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  • 1
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    Abstract: The Detailed Mapping And Analysis Of A Frozen Paleo Oilwater Contact  (1999)
    American Association of Petroleum Geologists
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-01-01
    Print ISSN: 0149-1423
    Electronic ISSN: 1943-2674
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by American Association of Petroleum Geologists
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  • 2
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    Bilaterian burrows and grazing behavior at 〉585 million years ago (2012)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2012-06-30
    Description: Based on molecular clocks and biomarker studies, it is possible that bilaterian life emerged early in the Ediacaran, but at present, no fossils or trace fossils from this time have been reported. Here we report the discovery of the oldest bilaterian burrows in shallow-water glaciomarine sediments from the Tacuari Formation, Uruguay. Uranium-lead dating of zircons in cross-cutting granite dykes constrains the age of these burrows to be at least 585 million years old. Their features indicate infaunal grazing activity by early eumetazoans. Active backfill within the burrow, an ability to wander upward and downward to exploit shallowly situated sedimentary laminae, and sinuous meandering suggest advanced behavioral adaptations. These findings unite the paleontological and molecular data pertaining to the evolution of bilaterians, and link bilaterian origins to the environmental changes that took place during the Neoproterozoic glaciations.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pecoits, Ernesto -- Konhauser, Kurt O -- Aubet, Natalie R -- Heaman, Larry M -- Veroslavsky, Gerardo -- Stern, Richard A -- Gingras, Murray K -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Jun 29;336(6089):1693-6. doi: 10.1126/science.1216295.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E3, Canada. epecoits@ualberta.ca〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22745427" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Body Patterning ; *Fossils ; Geologic Sediments ; Silicates ; Time ; Uruguay ; Zirconium
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 3
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    Response to comment on "Bilaterian burrows and grazing behavior at 〉585 million years ago" (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-07
    Description: Gaucher et al. suggest that their field observations and petrographic analysis of one thin section do not support an Ediacaran age for the trace fossils-bearing strata of the Tacuari Formation. We have strengthened our conclusion of an Ediacaran age for the Tacuari Formation based on reassessment of new and previously presented field and petrographic evidence.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pecoits, Ernesto -- Konhauser, Kurt O -- Aubet, Natalie R -- Heaman, Larry M -- Veroslavsky, Gerardo -- Stern, Richard -- Gingras, Murray K -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Feb 22;339(6122):906. doi: 10.1126/science.1230677.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2E3, Canada.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23430639" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; *Fossils
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 4
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    Tubular Tidalites: A Biogenic Sedimentary Structure Indicative of Tidally Influenced Sedimentation (2015)
    Society for Sedimentary Geology (SEPM)
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-06
    Description: :  The most conclusive evidence of tidal sedimentation consists of deposits that exhibit evidence of rhythmic sedimentation attributable to tidal cyclicity. Until now such deposits have been limited to physical sedimentary structures. Tubular tidalites, defined herein, are combined biogenic–physical sedimentary structures that provide compelling evidence for tidal mediation in sedimentary successions. These structures consist of rhythmically bedded alternating layers of fine-grained and coarse-grained laminae deposited within open framework burrows such as Arenicolites , Ophiomorpha , Palaeophycus , Psilonichnus , and Thalassinoides . Importantly, the open framework burrows represent natural sediment traps that potentially preserve depositional cycles that might be missing due to high levels of bioturbation in settings such as intertidal flats and lagoons. The interpretation of the burrow infills as being tidally modulated is tested and supported in three ways: using exponential smoothing of thickness data on burrow-infilling laminae to identify rhythmic trends in laminae thicknesses, visually fitting sinusoidal curves to the raw thickness distributions, and using Fast Fourier Transform analysis. Considering the morphology of tubular tidalites presented, the parameters that promote the occurrence of tubular tidalites include an open aperture, bimodal sediment availability, tidal influence in sedimentation, and low overall sedimentation rates. Tubular tidalites have been identified from tidally influenced successions in Mesozoic, Cenozoic, and modern deposits and provide evidence of tidal influence in sedimentary successions where other indicators may be ambiguous.
    Print ISSN: 1527-1404
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Society for Sedimentary Geology (SEPM)
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  • 5
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    More than a trace of oxygen: Ichnological constraints on the formation of the giant Zn-Pb-Ag {+/-} Ba deposits, Red Dog district, Alaska (2015)
    Geological Society of America (GSA)
    In: Geology
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-09-15
    Description: Sediment-hosted massive sulfide (SHMS) deposits are an important source of global zinc resources, and the Red Dog Pb-Zn-Ag ± Ba district in Alaska (USA) contains giant deposits of this type. The existing model for ore formation at Red Dog involves early diagenetic replacement of sediment deposited in a restricted basin with stratified suboxic bottom waters. We present new observations of trace fossils Schaubcylindrichnus ichnospecies (isp.) and Chondrites isp. in several Red Dog deposits. The presence of the trace fossils, the size of the largest burrows, and the pervasiveness of the ichnofabric indicate that at least some intervals of the host sediment were deposited in an oxygenated middle to outer shelf environment. The burrow linings and infill are replaced by barite, hydrothermal quartz, and sulfide minerals, and the lack of compaction suggests that mineralization was diagenetically early. To reconcile these data with those from previous regional sedimentological and lithogeochemical studies, we propose a new model whereby the ore-hosting sediment was deposited in a shelfal setting in which redox conditions were affected by a fluctuating oxygen minimum zone. The strong spatial correlation between bioturbation and Red Dog SHMS deposits suggests that the presence of trace fossils may have played an important role in controlling the flow of ore-forming fluids by increasing host sediment permeability.
    Print ISSN: 0091-7613
    Electronic ISSN: 1943-2682
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Geological Society of America (GSA)
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  • 6
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    TRYPANITES-TYPE ICHNOFACIES AT THE BAY OF FUNDY, NOVA SCOTIA, CANADA (2015)
    Society for Sedimentary Geology (SEPM)
    In: PALAIOS
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-04-29
    Description: The Trypanites ichnofacies is frequently associated with low biotic and trace diversity, and erosional or nondepositional conditions. However, analysis of an extensively exposed, modern, siliciclastic, intertidal hardground community near Thomas Cove, located at Economy Point, Nova Scotia, within the Bay of Fundy, reveals a diverse community of boring, encrusting, and squatting/clinging organisms and a diverse assemblage of sedimentary structures. A high diversity of biota and low diversity, but high abundance, of borings is present along this modern Trypanites -type ichnofacies. Species richness reaches 37 organisms within the study area, and two boring bivalves ( Petricola pholadiformis and Zirfaea pilsbryi ), which produce Gastrochaenolites -like traces, are present. Eleven distinct depositional subenvironments are identified and are categorized as being either Trypanites -bearing or Trypanites -barren. Analysis of this modern analogue suggests that ancient Trypanites ichnofacies may have been more dynamic and diverse environments than is sometimes interpreted from the rock record.
    Print ISSN: 0883-1351
    Electronic ISSN: 0883-1351
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Society for Sedimentary Geology (SEPM)
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  • 7
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    Process ichnological analysis of the Lower Cretaceous Bluesky Formation, Alberta (2015)
    Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists (CSPG)
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    Publication Date: 2015-10-21
    Description: The process ichnological methodology was applied to a core dataset from the late Aptian to early Albian Bluesky Formation to identify the ichnological characteristics of ancient, marginal marine environments. This methodology has proven effective in recognizing the response of trace making organisms to various physico-chemical stresses in modern environments, but its application to ancient deposits is less established. Several previous studies of the Bluesky Formation have identified a wide range of depositional affinities; however few of these have focused on the detailed combination of ichnologic criteria outlined within the process ichnological framework. In order to assess the effectiveness of the process ichnological framework to the rock record, high resolution, systematic ichnological characteristics were recorded and combined with sedimentologic data from nine wells containing core from within the Bluesky Formation. These characteristics led to the identification of several inferred physico-chemical stresses within the dataset showing an overall evolution from high energy brackish water deposition to a low energy, marine setting. This study contributes to the well-established brackish-water ichnological model and, in addition, helps establish the utility of the process ichnological methodology in the recognition of physico-chemical stresses in ancient environments.
    Print ISSN: 0007-4802
    Electronic ISSN: 0007-4802
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists (CSPG)
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  • 8
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    What does the ichnological content of the Middle McMurray Formation tell us? (2016)
    Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists (CSPG)
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-04
    Description: Despite the abundant well-log and core data available for the McMurray Formation, the succession has remained difficult to interpret. Presently, a fundamental aspect of understanding the depositional nature of the McMurray Formation is whether or not the formation is dominantly estuarine or fluvial. Focussing on the informal middle McMurray, our detailed analysis of the McMurray Formation within the Kearl Oil Sands area critically evaluates the utility of collecting high-resolution ichnological and sedimentological data as a means to assess the depositional environments and to evaluate the evidence for an estuarine versus a tidally influenced fluvial depositional setting. This study asserts that the middle McMurray Formation within the Kearl Oil Sands area was deposited on estuarine point-bars. The examined dataset encompasses what are interpreted to be inner to middle estuarine depositional locales within a mesotidal regime. Integration of detailed ichnological and sedimentological data permits recognition of intertidal flat deposits which exist at sea level, and the identification of which provides a locally useful stratigraphic datum. Identification of successions of stacked tidally influenced channels of varying dimensions help identify stratigraphic levels of amalgamated estuarine channel bars and gives an approximation of relative changes in sea level.
    Print ISSN: 0007-4802
    Electronic ISSN: 0007-4802
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists (CSPG)
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  • 9
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    Petrophysical Characterization of Bioturbated Sandstone Reservoir Facies In the Upper Jurassic Ula Formation, Norwegian North Sea, Europe (2015)
    Society for Sedimentary Geology (SEPM)
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    Publication Date: 2015-01-14
    Description: A bstract :  A petrophysical study of bioturbated shoreface sandstone rocks was completed by mapping local variations in air permeability measured in core samples acquired from the Upper Jurassic Ula Formation of the Norwegian Central Graben. Analysis of the shoreface fabrics resulting from bioturbation was studied using arithmetic, harmonic, and geometric numerical modeling and analytical techniques. The arithmetic mean best illustrates samples dominated by high volumes of horizontal or subvertical burrows (50–80%). The distal Skolithos to proximal Cruziana ichnofacies is an example of a rock fabric that can be characterized using the arithmetic mean. The harmonic mean best exemplifies samples dominated by low volumes of vertically oriented burrows (10–50%). The archetypal Skolithos ichnofacies is an example of a rock fabric that can be characterized using the harmonic mean. At extreme volumes of bioturbation (90–100%), isotropic flow units begin developing irrespective of burrow orientation. Numerical models of Ophiomorpha in two different sedimentary bedding features (laminated sandstone and massive sandstone) show that single-phase fluid flow is influenced by parameters such as burrow permeability, burrow connectivity, and bioturbation volume. Spot-permeametry measurements show that the Ophiomorpha burrows have higher permeability values than the host matrix. In the laminated-sandstone models, horizontal shale laminae and low bioturbation intensities promote lamination-parallel fluid flow. At higher volumes of bioturbation, fluid flow becomes increasingly isotropic due to greater amounts of burrow interpenetrations across mud laminae. In the massive-sandstone model, no flow barriers exist. As such, low volumes of bioturbation result in only minor influences on fluid flow. At higher volumes of bioturbation, greater burrow interconnectivity occurs and results in an enhancement of vertical and horizontal burrow permeabilities. Based on the results outlined above, this paper emphasizes the impact bioturbation plays in helping improve reservoir quality in the Ula Formation. Perhaps more importantly, the effectiveness of the numerical models presented to characterize fluid flow in different bioturbated fabrics (e.g., archetypal Skolithos ichnofacies) highlights the fact that the fluid-flow results outlined in this paper can also be applied more broadly to different shoreface successions using ichnofacies knowledge alone.
    Print ISSN: 1527-1404
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Society for Sedimentary Geology (SEPM)
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  • 10
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    The Removable-Cap Suction Corer: An Inexpensive and Durable Device To Extract Unconsolidated, Wet Sediments (2015)
    Society for Sedimentary Geology (SEPM)
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    Publication Date: 2015-11-21
    Description: :  Obtaining sediment samples in unconsolidated sediment presents many challenges. The locale substrate can be soft, penetration of the sediment may be limited, preservation of the sedimentary fabric may be incomplete, and extraction of the sample may be difficult. Some of these issues are overcome with vibracore or suction-core techniques. Vibracoring requires heavy, bulky, and relatively expensive equipment which is costly to ship to the remote field-study locations and difficult to use in muddy settings such as muddy tidal flats or coastal marshes. The Van der Staay suction corer (Van de Meene et al. 1979) is cost-effective and fixes logistical problems, but sample extraction has to be done in the field. The TESS-1 suction corer (Mendez et al. 2003) was designed on the basis of the Van der Staay suction corer and allows recovering intact sediment samples for further laboratory analysis, but it requires custom machinery with more man-hours and uses small-diameter core tubes with a high possibility of disturbance of sedimentary structures in unconsolidated and waterlogged deposits. Here we present a new removable-cap suction corer that is inexpensive to construct, light in weight, highly portable, and can be designed to extract any core diameter. The corer can be used for coarse- and fine-grained wet sediments (tidal flats, riverine and estuarine bars, coastal marshes) and shallow subaqueous environments (lakes, rivers, shallow shoreface).
    Print ISSN: 1527-1404
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Society for Sedimentary Geology (SEPM)
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