.1244916.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Behavioral and Systems Neuroscience Section, Department of Psychology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 152 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24337299" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Conditioning, Classical/physiology ; Fear/*psychology ; Learning/*physiology ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Neuronal Plasticity ; *Odors ; Olfactory Receptor Neurons/*physiology ; Smell/*physiology ; Synapses/*physiology
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    2013 Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology Annual Meeting. Nervous system may have evolved twice (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-01-26
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pennisi, Elizabeth -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Jan 25;339(6118):391. doi: 10.1126/science.339.6118.391-a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23349266" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Brain/anatomy & histology/physiology ; Ctenophora/anatomy & histology/cytology/*genetics/physiology ; Genome ; Nervous System/anatomy & histology/cytology ; *Neurons/cytology/physiology ; Sequence Analysis, DNA
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    2013 Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology Annual Meeting. Eating was tough for early tetrapods (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-01-26
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pennisi, Elizabeth -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Jan 25;339(6118):390. doi: 10.1126/science.339.6118.390.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23349265" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Deglutition ; *Feeding Behavior ; Fishes/anatomy & histology/physiology ; *Fossils ; Jaw/*anatomy & histology ; Mouth/anatomy & histology/physiology ; Vertebrates/*anatomy & histology/*physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Erythropoietin derived by chemical synthesis (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-12-18
    Description: Erythropoietin is a signaling glycoprotein that controls the fundamental process of erythropoiesis, orchestrating the production and maintenance of red blood cells. As administrated clinically, erythropoietin has a polypeptide backbone with complex dishomogeneity in its carbohydrate domains. Here we describe the total synthesis of homogeneous erythropoietin with consensus carbohydrate domains incorporated at all of the native glycosylation sites. The oligosaccharide sectors were built by total synthesis and attached stereospecifically to peptidyl fragments of the wild-type primary sequence, themselves obtained by solid-phase peptide synthesis. The glycopeptidyl constructs were joined by chemical ligation, followed by metal-free dethiylation, and subsequently folded. This homogeneous erythropoietin glycosylated at the three wild-type aspartates with N-linked high-mannose sialic acid-containing oligosaccharides and O-linked glycophorin exhibits Procrit-level in vivo activity in mice.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4080428/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4080428/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wang, Ping -- Dong, Suwei -- Shieh, Jae-Hung -- Peguero, Elizabeth -- Hendrickson, Ronald -- Moore, Malcolm A S -- Danishefsky, Samuel J -- HL025848/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- P30 CA008748/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM109760/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 HL025848/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Dec 13;342(6164):1357-60. doi: 10.1126/science.1245095.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory for Bioorganic Chemistry, Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24337294" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Aspartic Acid/chemistry ; Cells, Cultured ; Consensus Sequence ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Erythrocyte Count ; Erythropoietin/*administration & dosage/*chemical synthesis/chemistry ; Glycophorin/chemistry ; Glycosylation ; Injections, Subcutaneous ; Mannose/chemistry ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Molecular Sequence Data ; N-Acetylneuraminic Acid/chemistry ; Oligosaccharides/chemistry ; Reticulocytes/drug effects
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    Sleep drives metabolite clearance from the adult brain (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-10-19
    Description: The conservation of sleep across all animal species suggests that sleep serves a vital function. We here report that sleep has a critical function in ensuring metabolic homeostasis. Using real-time assessments of tetramethylammonium diffusion and two-photon imaging in live mice, we show that natural sleep or anesthesia are associated with a 60% increase in the interstitial space, resulting in a striking increase in convective exchange of cerebrospinal fluid with interstitial fluid. In turn, convective fluxes of interstitial fluid increased the rate of beta-amyloid clearance during sleep. Thus, the restorative function of sleep may be a consequence of the enhanced removal of potentially neurotoxic waste products that accumulate in the awake central nervous system.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3880190/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3880190/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Xie, Lulu -- Kang, Hongyi -- Xu, Qiwu -- Chen, Michael J -- Liao, Yonghong -- Thiyagarajan, Meenakshisundaram -- O'Donnell, John -- Christensen, Daniel J -- Nicholson, Charles -- Iliff, Jeffrey J -- Takano, Takahiro -- Deane, Rashid -- Nedergaard, Maiken -- NS028642/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- NS078167/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- NS078304/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R01 DE022743/DE/NIDCR NIH HHS/ -- R01 NS075177/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R01 NS078167/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R01 NS078304/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Oct 18;342(6156):373-7. doi: 10.1126/science.1241224.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Glial Disease and Therapeutics, Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24136970" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adrenergic Antagonists/administration & dosage ; Amyloid beta-Peptides/*metabolism ; Animals ; Brain/*metabolism/physiology ; Cerebral Cortex/metabolism/physiology ; Cerebrospinal Fluid/metabolism ; Diffusion ; Electroencephalography ; Extracellular Space ; Intracellular Space ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Neurodegenerative Diseases/*metabolism ; Quaternary Ammonium Compounds/chemistry ; Receptors, Adrenergic/metabolism ; Sleep/*physiology ; Wakefulness/physiology
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    Evolution. How cooperation defeats cheats (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-12-21
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Spottiswoode, Claire N -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Dec 20;342(6165):1452-3. doi: 10.1126/science.1247758.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EJ, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24357303" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Aggression ; Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; *Breeding ; *Cooperative Behavior ; *Nesting Behavior ; Passeriformes/*physiology
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    Technical comment on "The placental mammal ancestor and the post-K-Pg radiation of placentals" (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-10
    Description: O'Leary et al. (Research Article, 8 February 2013, p. 662) examined mammalian relationships and divergence times and concluded that a single placental ancestor crossed the Cretaceous-Paleogene (K-Pg) boundary. This conclusion relies on phylogenetic analyses that fail to discriminate between homology and homoplasy and further implies virus-like rates of nucleotide substitution in early Paleocene placentals.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Springer, Mark S -- Meredith, Robert W -- Teeling, Emma C -- Murphy, William J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Aug 9;341(6146):613. doi: 10.1126/science.1238025.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA. mark.springer@ucr.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23929967" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Female ; *Fossils ; *Mammals ; *Phylogeny ; Pregnancy
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    A neural circuit for memory specificity and generalization (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2013-03-16
    Description: Increased fear memory generalization is associated with posttraumatic stress disorder, but the circuit mechanisms that regulate memory specificity remain unclear. Here, we define a neural circuit-composed of the medial prefrontal cortex, the nucleus reuniens (NR), and the hippocampus-that controls fear memory generalization. Inactivation of prefrontal inputs into the NR or direct silencing of NR projections enhanced fear memory generalization, whereas constitutive activation of NR neurons decreased memory generalization. Direct optogenetic activation of phasic and tonic action-potential firing of NR neurons during memory acquisition enhanced or reduced memory generalization, respectively. We propose that the NR determines the specificity and generalization of memory attributes for a particular context by processing information from the medial prefrontal cortex en route to the hippocampus.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3651700/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3651700/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Xu, Wei -- Sudhof, Thomas C -- K99 MH099153/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- NS077906/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- P50 MH086403/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- R01 NS077906/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Mar 15;339(6125):1290-5. doi: 10.1126/science.1229534.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94304-5453, USA. weixu@stanford.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23493706" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Brain Mapping ; Dependovirus ; Fear/*physiology ; *Generalization (Psychology) ; Green Fluorescent Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Hippocampus/physiology ; Male ; Memory/*physiology ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Midline Thalamic Nuclei/physiology ; Neural Pathways ; Prefrontal Cortex/*physiology ; Synapses/physiology ; Vesicle-Associated Membrane Protein 2/genetics/metabolism
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    Evolution. How fisheries affect evolution (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-12-07
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Belgrano, Andrea -- Fowler, Charles W -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Dec 6;342(6163):1176-7. doi: 10.1126/science.1245490.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Aquatic Resources, Institute of Marine Research, Turistgatan 5, SE-453 30 Lysekil, Sweden.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24311669" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Body Size ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; *Fisheries/methods ; Fishes/anatomy & histology/*genetics/growth & development ; Phenotype ; Population Dynamics
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    Evolution. What, where, and when? (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Knapp, Sandra -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Sep 13;341(6151):1182-4. doi: 10.1126/science.1240880. Epub 2013 Aug 29.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Natural History Museum, London, UK. s.knapp@nhm.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23989953" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Animal Distribution ; Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; History, 19th Century ; Phylogeography/*history ; *Selection, Genetic
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    Evolution. Fossils versus clocks (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-02-09
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Yoder, Anne D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Feb 8;339(6120):656-8. doi: 10.1126/science.1233999.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA. anne.yoder@duke.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23393254" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Female ; *Fossils ; *Mammals ; *Phylogeny ; Pregnancy
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    Persistent LCMV infection is controlled by blockade of type I interferon signaling (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2013-04-13
    Description: During persistent viral infections, chronic immune activation, negative immune regulator expression, an elevated interferon signature, and lymphoid tissue destruction correlate with disease progression. We demonstrated that blockade of type I interferon (IFN-I) signaling using an IFN-I receptor neutralizing antibody reduced immune system activation, decreased expression of negative immune regulatory molecules, and restored lymphoid architecture in mice persistently infected with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. IFN-I blockade before and after establishment of persistent virus infection resulted in enhanced virus clearance and was CD4 T cell-dependent. Hence, we demonstrate a direct causal link between IFN-I signaling, immune activation, negative immune regulator expression, lymphoid tissue disorganization, and virus persistence. Our results suggest that therapies targeting IFN-I may help control persistent virus infections.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3640797/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3640797/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Teijaro, John R -- Ng, Cherie -- Lee, Andrew M -- Sullivan, Brian M -- Sheehan, Kathleen C F -- Welch, Megan -- Schreiber, Robert D -- de la Torre, Juan Carlos -- Oldstone, Michael B A -- AI007354/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI047140/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI077719/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI09484/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- CA43059/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- HL007195/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- NS041219/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI009484/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI047140/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI077719/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- U54 AI057160/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- U54AI057160/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Apr 12;340(6129):207-11. doi: 10.1126/science.1235214.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23580529" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antibodies, Viral/blood ; Antigens, CD274/metabolism ; Arenaviridae Infections/*immunology/pathology/*virology ; CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology ; Cytokines/metabolism ; Dendritic Cells/immunology/virology ; Female ; Immune Tolerance ; Interferon Type I/immunology/*metabolism ; Interleukin-10/metabolism ; Lymphocytes/immunology/virology ; Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus/*immunology/*physiology ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Receptor, Interferon alpha-beta/immunology/metabolism ; *Signal Transduction ; Spleen/immunology/pathology ; Viremia
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    TH17 cell differentiation is regulated by the circadian clock (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-11-10
    Description: Circadian clocks regulate numerous physiological processes that vary across the day-night (diurnal) cycle, but if and how the circadian clock regulates the adaptive immune system is mostly unclear. Interleukin-17-producing CD4(+) T helper (T(H)17) cells are proinflammatory immune cells that protect against bacterial and fungal infections at mucosal surfaces. Their lineage specification is regulated by the orphan nuclear receptor RORgammat. We show that the transcription factor NFIL3 suppresses T(H)17 cell development by directly binding and repressing the Rorgammat promoter. NFIL3 links T(H)17 cell development to the circadian clock network through the transcription factor REV-ERBalpha. Accordingly, TH17 lineage specification varies diurnally and is altered in Rev-erbalpha(-/-) mice. Light-cycle disruption elevated intestinal T(H)17 cell frequencies and increased susceptibility to inflammatory disease. Thus, lineage specification of a key immune cell is under direct circadian control.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4165400/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4165400/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Yu, Xiaofei -- Rollins, Darcy -- Ruhn, Kelly A -- Stubblefield, Jeremy J -- Green, Carla B -- Kashiwada, Masaki -- Rothman, Paul B -- Takahashi, Joseph S -- Hooper, Lora V -- R01 DK070855/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Nov 8;342(6159):727-30. doi: 10.1126/science.1243884.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Immunology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24202171" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Basic-Leucine Zipper Transcription Factors/genetics/*metabolism ; CLOCK Proteins/genetics ; Cell Differentiation/*genetics ; Cell Lineage/genetics ; Circadian Clocks/genetics/*immunology ; *Gene Expression Regulation ; Germ-Free Life ; HEK293 Cells ; Humans ; Intestine, Small/immunology/microbiology ; Jurkat Cells ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mice, Mutant Strains ; Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group D, Member 1/genetics/metabolism ; Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group F, Member 3/*genetics ; Promoter Regions, Genetic ; Th17 Cells/*cytology
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    Comment on "Evolutionary trade-offs, Pareto optimality, and the geometry of phenotype space" (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2013-02-16
    Description: Shoval et al. (Reports, 1 June 2012, p. 1157) showed how configurations of phenotypes may identify tasks that trade off with each other, using randomizations assuming independence of data points. I argue that this assumption may not be correct for most and possibly all examples and led to pseudoreplication and inflated significance levels. Improved statistical testing is necessary to assess how the theory applies to empirical data.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Edelaar, Pim -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Feb 15;339(6121):757. doi: 10.1126/science.1228281.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉University Pablo de Olavide, Sevilla, Spain. edelaar@upo.es〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23413338" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; *Genetic Fitness ; *Phenotype
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    Evolution. Better oxygen delivery (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-06-15
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Rezende, Enrico L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Jun 14;340(6138):1293-4. doi: 10.1126/science.1240631.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Life Sciences, University of Roehampton, Holybourne Avenue, London SW15 4JD, UK. enrico.rezende@gmail.com〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23766317" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adaptation, Biological/*genetics ; Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; *Diving ; *Epistasis, Genetic ; *Evolution, Molecular ; Hemoglobins/*chemistry/*genetics/*metabolism ; Mammals/*genetics/*physiology ; Myoglobin/*chemistry/*classification ; Oncorhynchus mykiss/*blood/*metabolism ; Oxygen/*blood/*metabolism ; Peromyscus/*physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Cleavage of fibrinogen by proteinases elicits allergic responses through Toll-like receptor 4 (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-21
    Description: Proteinases and the innate immune receptor Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) are essential for expression of allergic inflammation and diseases such as asthma. A mechanism that links these inflammatory mediators is essential for explaining the fundamental basis of allergic disease but has been elusive. Here, we demonstrate that TLR4 is activated by airway proteinase activity to initiate both allergic airway disease and antifungal immunity. These outcomes were induced by proteinase cleavage of the clotting protein fibrinogen, yielding fibrinogen cleavage products that acted as TLR4 ligands on airway epithelial cells and macrophages. Thus, allergic airway inflammation represents an antifungal defensive strategy that is driven by fibrinogen cleavage and TLR4 activation. These findings clarify the molecular basis of allergic disease and suggest new therapeutic strategies.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3898200/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3898200/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Millien, Valentine Ongeri -- Lu, Wen -- Shaw, Joanne -- Yuan, Xiaoyi -- Mak, Garbo -- Roberts, Luz -- Song, Li-Zhen -- Knight, J Morgan -- Creighton, Chad J -- Luong, Amber -- Kheradmand, Farrah -- Corry, David B -- AI057696/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI070973/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- CA125123/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- HL75243/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- K02 HL075243/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI057696/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 HL095382/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- R01 HL117181/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- R25GM56929/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- T32 GM088129/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- T32GM088129/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Aug 16;341(6147):792-6. doi: 10.1126/science.1240342.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Translational Biology and Molecular Medicine Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23950537" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Aspergillus niger/growth & development/*immunology ; Aspergillus oryzae/enzymology ; Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid/cytology ; Epithelial Cells/immunology/metabolism ; Fibrinogen/*metabolism ; Immunity, Innate ; Ligands ; Macrophage Activation ; Macrophages/immunology/metabolism/microbiology ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Peptide Hydrolases/immunology/*metabolism ; Respiratory Hypersensitivity/*immunology/*metabolism ; Respiratory Mucosa/cytology/immunology/metabolism ; Th2 Cells/immunology ; Toll-Like Receptor 4/genetics/*metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    How the Red Queen drives terrestrial mammals to extinction (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2013-06-22
    Description: Most species disappear by the processes of background extinction, yet those processes are poorly understood. We analyzed the evolutionary dynamics of 19 Cenozoic terrestrial mammalian clades with rich fossil records that are now fully extinct or in diversity decline. We find their diversity loss was not just a consequence of "gamblers ruin" but resulted from the evolutionary loss to the Red Queen, a failure to keep pace with a deteriorating environment. Diversity loss is driven equally by both depressed origination rates and elevated extinction rates. Although we find diversity-dependent origination and extinction rates, the diversity of each clade only transiently equaled the implied equilibrium diversity. Thus, the processes that drove diversity loss in terrestrial mammal clades were fundamentally nonequilibrial and overwhelmed diversity-dependent processes.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Quental, Tiago B -- Marshall, Charles R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Jul 19;341(6143):290-2. doi: 10.1126/science.1239431. Epub 2013 Jun 20.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Universidade de Sao Paulo, Departamento de Ecologia, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil. tbquental@usp.br〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23788731" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biodiversity ; *Biological Evolution ; *Extinction, Biological ; Fossils ; *Mammals
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    C57BL/6N mutation in cytoplasmic FMRP interacting protein 2 regulates cocaine response (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-12-21
    Description: The inbred mouse C57BL/6J is the reference strain for genome sequence and for most behavioral and physiological phenotypes. However, the International Knockout Mouse Consortium uses an embryonic stem cell line derived from a related C57BL/6N substrain. We found that C57BL/6N has a lower acute and sensitized response to cocaine and methamphetamine. We mapped a single causative locus and identified a nonsynonymous mutation of serine to phenylalanine (S968F) in Cytoplasmic FMRP interacting protein 2 (Cyfip2) as the causative variant. The S968F mutation destabilizes CYFIP2, and deletion of the C57BL/6N mutant allele leads to acute and sensitized cocaine-response phenotypes. We propose that CYFIP2 is a key regulator of cocaine response in mammals and present a framework to use mouse substrains to identify previously unknown genes and alleles regulating behavior.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4500108/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4500108/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kumar, Vivek -- Kim, Kyungin -- Joseph, Chryshanthi -- Kourrich, Said -- Yoo, Seung-Hee -- Huang, Hung Chung -- Vitaterna, Martha H -- de Villena, Fernando Pardo-Manuel -- Churchill, Gary -- Bonci, Antonello -- Takahashi, Joseph S -- F32 DA024556/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- F32DA024556/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- U01 MH061915/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- U01MH61915/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Dec 20;342(6165):1508-12. doi: 10.1126/science.1245503.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9111, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24357318" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Substitution ; Animals ; Central Nervous System Stimulants/administration & dosage ; Cocaine/*administration & dosage ; Cocaine-Related Disorders/*genetics/*psychology ; *Drug-Seeking Behavior ; Methamphetamine/administration & dosage ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mice, Knockout ; Motor Activity/drug effects ; Mutation ; Nerve Tissue Proteins/genetics/*physiology ; Phenylalanine/genetics ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Psychomotor Performance/drug effects ; Quantitative Trait Loci ; Serine/genetics
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Fossil musculature of the most primitive jawed vertebrates (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2013-06-15
    Description: The transition from jawless to jawed vertebrates (gnathostomes) resulted in the reconfiguration of the muscles and skeleton of the head, including the creation of a separate shoulder girdle with distinct neck muscles. We describe here the only known examples of preserved musculature from placoderms (extinct armored fishes), the phylogenetically most basal jawed vertebrates. Placoderms possess a regionalized muscular anatomy that differs radically from the musculature of extant sharks, which is often viewed as primitive for gnathostomes. The placoderm data suggest that neck musculature evolved together with a dermal joint between skull and shoulder girdle, not as part of a broadly flexible neck as in sharks, and that transverse abdominal muscles are an innovation of gnathostomes rather than of tetrapods.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Trinajstic, Kate -- Sanchez, Sophie -- Dupret, Vincent -- Tafforeau, Paul -- Long, John -- Young, Gavin -- Senden, Tim -- Boisvert, Catherine -- Power, Nicola -- Ahlberg, Per Erik -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Jul 12;341(6142):160-4. doi: 10.1126/science.1237275. Epub 2013 Jun 13.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Western Australian Organic and Isotope Geochemistry Centre, Department of Chemistry, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia 6102, Australia.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23765280" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Fishes/*anatomy & histology/classification/*genetics ; *Fossils ; Maxillofacial Development/*genetics ; Neck Muscles/*anatomy & histology ; Phylogeny
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    Glutamate-dependent neuroglial calcium signaling differs between young and adult brain (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-01-12
    Description: An extensive literature shows that astrocytes exhibit metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5)-dependent increases in cytosolic calcium ions (Ca(2+)) in response to glutamatergic transmission and, in turn, modulate neuronal activity by their Ca(2+)-dependent release of gliotransmitters. These findings, based on studies of young rodents, have led to the concept of the tripartite synapse, in which astrocytes actively participate in neurotransmission. Using genomic analysis, immunoelectron microscopy, and two-photon microscopy of astrocytic Ca(2+) signaling in vivo, we found that astrocytic expression of mGluR5 is developmentally regulated and is undetectable after postnatal week 3. In contrast, mGluR3, whose activation inhibits adenylate cyclase but not calcium signaling, was expressed in astrocytes at all developmental stages. Neuroglial signaling in the adult brain may therefore occur in a manner fundamentally distinct from that exhibited during development.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3569008/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3569008/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sun, Wei -- McConnell, Evan -- Pare, Jean-Francois -- Xu, Qiwu -- Chen, Michael -- Peng, Weiguo -- Lovatt, Ditte -- Han, Xiaoning -- Smith, Yoland -- Nedergaard, Maiken -- NS075177/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- NS078304/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- P51OD011132/OD/NIH HHS/ -- P51RR000165/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- R01 NS075177/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R01 NS078167/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R01 NS078304/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- RR00165/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Jan 11;339(6116):197-200. doi: 10.1126/science.1226740.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Glial Disease and Therapeutics, Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23307741" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adolescent ; *Aging ; Animals ; Astrocytes/*metabolism ; Calcium/metabolism ; *Calcium Signaling ; Cerebral Cortex/cytology/*metabolism/ultrastructure ; Female ; Glutamic Acid/*metabolism ; Hippocampus/cytology/metabolism/ultrastructure ; Humans ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Receptor, Metabotropic Glutamate 5 ; Receptors, Metabotropic Glutamate/agonists/*metabolism ; Synaptic Transmission
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Creating a false memory in the hippocampus (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2013-07-28
    Description: Memories can be unreliable. We created a false memory in mice by optogenetically manipulating memory engram-bearing cells in the hippocampus. Dentate gyrus (DG) or CA1 neurons activated by exposure to a particular context were labeled with channelrhodopsin-2. These neurons were later optically reactivated during fear conditioning in a different context. The DG experimental group showed increased freezing in the original context, in which a foot shock was never delivered. The recall of this false memory was context-specific, activated similar downstream regions engaged during natural fear memory recall, and was also capable of driving an active fear response. Our data demonstrate that it is possible to generate an internally represented and behaviorally expressed fear memory via artificial means.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ramirez, Steve -- Liu, Xu -- Lin, Pei-Ann -- Suh, Junghyup -- Pignatelli, Michele -- Redondo, Roger L -- Ryan, Tomas J -- Tonegawa, Susumu -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Jul 26;341(6144):387-91. doi: 10.1126/science.1239073.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉RIKEN-Massachusetts Institute of Technology Center for Neural Circuit Genetics at the Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Department of Biology, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23888038" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amygdala/physiology ; Animals ; Association ; CA1 Region, Hippocampal/cytology/*physiology ; *Conditioning (Psychology) ; Dentate Gyrus/cytology/*physiology ; Dependovirus/genetics ; Doxycycline/administration & dosage ; Fear ; Genes, fos ; Light ; Memory/*physiology ; Mental Recall/physiology ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mice, Transgenic ; Neurons/*physiology ; Optogenetics ; Rhodopsin/genetics/metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    betaCaMKII in lateral habenula mediates core symptoms of depression (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: The lateral habenula (LHb) has recently emerged as a key brain region in the pathophysiology of depression. However, the molecular mechanism by which LHb becomes hyperactive in depression remains unknown. Through a quantitative proteomic screen, we found that expression of the beta form of calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II (betaCaMKappaIotaIota) was significantly up-regulated in the LHb of animal models of depression and down-regulated by antidepressants. Increasing beta-, but not alpha-, CaMKII in the LHb strongly enhanced the synaptic efficacy and spike output of LHb neurons and was sufficient to produce profound depressive symptoms, including anhedonia and behavioral despair. Down-regulation of betaCaMKII levels, blocking its activity or its target molecule the glutamate receptor GluR1 reversed the depressive symptoms. These results identify betaCaMKII as a powerful regulator of LHb neuron function and a key molecular determinant of depression.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3932364/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3932364/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Li, Kun -- Zhou, Tao -- Liao, Lujian -- Yang, Zhongfei -- Wong, Catherine -- Henn, Fritz -- Malinow, Roberto -- Yates, John R 3rd -- Hu, Hailan -- P41 GM103533/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 MH067880/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- R01 MH091119/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Aug 30;341(6149):1016-20. doi: 10.1126/science.1240729.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute of Neuroscience and State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, P R China.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23990563" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antidepressive Agents/pharmacology ; Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase Type 2/antagonists & ; inhibitors/*biosynthesis/genetics ; Depressive Disorder, Major/*enzymology/genetics/psychology ; Disease Models, Animal ; Gene Knockdown Techniques ; Habenula/drug effects/*enzymology ; Humans ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Neurons/drug effects/enzymology ; Promoter Regions, Genetic ; Proteomics ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Brood parasitism and the evolution of cooperative breeding in birds (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2013-12-21
    Description: The global distribution of cooperatively breeding birds is highly uneven, with hotspots in Australasia and sub-Saharan Africa. The ecological drivers of this distribution remain enigmatic yet could yield insights into the evolution and persistence of cooperative breeding. We report that the global distributions of avian obligate brood parasites and cooperatively breeding passerines are tightly correlated and that the uneven phylogenetic distribution of cooperative breeding is associated with the uneven targeting of hosts by brood parasites. With a long-term field study, we show that brood parasites can acquire superior care for their young by targeting cooperative breeders. Conversely, host defenses against brood parasites are strengthened by helpers at the nest. Reciprocally selected interactions between brood parasites and cooperative breeders may therefore explain the close association between these two breeding systems.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Feeney, W E -- Medina, I -- Somveille, M -- Heinsohn, R -- Hall, M L -- Mulder, R A -- Stein, J A -- Kilner, R M -- Langmore, N E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Dec 20;342(6165):1506-8. doi: 10.1126/science.1240039.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24357317" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Africa, Southern ; *Aggression ; Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Australia ; *Biological Evolution ; *Breeding ; *Cooperative Behavior ; *Nesting Behavior ; Passeriformes/classification/*physiology ; Phylogeny ; Vocalization, Animal
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    Human evolution. How a fickle climate made us human (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-03
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gibbons, Ann -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Aug 2;341(6145):474-9. doi: 10.1126/science.341.6145.474.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23908217" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; *Climate Change ; *Hominidae ; Humans ; Kenya ; *Paleontology ; Poaceae ; Rain
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    Mucus enhances gut homeostasis and oral tolerance by delivering immunoregulatory signals (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-28
    Description: A dense mucus layer in the large intestine prevents inflammation by shielding the underlying epithelium from luminal bacteria and food antigens. This mucus barrier is organized around the hyperglycosylated mucin MUC2. Here we show that the small intestine has a porous mucus layer, which permitted the uptake of MUC2 by antigen-sampling dendritic cells (DCs). Glycans associated with MUC2 imprinted DCs with anti-inflammatory properties by assembling a galectin-3-Dectin-1-FcgammaRIIB receptor complex that activated beta-catenin. This transcription factor interfered with DC expression of inflammatory but not tolerogenic cytokines by inhibiting gene transcription through nuclear factor kappaB. MUC2 induced additional conditioning signals in intestinal epithelial cells. Thus, mucus does not merely form a nonspecific physical barrier, but also constrains the immunogenicity of gut antigens by delivering tolerogenic signals.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4005805/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4005805/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Shan, Meimei -- Gentile, Maurizio -- Yeiser, John R -- Walland, A Cooper -- Bornstein, Victor U -- Chen, Kang -- He, Bing -- Cassis, Linda -- Bigas, Anna -- Cols, Montserrat -- Comerma, Laura -- Huang, Bihui -- Blander, J Magarian -- Xiong, Huabao -- Mayer, Lloyd -- Berin, Cecilia -- Augenlicht, Leonard H -- Velcich, Anna -- Cerutti, Andrea -- AI073899/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI095245/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI57653/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI61093/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI74378/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI95613/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI96187/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- DK072201/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- P01 AI061093/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- P01 DK072201/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- P60 DK020541/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI057653/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI093577/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- U01 AI095613/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- U19 AI096187/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Oct 25;342(6157):447-53. doi: 10.1126/science.1237910. Epub 2013 Sep 26.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Medicine, Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24072822" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cells, Cultured ; Dendritic Cells/immunology ; Galectin 3/genetics/metabolism ; Glycosylation ; *Homeostasis ; Humans ; Immune Tolerance/genetics/*immunology ; Inflammation/immunology ; Intestinal Mucosa/immunology ; Intestine, Small/*immunology ; Lectins, C-Type/genetics/metabolism ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mice, Mutant Strains ; Mouth/*immunology ; Mucin-2/genetics/physiology ; Mucus/*immunology ; NF-kappa B/metabolism ; Receptors, IgG/genetics/metabolism ; Transcription, Genetic ; beta Catenin/metabolism
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    Evolution. How sweet it is: genes show how bacteria colonized human teeth (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-02-23
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gibbons, Ann -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Feb 22;339(6122):896-7. doi: 10.1126/science.339.6122.896.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23430627" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Agriculture/history ; Bacteria/genetics/*growth & development ; *Biological Evolution ; Carbohydrate Metabolism ; DNA, Bacterial/analysis ; Dental Calculus/*microbiology ; Diet ; Genetic Variation ; *Genome, Bacterial ; History, Ancient ; Humans ; Mouth/microbiology ; Paleodontology ; Selection, Genetic ; Streptococcus mutans/*genetics/growth & development ; Tooth/*microbiology
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    Adolescent stress-induced epigenetic control of dopaminergic neurons via glucocorticoids (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-01-19
    Description: Environmental stressors during childhood and adolescence influence postnatal brain maturation and human behavioral patterns in adulthood. Accordingly, excess stressors result in adult-onset neuropsychiatric disorders. We describe an underlying mechanism in which glucocorticoids link adolescent stressors to epigenetic controls in neurons. In a mouse model of this phenomenon, a mild isolation stress affects the mesocortical projection of dopaminergic neurons in which DNA hypermethylation of the tyrosine hydroxylase gene is elicited, but only when combined with a relevant genetic risk for neuropsychiatric disorders. These molecular changes are associated with several neurochemical and behavioral deficits that occur in this mouse model, all of which are blocked by a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist. The biology and phenotypes of the mouse models resemble those of psychotic depression, a common and debilitating psychiatric disease.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3617477/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3617477/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Niwa, Minae -- Jaaro-Peled, Hanna -- Tankou, Stephanie -- Seshadri, Saurav -- Hikida, Takatoshi -- Matsumoto, Yurie -- Cascella, Nicola G -- Kano, Shin-ichi -- Ozaki, Norio -- Nabeshima, Toshitaka -- Sawa, Akira -- K99 MH094408/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- K99MH-094408/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- MH-069853/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- MH-084018/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- MH-085226/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- MH-088753/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- MH-092443/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- MH-094268/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- R01 MH092443/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Jan 18;339(6117):335-9. doi: 10.1126/science.1226931.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Chemical Pharmacology, Meijo University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23329051" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adolescent ; *Adolescent Behavior ; *Adolescent Development ; Affective Disorders, Psychotic/genetics/*metabolism ; Animals ; Disease Models, Animal ; Dopaminergic Neurons/*metabolism ; *Epigenesis, Genetic ; Glucocorticoids/*metabolism ; Humans ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mice, Transgenic ; Nerve Tissue Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Stress, Psychological/genetics/*metabolism
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    A complete skull from Dmanisi, Georgia, and the evolutionary biology of early Homo (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-10-19
    Description: The site of Dmanisi, Georgia, has yielded an impressive sample of hominid cranial and postcranial remains, documenting the presence of Homo outside Africa around 1.8 million years ago. Here we report on a new cranium from Dmanisi (D4500) that, together with its mandible (D2600), represents the world's first completely preserved adult hominid skull from the early Pleistocene. D4500/D2600 combines a small braincase (546 cubic centimeters) with a large prognathic face and exhibits close morphological affinities with the earliest known Homo fossils from Africa. The Dmanisi sample, which now comprises five crania, provides direct evidence for wide morphological variation within and among early Homo paleodemes. This implies the existence of a single evolving lineage of early Homo, with phylogeographic continuity across continents.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lordkipanidze, David -- Ponce de Leon, Marcia S -- Margvelashvili, Ann -- Rak, Yoel -- Rightmire, G Philip -- Vekua, Abesalom -- Zollikofer, Christoph P E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Oct 18;342(6156):326-31. doi: 10.1126/science.1238484.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Georgian National Museum, 3 Purtseladze Street, 0105 Tbilisi, Georgia.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24136960" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Brain/anatomy & histology ; Dentition ; Face/*anatomy & histology ; *Fossils ; Georgia (Republic) ; Hominidae/*anatomy & histology/growth & development ; Humans ; Organ Size ; Phylogeography ; Skull/*anatomy & histology/growth & development ; Skull Base/anatomy & histology/growth & development ; Temporal Bone/anatomy & histology/growth & development
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    Single-cell DNA-methylation analysis reveals epigenetic chimerism in preimplantation embryos (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-09-07
    Description: Epigenetic alterations are increasingly recognized as causes of human cancers and disease. These aberrations are likely to arise during genomic reprogramming in mammalian preimplantation embryos, when their epigenomes are most vulnerable. However, this process is only partially understood because of the experimental inaccessibility of early-stage embryos. Here, we introduce a methodologic advance, probing single cells for various DNA-methylation errors at multiple loci, to reveal failed maintenance of epigenetic mark results in chimeric mice, which display unpredictable phenotypes leading to developmental arrest. Yet we show that mouse pronuclear transfer can be used to ameliorate such reprogramming defects. This study not only details the epigenetic reprogramming dynamics in early mammalian embryos but also suggests diagnostic and potential future therapeutic applications.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lorthongpanich, Chanchao -- Cheow, Lih Feng -- Balu, Sathish -- Quake, Stephen R -- Knowles, Barbara B -- Burkholder, William F -- Solter, Davor -- Messerschmidt, Daniel M -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Sep 6;341(6150):1110-2. doi: 10.1126/science.1240617.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Mammalian Development Group, Institute of Medical Biology, A*STAR, Singapore.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24009393" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Blastocyst/*metabolism ; Cellular Reprogramming/*genetics ; *Chimerism ; *DNA Methylation ; *Epigenesis, Genetic ; Gene Deletion ; *Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental ; Genetic Loci ; Humans ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mice, Transgenic ; Nuclear Proteins/genetics ; Repressor Proteins/genetics ; Single-Cell Analysis
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    Evolution. Great apes and zoonoses (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-04-20
    Description: 〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3752651/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3752651/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sharp, Paul M -- Rayner, Julian C -- Hahn, Beatrice H -- 095831/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- R01 AI091595/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Apr 19;340(6130):284-6. doi: 10.1126/science.1236958.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23599472" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/*transmission/virology ; Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; HIV-1/physiology ; Hominidae/*parasitology/*virology ; Host-Parasite Interactions/genetics ; Host-Pathogen Interactions/genetics ; Humans ; Malaria, Falciparum/genetics/parasitology/*transmission ; Mutation ; N-Acetylneuraminic Acid/biosynthesis/genetics ; Plasmodium falciparum/physiology ; Zoonoses/parasitology/*transmission/virology
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Emergence of individuality in genetically identical mice (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2013-05-11
    Description: Brain plasticity as a neurobiological reflection of individuality is difficult to capture in animal models. Inspired by behavioral-genetic investigations of human monozygotic twins reared together, we obtained dense longitudinal activity data on 40 inbred mice living in one large enriched environment. The exploratory activity of the mice diverged over time, resulting in increasing individual differences with advancing age. Individual differences in cumulative roaming entropy, indicating the active coverage of territory, correlated positively with individual differences in adult hippocampal neurogenesis. Our results show that factors unfolding or emerging during development contribute to individual differences in structural brain plasticity and behavior. The paradigm introduced here serves as an animal model for identifying mechanisms of plasticity underlying nonshared environmental contributions to individual differences in behavior.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Freund, Julia -- Brandmaier, Andreas M -- Lewejohann, Lars -- Kirste, Imke -- Kritzler, Mareike -- Kruger, Antonio -- Sachser, Norbert -- Lindenberger, Ulman -- Kempermann, Gerd -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 May 10;340(6133):756-9. doi: 10.1126/science.1235294.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉CRTD-DFG Research Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Technische Universitat Dresden, Dresden, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23661762" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Behavior, Animal ; Body Weight ; Brain/anatomy & histology/embryology/physiology ; Female ; Hippocampus/anatomy & histology/*embryology/physiology ; *Individuality ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mice, Inbred Strains ; Models, Animal ; *Neurogenesis ; Neuronal Plasticity/*genetics ; Organ Size
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    Genes for extremes (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-12-07
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pennisi, Elizabeth -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Dec 6;342(6163):1160-1. doi: 10.1126/science.342.6163.1160.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24311656" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Boidae/anatomy & histology/*genetics/physiology ; Cobra Venoms/genetics/metabolism ; Elapidae/anatomy & histology/*genetics/physiology ; Feeding Behavior ; Gene Expression Regulation ; *Genome ; Sequence Analysis, DNA
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    The evolution of social monogamy in mammals (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2013-07-31
    Description: The evolution of social monogamy has intrigued biologists for over a century. Here, we show that the ancestral condition for all mammalian groups is of solitary individuals and that social monogamy is derived almost exclusively from this social system. The evolution of social monogamy does not appear to have been associated with a high risk of male infanticide, and paternal care is a consequence rather than a cause of social monogamy. Social monogamy has evolved in nonhuman mammals where breeding females are intolerant of each other and female density is low, suggesting that it represents a mating strategy that has developed where males are unable to defend access to multiple females.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lukas, D -- Clutton-Brock, T H -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Aug 2;341(6145):526-30. doi: 10.1126/science.1238677. Epub 2013 Jul 29.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK. dl384@cam.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23896459" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Female ; Male ; *Marriage ; Population Density ; *Sexual Behavior, Animal
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    Biodiversity. The Amazon in 4D (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-07-23
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wade, Lizzie -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Jul 19;341(6143):234-5. doi: 10.1126/science.341.6143.234.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23869000" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biodiversity ; *Biological Evolution ; *Databases, Factual ; Male ; Passeriformes/anatomy & histology/*physiology ; *Rivers ; South America ; *Trees
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    Response to comment on "Evolutionary trade-offs, Pareto optimality, and the geometry of phenotype space" (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-09-07
    Description: Edelaar raises concerns about the way we tested our theory. Our mathematical theorem predicts that despite the high dimensionality of trait space, trade-offs between tasks leads to phenotypes in low-dimensional regions in trait space, such as lines and triangles. We address Edelaar's questions with statistical tests that eliminate pseudoreplication concerns, finding that our predictions remain convincingly supported.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Shoval, Oren -- Sheftel, Hila -- Shinar, Guy -- Hart, Yuval -- Ramote, Omer -- Mayo, Avi -- Dekel, Erez -- Kavanagh, Kathryn -- Alon, Uri -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Feb 15;339(6121):757. doi: 10.1126/science.1228921.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23413339" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; *Genetic Fitness ; *Phenotype
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    Human evolution. Out of the Kenyan mud, an ancient climate record (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-03
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pennisi, Elizabeth -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Aug 2;341(6145):476-9. doi: 10.1126/science.341.6145.476.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23908218" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; *Climate ; *Hominidae ; Humans ; Kenya ; *Paleontology
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    The human language-associated gene SRPX2 regulates synapse formation and vocalization in mice (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-11-02
    Description: Synapse formation in the developing brain depends on the coordinated activity of synaptogenic proteins, some of which have been implicated in a number of neurodevelopmental disorders. Here, we show that the sushi repeat-containing protein X-linked 2 (SRPX2) gene encodes a protein that promotes synaptogenesis in the cerebral cortex. In humans, SRPX2 is an epilepsy- and language-associated gene that is a target of the foxhead box protein P2 (FoxP2) transcription factor. We also show that FoxP2 modulates synapse formation through regulating SRPX2 levels and that SRPX2 reduction impairs development of ultrasonic vocalization in mice. Our results suggest FoxP2 modulates the development of neural circuits through regulating synaptogenesis and that SRPX2 is a synaptogenic factor that plays a role in the pathogenesis of language disorders.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3903157/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3903157/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sia, G M -- Clem, R L -- Huganir, R L -- NS050274/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- P30 NS050274/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- P50 MH084020/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- P50MH084020/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- R01 MH095058/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Nov 22;342(6161):987-91. doi: 10.1126/science.1245079. Epub 2013 Oct 31.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 725 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24179158" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cerebral Cortex/cytology ; Epilepsy/genetics ; Forkhead Transcription Factors/genetics/*metabolism ; Humans ; *Language ; Language Disorders/*genetics ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Nerve Tissue Proteins/genetics/*physiology ; Neurons/physiology ; Synapses/*physiology ; Transfection ; *Vocalization, Animal
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    Evolution. Field test shows selection works in mysterious ways (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-07-13
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pennisi, Elizabeth -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Jul 12;341(6142):118. doi: 10.1126/science.341.6142.118.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23846883" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Agouti Signaling Protein/genetics ; Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Peromyscus ; *Selection, Genetic
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Paleontology. Dramatic fossils suggest early birds were biplanes (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-03-16
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Balter, Michael -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Mar 15;339(6125):1261. doi: 10.1126/science.339.6125.1261.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23493687" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Birds/*anatomy & histology/*growth & development ; *Fossils ; Wings, Animal/*anatomy & histology/*growth & development
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    Host-derived nitrate boosts growth of E. coli in the inflamed gut (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-02-09
    Description: Changes in the microbial community structure are observed in individuals with intestinal inflammatory disorders. These changes are often characterized by a depletion of obligate anaerobic bacteria, whereas the relative abundance of facultative anaerobic Enterobacteriaceae increases. The mechanisms by which the host response shapes the microbial community structure, however, remain unknown. We show that nitrate generated as a by-product of the inflammatory response conferred a growth advantage to the commensal bacterium Escherichia coli in the large intestine of mice. Mice deficient in inducible nitric oxide synthase did not support the growth of E. coli by nitrate respiration, suggesting that the nitrate generated during inflammation was host-derived. Thus, the inflammatory host response selectively enhances the growth of commensal Enterobacteriaceae by generating electron acceptors for anaerobic respiration.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4004111/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4004111/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Winter, Sebastian E -- Winter, Maria G -- Xavier, Mariana N -- Thiennimitr, Parameth -- Poon, Victor -- Keestra, A Marijke -- Laughlin, Richard C -- Gomez, Gabriel -- Wu, Jing -- Lawhon, Sara D -- Popova, Ina E -- Parikh, Sanjai J -- Adams, L Garry -- Tsolis, Renee M -- Stewart, Valley J -- Baumler, Andreas J -- AI076246/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI088122/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI090387/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R21 AI107393/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Feb 8;339(6120):708-11. doi: 10.1126/science.1232467.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23393266" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Anaerobiosis ; Animals ; Cattle ; Colitis/*metabolism/*microbiology ; Escherichia coli/genetics/*growth & development/*metabolism ; Ileum/microbiology ; Intestine, Large/*microbiology ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mutation ; Nitrates/*metabolism ; Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II/antagonists & inhibitors/deficiency/metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Human evolution. More genomes from Denisova Cave show mixing of early human groups (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-05-21
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pennisi, Elizabeth -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 May 17;340(6134):799. doi: 10.1126/science.340.6134.799.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23687020" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Anthropology ; *Biological Evolution ; *Caves ; DNA/genetics ; *Genome, Human ; Humans ; Neanderthals/*genetics ; Sequence Analysis, DNA/*methods ; Siberia ; Toe Phalanges
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    Functional extinction of birds drives rapid evolutionary changes in seed size (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-06-01
    Description: Local extinctions have cascading effects on ecosystem functions, yet little is known about the potential for the rapid evolutionary change of species in human-modified scenarios. We show that the functional extinction of large-gape seed dispersers in the Brazilian Atlantic forest is associated with the consistent reduction of the seed size of a keystone palm species. Among 22 palm populations, areas deprived of large avian frugivores for several decades present smaller seeds than nondefaunated forests, with negative consequences for palm regeneration. Coalescence and phenotypic selection models indicate that seed size reduction most likely occurred within the past 100 years, associated with human-driven fragmentation. The fast-paced defaunation of large vertebrates is most likely causing unprecedented changes in the evolutionary trajectories and community composition of tropical forests.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Galetti, Mauro -- Guevara, Roger -- Cortes, Marina C -- Fadini, Rodrigo -- Von Matter, Sandro -- Leite, Abraao B -- Labecca, Fabio -- Ribeiro, Thiago -- Carvalho, Carolina S -- Collevatti, Rosane G -- Pires, Mathias M -- Guimaraes, Paulo R Jr -- Brancalion, Pedro H -- Ribeiro, Milton C -- Jordano, Pedro -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 May 31;340(6136):1086-90. doi: 10.1126/science.1233774.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Departamento de Ecologia, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Rio Claro, Sao Paulo, Brazil. mgaletti@rc.unesp.br〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23723235" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Arecaceae ; *Biological Evolution ; *Birds ; Brazil ; *Extinction, Biological ; *Feeding Behavior ; *Germination ; Seeds/*anatomy & histology/physiology ; Trees
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    A KRAB/KAP1-miRNA cascade regulates erythropoiesis through stage-specific control of mitophagy (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2013-03-16
    Description: During hematopoiesis, lineage- and stage-specific transcription factors work in concert with chromatin modifiers to direct the differentiation of all blood cells. We explored the role of KRAB-containing zinc finger proteins (KRAB-ZFPs) and their cofactor KAP1 in this process. In mice, hematopoietic-restricted deletion of Kap1 resulted in severe hypoproliferative anemia. Kap1-deleted erythroblasts failed to induce mitophagy-associated genes and retained mitochondria. This was due to persistent expression of microRNAs (miRNAs) targeting mitophagy transcripts, itself secondary to a lack of repression by stage-specific KRAB-ZFPs. The KRAB/KAP1-miRNA regulatory cascade is evolutionarily conserved, as it also controls mitophagy during human erythropoiesis. Thus, a multilayered transcription regulatory system is present, in which protein- and RNA-based repressors are superimposed in combinatorial fashion to govern the timely triggering of an important differentiation event.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3678075/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3678075/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Barde, Isabelle -- Rauwel, Benjamin -- Marin-Florez, Ray Marcel -- Corsinotti, Andrea -- Laurenti, Elisa -- Verp, Sonia -- Offner, Sandra -- Marquis, Julien -- Kapopoulou, Adamandia -- Vanicek, Jiri -- Trono, Didier -- 268721/European Research Council/International -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Apr 19;340(6130):350-3. doi: 10.1126/science.1232398. Epub 2013 Mar 14.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉School of Life Sciences and Frontiers in Genetics Program, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23493425" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Anemia/genetics ; Animals ; Autophagy/*genetics ; Erythroblasts/*metabolism/ultrastructure ; Erythropoiesis/*genetics ; Female ; Male ; Membrane Proteins/metabolism ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mice, Knockout ; MicroRNAs/genetics/*metabolism ; Mitochondria/genetics/*physiology ; Mitochondrial Proteins/metabolism ; Nuclear Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Repressor Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Transcription Factors/*metabolism ; *Zinc Fingers
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    Spreading depression triggers headache by activating neuronal Panx1 channels (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-03-02
    Description: The initial phase in the development of a migraine is still poorly understood. Here, we describe a previously unknown signaling pathway between stressed neurons and trigeminal afferents during cortical spreading depression (CSD), the putative cause of migraine aura and headache. CSD caused neuronal Pannexin1 (Panx1) megachannel opening and caspase-1 activation followed by high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) release from neurons and nuclear factor kappaB activation in astrocytes. Suppression of this cascade abolished CSD-induced trigeminovascular activation, dural mast cell degranulation, and headache. CSD-induced neuronal megachannel opening may promote sustained activation of trigeminal afferents via parenchymal inflammatory cascades reaching glia limitans. This pathway may function to alarm an organism with headache when neurons are stressed.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Karatas, Hulya -- Erdener, Sefik Evren -- Gursoy-Ozdemir, Yasemin -- Lule, Sevda -- Eren-Kocak, Emine -- Sen, Zumrut Duygu -- Dalkara, Turgay -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Mar 1;339(6123):1092-5. doi: 10.1126/science.1231897.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute of Neurological Sciences and Psychiatry, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23449592" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Afferent Pathways ; Animals ; Astrocytes/metabolism/physiology ; Caspase 1/metabolism ; Connexins/antagonists & inhibitors/*biosynthesis ; *Cortical Spreading Depression ; HMGB1 Protein/metabolism ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Migraine Disorders/metabolism/*physiopathology ; NF-kappa B/metabolism ; Nerve Fibers/physiology ; Nerve Tissue Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors/*biosynthesis ; Neurons/metabolism/*physiology ; Protein Transport ; Signal Transduction ; Trigeminal Nerve/metabolism/*physiopathology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    The placental mammal ancestor and the post-K-Pg radiation of placentals (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-02-09
    Description: To discover interordinal relationships of living and fossil placental mammals and the time of origin of placentals relative to the Cretaceous-Paleogene (K-Pg) boundary, we scored 4541 phenomic characters de novo for 86 fossil and living species. Combining these data with molecular sequences, we obtained a phylogenetic tree that, when calibrated with fossils, shows that crown clade Placentalia and placental orders originated after the K-Pg boundary. Many nodes discovered using molecular data are upheld, but phenomic signals overturn molecular signals to show Sundatheria (Dermoptera + Scandentia) as the sister taxon of Primates, a close link between Proboscidea (elephants) and Sirenia (sea cows), and the monophyly of echolocating Chiroptera (bats). Our tree suggests that Placentalia first split into Xenarthra and Epitheria; extinct New World species are the oldest members of Afrotheria.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉O'Leary, Maureen A -- Bloch, Jonathan I -- Flynn, John J -- Gaudin, Timothy J -- Giallombardo, Andres -- Giannini, Norberto P -- Goldberg, Suzann L -- Kraatz, Brian P -- Luo, Zhe-Xi -- Meng, Jin -- Ni, Xijun -- Novacek, Michael J -- Perini, Fernando A -- Randall, Zachary S -- Rougier, Guillermo W -- Sargis, Eric J -- Silcox, Mary T -- Simmons, Nancy B -- Spaulding, Michelle -- Velazco, Paul M -- Weksler, Marcelo -- Wible, John R -- Cirranello, Andrea L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Feb 8;339(6120):662-7. doi: 10.1126/science.1229237.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, HSC T-8 (040), Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8081, USA. maureen.oleary@stonybrook.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23393258" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Base Sequence ; *Biological Evolution ; Dentition ; Ecosystem ; Extinction, Biological ; Female ; *Fossils ; *Mammals/anatomy & histology/classification/genetics ; Paleodontology ; *Phylogeny ; Phylogeography ; Placenta ; Pregnancy ; Sequence Alignment ; Time ; Xenarthra/anatomy & histology/classification/genetics
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    Earth science. Causes of the Cambrian explosion (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-21
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Smith, M Paul -- Harper, David A T -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Sep 20;341(6152):1355-6. doi: 10.1126/science.1239450.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Oxford University Museum of Natural History, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PW, UK. paul.smith@oum.ox.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24052300" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Aquatic Organisms/classification ; *Biodiversity ; *Biological Evolution ; Phylogeny
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    The microbial metabolites, short-chain fatty acids, regulate colonic Treg cell homeostasis (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2013-07-06
    Description: Regulatory T cells (Tregs) that express the transcription factor Foxp3 are critical for regulating intestinal inflammation. Candidate microbe approaches have identified bacterial species and strain-specific molecules that can affect intestinal immune responses, including species that modulate Treg responses. Because neither all humans nor mice harbor the same bacterial strains, we posited that more prevalent factors exist that regulate the number and function of colonic Tregs. We determined that short-chain fatty acids, gut microbiota-derived bacterial fermentation products, regulate the size and function of the colonic Treg pool and protect against colitis in a Ffar2-dependent manner in mice. Our study reveals that a class of abundant microbial metabolites underlies adaptive immune microbiota coadaptation and promotes colonic homeostasis and health.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3807819/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3807819/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Smith, Patrick M -- Howitt, Michael R -- Panikov, Nicolai -- Michaud, Monia -- Gallini, Carey Ann -- Bohlooly-Y, Mohammad -- Glickman, Jonathan N -- Garrett, Wendy S -- F32 DK095506/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- F32 DK098826/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- F32DK095506/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- F32DK098826/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- K08 AI078942/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- K08AI078942/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- P30 DK034854/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA154426/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM099537/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01CA154426/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Aug 2;341(6145):569-73. doi: 10.1126/science.1241165. Epub 2013 Jul 4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23828891" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Bacteria/*metabolism ; Colitis/metabolism ; Colon/*microbiology ; DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics ; Fatty Acids, Volatile/administration & dosage/*metabolism ; Fermentation ; Germ-Free Life ; *Homeostasis ; Humans ; *Metagenome ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/genetics/metabolism ; T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/*physiology/transplantation
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    A switch between topological domains underlies HoxD genes collinearity in mouse limbs (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-06-08
    Description: Hox genes are major determinants of the animal body plan, where they organize structures along both the trunk and appendicular axes. During mouse limb development, Hoxd genes are transcribed in two waves: early on, when the arm and forearm are specified, and later, when digits form. The transition between early and late regulations involves a functional switch between two opposite topological domains. This switch is reflected by a subset of Hoxd genes mapping centrally into the cluster, which initially interact with the telomeric domain and subsequently swing toward the centromeric domain, where they establish new contacts. This transition between independent regulatory landscapes illustrates both the modularity of the limbs and the distinct evolutionary histories of its various pieces. It also allows the formation of an intermediate area of low HOX proteins content, which develops into the wrist, the transition between our arms and our hands. This regulatory strategy accounts for collinear Hox gene regulation in land vertebrate appendages.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Andrey, Guillaume -- Montavon, Thomas -- Mascrez, Benedicte -- Gonzalez, Federico -- Noordermeer, Daan -- Leleu, Marion -- Trono, Didier -- Spitz, Francois -- Duboule, Denis -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Jun 7;340(6137):1234167. doi: 10.1126/science.1234167.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉School of Life Sciences, Federal Institute of Technology, Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23744951" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Forelimb/*embryology ; *Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental ; *Gene Order ; *Genes, Homeobox ; *Genes, Switch ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mice, Transgenic ; *Multigene Family ; Telomere/genetics ; *Transcription, Genetic
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    Exceptional convergence on the macroevolutionary landscape in island lizard radiations (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2013-07-23
    Description: G. G. Simpson, one of the chief architects of evolutionary biology's modern synthesis, proposed that diversification occurs on a macroevolutionary adaptive landscape, but landscape models are seldom used to study adaptive divergence in large radiations. We show that for Caribbean Anolis lizards, diversification on similar Simpsonian landscapes leads to striking convergence of entire faunas on four islands. Parallel radiations unfolding at large temporal scales shed light on the process of adaptive diversification, indicating that the adaptive landscape may give rise to predictable evolutionary patterns in nature, that adaptive peaks may be stable over macroevolutionary time, and that available geographic area influences the ability of lineages to discover new adaptive peaks.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mahler, D Luke -- Ingram, Travis -- Revell, Liam J -- Losos, Jonathan B -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Jul 19;341(6143):292-5. doi: 10.1126/science.1232392.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center for Population Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA. lmahler@ucdavis.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23869019" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Adaptation, Physiological ; Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Islands ; Lizards/*classification/*genetics ; Phylogeny ; Selection, Genetic
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    Comment on "Bilaterian burrows and grazing behavior at 〉585 million years ago" (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2013-02-23
    Description: Pecoits et al. (Reports, 29 June 2012, p. 1693) describe bilaterian trace fossils and assign them an Ediacaran age based on the age of a granite interpreted as intrusive. We argue that the granite is not intrusive but in fact represents the basement of the sedimentary succession. Moreover, we show that identical trace fossils occur in nearby Carboniferous-Permian glacigenic rocks.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gaucher, Claudio -- Poire, Daniel G -- Bossi, Jorge -- Bettucci, Leda Sanchez -- Beri, Angeles -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Feb 22;339(6122):906. doi: 10.1126/science.1230339.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Departamento de Geologia, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la Republica Igua 4225, 11400 Montevideo, Uruguay. gaucher@chasque.net〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23430638" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; *Fossils
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Cytoplasmic LPS activates caspase-11: implications in TLR4-independent endotoxic shock (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-09-14
    Description: Inflammatory caspases, such as caspase-1 and -11, mediate innate immune detection of pathogens. Caspase-11 induces pyroptosis, a form of programmed cell death, and specifically defends against bacterial pathogens that invade the cytosol. During endotoxemia, however, excessive caspase-11 activation causes shock. We report that contamination of the cytoplasm by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is the signal that triggers caspase-11 activation in mice. Specifically, caspase-11 responds to penta- and hexa-acylated lipid A, whereas tetra-acylated lipid A is not detected, providing a mechanism of evasion for cytosol-invasive Francisella. Priming the caspase-11 pathway in vivo resulted in extreme sensitivity to subsequent LPS challenge in both wild-type and Tlr4-deficient mice, whereas Casp11-deficient mice were relatively resistant. Together, our data reveal a new pathway for detecting cytoplasmic LPS.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3931427/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3931427/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hagar, Jon A -- Powell, Daniel A -- Aachoui, Youssef -- Ernst, Robert K -- Miao, Edward A -- AI007273/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI057141/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI097518/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI101685/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- P30 CA016086/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI097518/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R21 AI101685/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- T32 AI007273/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- U54 AI057141/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Sep 13;341(6151):1250-3. doi: 10.1126/science.1240988.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24031018" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins/genetics ; Calcium-Binding Proteins/genetics ; Caspases/*biosynthesis/genetics ; Cross-Priming ; Enzyme Activation ; Francisella ; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections/immunology ; Lipid A/*immunology ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Poly I-C/immunology ; Salmonella ; Salmonella Infections/immunology ; Shock, Septic/*immunology ; Toll-Like Receptor 4/genetics/*immunology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Response to comment on "Nuclear genomic sequences reveal that polar bears are an old and distinct bear lineage" (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-09-18
    Description: Nakagome et al. reanalyzed some of our data and assert that we cannot refute the mitochondrial DNA-based scenario for polar bear evolution. Their single-locus test statistic is strongly affected by introgression and incomplete lineage sorting, whereas our multilocus approaches are better suited to recover the true species relationships. Indeed, our sister-lineage model receives high support in a Bayesian model comparison.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hailer, Frank -- Kutschera, Verena E -- Hallstrom, Bjorn M -- Fain, Steven R -- Leonard, Jennifer A -- Arnason, Ulfur -- Janke, Axel -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Mar 29;339(6127):1522. doi: 10.1126/science.1228066.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK-F), Senckenberg Gesellschaft fur Naturforschung, Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23539581" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; *Genome ; *Multilocus Sequence Typing ; Ursidae/*genetics
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    Heterogeneous differentiation patterns of individual CD8+ T cells (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-03-16
    Description: Upon infection, antigen-specific CD8(+) T lymphocyte responses display a highly reproducible pattern of expansion and contraction that is thought to reflect a uniform behavior of individual cells. We tracked the progeny of individual mouse CD8(+) T cells by in vivo lineage tracing and demonstrated that, even for T cells bearing identical T cell receptors, both clonal expansion and differentiation patterns are heterogeneous. As a consequence, individual naive T lymphocytes contributed differentially to short- and long-term protection, as revealed by participation of their progeny during primary versus recall infections. The discordance in fate of individual naive T cells argues against asymmetric division as a singular driver of CD8(+) T cell heterogeneity and demonstrates that reproducibility of CD8(+) T cell responses is achieved through population averaging.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gerlach, Carmen -- Rohr, Jan C -- Perie, Leila -- van Rooij, Nienke -- van Heijst, Jeroen W J -- Velds, Arno -- Urbanus, Jos -- Naik, Shalin H -- Jacobs, Heinz -- Beltman, Joost B -- de Boer, Rob J -- Schumacher, Ton N M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 May 3;340(6132):635-9. doi: 10.1126/science.1235487. Epub 2013 Mar 14.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Immunology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23493421" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adoptive Transfer ; Animals ; Asymmetric Cell Division ; CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/*cytology/*immunology ; *Cell Differentiation ; Cell Lineage ; Cell Proliferation ; *Immunity, Cellular ; *Immunologic Memory ; Immunophenotyping ; Listeria monocytogenes ; Listeriosis/*immunology ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mice, Transgenic ; Models, Immunological ; Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology ; Single-Cell Analysis ; Stochastic Processes ; T-Lymphocyte Subsets/cytology/*immunology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Evolution. A muscular perspective on vertebrate evolution (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-07-13
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kuratani, Shigeru -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Jul 12;341(6142):139-40. doi: 10.1126/science.1241451.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory for Evolutionary Morphology, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, 2-2-3 Minatojima-minami, Chuoku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan. saizo@cdb.riken.jp〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23846897" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Fishes/*anatomy & histology/*genetics ; *Fossils ; Maxillofacial Development/*genetics ; Neck Muscles/*anatomy & histology
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    Pluripotent stem cells induced from mouse somatic cells by small-molecule compounds (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2013-07-23
    Description: Pluripotent stem cells can be induced from somatic cells, providing an unlimited cell resource, with potential for studying disease and use in regenerative medicine. However, genetic manipulation and technically challenging strategies such as nuclear transfer used in reprogramming limit their clinical applications. Here, we show that pluripotent stem cells can be generated from mouse somatic cells at a frequency up to 0.2% using a combination of seven small-molecule compounds. The chemically induced pluripotent stem cells resemble embryonic stem cells in terms of their gene expression profiles, epigenetic status, and potential for differentiation and germline transmission. By using small molecules, exogenous "master genes" are dispensable for cell fate reprogramming. This chemical reprogramming strategy has potential use in generating functional desirable cell types for clinical applications.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hou, Pingping -- Li, Yanqin -- Zhang, Xu -- Liu, Chun -- Guan, Jingyang -- Li, Honggang -- Zhao, Ting -- Ye, Junqing -- Yang, Weifeng -- Liu, Kang -- Ge, Jian -- Xu, Jun -- Zhang, Qiang -- Zhao, Yang -- Deng, Hongkui -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Aug 9;341(6146):651-4. doi: 10.1126/science.1239278. Epub 2013 Jul 18.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉College of Life Sciences and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23868920" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cadherins/genetics ; Cell Engineering/*methods ; Cellular Reprogramming/*drug effects/genetics ; Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition/drug effects/genetics ; Fibroblasts/cytology/*drug effects ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Green Fluorescent Proteins/genetics ; Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells/*cytology/metabolism ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mice, Inbred ICR ; Octamer Transcription Factor-3/genetics/metabolism ; Promoter Regions, Genetic/drug effects ; Small Molecule Libraries/chemistry/*pharmacology
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    A gut lipid messenger links excess dietary fat to dopamine deficiency (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-21
    Description: Excessive intake of dietary fats leads to diminished brain dopaminergic function. It has been proposed that dopamine deficiency exacerbates obesity by provoking compensatory overfeeding as one way to restore reward sensitivity. However, the physiological mechanisms linking prolonged high-fat intake to dopamine deficiency remain elusive. We show that administering oleoylethanolamine, a gastrointestinal lipid messenger whose synthesis is suppressed after prolonged high-fat exposure, is sufficient to restore gut-stimulated dopamine release in high-fat-fed mice. Administering oleoylethanolamine to high-fat-fed mice also eliminated motivation deficits during flavorless intragastric feeding and increased oral intake of low-fat emulsions. Our findings suggest that high-fat-induced gastrointestinal dysfunctions play a key role in dopamine deficiency and that restoring gut-generated lipid signaling may increase the reward value of less palatable, yet healthier, foods.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Tellez, Luis A -- Medina, Sara -- Han, Wenfei -- Ferreira, Jozelia G -- Licona-Limon, Paula -- Ren, Xueying -- Lam, Tukiet T -- Schwartz, Gary J -- de Araujo, Ivan E -- DC009997/DC/NIDCD NIH HHS/ -- DK020541/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- DK026687/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- DK085579/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- P30 DK026687/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- UL1RR024139/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Aug 16;341(6147):800-2. doi: 10.1126/science.1239275.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉The John B. Pierce Laboratory, New Haven, CT 06519, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23950538" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Appetite ; Corpus Striatum/*metabolism ; Dietary Fats/*administration & dosage ; Dopamine/deficiency/*metabolism ; Endocannabinoids/*administration & dosage/biosynthesis/*physiology ; Energy Intake ; Ethanolamines/*administration & dosage ; Feeding Behavior ; Gastrointestinal Tract/*metabolism ; Homeostasis ; Intestine, Small/metabolism ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Oleic Acids/*administration & dosage/biosynthesis/*physiology ; PPAR alpha/genetics/metabolism ; Reward ; Signal Transduction ; Vagus Nerve/physiology
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    Earliest evolution of multituberculate mammals revealed by a new Jurassic fossil (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-21
    Description: Multituberculates were successful herbivorous mammals and were more diverse and numerically abundant than any other mammal groups in Mesozoic ecosystems. The clade also developed diverse locomotor adaptations in the Cretaceous and Paleogene. We report a new fossil skeleton from the Late Jurassic of China that belongs to the basalmost multituberculate family. Dental features of this new Jurassic multituberculate show omnivorous adaptation, and its well-preserved skeleton sheds light on ancestral skeletal features of all multituberculates, especially the highly mobile joints of the ankle, crucial for later evolutionary success of multituberculates in the Cretaceous and Paleogene.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Yuan, Chong-Xi -- Ji, Qiang -- Meng, Qing-Jin -- Tabrum, Alan R -- Luo, Zhe-Xi -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Aug 16;341(6147):779-83. doi: 10.1126/science.1237970.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute of Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing, China.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23950536" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adaptation, Biological ; Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Biomechanical Phenomena ; Bone and Bones/anatomy & histology ; China ; Dentition ; *Fossils ; Joints/anatomy & histology/physiology ; Locomotion ; *Mammals/anatomy & histology/classification/physiology ; Mandible/anatomy & histology ; Paleodontology ; Phylogeny ; Tooth/anatomy & histology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Supercomplex assembly determines electron flux in the mitochondrial electron transport chain (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-07-03
    Description: The textbook description of mitochondrial respiratory complexes (RCs) views them as free-moving entities linked by the mobile carriers coenzyme Q (CoQ) and cytochrome c (cyt c). This model (known as the fluid model) is challenged by the proposal that all RCs except complex II can associate in supercomplexes (SCs). The proposed SCs are the respirasome (complexes I, III, and IV), complexes I and III, and complexes III and IV. The role of SCs is unclear, and their existence is debated. By genetic modulation of interactions between complexes I and III and III and IV, we show that these associations define dedicated CoQ and cyt c pools and that SC assembly is dynamic and organizes electron flux to optimize the use of available substrates.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lapuente-Brun, Esther -- Moreno-Loshuertos, Raquel -- Acin-Perez, Rebeca -- Latorre-Pellicer, Ana -- Colas, Carmen -- Balsa, Eduardo -- Perales-Clemente, Ester -- Quiros, Pedro M -- Calvo, Enrique -- Rodriguez-Hernandez, M A -- Navas, Placido -- Cruz, Raquel -- Carracedo, Angel -- Lopez-Otin, Carlos -- Perez-Martos, Acisclo -- Fernandez-Silva, Patricio -- Fernandez-Vizarra, Erika -- Enriquez, Jose Antonio -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Jun 28;340(6140):1567-70. doi: 10.1126/science.1230381.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23812712" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Cells, Cultured ; Cytochromes c/*metabolism ; Electron Transport ; Electron Transport Complex I/genetics/*metabolism ; Electron Transport Complex III/genetics/*metabolism ; Electron Transport Complex IV/genetics/*metabolism ; Gene Knockdown Techniques ; HEK293 Cells ; Humans ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mitochondria/*enzymology ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Ubiquinone/*metabolism
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    Hedgehog signaling controls T cell killing at the immunological synapse (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2013-12-07
    Description: The centrosome is essential for cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) function, contacting the plasma membrane and directing cytotoxic granules for secretion at the immunological synapse. Centrosome docking at the plasma membrane also occurs during cilia formation. The primary cilium, formed in nonhematopoietic cells, is essential for vertebrate Hedgehog (Hh) signaling. Lymphocytes do not form primary cilia, but we found and describe here that Hh signaling played an important role in CTL killing. T cell receptor activation, which "prearms" CTLs with cytotoxic granules, also initiated Hh signaling. Hh pathway activation occurred intracellularly and triggered Rac1 synthesis. These events "prearmed" CTLs for action by promoting the actin remodeling required for centrosome polarization and granule release. Thus, Hh signaling plays a role in CTL function, and the immunological synapse may represent a modified cilium.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4022134/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4022134/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉de la Roche, Maike -- Ritter, Alex T -- Angus, Karen L -- Dinsmore, Colin -- Earnshaw, Charles H -- Reiter, Jeremy F -- Griffiths, Gillian M -- 075880/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 100140/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- R01 AR054396/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM095941/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01AR05439/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ -- R01GM095941/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Dec 6;342(6163):1247-50. doi: 10.1126/science.1244689.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24311692" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/*immunology/metabolism ; Cell Polarity ; Cells, Cultured ; Centrosome/metabolism ; *Cytotoxicity, Immunologic ; Hedgehog Proteins/*metabolism ; *Immunological Synapses ; Kruppel-Like Transcription Factors/genetics/metabolism ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mice, Transgenic ; Models, Immunological ; Neuropeptides/genetics/metabolism ; Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology/metabolism ; Receptors, Cell Surface/metabolism ; Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/metabolism ; *Signal Transduction ; T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/*immunology/metabolism ; rac1 GTP-Binding Protein/genetics/metabolism
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    The cells and circuitry for itch responses in mice (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2013-05-25
    Description: Itch is triggered by somatosensory neurons expressing the ion channel TRPV1 (transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1), but the mechanisms underlying this nociceptive response remain poorly understood. Here, we show that the neuropeptide natriuretic polypeptide b (Nppb) is expressed in a subset of TRPV1 neurons and found that Nppb(-/-) mice selectively lose almost all behavioral responses to itch-inducing agents. Nppb triggered potent scratching when injected intrathecally in wild-type and Nppb(-/-) mice, showing that this neuropeptide evokes itch when released from somatosensory neurons. Itch responses were blocked by toxin-mediated ablation of Nppb-receptor-expressing cells, but a second neuropeptide, gastrin-releasing peptide, still induced strong responses in the toxin-treated animals. Thus, our results define the primary pruriceptive neurons, characterize Nppb as an itch-selective neuropeptide, and reveal the next two stages of this dedicated neuronal pathway.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3670709/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3670709/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mishra, Santosh K -- Hoon, Mark A -- ZIA DE000721-04/Intramural NIH HHS/ -- ZIA DE000721-05/Intramural NIH HHS/ -- ZIA DE000721-06/Intramural NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 May 24;340(6135):968-71. doi: 10.1126/science.1233765.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Molecular Genetics Unit, Laboratory of Sensory Biology, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research/NIH, 49 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23704570" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Chloroquine/pharmacology ; Endothelin-1/pharmacology ; Gastrin-Releasing Peptide/metabolism/pharmacology ; Histamine/pharmacology ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mice, Knockout ; Natriuretic Peptide, Brain/genetics/*metabolism/pharmacology ; *Nociception ; Phospholipase C beta ; Pruritus/chemically induced/metabolism/*physiopathology ; Receptors, Atrial Natriuretic Factor/metabolism ; Sensory Receptor Cells/drug effects/*metabolism ; Spinal Cord/drug effects/pathology/physiopathology ; TRPV Cation Channels/metabolism
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    Evolution of mammalian diving capacity traced by myoglobin net surface charge (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2013-06-15
    Description: Extended breath-hold endurance enables the exploitation of the aquatic niche by numerous mammalian lineages and is accomplished by elevated body oxygen stores and adaptations that promote their economical use. However, little is known regarding the molecular and evolutionary underpinnings of the high muscle myoglobin concentration phenotype of divers. We used ancestral sequence reconstruction to trace the evolution of this oxygen-storing protein across a 130-species mammalian phylogeny and reveal an adaptive molecular signature of elevated myoglobin net surface charge in diving species that is mechanistically linked with maximal myoglobin concentration. This observation provides insights into the tempo and routes to enhanced dive capacity evolution within the ancestors of each major mammalian aquatic lineage and infers amphibious ancestries of echidnas, moles, hyraxes, and elephants, offering a fresh perspective on the evolution of this iconic respiratory pigment.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mirceta, Scott -- Signore, Anthony V -- Burns, Jennifer M -- Cossins, Andrew R -- Campbell, Kevin L -- Berenbrink, Michael -- Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Jun 14;340(6138):1234192. doi: 10.1126/science.1234192.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23766330" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; *Diving ; Evolution, Molecular ; Mammals/*genetics/*physiology ; Models, Biological ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Muscle, Skeletal/chemistry ; Myoglobin/analysis/*chemistry/*classification ; Phylogeny
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Gut microbiota from twins discordant for obesity modulate metabolism in mice (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-09-07
    Description: The role of specific gut microbes in shaping body composition remains unclear. We transplanted fecal microbiota from adult female twin pairs discordant for obesity into germ-free mice fed low-fat mouse chow, as well as diets representing different levels of saturated fat and fruit and vegetable consumption typical of the U.S. diet. Increased total body and fat mass, as well as obesity-associated metabolic phenotypes, were transmissible with uncultured fecal communities and with their corresponding fecal bacterial culture collections. Cohousing mice harboring an obese twin's microbiota (Ob) with mice containing the lean co-twin's microbiota (Ln) prevented the development of increased body mass and obesity-associated metabolic phenotypes in Ob cage mates. Rescue correlated with invasion of specific members of Bacteroidetes from the Ln microbiota into Ob microbiota and was diet-dependent. These findings reveal transmissible, rapid, and modifiable effects of diet-by-microbiota interactions.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3829625/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3829625/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ridaura, Vanessa K -- Faith, Jeremiah J -- Rey, Federico E -- Cheng, Jiye -- Duncan, Alexis E -- Kau, Andrew L -- Griffin, Nicholas W -- Lombard, Vincent -- Henrissat, Bernard -- Bain, James R -- Muehlbauer, Michael J -- Ilkayeva, Olga -- Semenkovich, Clay F -- Funai, Katsuhiko -- Hayashi, David K -- Lyle, Barbara J -- Martini, Margaret C -- Ursell, Luke K -- Clemente, Jose C -- Van Treuren, William -- Walters, William A -- Knight, Rob -- Newgard, Christopher B -- Heath, Andrew C -- Gordon, Jeffrey I -- DK078669/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- DK58398/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- DK70977/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- F32 DK091044/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- K01 DK095774/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- K05 AA017688/AA/NIAAA NIH HHS/ -- P01 DK078669/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- P30 AG028716/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- P30 DK020579/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- P30 DK056341/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- P30-AG028716/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- R01 DK070977/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R01 DK076729/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Sep 6;341(6150):1241214. doi: 10.1126/science.1241214.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24009397" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Adiposity ; Adult ; Animals ; Bacteroidetes/genetics/*physiology ; Cecum/metabolism/microbiology ; Diet, Fat-Restricted ; Feces/microbiology ; Female ; Gastrointestinal Tract/*microbiology ; Germ-Free Life ; Humans ; Metabolome ; Metagenome/genetics/*physiology ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mice, Obese ; Obesity/genetics/*metabolism ; Thinness/microbiology ; Twins ; Weight Gain ; Young Adult
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 85
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    Hind wings in Basal birds and the evolution of leg feathers (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-03-16
    Description: Recent discoveries of large leg feathers in some theropods have implications for our understanding of the evolution of integumentary features on the avialan leg, and particularly of their relevance for the origin of avialan flight. Here we report 11 basal avialan specimens that will greatly improve our knowledge of leg integumentary features among early birds. In particular, they provide solid evidence for the existence of enlarged leg feathers on a variety of basal birds, suggest that extensively scaled feet might have appeared secondarily at an early stage in ornithuromorph evolution, and demonstrate a distal-to-proximal reduction pattern for leg feathers in avialan evolution.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zheng, Xiaoting -- Zhou, Zhonghe -- Wang, Xiaoli -- Zhang, Fucheng -- Zhang, Xiaomei -- Wang, Yan -- Wei, Guangjin -- Wang, Shuo -- Xu, Xing -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Mar 15;339(6125):1309-12. doi: 10.1126/science.1228753.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute of Geology and Paleontology, Linyi University, Linyi City, Shandong, China. ty4291666@163.com〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23493711" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Birds/*anatomy & histology ; Feathers/*anatomy & histology ; *Fossils ; Hindlimb/*anatomy & histology ; Wings, Animal/*anatomy & histology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 86
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    Cocaine disinhibits dopamine neurons by potentiation of GABA transmission in the ventral tegmental area (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-28
    Description: Drug-evoked synaptic plasticity in the mesolimbic system reshapes circuit function and drives drug-adaptive behavior. Much research has focused on excitatory transmission in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and the nucleus accumbens (NAc). How drug-evoked synaptic plasticity of inhibitory transmission affects circuit adaptations remains unknown. We found that medium spiny neurons expressing dopamine (DA) receptor type 1 (D1R-MSNs) of the NAc project to the VTA, strongly preferring the GABA neurons of the VTA. Repeated in vivo exposure to cocaine evoked synaptic potentiation at this synapse, occluding homosynaptic inhibitory long-term potentiation. The activity of the VTA GABA neurons was thus reduced and DA neurons were disinhibited. Cocaine-evoked potentiation of GABA release from D1R-MSNs affected drug-adaptive behavior, which identifies these neurons as a promising target for novel addiction treatments.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bocklisch, Christina -- Pascoli, Vincent -- Wong, Jovi C Y -- House, David R C -- Yvon, Cedric -- de Roo, Mathias -- Tan, Kelly R -- Luscher, Christian -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Sep 27;341(6153):1521-5. doi: 10.1126/science.1237059.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Basic Neurosciences, Medical Faculty, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24072923" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cocaine/*pharmacology ; Cocaine-Related Disorders/physiopathology ; Dopaminergic Neurons/*metabolism ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mice, Transgenic ; Neuronal Plasticity/drug effects ; Synaptic Transmission/drug effects/physiology ; Ventral Tegmental Area/*metabolism ; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid/*drug effects/metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Climate change and the past, present, and future of biotic interactions (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-03
    Description: Biotic interactions drive key ecological and evolutionary processes and mediate ecosystem responses to climate change. The direction, frequency, and intensity of biotic interactions can in turn be altered by climate change. Understanding the complex interplay between climate and biotic interactions is thus essential for fully anticipating how ecosystems will respond to the fast rates of current warming, which are unprecedented since the end of the last glacial period. We highlight episodes of climate change that have disrupted ecosystems and trophic interactions over time scales ranging from years to millennia by changing species' relative abundances and geographic ranges, causing extinctions, and creating transient and novel communities dominated by generalist species and interactions. These patterns emerge repeatedly across disparate temporal and spatial scales, suggesting the possibility of similar underlying processes. Based on these findings, we identify knowledge gaps and fruitful areas for research that will further our understanding of the effects of climate change on ecosystems.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Blois, Jessica L -- Zarnetske, Phoebe L -- Fitzpatrick, Matthew C -- Finnegan, Seth -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Aug 2;341(6145):499-504. doi: 10.1126/science.1237184.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, Merced, CA 95343, USA. jblois@ucmerced.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23908227" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; *Climate Change ; *Ecosystem ; *Extinction, Biological ; Forecasting ; Fossils ; Invertebrates ; Plants
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Disparate individual fates compose robust CD8+ T cell immunity (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2013-03-16
    Description: A core feature of protective T cell responses to infection is the robust expansion and diversification of naive antigen-specific T cell populations into short-lived effector and long-lived memory subsets. By means of in vivo fate mapping, we found a striking variability of immune responses derived from individual CD8(+) T cells and show that robust acute and recall immunity requires the initial recruitment of multiple precursors. Unbiased mathematical modeling identifies the random integration of multiple differentiation and division events as the driving force behind this variability. Within this probabilistic framework, cell fate is specified along a linear developmental path that progresses from slowly proliferating long-lived to rapidly expanding short-lived subsets. These data provide insights into how complex biological systems implement stochastic processes to guarantee robust outcomes.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Buchholz, Veit R -- Flossdorf, Michael -- Hensel, Inge -- Kretschmer, Lorenz -- Weissbrich, Bianca -- Graf, Patricia -- Verschoor, Admar -- Schiemann, Matthias -- Hofer, Thomas -- Busch, Dirk H -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 May 3;340(6132):630-5. doi: 10.1126/science.1235454. Epub 2013 Mar 14.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technische Universitat Munchen, Munich 81675, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23493420" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adoptive Transfer ; Animals ; CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/*immunology ; Cell Differentiation ; Cell Lineage ; Cell Proliferation ; Clonal Selection, Antigen-Mediated ; Computer Simulation ; *Immunity, Cellular ; *Immunologic Memory ; Immunophenotyping ; Interferon-gamma/biosynthesis ; Interleukin-2/biosynthesis ; Listeria monocytogenes ; Listeriosis/*immunology ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mice, Transgenic ; Models, Immunological ; Single-Cell Analysis ; Stochastic Processes ; T-Cell Antigen Receptor Specificity ; T-Lymphocyte Subsets/*immunology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 89
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    Commensal bacteria control cancer response to therapy by modulating the tumor microenvironment (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2013-11-23
    Description: The gut microbiota influences both local and systemic inflammation. Inflammation contributes to development, progression, and treatment of cancer, but it remains unclear whether commensal bacteria affect inflammation in the sterile tumor microenvironment. Here, we show that disruption of the microbiota impairs the response of subcutaneous tumors to CpG-oligonucleotide immunotherapy and platinum chemotherapy. In antibiotics-treated or germ-free mice, tumor-infiltrating myeloid-derived cells responded poorly to therapy, resulting in lower cytokine production and tumor necrosis after CpG-oligonucleotide treatment and deficient production of reactive oxygen species and cytotoxicity after chemotherapy. Thus, optimal responses to cancer therapy require an intact commensal microbiota that mediates its effects by modulating myeloid-derived cell functions in the tumor microenvironment. These findings underscore the importance of the microbiota in the outcome of disease treatment.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Iida, Noriho -- Dzutsev, Amiran -- Stewart, C Andrew -- Smith, Loretta -- Bouladoux, Nicolas -- Weingarten, Rebecca A -- Molina, Daniel A -- Salcedo, Rosalba -- Back, Timothy -- Cramer, Sarah -- Dai, Ren-Ming -- Kiu, Hiu -- Cardone, Marco -- Naik, Shruti -- Patri, Anil K -- Wang, Ena -- Marincola, Francesco M -- Frank, Karen M -- Belkaid, Yasmine -- Trinchieri, Giorgio -- Goldszmid, Romina S -- Intramural NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Nov 22;342(6161):967-70. doi: 10.1126/science.1240527.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24264989" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/administration & dosage ; Antigen Presentation/genetics ; Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use ; Bacteria/drug effects ; Bacterial Physiological Phenomena/drug effects ; Down-Regulation ; Gene Expression Regulation ; Germ-Free Life ; Immunotherapy ; Inflammation/genetics ; Intestines/*microbiology ; Melanoma, Experimental ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Microbiota/drug effects/*physiology ; Neoplasm Transplantation ; Neoplasms/*immunology/microbiology/*therapy ; Oligodeoxyribonucleotides/therapeutic use ; Organoplatinum Compounds/therapeutic use ; Phagocytosis/genetics ; Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism ; Symbiosis ; Tumor Microenvironment/*immunology ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    The future of species under climate change: resilience or decline? (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-03
    Description: As climates change across already stressed ecosystems, there is no doubt that species will be affected, but to what extent and which will be most vulnerable remain uncertain. The fossil record suggests that most species persisted through past climate change, whereas forecasts of future impacts predict large-scale range reduction and extinction. Many species have altered range limits and phenotypes through 20th-century climate change, but responses are highly variable. The proximate causes of species decline relative to resilience remain largely obscure; however, recent examples of climate-associated species decline can help guide current management in parallel with ongoing research.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Moritz, Craig -- Agudo, Rosa -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Aug 2;341(6145):504-8. doi: 10.1126/science.1237190.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Research School of Biology and Centre for Biodiversity Analysis, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia. gekkojessie@gmail.com〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23908228" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Birds ; *Climate Change ; *Ecosystem ; *Extinction, Biological ; Forecasting ; Mammals ; Temperature
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Genetics. My oldest sister is a sea walnut? (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-12-18
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Rokas, Antonis -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Dec 13;342(6164):1327-9. doi: 10.1126/science.1248424.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24337283" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Cell Lineage/*genetics ; Ctenophora/*cytology/*genetics ; *Genome
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Vaccine activation of the nutrient sensor GCN2 in dendritic cells enhances antigen presentation (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-12-07
    Description: The yellow fever vaccine YF-17D is one of the most successful vaccines ever developed in humans. Despite its efficacy and widespread use in more than 600 million people, the mechanisms by which it stimulates protective immunity remain poorly understood. Recent studies using systems biology approaches in humans have revealed that YF-17D-induced early expression of general control nonderepressible 2 kinase (GCN2) in the blood strongly correlates with the magnitude of the later CD8(+) T cell response. We demonstrate a key role for virus-induced GCN2 activation in programming dendritic cells to initiate autophagy and enhanced antigen presentation to both CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells. These results reveal an unappreciated link between virus-induced integrated stress response in dendritic cells and the adaptive immune response.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4048998/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4048998/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ravindran, Rajesh -- Khan, Nooruddin -- Nakaya, Helder I -- Li, Shuzhao -- Loebbermann, Jens -- Maddur, Mohan S -- Park, Youngja -- Jones, Dean P -- Chappert, Pascal -- Davoust, Jean -- Weiss, David S -- Virgin, Herbert W -- Ron, David -- Pulendran, Bali -- 084812/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 084812/Z/08/Z/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- N01 AI50019/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- N01 AI50025/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- P51 OD011132/OD/NIH HHS/ -- R37 AI048638/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R37 DK057665/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R56 AI048638/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- U19 AI057266/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- U19 AI090023/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- U54 AI057157/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- U54 AI057160/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Jan 17;343(6168):313-7. doi: 10.1126/science.1246829. Epub 2013 Dec 5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, 954 Gatewood Road, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24310610" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Antigen Presentation ; CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology ; CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology ; Cell Line ; Cricetinae ; Dendritic Cells/enzymology/*immunology ; Enzyme Activation ; Humans ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mice, Mutant Strains ; Microtubule-Associated Proteins/genetics ; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases/*biosynthesis/genetics ; Yellow Fever Vaccine/*immunology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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