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  • Mice  (614)
  • Angiosperms
  • Cells, Cultured
  • kinetics
  • American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)  (723)
  • Springer  (414)
  • 1990-1994  (1,137)
Collection
Keywords
Publisher
  • American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)  (723)
  • Springer  (414)
  • Wiley-Blackwell  (107)
Years
Year
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The kinetics of the solvolysis of chloropentacyanocobaltate(III) ions in water containing 2-methoxyethanol or diethylene glycol: A contrast with the effect of more hydrophobic cosolvents (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of solution chemistry 23 (1994), S. 1089-1100 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8927
    Keywords: Solvolysis ; kinetics ; aqueous solvent mixtures ; Co(III) complexes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The kinetics of the solvolysis of [Co(CN)5Cl]3− have been investigated in water +2-methoxyethanol and water + diethylene glycol mixtures. Although the addition of these linear hydrophilic cosolvent molecules to water produces curvature in the variation of log(rate constant) with the reciprocal of the dielectric constant, their effect on the enthalpy and entropy of activation is minimal, unlike the effect of hydrophobic cosolvents. The application of a Gibbs energy cycle to the solvolysis in water and in the mixtures using either solvent-sorting or TATB values for the Gibbs energy of transfer of the chloride ion between water and the mixture shows that the relative stability of the emergent solvated Co(III) ion in the transition state compared to that of Co(CN)5Cl3− in the initial state increases with increasing content of cosolvent in the mixture. By comparing the effects of other cosolvents on the solvolysis, this differential increase in the relative stabilities of the two species increases with the degree of hydrophobicity of the cosolvent.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00976258
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Thermodynamics of coupled reactions by the method of dynamic titration: the Nickel(II)-salicylate ion system (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of solution chemistry 23 (1994), S. 483-500 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8927
    Keywords: Thermodynamics ; kinetics ; chemical relaxation ; temperature-jump ; amplitudes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Amplitudes of chemical relaxation signals can provide useful information as to the thermodynamics of coupled chemical reactions. The temperature-jump technique has been used to investigate the thermodynamic behavior of the Nickel(II)-3,5-dinitrosalicylate system in buffer solution, where complex formation steps are coupled to proton transfer steps. The analysis of the relaxation curves is based on the transformation of a set of coupled elementary reactions into a set of uncoupled ‘normal reactions.’ By analogy with classical titrations, the experiments have been performed by changing the metal ion concentration at constant ligand concentration and pH. Each measured amplitude is associated in this way to a point of a ‘dynamic titration’ and a procedure is formulated by which the values of the equilibrium constants and enthalpies of the normal reactions are simultaneously obtained by simple linear plots. From the dependence of these parameters on suitable functions of the concentrations of the reactants the values of ΔG° and ΔH° of the individual steps are derived. It is shown that the addition of a buffer (instead of an indicator) influences the stoichiometric coefficients of the normal reaction in such a way that measurable amplitudes are produced in systems that, as the presently investigated, in unbuffered solution would remain insensitive to the external perturbation. The circumstances under which the dynamic method offers advantages over the classical techniques are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00972614
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Kinetics and mechanisms of the low-temperature degradation of cellulose (1994)
    Springer
    Cellulose 1 (1994), S. 26-56 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-882X
    Keywords: low-temperature degradation ; kinetics ; mechanisms ; electrical insulation ; transformers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract A critical review is given of the degradation of cellulose in the low-temperature region (below about 300°C) of power transformer operation. The large number of kinetic studies, under a variety of environmental conditions from Kraft paper in insulating oil, to cotton and paper in oxygen, are considered in terms of a first-order polymer chain scission model. In many cases, the data are replotted to suit the model. A common activation energy of 111±6 kjmol−1 is calculated and it is shown that the pre-exponential factor, rather than the activation energy, is sensitive to the oxidizing nature of the environment and the susceptibility to degradation of the material. The chemical mechanisms of degradation are reviewed, and conclusions and recommendations are made regarding chemical condition monitoring and life prediction of electrical insulation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00818797
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxidation of carbidic carbon on a rhodium surface (1994)
    Springer
    Catalysis letters 27 (1994), S. 79-90 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-879X
    Keywords: kinetics ; carbon ; oxygen ; recombination ; rhodium ; surface characterisation ; XPS ; AES
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Different mechanisms of atomic carbon and oxygen recombination on a rhodium surface are studied with Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The kinetics of adsorbed carbidic carbon oxidation (carbon coverageθ c ≈ 0.1–0.3 ML) by gas-phase oxygen that proceeds by a Langmuir-Hinshelwood reaction mechanism, provides the value of the activation energy for recombination (E rec ⇂t ≈ 170±20 kJ/mol).E rec ⇂t depends slightly on the carbon coverage. An Eley-Rideal type of reaction was observed for adsorbed oxygen and atomic gas-phase carbon recombination which occurs in a dynamic regime. The low value found for the activation energy (near zero) is consistent with the mechanism that this exothermic reaction is too fast for energy dissipation into the substrate; the energy is mainly transferred into translational, vibrational and rotational energy of CO.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00806980
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dynamics and self-organization of catalytic systems (1994)
    Springer
    Topics in catalysis 1 (1994), S. 305-314 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9028
    Keywords: non-Langmuir ; kinetics ; non-linear dynamics ; oscillations ; chaos ; self-organization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The kinetics of a catalytic reaction is frequently formulated in terms of simple concepts of the Langmuir type. Apart from limitations arising from the non-uniformity of the catalyst's surface and from the coverage dependence of the rate “constants”, several other complications may come into play. These may arise on the “quantum level” where energy flow between the various degrees of freedom may cause failure of simple transition state theory, as well as on the “continuum level” where formulation of rate equations in terms of coupled non-linear differential equations may give rise to a rich scenario of spatio-temporal self-organization, including kinetic oscillations, chaos, and formation of concentration patterns. Several of these phenomena are illustrated by selected examples.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01492284
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The influence of sulfur dioxide on propane oxidation activity over supported platinum and palladium (1994)
    Springer
    Catalysis letters 30 (1994), S. 41-51 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-879X
    Keywords: propane ; oxidation ; platinum ; palladium ; sulfur dioxide ; alumina ; zirconia ; activity ; acidity ; kinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Earlier studies have shown that sulfur dioxide and metal-support interaction can strongly influence propane oxidation over platinum. In particular, oxidation activity is enhanced when platinum is supported on sulfated γ-alumina or zirconia compared to γ-alumina. Therefore, it is of interest to compare the performance of palladium under the same experimental conditions. Four model catalysts were examined: Pt/γ-alumina, Pt/zirconia, Pd/γ-alumina and Pd/zirconia. The metal loading was kept at or below 0.05 wt% to emphasize changes in activity attributable to metal-support interaction. Reaction rates were measured with and without sulfur dioxide. Surface sulfation was analyzed by measuring acid strength and evaluating spectra obtained by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. In contrast to platinum, sulfation does not promote propane oxidation on Pd/γ-alumina, and Pd/zirconia is less active than Pd/γ-alumina.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00813671
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Multisensory control of escape in the cockroach Penplaneta americana (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 174 (1994), S. 13-26 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Keywords: Insects ; Antennae ; Toads ; Mice ; Mantids ; Spiders
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract 1. Interactions of cockroaches with 4 different predator species were recorded by videography. Some predators, especially spiders, struck from relatively short distances and usually contacted a cockroach prior to initiation of escape (Table 1, Fig. 3). This touch frequently occurred on an antenna. Cockroaches turned away from the side on which an antenna was touched. 2. We then measured the success of escape from predators for cockroaches with either cerci or antennae ablated. Only antennal removal caused a significant decrease in the success of escape from spiders (Fig. 5). 3. With controlled stimuli, cockroaches responded reliably to abrupt touch of antennae, legs or body (Fig. 6). Responses resembled wind-elicited escape: they consisted of a short latency turn (away from the stimulus) followed by running (Figs. 7, 8). However, lesions show that touchevoked escape does not depend on the giant interneuron system (Table 2). 4. Following section of one cervical connective, cockroaches continued to respond to touching either antenna, but often turned inappropriately toward, rather than away from, stimuli applied to the antenna contralateral to the severed connective (Table 3, Fig. 10). 5. For certain types of predators touch may be a primary cue by which cockroaches detect predatory attack. Descending somatosensory pathways for escape are distinct from the GI system.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00192002
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nucleotide distribution in gymnosperm nuclear sequences suggests a model for GC-content change in land-plant nuclear genomes (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 39 (1994), S. 34-46 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: CpG suppression ; GC content ; Angiosperms ; Isochores ; GC bias ; Mutational pressure ; Error-prone repair ; Transcriptionally coupled repair
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Nuclear protein coding sequences from gymnosperms are currently scarce. We have determined 4 kb of nuclear protein coding sequences from gymnosperms and have collected and analyzed 〉60 kb of nuclear sequences from gymnosperms and nonspermatophytes in order to better understand processes influencing genome evolution in plants. We show that conifers possess both biased and nonbiased genes with respect to GC content, as found in monocots, suggesting that the common ancestor of conifers and monocots may have possessed both biased and nonbiased genes. The lack of biased genes in dicots is suggested to be a derived character for this lineage. We present a simple but speculative model of land-plant genome evolution which considers changes in GC bias and CpG frequency, respectively, as independent processes and which can account for several puzzling aspects of observed nucleotide frequencies in plant genes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00178247
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Spectrophotometric determination of mercury with 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(3-chloro-4-sulfophenyl)porphine by flow injection analysis (1994)
    Springer
    Microchimica acta 113 (1994), S. 81-89 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-5073
    Keywords: flow injection analysis (FIA) ; mercury ; porphyrin ; kinetics ; spectro-photometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(3-chloro-4-sulfophenyl)porphine (m-Cl-TPPS4) was synthesized and used for the Spectrophotometric determination of mercury by flow injection analysis. A pseudo-first-order reaction kinetic mechanism was proposed with a rate constant of 0.8 min−1 for Hg(II) withm-Cl-TPPS4 in the presence of 8-hydroxyquinoline in a medium of 1.0M acetic acid and sodium acetate buffer solution (pH 6.22). In the optimum conditions of reaction temperature (85 ° C), stopped-flow time (60 s) and sampling volume (100 μl), the method's relative standard deviation was 0.82% (n = 12) at 5.0 μg ml−1 mercury, with a linear range of 0–12.0 μg ml−1 and an analytical frequency of 60h−1. The detection limit (3σ) was 0.025 μg ml−1. Interference studies showed that most metal ions co-existing with Hg2+ could be tolerated at 100-fold excess levels, but Zn2+, Cu2+ and Mn2+ needed to be masked. The method has been applied to the analysis of water samples with satisfactory results.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01243140
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Un vivo depletion of murine CD8 positive T cells impairs survival during infection with a highly virulent strain ofCryptococcus neoformans (1994)
    Springer
    Mycopathologia 125 (1994), S. 7-17 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Keywords: Cryptococcus ; Host defense ; Lymphocyte subsets ; Mice ; Mixed Lymphocyte Reaction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Cell-mediated immunity plays an important but incompletely understood role in host defense againstCryptococcus neoformans. Because of their multiple capacities as cytokine-secreting cells, cytotoxic cells, and antigen-specific suppressor cells, CD8 positive T lymphocytes could potentially either enhance or impair host defense againstC. neoformans. To determine whether CD8 T cells enhance or inhibit host defence during an infection with a highly virulent strain ofC. neoformans, we examined the effect of in vivo CD8 cell depletion on suNival and on the number of organisms in mice infected by either the intratracheal or intravenous routes. Adequacy of depletion was confirmed both phenotypically and functionally. Regardless of the route of infection, we found that survival of mice depleted of CD8 T cells was significantly reduced compared to undepleted mice. Surprisingly, however, CD8 depletion did not alter organism burden measured by quantitative CFU assay in mice infected by either route. These data demonstrate that CD8 positive T cells participate in the immune response to a highly virulent strain ofC. neoformans. By contrast to minimally virulent isolates that do not cause a life threatening infection, the immune response to a highly virulent isolate does not alter the burden of organisms, but does enhance host defense as it is necessary for the optimal survival of infected mice.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01103969
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Slow release rate: Individual granules and population behaviour (1994)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 39 (1994), S. 39-42 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Controlled release fertilizers ; kinetics ; mechanism ; nutrient supply ; rate of release ; slow release fertilizers (SRF)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Individual granules within a given granule population of a slow-release fertilizer (SRF) have a different release pattern. The populations studied differed both in relation to the time delay before the start of the release process and to the duration of the release. An association between a short delay period and a rapid release was found. The random reease distribution can be approximated using first-order rate equations. In cases, a term describing a “lag” period should be added. The distribution of release timing among the fertilizer granules may allow a long-lasting nutrient supply to the plant, as long as there are enough granules within the root zone to allow a uniform supply pattern.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00750155
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparative studies on species-specific reactivity between renin and angiotensinogen (1994)
    Springer
    Molecular and cellular biochemistry 131 (1994), S. 43-47 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: angiotensinogen ; kinetics ; recombinant protein ; renin ; species specificity ; transgenic mouse
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is the most important regulator of electrolyte homeostasis and blood pressure. Our recently generated transgenic mice carrying either the human renin (hREN) or human angiotensinogen (hANG) genes did not develop hypertension but dual gene strains obtained by cross-mating separate lines of mice exhibited a chronically sustained increase in blood pressure, suggesting the presence of species-specific reactivity between renin and angiotensinogen. In order to examine this specificity, the present study was designed to perform a strictly comparative study on hydrolysis of hANG by hREN and mouse submandibular renin (mREN)in vitro by using pure proteins. The recombinant hANG (rhANG) and the synthetic human-type tridecapeptide (hTDP), Asp-Arg-Val-Tyr-Ile-His-Pro-Phe-His-Leu-Val-Ile-His, corresponding to the N-terminal sequences of hANG, were used to determine the species specificity of recombinant hREN (rhREN) and mREN. While hTDP was cleaved by both rhREN with similar Km and with the same order of kcat, rhANG was cleaved by mREN with 16.7-fold higher Km and with 28.2-fold lower kcat than by rhREN. These results showed that kcat/Km value of mREN for rhANG was 468-fold lower than that for rhREN acting on rhANG.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01075723
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Morphological characteristics of the oxidation of niobium II: The role of stresses on high-temperature morphologies (1994)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 41 (1994), S. 235-250 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: niobium ; oxidation ; morphology ; kinetics ; stresses
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The oxidation of niobium at high temperature (900°C) leads to reaction products with “exotic” morphologies. Morphological and kinetics analysis have been undertaken with Nb platelets. A growth mechanism of the oxide at the edges of the platelet is proposed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01080782
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of purity on high-temperature oxidation of zirconium (1994)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 42 (1994), S. 223-237 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: kinetics ; scale ; oxidation ; zirconium ; purity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The oxidation kinetics of zirconium of different purities were studied over the temperature range of 600–1300°C (α- and β-phases). The structure of the oxidized specimens was examined. TGA, XRD, EPMA, SEM, metallographic analysis, and microhardness measurements were carried out. Impurity elements were found to increase the oxidation rate of technical zirconium. The mechanism of the effect of impurity elements on zirconium oxidation was shown to differ for the α- and β-phases. Activation energies were calculated for the parabolic and linear stages of oxidation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01052024
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of purity on the high-temperature oxidation of hafnium (1994)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 42 (1994), S. 249-263 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: kinetics ; scale ; oxidation ; hafnium ; purity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The oxidation kinetics of hafnium of different purities were studied in the temperature range of 800–1200°C. This paper concerns the structure studies of the oxidized samples. TGA, XRD, SEM methods, and microhardness measurements were used. Hafnium oxidation follows the parabolic rate law, changing with time to the linear one. Oxidation-reaction products are HfO2(moncl) and α-solid solution of oxygen in hafnium. Anomalous oxidation behavior of hafnium having a high impurity content was found in the range 800–950°C. Activation energies for the parabolic and linear oxidation stages were calculated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01052026
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Enzymology of ADP-ribose polymer synthesis (1994)
    Springer
    Molecular and cellular biochemistry 138 (1994), S. 33-37 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase ; structure ; chemistry ; kinetics ; automodification ; mechanism(s)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In this minireview, we summarize recent advances on the enzymology of ADP-ribose polymer synthesis. First, a short discussion of the primary structure and cloning of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) [EC 2.4.2.30], the enzyme that catalyzes, the synthesis of poly(ADP-ribose), is presented. A catalytic distinction between the multiple enzymatic activities of PARP is established. The direction of ADP-ribose chain growth as well as the molecular mechanism of the automodification reaction catalyzed by PARP are described. Current approaches to dissect ADP-ribose polymer synthesis into individual reactions of initiation, elongation and branching, as well as a partial mechanistic characterization of the ADP-ribose elongation reaction at he chemical level are also presented. Finally, recent developments in the catalytic characterization of PARP by site-directed mutagensis are also briefly summarized.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00928440
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A two-component, non-aqueous route to silica gel (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of sol gel science and technology 2 (1994), S. 35-41 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4846
    Keywords: carboxylic acids ; mechanism ; kinetics ; ultrafine porosity ; CO2 adsorption
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A new means for generating silica gel has been developed. Simple two component systems comprising tetraalkoxysilanes and strong carboxylic acids such as formic acid can react rapidly to give transparent monolithic gels. The acid serves as solvent, water source, and catalyst for both hydrolysis and condensation. Water need not be present as an initial reactant; it is generated in situ during the reaction. The gelation reaction is at least two orders of magnitude faster than those conducted in conventional acid-catalyzed aqueous systems at comparable pH*. Kinetic evidence indicates a lowering of the activation energy of condensation reactions, believed to be associated with reaction of silyl carboxylates and silanol groups. Physical properties of the dry gels such as bulk density more closely resemble conventional acid-catalyzed gels than those associated with other rapidly gelling systems. Dry gels often exhibit porosity so fine that nitrogen (at 77°K) is not absorbed at significant rates. Independent evidence of porosity arises from comparison of skeletal and bulk densities, sample immersion in water and adsorption isotherms of CO2.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00486210
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Substitution of the amino acid at position 102 with polar and aromatic residues influences substrate specificity of lactate dehydrogenase (1994)
    Springer
    The protein journal 13 (1994), S. 129-133 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4943
    Keywords: Lactate dehydrogenase ; kinetics ; mutagenesis ; specificity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The Gin residue at amino acid position 102 ofBacillus stearothermophilus lactate dehydrogenase was replaced with Ser, Thr, Tyr, or Phe to investigate the effect on substrate recognition. The Q102S and Q102T mutant enzymes were found to have a broader range of substrate specificity (measured byk cat/K m) than the wild-type enzyme. However, it is evident that either Ser or Thr at position 102 are of a size able to accommodate a wide variety of substrates in the active site and substrate specificity appears to rely largely on size discrimination in these mutants. The Q102F and Q102Y mutant enzymes have low catalytic efficiency and do not show this relaxed substrate specificity. However, their activities are restored by the presence of an aromatic substrate. All of the enzymes have a very low catalytic efficiency with branched chain aliphatic substrates.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01892000
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    DEDO: A specific, fluorescent inhibitor for spectroscopic investigations of Na,K-ATPase (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of fluorescence 4 (1994), S. 287-290 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4994
    Keywords: Na,K-ATPase ; fluorescent inhibitor ; kinetics ; energy transfer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The interaction between the fluorescent ouabain derivative DEDO and purified renal Na,K-ATPase (isolated from different animal species) is investigated. Equilibrium binding studies provide a pK value of about 7.5 and a stoichoimetric coefficient of 1. Nonmodified ouabain exhibits the same affinity to the rabbit enzyme; the enzyme originating from the other sources binds DEDO 10 times less strongly than ouabain. Kinetic studies indicate that this is the consequence of a 10 times higher dissociation rate constant of the complexes formed with DEDO. The fluorescence emission intensity of DEDO is enhanced, being dependent on the enzyme source. The single decay time of DEDO is 3 ns in the absence and 21 ns in the presence of the rabbit enzyme and 14 ns in the presence of the pig renal enzyme. This result suggests that the fluorophore of DEDO is bound to a very hydrophobic environment of the enzyme. Further characterization of the static fluorescence spectra provides evidence for energy transfer between Trp residues of the enzyme and DEDO. Distance estimations suggest that one or two Trp residues are likely to be located in the proximity of the fluorophore.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01881441
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stopped-flow fluorescence studies of the interaction of a mutant form of cytochrome b5 with lipid vesicles (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of fluorescence 4 (1994), S. 227-233 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4994
    Keywords: Cytochrome b5 ; site-directed mutagenesis ; kinetics ; fluorescence ; membrane-binding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Cytochrome b5 binds spontaneously to lipid vescles and also self-associates in aqueous solution. Two mutant proteins have been generated, one has a self-association constant which is less than that of the native protein, while the other has a larger self-association constant. All three proteins have Trp in the membrane-binding domain but as aqueous solutions of these proteins contain differing amounts of monomeric protein, the kinetics of fluorescence enhancement, when the proteins are mixed with lipid vesicles, are complex. Similar complex kinetics are seen when the Trp are quenched by the addition of bromolipid vesicles. The mutant which has Trp 108 and 112 both replaced by Leu does not self-associate and shows monoexponential stopped-flow fluorescence kinetics. Identical rate constants are seen with this mutant for fluorescence enhancement by POPC and fluorescence quenching by three bromolipids with bromines at the 6,7-, 9,10-, and 11,12-positions of thesn-2 acyl chain. This rate constant is only 1% of the calculated collisional rate constant and it is suggested that the reduced rate is caused by a reduction in the number of productive collisions rather than by a slow rate of penetration of the membrane-binding domain into the bilayer.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01878455
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    Effect of cryoprotectant and genetic selection for body fat content on embryonic cryosurvival in mice (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 88 (1994), S. 479-485 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Correlated responses ; Embryos ; Cryoprotectant ; Mice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Lines of mice selected for high (HF) or low (LF) 12-week epididymal fat pad weight as a percentage of body weight were used to investigate the effects of genotype, two cryoprotectants [glycerol (GLY) and propylene glycol (PG)] and genotype x cryoprotectant interaction on cryosurvival of four and eight-cell embryos. Embryos were collected from selection lines and reciprocal crosses of selection lines (HFLF and LFHF) and frozen by established slow-cool methods. Embryos were thawed for 40s at room temperature and then placed in a 37° C waterbath for 1 min. Cryoprotectant was diluted from embryos with either 0.5 M sucrose (GLY-treated) or 1.0 M sucrose (PG-treated). Post-thaw survival was measured as the percentage of embryos developing to 36 h (PTS36), 48 h (PTS48) and hatched blastocyst (PTSHB), respectively. Non-frozen controls were cultured concurrently with frozen embryos. No significant genotype or genotype x cryoprotectant interaction effects were found. Results of the embryo freezing study indicated that selection for high or low fat content did not affect the ability of embryos to survive cryopreservation. There was no indication of embryo heterosis for post-thaw survial. Embryos frozen with GLY survived the freeze-thaw stress significantly better than those frozen in PG (P 〈 0.05). In vitro development of non-frozen controls at 36 and 48 h did not vary significantly among lines, but in vitro development was significantly different among lines at the hatched blastocyst stage (P 〈 0.05). Linear contrasts showed that the embryonic genome was responsible for differential in vitro development at the hatched blastocyst stage between these selected lines (HF 〉 LF; P 〈 0.05); asymmetric response also occurred in that both HF and LF exceeded the unselected control line (P 〈 0.05).
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00223664
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    Kinetics and mechanisms of halide ion catalysis of CO substitution reactions in Os3(CO)12 and Ru3(CO)12 metal carbonyl clusters (1994)
    Springer
    Russian chemical bulletin 43 (1994), S. 1451-1456 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-9171
    Keywords: metal carbonyl clusters ; osmium, ruthenium, alkynes ; kinetics ; catalytic effect of halide ions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The results of kinetic studies on ligand substitution in [M3(CO)11X]− complexes (M = Ru, Os; X = Cl, Br, I) are summarized. The [Os3(CO)11X]− complexes react with PPh3 under mild conditions to initially yield monosubstituted products [Os3(CO)10(PPh3)X]−. The rate of CO substitution obeys a first-order equation with respect to the concentration of the complex and does not depend on the ligand concentration. The rates of the reactions decrease in the order Cl 〉 Br 〉 I withΔH≠ values increasing from 15 to 18 kcal mol−1 and ΔS ≠ values varying from −19 to −13 cal mol−1 K−1. The enhanced reactivities of these complexes as well as the low activation energies and negative activation entropies are discussed in terms of the effects of μ-X bridge formation on the transition state of the reaction. Reactions of PPN[Ru3(CO)11−x (Cl)] (PPN is the bis(triphenylphosphine)iminium cation;x=0, 1) and PPN[Ru3(CO)9(μ3-I)] with alkynes are also reported. The reactivities of alkynes follow the order BuC≡CH ≥ PhC≡CH ≥ EtC≡CEt ≥ PhC≡CPh. The higher rates of the reactions of monosubstituted acetylenes compared with those of their disubstituted analogs are explained by agostic interaction between the metal atom and the C-H bond in the reaction transition state and by steric effects. The results obtained attest that the reaction with alkynes occursvia intermediates containing halide bridges and that μ3-halide complexes are more reactive than μ2-halide complexes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00697124
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    Oxidation of organic amide ions by dioxygen (1994)
    Springer
    Russian chemical bulletin 43 (1994), S. 1646-1650 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-9171
    Keywords: aromatic amines ; amide ions ; oxidation ; dioxygen ; kinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Amide ions generated from secondary aromatic amines with pK a 〉 21 are readily oxidized by dioxygen in the system KOH+18-crown-6+DMSO at room temperature. It was found that the rate limiting stage of the reaction is the interaction of dioxygen with amide ions. The rate of the reaction is determined by two main factors, varying in opposite directions: the degree of ionization of the amine and the reactivity of the amide ions towards dioxygen.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00703478
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    Correlation between solvent-reorganization dynamics and the kinetics of metallotropy in polar media (1994)
    Springer
    Russian chemical bulletin 43 (1994), S. 368-371 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-9171
    Keywords: kinetics ; solvent dynamics ; radical
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The kinetics of metallotropy of the 3,6-di-tert-butyl-2-(triphenylstannyl)oxyphenoxyl radical has been studied by ESR. The correlation between chemical exchange time τex, solvent polarity, and longitudinal relaxation time of the solvent corresponds to the model of a process controlled by molecular dynamics. A linear relation between τex and correlation time τc for reorientation movements of the radical is found: τex = α · τc. The coefficient α depends on the dielectric properties of the solvent.
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    The characterisation and identification of a naturally occurring hybrid in the genusLeucaena (Leguminosae: Mimosoideae) (1994)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 192 (1994), S. 177-197 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Leguminosae ; Leucaena esculenta ; L. leucocephala ; Hybridization ; sterile triploid ; morphometric analysis ; DNA characters ; restriction site analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Phytogeographical, morphological, and molecular evidence for the widespread but sporadic occurrence of sterile hybrids betweenLeucaena leucocephala subsp.glabrata andL. esculenta subsp.esculenta in South-Central Mexico is presented. Most morphological and DNA characters studied in the putative hybrids showed states intermediate between the proposed parental taxa. The occurrence of non-additive nuclear ribosomal DNA phenotypes is discussed and the need to use a suite of nuclear taxon-specific markers to determine hybridity is emphasized. The origin of the hybrid is discussed in relation to the disruption of the distributions of both parental taxa through use by man as minor food plants, providing another example of the important influence of human interference on the evolution ofLeucaena. The successful use of dried leaf material as a source of DNA is highlighted as an efficient way to identify sterile hybrids at the molecular level.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00986251
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    Chemistry and micromorphology of compound epicuticular wax crystalloids (Strelitzia type) (1994)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 193 (1994), S. 115-123 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Strelitzia ; Heliconia ; Typha ; Benincasa ; Epicuticular wax ; wax ultrastructure ; wax chemistry ; systematics ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Certain non-liliiflorous taxa within the monocotyledons (e.g.,Strelitzia, Heliconia, Typha) are characterized by compound epicuticular wax rodlets (Strelitzia type). Similar rodlets are also encountered on the surface of the dicotyledonous plantBenincasa hispida (Thunb.)Cogn. Chemical analysis of the surface wax from both sources showed that the rodlets are chemically distinct. The rodlets of the monocotyledons consist exclusively of aliphatic wax lipids, mainly wax esters. In contrast, the rodlets ofBenincasa are cheifly composed of triterpenol acetates and triterpenols. Formation of rodlets is therefore interpreted as ultrastructural convergency. It is concluded that taxonomical studies on wax crystalloids can be misleading when interpreted in terms of micromorphology of crystalloids only.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00983545
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    Gynoecium and perianth inZanthoxylum s.l. (Rutaceae) (1994)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 189 (1994), S. 165-191 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Rutaceae ; Zanthoxylum ; Fagara ; Flower morphology ; perianth ; gynoecium ; acrostylous and anacrostylous-basistylous carpels ; compitum ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The question whether the uniseriate perianth ofZanthoxylum L. s. str. is homologous with the calyx or the corolla of taxa included inFagara, or of an independent origin, has been controversial for a long time, but the arguments mostly have remained theoretical. The present investigation of floral structures indicates that there are two different types of uniseriate perianth inZanthoxylum s. str. Therefore, this taxon does not represent a natural group and should be united withFagara asZanthoxylum s.l. The infrageneric taxonomy of this genus is still very ambiguous. It is shown that differences in indumentum, number of sepals and petals (5-4-3) resp. perianth segments (4–9), stamens (3–6), and free carpels (1–5) are of systematic relevance. Particularly important but so far neglected is carpel shape, where an acrostylous and an anacrostylous-basistylous type can be recognized. Stigmata of 2 or more carpels mostly fuse to form a compitum. 4–5-merous flowers with calyx and corolla, and acrostylous carpels are considered as plesiomorphic character states in the genus. On the basis of ± corresponding morphological and phytochemical progressions a working hypothesis about the relationships withinZanthoxylum s.l. is presented in graphical form (Fig. 9).
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    Merosity in flowers: Definition, origin, and taxonomic significance (1994)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 191 (1994), S. 83-104 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; androecium ; Merosity ; phyllotaxis ; pseudowhorl ; zygomorphy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The term merosity stands for the number of parts within whorls of floral organs, leaves, or stems. Trimery is considered to be a basic condition that arose through the cyclisation of a spiral flower. Pentamery is mostly derived from trimery by the repetitive fusion of two different whorls. Dimery is either directly derived from trimery, or through pentamery as an intermediate stage. Tetramery is linked with pentamery and should not be confused with dimery. Possible causes for a change in merosity are the reduction of the number of carpels and zygomorphy in flowers. Derivations of different merosities have important consequences for the arrangement of the androecium (the insertion of stamen whorls, their identifications, and their number). It is concluded that two main groups can be identified within the angiosperms: magnolialean and monocotyledonean taxa are mostly trimerous or dimerous; non-magnolialean dicots are mostly pentamerous or tetramerous.
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    The Determination of Interfacial Transfer Constants Using Side-by-Side Diffusion Cells (1994)
    Springer
    Pharmaceutical research 11 (1994), S. 1325-1329 
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    ISSN: 1573-904X
    Keywords: interfacial transfer ; partition coefficients ; side-by-side diffusion cells ; kinetics ; modeling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A side-by-side diffusion cell setup has been used to determine the pH 7.4 buffer-octanol interfacial transfer constants for twelve compounds. The compounds are a diverse selection of pharmaceuticals, amino acids, and small organics which covers a log distribution coefficient (K) range of −3 to 2. A model based on the resistance summation approach, which deals explicitly with the various barriers involves in the transport process, was used to derive transfer constants from the transport data for each compound. The model gave constants that were well behaved in a published model describing the correlation of the forward and reverse transfer constants to equilibrium K values (r2 = 0.999). These studies demonstrate the utility of side-by-side diffusion cells for the determination of interfacial transfer constants. This type of setup offers the advantages of controlled interfacial area, measurable hydrodynamic effects, and a commercially available apparatus.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018954814262
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    Entrapping Efficiency and Drug Release Profile of an Oil-in-Water (o/w) Emulsion Formulation Using a Polydimethylsiloxane-Coated Glass Bead Assay (1994)
    Springer
    Pharmaceutical research 11 (1994), S. 503-507 
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    ISSN: 1573-904X
    Keywords: drug delivery ; emulsion ; entrapping efficiency ; polydimethylsiloxane ; glass beads ; kinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Evaluation of entrapping efficiency is difficult for an o/w emulsion formulation containing a lipophilic oily drug, isocarbacyclin methyl ester (TEI-9090), by commonly employed techniques (dialysis, ultrafiltration, or gel filtration), because of its adsorption to the system materials. Employing this characteristic of TEI-9090, we developed an adsorption technique with polydimethylsiloxane-coated glass beads (PDMS-GB). The assay is based on the quantitative adsorption of unentrapped TEI-9090 to the PDMS-GB. The entrapping efficiency of a 10% soybean oil emulsion containing [3H]TEI-9090 (1 µg/mL) assayed by this method approached 100%. The PDMS-GB assay was performed for the emulsion diluted 100 times with physiological saline at different time intervals after dilution over a period of 24 hr. A plot of [3H]TEI-9090 in the emulsion particles versus time showed rapid release within 1 hr, followed by very slow release, reaching equilibrium. Applying first-order kinetics, the data were found to fit to a biexponential equation over the first hour of release. The terminal release resembled the first-order release of the drug from the phospholipid-rich infranatant, which was separated from the creamy layer by ultracentrifugation of the emulsion and contained 35% [3H]TEI-9090. These results suggest that the drug is released from two components in the emulsion.
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    Acid-Catalyzed Peptide Bond Hydrolysis of Recombinant Human Interleukin 11 (1994)
    Springer
    Pharmaceutical research 11 (1994), S. 72-76 
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    ISSN: 1573-904X
    Keywords: interleukin 11 (IL-11) ; recombinant human IL-11 ; degradation ; kinetics ; products ; aspartate–proline cleavage
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Recombinant human interleukin 11 (rhIL-11) is a multispectrum cytokine that plays an important role in megakaryocytopoiesis and platelet production. Probing rhIL-11 chemical reactivity in aqueous solution is an important initial step in developing a dosage form for rhIL-11 clinical trials. This report documents rhIL-11 degradation kinetics at 50°C in solutions adjusted to pH 3.0 to 9.5. Stressed samples were analyzed by reverse-phase HPLC and degradation product peaks were isolated for structural characterization. The results show maximal stability in the region pH 6.5 to 7.0. Degradation product identification shows that the major reaction pathway in acidic solution involves peptide cleavage at aspartate133–proline134. In alkaline solution, protein disappearance proceeds via nonspecific loss to container surfaces. Degradation products at alkaline pH have not been identified.
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    Epimerization and Hydrolysis of Dalvastatin, a New Hydroxymethylglutaryl Coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) Reductase Inhibitor (1994)
    Springer
    Pharmaceutical research 11 (1994), S. 165-170 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-904X
    Keywords: dalvastatin ; hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitor ; epimerization ; hydrolysis ; kinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract In aqueous solutions, dalvastatin (1) undergoes epimerization as well as hydrolysis. The transformation of the drug was studied as a function of pH at 25°C in aqueous solutions containing 20% acetonitrile. At all pH values, first-order plots for the conversion are biphasic, indicating rapid equilibration of 1 with its epimer (2) and slower hydrolysis of 1 to the corresponding β-hydroxy acid (3). Apparent first-order rate constants for the biexponential equation are given as a function of pH. The alkyl–oxygen cleavage of the lactone ring results in the epimerization of 1 to 2, whereas the acyl–oxygen cleavage results in the hydrolysis of 1 to 3. The epimerization is an SN1 reaction reaching an equilibrium of [l] eq/[2] eq = 1.27. The epimerization rate is increased with an increase in the water content of the solvent. The hydrolysis of 1 to 3 is acid and base catalyzed. The hydrolysis is reversible in acidic media and irreversible in neutral and basic media. At pH values greater than 9, the hydrolysis reaction proceeds more rapidly than the epimerization.
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    Entrapping Efficiency of an Oil-in-Water Emulsion Containing Isocarbacyclin Methyl Ester (TEI-9090) in Dog and Human Sera (1994)
    Springer
    Pharmaceutical research 11 (1994), S. 1677-1679 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-904X
    Keywords: o/w emulsion ; serum ; entrapping efficiency ; kinetics ; SDS
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018938627408
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    Is Stability Prediction Possible for Protein Drugs? Denaturation Kinetics of β- Galactosidase in Solution (1994)
    Springer
    Pharmaceutical research 11 (1994), S. 1721-1725 
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    ISSN: 1573-904X
    Keywords: protein drug ; denaturation ; aggregation ; kinetics ; Eyring equation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Denaturation and aggregation kinetics of Aspergillus oryzae β-galactosidase in solution were studied in order to determine whether the stability of protein drugs can be predicted. Denaturation of β-galactosidase, monitored by measuring enzyme activity, conformed to first-order kinetics, whereas aggregation of the denatured form, monitored by high performance size exclusion chromatography, showed a reaction order higher than 1. Denaturation of β-galactosidase was irreversible and exhibited a biphasic kinetic pattern which could be explained by assuming that two isoenzymes denatured irreversibly at different rates. Linear Arrhenius plots were obtained for the estimated rate constants, and ΔH
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    Physiological evidence for genetically mediated sibling recognition in mice (1994)
    Springer
    Behavior genetics 24 (1994), S. 493-496 
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    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: Mice ; cross-transferring ; sibling reunion ; analgesia ; kin recognition mechanisms
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract The kin selection theory predicts that individuals would behave differently toward one another, depending on their genetic relatedness. Kin discrimination has been demonstrated in mice from social behavior, and previous familiarity, as well as familiarity with the partner's phenotype, has been postulated to represent proximate mechanisms. It has already been demonstrated that siblings' reunion resulted in a decrease in pain sensitivity that is mediated by endogenous opioids. In this study, using a cross-transferring design, it is shown that genetic relatedness with the male partner, independently of postnatal association, is responsible for changes in nociceptive threshold. Conversely, previous association till weaning has no effect on pain sensitivity. These data suggest that endogenous opioids activity and social behavior represent indices of different processes: the recognition of related animals and the discrimination of familiar (and also usually related) subjects, respectively.
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    Iron bioavailability from super enriched breads in weanling mice (1994)
    Springer
    Plant foods for human nutrition 45 (1994), S. 277-285 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-9104
    Keywords: Bread ; Flour ; Fortification ; Iron ; Mice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Bread made from starch, unenriched, enriched, super-enriched and whole wheat flour was fed to male weanling mice for 21 days to explore the effect on iron utilization using liver, blood iron status and iron balance as parameters of evaluation. The results indicated that iron retentions, blood hemoglobin and hematocrit levels, and liver iron concentration numerically tended to be greater in mice fed super enriched bread than in mice fed the enriched bread but, for most parameters, these differences were not found to be statistically significant. Iron absorption from whole wheat bread was significantly poorer than the super enriched or enriched white wheat bread rations.
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    cpDNA intergene sequences corroborate restriction site data for reconstructingRubiaceae phylogeny (1994)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 190 (1994), S. 245-248 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Rubiaceae ; Chloroplast DNA ; atpB-rbcL intergene region ; phylogeny
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Representatives of seven genera from five tribes ofRubiaceae have been compared in respect to a non-coding intergene cpDNA region of about 1000 bp, situated between the atpB and the rbcL genes. The resulting most parsimonious PAUP cladogram corresponds very well with one based on total cpDNA restriction site data obtained byBremer & Jansen (1991). The two different molecular analyses thus corroborate each other and contribute to an improved systematic arrangement of the large family, e.g., in respect to placing the tribeHedyotideae clearly into the subfamilyRubioideae, closer toRubieae than toPsychotrieae.
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    Floral structure and evolution of primitive angiosperms: Recent advances (1994)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 192 (1994), S. 79-97 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; paleoherbs ; Magnoliidae ; Gnetales ; Floral evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Concepts of primitive angiosperm flowers have changed in recent years due to new studies on relic archaic groups, new paleobotanical finds and the addition of molecular biological techniques to the study of angiosperm systematics and evolution.Magnoliidae are still the hot group, but emphasis is now on small primitive flowers with few organs and also on the great lability of organ number. Of the extant groups, a potential basal position of the paleoherbs has been discussed by some authors. Although some paleoherbs have a simple gynoecium with a single orthotropous ovule, anatropous ovules may still be seen as plesiomorphic in angiosperms. Anatropy is not necessarily a consequence of the advent of closed carpels. It may also exhibit biological advantages under other circumstances as is the case in podocarps among gymnosperms. Valvate anthers have now been found in most larger subgroups of theMagnoliidae (recently also in paleoherbs) and in some Cretaceous fossils. Nevertheless, as seen from its systematic distribution, valvate dehiscence is not necessarily plesiomorphic for the angiosperms, but may be a facultative by-product of the thick connectives and comparatively undifferentiated anther shape inMagnoliidae and lowerHamamelididae. A perianth is relatively simple in extantMagnoliidae or even wanting in some families. In groups with naked flowers the perianth may have been easily lost because integration in the floral architecture was less pronounced than in more advanced angiosperm groups. Problems with the comparison of paleoherb flowers with those ofGnetales are discussed. The rapid growth of information from paleobotany and molecular systematics requires an especially open attitude towards the evaluation of various hypotheses on early flower evolution in the coming years.
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    Block copolymerization initiated by Mn(III)-poly(ethylene glycol) redox system — general features and kinetics (1994)
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 272 (1994), S. 777-783 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Mn(III)-poly(ethylene glycol) ; acrylonitrile ; block copolymerization ; kinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The kinetics and mechanism of thermal polymerization of acrylonitrile initiated by Mn(III) pyrophosphate — poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG, molecular weight 6000) redox system in aqueous sulfuric acid medium was studied in the temperature range 30–60°C. The overall rates of polymerization and the disappearance of Mn3+ were determined. The polymerization was initiated by the organic free radical produced from the Mn3+-PEG reaction and the termination was by the metal ions. The rate of polymerization of acrylonitrile was found to be directly proportional to the square of the monomer concentration and first power of PEG concentration, and inversely proportional to the concentration of Mn3+. The rate of manganic ion disappearance was found to be directly proportional to manganic ion concentration and PEG concentration, and independent of the monomer concentration. Based on these observations, a plausible reaction scheme was suggested and suitable kinetic expressions were evaluated.
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    Are cell redox or lactate dehydrogenase kinetics responsible for the absence of gluconeogenesis from lactate in sea raven, hepatocytes? (1994)
    Springer
    Fish physiology and biochemistry 13 (1994), S. 59-67 
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    ISSN: 1573-5168
    Keywords: fish ; sea raven ; gluconeogensis ; hepatocytes ; redox ; LDH ; isozymes ; kinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Previous studies have reported very low rates of gluconeogenesis from lactate in sea raven (Hemitripterus americanus) hepatocytes compared to other teleosts studied. This study examines whether hepatic cell redox or lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) characteristics may explain this observation. Sea raven hepatic optimal LDH activities (pyruvate reductase direction) were more than 40 times less compared with rainbow trout liver values (40 vs 1914 μmol·min−1·g−1 protein). The Km(lactate) was 9.24 and 0.86 mM for sea raven and trout hepatic LDH, but the Km(pyruvate) was similar between the two species (0.11 and 0.21 mM, respectively). These results suggested that sea raven liver LDH did not favour lactate use and was more indicative of the mammalian M-isozyme. Gel electrophoresis showed a predominant intermediate isozyme, with a small amount of the M-type LDH. Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) was localized to the mitochondrial compartment, while there was no apparent mitochondrial glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT) activity. No in vitro lactate flux to glucose was found in untreated, 10 mM ethanol-treated, or 3 mM NH4Cl-treated sea raven hepatocytes, although CO2 production from lactate was decreased by ethanol and increased by NH4Cl. These results provide evidence that cell redox does not limit gluconeogenesis from lactate, while low activities and the kinetic characteristics of LDH may partially explain the low lactate gluconeogenesis reported in sea raven hepatocytes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00004120
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    Morphological responses of the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) gill to hyperoxia, base (NaHCO3) and acid (HCl) infusions (1994)
    Springer
    Fish physiology and biochemistry 12 (1994), S. 465-477 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5168
    Keywords: fish ; chloride cell ; morphology ; kinetics ; Km ; Jmax ; acid-base
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Marked morphological responses occur in the gills of freshwater rainbow trout in response to experimental acid-base disturbance and these responses play an important role in acid-base correction. Compensated respiratory acidosis induced by 70h exposure to environmental hyperoxia (elevated water PO2) caused a 33% decrease in branchial chloride cell fractional surface area (CCFA). Metabolic alkalosis induced by normoxic recovery (6h) from hyperoxia (72h) caused a 50% increase in CCFA, whereas metabolic alkalosis induced by infusion (19h) of NaHCO3 caused a 70% rise. However, the largest increase (135%) in CCFA was seen in response to infusion (19h) of HCl. NaCl infusion had no effect. A particular goal was to assess the relative importance of changes in CCFA vs. changes in internal substrate (HCO3 −) availability in regulating the activity of the branchial Cl−/HCO3 − exchange system. For each of the experimental treatments, the accompanying blood acid-base status and branchial transport kinetics (Km, Jmax) for Cl− uptake had been determined in earlier studies. In the present study, a positive linear relationship was established between CCFA and JCl− max in individual control fish in the absence of an acid-base disturbance. By reference to this relationship, observed changes in JCl− max during metabolic acid-base disturbances were clearly due to changes in both CCFA and internal substrate levels (plasma [HCO3 −]) with the two factors having approximately equal influence.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00004449
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    Transport of calcium by mitochondria (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of bioenergetics and biomembranes 26 (1994), S. 471-485 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-6881
    Keywords: Mitochondria ; transport ; calcium ; metabolic mediator ; kinetics ; calcium pulses
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The identification of intramitochondrial free calcium ([Ca2+ m) as a primary metabolic mediator [see Hansford (this volume) and Gunter, T. E., Gunter, K. K., Sheu, S.-S., and Gavin, C. E. (1994)Am. J. Physiol. 267, C313–C339, for reviews] has emphasized the importance of understanding the characteristics of those mechanisms that control [Ca2+]m. In this review, we attempt to update the descriptions of the mechanisms that mediate the transport of Ca2+ across the mitochondrial inner membrane, emphasizing the energetics of each mechanism. New concepts within this field are reviewed and some older concepts are discussed more completely than in earlier reviews. The mathematical forms of the membrane potential dependence and concentration dependence of the uniporter are interpolated in such a way as to display the convenience of consideringV max to be an explicit function of the membrane potential. Recent evidence for a transient rapid conductance state of the uniporter is discussed. New evidence concerning the energetics and stoichiometries of both Na+-dependent and Na+-independent efflux mechanisms is reviewed. Explicit mathematical expressions are used to describe the energetics of the system and the kinetics of transport via each Ca2+ transport mechanism.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00762732
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    Electronic Resource
    The effects of flow rate and distance travelled on the mobility of phosphate in soils (1994)
    Springer
    Transport in porous media 16 (1994), S. 237-251 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1634
    Keywords: phosphate ; soil ; adsorption ; leaching ; kinetics ; computer simulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Effects of flow rate and distance travelled on average mobilities of phosphate in a soil are estimated from breakthrough curves of phosphate at the outlets of small columns of soil, following step increases in the concentration at the inlets. Experimental results are compared with results from a computer simulation model of leached columns of soil. Average mobilities of phosphate in columns of soil, following a step increase in the input concentration, decrease with decreasing rate of flow and with increasing distance travelled and appear to be linearly correlated on a logarithmic scale with both flow rate and distance travelled. An empirical equation, describing these relationships, is fitted to data from leaching experiments at flow rates between 30 and 600 cm/day in ≈ 10 cm long columns of soil. Coefficients are obtained by curve fitting breakthrough curves, calculated with a numerical computer simulation model, to experimental breakthrough curves. The fitted equation enables extrapolation to flow rates and travel distances that are more relevant to a field situation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00617149
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  • 44
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    Electronic Resource
    Ultrastructural changes in murine lymphocytes induced by aflatoxin B1 (1994)
    Springer
    Mycopathologia 125 (1994), S. 33-39 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Keywords: Aflatoxin ; Lymphocytes ; Mice ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract This investigation sought to determine whether splenic lymphocytes obtained from Balb/C mice exposed to aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) showed any ultrastructural changes which could account for the immunodysfunction attributable to aflatoxins. Lymphocytes obtained from Balb/C mice administered aflatoxin B1 in olive oil daily for three weeks were studied using both transmission and scanning electron microscopy. The lymphocytes demonstrated ultrastructural changes primarily in the mitochondria where marked internal dissociation of the cristae was revealed by transmission electron microscopy. All other cellular organelles were unaffected. No significant alterations in external structure were observed under scanning electron microscopy. The findings of this study indicate that AFB1 administration does not affect the surface topography of lymphocytes, but AFB1, by causing extensive mitochondrial damage, may affect the way in which these cells function. This could be a possible explanation for the immunodysfunction associated with AFB1.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01103973
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  • 45
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    The isothermal crystallization of engineering polymers — POM and PEEK (1994)
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 272 (1994), S. 1-16 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Polymer crystallization ; kinetics ; modeling ; POM ; PEEK
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The isothermal crystallization of two engineering polymers — POM and PEEK — was studied, both theoretically and experimentally. The experiments were performed by means of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and polarized light optical microscopy (OM). Building on previously developed theoretical formalisms (Avrami/Evans, Hillier and Tobin), a new procedure is presented, based on Tobin's model coupled with a modification of Hillier's calculation technique, to accurately describe the kinetics and mechanism of the crystallization of polymers from quiescent melts. First, it is shown that Tobin's model alone, without modification, is more accurate than Avrami/Evans model to describe single-mechanism processes, for a wide range of materials and for longer crystallization times, despite having exactly the same nature and number of parameters (the kinetic, nucleation and growth rate-related, parameterK and the dimensionalityn). Then, Hillier's formalism is modified and combined with Tobin's model, to accurately predict the kinetics of dual mechanism crystallization processes; a clear contrast is drawn with Hillier's Avrami-based, original procedure which uses the same number and nature of parameters, but cannot adequately predict the experimental behavior. The parameter values predicted by the model(s) and procedure presented in this work are all given, are then physically interpreted and, in the case of POM, related to independent morphological observations by polarized light optical microscopy. They are also consistent with electron microscopy observations made by other authors on the detailed morphology of the spherulitic crystallization of polymers.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00653305
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    The kinetics of reactions around the cytochrome bf complex studied in an isolated system (1994)
    Springer
    Photosynthesis research 40 (1994), S. 199-206 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: cytochrome bf complex ; electron transfers ; kinetics ; quinol oxidation ; Q-cycle
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The kinetics of oxidation and reduction of P700, plastocyanin, cytochrome f and cytochrome b-563 were studied in a reconstituted system consisting of Photosystem I particles, cytochrome bf complex and plastocyanin, all derived from pea leaf chloroplasts. Decyl plastoquinol was the reductant of the bf complex. Turnovers of the system were initiated by laser flashes. The reaction between oxidised P700 and plastocyanin was non-homogeneous in that a second-order rate coefficient of c. 5×10−7 M−1 s−1 applied to 80% of the P700+ and c. 0.7×107 M−1 s−1 to the remainder. In the presence of bf complex, but without quinol, the electron transfer between cytochrome f and oxidised plastocyanin could be described by a second-order rate coefficient of c. 4×107 M−1 s−1 (forward), and c. 1.6×107 M−1 s−1 (reverse). The equilibrium coefficient was thus 2.5. Unexpectedly, there was little reduction of cytochrome f + or plastocyanin+ by electrons from the Rieske centre. With added quinol, reduction of cytochrome b-563 occurred. Concomitantly, electrons appeared in the oxidised species. It was inferred that either the Rieske centre was not involved in the high-potential chain of electron transfer events, or that, only in the presence of quinol, electrons were quickly passed from the Rieske centre to cytochrome f +. Additionally, the presence of quinol altered the equilibrium coefficient for the cyt f/PC interaction from 2.5 to c. 5. The reaction between quinol and the bf complex was describable by a second-order rate coefficient of about 3×106 M−1 s−1. The pattern of the redox reactions around the bf complex could be simulated in detail with a Q-cycle model as previously found for chloroplasts.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00019337
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    Degradation of the Antiarthritic Prodrug, 3-Carboxy-5-methyl-N-[4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]-4-isoxazolecarboxamide, in Aqueous Solution (1994)
    Springer
    Pharmaceutical research 11 (1994), S. 345-348 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-904X
    Keywords: kinetics ; decarboxylation ; leflunomide ; deacetylation ; dissociation constant
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018940415770
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  • 48
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    Growth characteristics of Geotrichum ingens on propionic acid and acetic acid in batch and continuous culture (1994)
    Springer
    World journal of microbiology and biotechnology 10 (1994), S. 505-509 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0972
    Keywords: Acetic acid ; chemostat ; Geotrichum ingens ; growth ; inhibition ; kinetics ; monocarboxylic acids ; propionic acid ; yeast
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract Growth of Geotrichum ingens in batch cultures was completely inhibited by 47 g acetic acid/l or 33 g propionic acid/I. With mixtures of acetic and propionic acids, however, growth only ceased at 55 g/l. Acetic acid inhibited growth linearly, whereas propionic acid inhibited growth non-linearly. In continuous culture, two steady states at each dilution rate were observed at high dilution rates for acetic acid and propionic acid. The highest yield coefficient (0.69 g cells/g substrate) was achieved with propionic acid as substrate. On both substrates and their mixtures, the protein content of the biomass increased when the dilution rate was increased.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00367654
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  • 49
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    Thermal decomposition of 1-ethyl-5-iodotetrazole (1994)
    Springer
    Russian chemical bulletin 43 (1994), S. 1812-1815 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-9171
    Keywords: kinetics ; mechanism ; thermolysis ; 1-ethyl-5-iodotetrazole ; mass spectrometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The thermal decomposition of 1-ethyl-5-iodotetrazole in a melt and in solutions was studied using thermogravimetry, manometry, pyrolytic mass spectrometry, and IR spectroscopy. The kinetic and activation parameters of the process and the nature of the decomposition products were determined. The reaction mechanism is assumed to involve equilibrium tautomeric rearrangement of the tetrazole to azidoazomethine form followed by homolytic cleavage of the C-I bond.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00696307
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  • 50
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    Effect of the nature of the cation in 2,6-di-tert-pentylphenolates on the kinetics and mechanism of the reaction of 2,6-di-tert-pentylphenol with methyl acrylate (1994)
    Springer
    Russian chemical bulletin 43 (1994), S. 769-773 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-9171
    Keywords: 2,6-di-tert-pentylphenol, methyl acrylate, Na and K cations ; kinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The nature of the cation (K or Na) in 2,6-di-tert-pentylphenolates (ArOK or ArONa) affects the kinetics of the reaction of 2,6-di-tert-pentylphenol (ArOH) with methyl acrylate. This is associated with the ability of ArONa to replace the cation with a proton during interaction with methyl 3-(4-hydroxy-3,5-di-tert-pentylphenyl)propionate (HOArAlkOMe) to form a more efficient catalyst, sodium 4-(2-methoxycarbonylethyl)-2,6-di-tert-pentylphenolate (NaOArAlkOMe). Two different kinetic schemes, which describe the kinetics of the consumption of ArOH in the presence of ArOK and ArONa, are proposed. The elemental-stage rate constants are calculated by mathematical simulation of the reaction kinetics with consideration of the features of catalysis in the presence of ArOK and ArONa.
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    Premature p34cdc2 activation required for apoptosis (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1994-02-25
    Description: Activation of the serine-threonine kinase p34cdc2 at an inappropriate time during the cell cycle leads to cell death that resembles apoptosis. Premature activation of p34cdc2 was shown to be required for apoptosis induced by a lymphocyte granule protease. The kinase was rapidly activated and tyrosine dephosphorylated at the initiation of apoptosis. DNA fragmentation and nuclear collapse could be prevented by blocking p34cdc2 activity with excess peptide substrate, or by inactivating p34cdc2 in a temperature-sensitive mutant. Premature p34cdc2 activation may be a general mechanism by which cells induced to undergo apoptosis initiate the disruption of the nucleus.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Shi, L -- Nishioka, W K -- Th'ng, J -- Bradbury, E M -- Litchfield, D W -- Greenberg, A H -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Feb 25;263(5150):1143-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Manitoba Institute of Cell Biology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8108732" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; *Apoptosis ; CDC2 Protein Kinase/*metabolism ; DNA Damage ; Deoxyribonucleases/pharmacology ; Enzyme Activation ; Enzyme Induction ; Membrane Glycoproteins/pharmacology ; Mice ; Mitosis ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Perforin ; Phosphorylation ; Pore Forming Cytotoxic Proteins ; Serine Endopeptidases/pharmacology ; Tumor Cells, Cultured
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    The Met proto-oncogene mesenchymal to epithelial cell conversion (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1994-01-07
    Description: Coexpression of the human Met receptor and its ligand, hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor (HGF/SF), in NIH 3T3 fibroblasts causes the cells to become tumorigenic in nude mice. The resultant tumors display lumen-like morphology, contain carcinoma-like focal areas with intercellular junctions resembling desmosomes, and coexpress epithelial (cytokeratin) and mesenchymal (vimentin) cytoskeletal markers. The tumor cells also display enhanced expression of desmosomal and tight-junction proteins. The apparent mesenchymal to epithelial conversion of the tumor cells mimics the conversion that occurs during embryonic kidney development, suggesting that Met-HGF/SF signaling plays a role in this process as well as in tumors that express both epithelial and mesenchymal markers.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Tsarfaty, I -- Rong, S -- Resau, J H -- Rulong, S -- da Silva, P P -- Vande Woude, G F -- N01-CO-74101/CO/NCI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Jan 7;263(5143):98-101.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉ABL-Basic Research Program, National Cancer Institute (NCI)-Frederick Cancer Research and Development Center, MD 21702-1201.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7505952" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: 3T3 Cells ; Animals ; *Cell Transformation, Neoplastic ; Desmosomes/ultrastructure ; Epithelial Cells ; Hepatocyte Growth Factor/metabolism/pharmacology ; Keratins/biosynthesis ; Kidney/embryology/metabolism ; Mesoderm/cytology ; Mice ; Mice, Nude ; Neoplasms, Experimental/metabolism/*pathology ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-met ; *Proto-Oncogenes ; Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/genetics/*metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; Transfection ; Vimentin/biosynthesis
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Treatment of murine lupus with CTLA4Ig (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1994-08-26
    Description: The interaction of B7-related molecules on antigen-presenting cells with CD28 or CTLA-4 antigens on T cells provides a second signal for T cell activation. Selection inhibition of the B7-CD28 or B7-CTLA-4 interactions produces antigen-specific T cell unresponsiveness in vitro and suppresses immune function in vivo. To determine whether selective inhibition of the B7-CD28 or B7-CTLA-4 interactions could suppress spontaneous autoimmune disease, a B7-binding protein was generated by genetic fusion of the extracellular domain of murine CTLA-4 to the Fc portion of a mouse immunoglobulin G2a monoclonal antibody (muCTLA4Ig). In lupus-prone NZB/NZW filial generation (F1) mice, treatment with muCTLA4Ig blocked autoantibody production and prolonged life, even when treatment was delayed until the most advanced stage of clinical illness. These findings suggest a possible role for human CTLA4Ig in the treatment of autoimmune diseases in humans.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Finck, B K -- Linsley, P S -- Wofsy, D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Aug 26;265(5176):1225-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7520604" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Abatacept ; Animals ; Antibodies, Antinuclear/biosynthesis ; Antibodies, Monoclonal ; Antigens, CD ; Antigens, CD80/metabolism ; Antigens, Differentiation/immunology/metabolism/*therapeutic use ; B-Lymphocytes/immunology ; CTLA-4 Antigen ; Female ; Humans ; *Immunoconjugates ; Immunotherapy ; Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/immunology/*therapy ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred NZB ; Mice, Inbred Strains ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/therapeutic use ; T-Lymphocytes/immunology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Delocalization of Vg1 mRNA from the vegetal cortex in Xenopus oocytes after destruction of Xlsirt RNA (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1994-08-19
    Description: The Xlsirts are a family of transcribed repeat sequence genes that do not code for protein. Xlsirt RNAs become localized to the vegetal cortex of Xenopus oocytes early in oogenesis, before the localization of the messenger RNA Vg1, which encodes a transforming growth factor-beta-like molecule involved in mesoderm formation, and coincident with the localization of Xcat2 transcripts, which encode a nanos-like molecule. Destruction of the localized Xlsirts by injection of antisense oligodeoxynucleotides into stage 4 oocytes resulted in the release of Vg1 transcripts but not Xcat2 transcripts from the vegetal cortex. Xlsirt RNAs, which may be a structural component of the vegetal cortex, are a crucial part of a genetic pathway necessary for the proper localization of Vg1 that leads to subsequent normal pattern formation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kloc, M -- Etkin, L D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Aug 19;265(5175):1101-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston 77030.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7520603" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Base Sequence ; Cells, Cultured ; Glycoproteins/*genetics ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Oligonucleotides, Antisense/pharmacology ; Oogenesis ; RNA/*genetics ; RNA, Messenger/genetics/*metabolism ; RNA-Binding Proteins/genetics ; Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid ; Transforming Growth Factor beta/genetics ; Xenopus ; *Xenopus Proteins ; Zinc Fingers
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Abnormal fear response and aggressive behavior in mutant mice deficient for alpha-calcium-calmodulin kinase II (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1994-10-14
    Description: Mice deficient for the gene encoding alpha-calcium-calmodulin-dependent kinase II (alpha-CaMKII knockout mice) provide a promising tool to link behavioral and cellular abnormalities with a specific molecular lesion. The heterozygous mouse exhibited a well-circumscribed syndrome of behavioral abnormalities, consisting primarily of a decreased fear response and an increase in defensive aggression, in the absence of any measured cognitive deficits. Unlike the heterozygote, the homozygote displayed abnormal behavior in all paradigms tested. At the cellular level, both extracellular and whole-cell patch clamp recordings indicated that serotonin release in putative serotonergic neurons of the dorsal raphe was reduced. Thus, alpha-CaMKII knockout mice, in particular the heterozygote, may provide a model for studying the molecular and cellular basis underlying emotional disorders involving fear and aggression.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Chen, C -- Rainnie, D G -- Greene, R W -- Tonegawa, S -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Oct 14;266(5183):291-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Center for Cancer Research, Cambridge, MA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7939668" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Aggression ; Animals ; Behavior, Animal ; Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase Type 2 ; Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases/deficiency/genetics/*physiology ; *Fear ; Fluoxetine/pharmacology ; Gene Dosage ; Heterozygote ; Homozygote ; In Vitro Techniques ; Membrane Potentials ; Mice ; Mice, Knockout ; Mutation ; Neurons/metabolism ; Patch-Clamp Techniques ; Raphe Nuclei/metabolism ; Serotonin/metabolism/pharmacology ; Synaptic Transmission/drug effects
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Suppression of Ras-induced transformation of NIH 3T3 cells by activated G alpha s (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1994-03-04
    Description: Conversion of external signals into proliferative responses may be mediated by interactions between signaling pathways that control cell proliferation. Interactions between G alpha s, the alpha subunit of the heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide binding protein that stimulates adenylyl cyclase, and Ras, an important element in growth factor signaling, were studied. Expression of activated G alpha s in NIH 3T3 cells increased intracellular concentrations of adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP) and inhibited H-Ras-stimulated DNA synthesis and mitogen-activated protein kinase activity. Activated G alpha s and 8-Br-cAMP suppressed H-Ras-induced transformation of NIH 3T3 cells. Apparently, G alpha s inhibits proliferative signals from Ras by stimulating cAMP production and activating protein kinase A.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Chen, J -- Iyengar, R -- CA-44998/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- DK-38761/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Mar 4;263(5151):1278-81.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biochemistry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, City University of New York, NY 10029.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8122111" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: 3T3 Cells ; 8-Bromo Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate/pharmacology ; Animals ; Cell Division ; Cell Line ; *Cell Transformation, Neoplastic ; Cyclic AMP/metabolism ; Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases/metabolism ; Enzyme Activation ; GTP-Binding Proteins/genetics/*physiology ; *Genes, ras ; Mice ; Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1 ; Mutagenesis, Site-Directed ; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors/metabolism ; Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors/metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; Transfection
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    Functional participation of the IL-2 receptor gamma chain in IL-7 receptor complexes (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1994-03-11
    Description: The gamma chain of the interleukin-2 (IL-2) receptor is shared with the functional IL-4 receptor and is causatively related to X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency (XSCID), which is ascribed to a profound T cell defect. Studies with monoclonal antibodies specific for the IL-2 receptor gamma chain showed that the gamma chain participates in the functional high-affinity receptor complexes for IL-7 that are involved in the differentiation of T and B cells. Participation of the gamma subunit in more than one receptor may enable the elucidation of the mechanisms of XSCID development and lymphocyte differentiation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kondo, M -- Takeshita, T -- Higuchi, M -- Nakamura, M -- Sudo, T -- Nishikawa, S -- Sugamura, K -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Mar 11;263(5152):1453-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Microbiology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8128231" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antibodies, Monoclonal ; B-Lymphocytes/*immunology ; Cell Line ; Cells, Cultured ; Female ; Genetic Linkage ; Interleukin-7/*metabolism/pharmacology ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Receptors, Interleukin/*metabolism ; Receptors, Interleukin-2/genetics/immunology/*metabolism ; Receptors, Interleukin-7 ; Severe Combined Immunodeficiency/genetics/immunology ; T-Lymphocytes/*immunology ; X Chromosome
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    Regulatory T cell clones induced by oral tolerance: suppression of autoimmune encephalomyelitis (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1994-08-26
    Description: Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is a cell-mediated autoimmune disease that serves as an animal model for multiple sclerosis. Oral administration of myelin basic protein (MBP) suppresses EAE by inducing peripheral tolerance. T cell clones were isolated from the mesenteric lymph nodes of SJL mice that had been orally tolerized to MBP. These clones were CD4+ and were structurally identical to T helper cell type 1 (TH1) encephalitogenic CD4+ clones in T cell receptor usage, major histocompatibility complex restriction, and epitope recognition. However, they produced transforming growth factor-beta with various amounts of interleukin-4 and interleukin-10 and suppressed EAE induced with either MBP or proteolipid protein. Thus, mucosally derived TH2-like clones induced by oral antigen can actively regulate immune responses in vivo and may represent a different subset of T cells.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Chen, Y -- Kuchroo, V K -- Inobe, J -- Hafler, D A -- Weiner, H L -- AR/A143220/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ -- NS29352/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- NS30843/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Aug 26;265(5176):1237-40.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7520605" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Administration, Oral ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/*immunology ; Clone Cells ; Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/*immunology ; Epitopes/immunology ; *Immune Tolerance ; Interleukin-10/biosynthesis ; Interleukin-4/biosynthesis ; Lymph Nodes/immunology ; Major Histocompatibility Complex ; Mesentery/immunology ; Mice ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Myelin Basic Protein/administration & dosage/*immunology ; Myelin Proteins/immunology ; Myelin Proteolipid Protein ; Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology ; Transforming Growth Factor beta/biosynthesis
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Regulation of IgE responses to inhaled antigen in mice by antigen-specific gamma delta T cells (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1994-09-23
    Description: Indirect evidence implicates gamma delta T cells in the cross-regulation of CD4 alpha beta T cell responses. Adoptive transfer of small numbers of gamma delta T cells from ovalbumin (OVA)-tolerant mice selectively suppressed TH2-dependent immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibody production without affecting parallel IgG responses. Challenge of these gamma delta T cells in vitro with specific antigen resulted in production of high levels of interferon gamma. The effects of the gamma delta T cells may be mediated by direct inhibition of OVA-specific CD4+ TH2 cell proliferation or selection for specific CD4 TH2 cells.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉McMenamin, C -- Pimm, C -- McKersey, M -- Holt, P G -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Sep 23;265(5180):1869-71.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Cell Biology, Institute for Child Health Research, West Perth, Western Australia.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7916481" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/*immunology ; Dose-Response Relationship, Immunologic ; *Immune Tolerance ; Immunoglobulin E/*biosynthesis ; Immunoglobulin G/biosynthesis ; Immunotherapy, Adoptive ; Interferon-gamma/biosynthesis ; Interleukin-2/biosynthesis ; Lymphocyte Activation ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Ovalbumin/immunology ; Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/*immunology ; T-Lymphocyte Subsets/*immunology ; Transforming Growth Factor beta/biosynthesis
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    Engineering poliovirus as a vaccine vector for the expression of diverse antigens (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1994-09-02
    Description: As a step toward developing poliovirus as a vaccine vector, poliovirus recombinants were constructed by fusing exogenous peptides (up to 400 amino acids) and an artificial cleavage site for viral protease 3Cpro to the amino terminus of the viral polyprotein. Viral replication proceeded normally. An extended polyprotein was produced in infected cells and proteolytically processed into the complete array of viral proteins plus the foreign peptide, which was excluded from mature virions. The recombinants retained exogenous sequences through successive rounds of replication in culture and in vivo. Infection of animals with recombinants elicited a humoral immune response to the foreign peptides.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Andino, R -- Silvera, D -- Suggett, S D -- Achacoso, P L -- Miller, C J -- Baltimore, D -- Feinberg, M B -- AI22346/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI35545/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- RR00169/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Sep 2;265(5177):1448-51.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8073288" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Antibodies, Bacterial/biosynthesis ; Antibodies, Viral/biosynthesis ; Antigens, Bacterial/genetics/immunology ; Antigens, Viral/genetics/immunology ; Base Sequence ; Cloning, Molecular ; *Genetic Engineering ; Genetic Vectors ; HeLa Cells ; Humans ; Macaca fascicularis ; Mice ; Mice, Transgenic ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Poliovirus/*genetics/immunology/physiology ; Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral/*genetics ; *Protein Biosynthesis ; Proteins/metabolism ; Recombinant Proteins/biosynthesis/metabolism ; Vaccines, Synthetic/genetics/*immunology ; Virus Replication
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    GDNF: a potent survival factor for motoneurons present in peripheral nerve and muscle (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1994-11-11
    Description: For survival, embryonic motoneurons in vertebrates depend on as yet undefined neurotrophic factors present in the limb bud. Members of the neurotrophin family are currently the best candidates for such neurotrophic factors, but inactivation of their receptor genes leads to only partial loss of motoneurons, which suggests that other factors are involved. Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), originally identified as a trophic factor specific for dopaminergic neurons, was found to be 75-fold more potent than the neurotrophins in supporting the survival of purified embryonic rat motoneurons in culture. GDNF messenger RNA was found in the immediate vicinity of motoneurons during the period of cell death in development. In vivo, GDNF rescues and prevents the atrophy of facial motoneurons that have been deprived of target-derived survival factors by axotomy. GDNF may therefore be a physiological trophic factor for spinal motoneurons. Its potency and specificity in vitro and in vivo also make it a good candidate for treatment of motoneuron disease.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Henderson, C E -- Phillips, H S -- Pollock, R A -- Davies, A M -- Lemeulle, C -- Armanini, M -- Simmons, L -- Moffet, B -- Vandlen, R A -- Simpson LC corrected to Simmons, L -- Koliatsos, V E -- Rosenthal, A -- NS 10580/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Nov 11;266(5187):1062-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉INSERM U.382, IBDM, Marseille, France.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7973664" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor ; Cell Death ; Cell Survival/drug effects ; Cells, Cultured ; Ciliary Neurotrophic Factor ; Face/innervation ; Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor ; Growth Inhibitors/pharmacology ; *Interleukin-6 ; Leukemia Inhibitory Factor ; Lymphokines/pharmacology ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Motor Neurons/*cytology/drug effects ; Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/*metabolism ; Nerve Growth Factors/analysis/biosynthesis/genetics/*pharmacology ; Nerve Tissue Proteins/*analysis/biosynthesis/genetics/*pharmacology ; Neurons, Afferent/cytology/drug effects ; Peripheral Nerves/*metabolism ; RNA, Messenger/analysis/genetics ; Rats ; Schwann Cells/metabolism
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    Sequestration of GPI-anchored proteins in caveolae triggered by cross-linking (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1994-06-24
    Description: Glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored proteins have been reported to reside in clusters collected over small membrane invaginations called caveolae. The detection of different GPI-anchored proteins with fluorescently labeled monoclonal antibodies showed that these proteins are not constitutively concentrated in caveolae; they enter these structures independently after cross-linking with polyclonal secondary antibodies. Analysis of the cell surface distribution of the GPI-anchored folate receptor by electron microscopy confirms these observations. Thus, multimerization of GPI-anchored proteins regulates their sequestration in caveolae, but in the absence of agents that promote clustering they are diffusely distributed over the plasma membrane.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mayor, S -- Rothberg, K G -- Maxfield, F R -- DK27083/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Jun 24;264(5167):1948-51.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Pathology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7516582" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: 3T3 Cells ; Animals ; Antibodies, Monoclonal ; Antigens, CD/analysis/immunology/metabolism ; Antigens, CD55 ; Antigens, Surface/analysis/immunology/metabolism ; Antigens, Thy-1 ; Carrier Proteins/analysis/immunology/*metabolism ; Caveolin 1 ; *Caveolins ; Cell Membrane/*metabolism/ultrastructure ; Fluorescent Antibody Technique ; Folate Receptors, GPI-Anchored ; Folic Acid/metabolism ; Glycosylphosphatidylinositols/analysis/*metabolism ; Humans ; Immunoglobulin G/metabolism ; Membrane Glycoproteins/analysis/immunology/metabolism ; Membrane Proteins/analysis ; Mice ; Microscopy, Electron ; *Receptors, Cell Surface ; Tumor Cells, Cultured
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    Role of TCR zeta chain in T cell development and selection (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1994-11-11
    Description: Signals mediated by the T cell receptor (TCR) are required for thymocyte maturation and selection. To examine the role of TCR zeta chain signals in development, TCR expression was restored in zeta-deficient mice with transgenic zeta chains that partially or completely lacked sequences required for signal transduction. The zeta chain played a role in thymic development by promoting TCR surface expression, but zeta-mediated signals were not essential because TCRs that contained signaling-deficient zeta chains promoted T cell maturation and transduced signals associated with thymic selection.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Shores, E W -- Huang, K -- Tran, T -- Lee, E -- Grinberg, A -- Love, P E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Nov 11;266(5187):1047-50.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Hematologic Products, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD 20892.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7526464" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Antigens, CD/analysis/genetics ; Antigens, CD4/analysis ; Antigens, CD5 ; Antigens, CD8/analysis ; Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/analysis ; *DNA-Binding Proteins ; Down-Regulation ; Gene Expression ; *Homeodomain Proteins ; Lectins, C-Type ; Lymph Nodes/immunology ; Membrane Proteins/genetics/*physiology ; Mice ; Mice, Transgenic ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Proteins/genetics ; RNA, Messenger/genetics/metabolism ; Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics/*physiology ; Signal Transduction ; T-Lymphocytes/cytology/*immunology ; Thymus Gland/immunology
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    Inhibition of NF-kappa B by sodium salicylate and aspirin (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1994-08-12
    Description: The transcription factor nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappa B) is critical for the inducible expression of multiple cellular and viral genes involved in inflammation and infection including interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-6, and adhesion molecules. The anti-inflammatory drugs sodium salicylate and aspirin inhibited the activation of NF-kappa B, which further explains the mechanism of action of these drugs. This inhibition prevented the degradation of the NF-kappa B inhibitor, I kappa B, and therefore NF-kappa B was retained in the cytosol. Sodium salicylate and aspirin also inhibited NF-kappa B-dependent transcription from the Ig kappa enhancer and the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) long terminal repeat (LTR) in transfected T cells.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kopp, E -- Ghosh, S -- R01 AI 33443-01A1/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Aug 12;265(5174):956-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06536.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8052854" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Aspirin/*pharmacology ; Cell Line ; Enhancer Elements, Genetic ; Gene Expression/drug effects ; Genes, Reporter ; HIV Long Terminal Repeat ; HIV-1/genetics ; Humans ; Immunoglobulin kappa-Chains/genetics ; Lipopolysaccharides/pharmacology ; Mice ; NF-kappa B/*antagonists & inhibitors/metabolism ; Phosphorylation ; Promoter Regions, Genetic ; Protein Biosynthesis/drug effects ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins/metabolism ; Sodium Salicylate/*pharmacology ; T-Lymphocytes/metabolism ; Transcription Factor RelB ; *Transcription Factors ; Transfection ; Tumor Cells, Cultured
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    Insights from the study of animals lacking functional estrogen receptor (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1994-12-02
    Description: Estrogen hormones produce physiological actions within a variety of target sites in the body and during development by activating a specific receptor protein. Hormone responsiveness for the estrogen receptor protein was investigated at different stages of development with the use of gene knockout techniques because no natural genetic mutants have been described. A mutant mouse line without a functional estrogen receptor was created and is being used to assess estrogen responsiveness. Both sexes of these mutant animals are infertile and show a variety of phenotypic changes, some of which are associated with the gonads, mammary glands, reproductive tracts, and skeletal tissues.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Korach, K S -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Dec 2;266(5190):1524-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Receptor Biology Section, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7985022" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Estrogens/*physiology ; Female ; Heterozygote ; Homozygote ; Humans ; Infertility, Female/etiology ; Infertility, Male/etiology ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Knockout ; Mutation ; Phenotype ; Receptors, Estrogen/genetics/*physiology ; Signal Transduction
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    Protection from Fas-mediated apoptosis by a soluble form of the Fas molecule (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1994-03-25
    Description: Fas is an apoptosis-signaling receptor molecule on the surface of a number of cell types. Molecular cloning and nucleotide sequence analysis revealed a human Fas messenger RNA variant capable of encoding a soluble Fas molecule lacking the transmembrane domain because of the deletion of an exon encoding this region. The expression of soluble Fas was confirmed by flow cytometry and immunocytochemical analysis. Supernatants from cells transfected with the variant messenger RNA blocked apoptosis induced by the antibody to Fas. Levels of soluble Fas were elevated in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, and mice injected with soluble Fas displayed autoimmune features.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cheng, J -- Zhou, T -- Liu, C -- Shapiro, J P -- Brauer, M J -- Kiefer, M C -- Barr, P J -- Mountz, J D -- P01 AR03555/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ -- P50 AI23694/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- P60 AR20614/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ -- etc. -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Mar 25;263(5154):1759-62.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉University of Alabama at Birmingham.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7510905" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Antibodies/immunology ; Antigens, CD95 ; Antigens, Surface/chemistry/genetics/immunology/*physiology ; *Apoptosis ; Arthritis, Rheumatoid/blood ; Base Sequence ; Cell Line ; Cell Membrane/chemistry ; Humans ; Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/blood ; Mice ; Molecular Sequence Data ; RNA, Messenger/genetics ; Solubility ; T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology ; Transfection
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    Mediation of c-Myc-induced apoptosis by p53 (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1994-09-30
    Description: The cellular proto-oncogene c-myc is involved in cell proliferation and transformation but is also implicated in the induction of programmed cell death (apoptosis). The same characteristics have been described for the tumor suppressor gene p53, the most commonly mutated gene in human cancer. In quiescent mouse fibroblasts expressing wild-type p53 protein, activation of c-Myc was found to induce apoptosis and cell cycle reentry, preceded by stabilization of p53. In contrast, in quiescent p53-null fibroblasts, activation of c-Myc induced cell cycle reentry but not apoptosis. These results suggest that p53 mediates apoptosis as a safeguard mechanism to prevent cell proliferation induced by oncogene activation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hermeking, H -- Eick, D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Sep 30;265(5181):2091-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institut fur Klinische Molekularbiologie und Tumorgenetik Forschungszentrum fur Umwelt und Gesundheit, GSF, Munchen, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8091232" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: 3T3 Cells ; Animals ; *Apoptosis ; Cell Line ; Estradiol/pharmacology ; G1 Phase ; Gene Expression Regulation ; Genes, myc ; Genes, p53 ; Mice ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc/*metabolism ; Tamoxifen/analogs & derivatives/pharmacology ; Transfection ; Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/*metabolism
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    Mutagenesis and mapping of a mouse gene, Clock, essential for circadian behavior (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1994-04-29
    Description: In a search for genes that regulate circadian rhythms in mammals, the progeny of mice treated with N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU) were screened for circadian clock mutations. A semidominant mutation, Clock, that lengthens circadian period and abolishes persistence of rhythmicity was identified. Clock segregated as a single gene that mapped to the midportion of mouse chromosome 5, a region syntenic to human chromosome 4. The power of ENU mutagenesis combined with the ability to clone murine genes by map position provides a generally applicable approach to study complex behavior in mammals.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3839659/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3839659/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Vitaterna, M H -- King, D P -- Chang, A M -- Kornhauser, J M -- Lowrey, P L -- McDonald, J D -- Dove, W F -- Pinto, L H -- Turek, F W -- Takahashi, J S -- P30-CA07175/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01-DK40493/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- T32 NS071040/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- etc. -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Apr 29;264(5159):719-25.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Neurobiology and Physiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8171325" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Chromosome Mapping ; Chromosomes, Human, Pair 4 ; Circadian Rhythm/*genetics ; Ethylnitrosourea ; Female ; *Genes ; Genotype ; Humans ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; *Mutagenesis ; Phenotype
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    Activation of phosphatidylinositol-3' kinase by Src-family kinase SH3 binding to the p85 subunit (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1994-03-18
    Description: Engagement of antigen receptor complexes induces rapid activation of Src-family kinases and association with phosphatidylinositol-3' kinase (PI-3 kinase). Here it was found that the Src homology 3 (SH3) domain of Lyn and Fyn bound to a proline-rich region (residues 84 to 99) within the 85-kilodalton subunit (p85) of PI-3 kinase. The binding of SH3 to the purified kinase led to a five- to sevenfold increase in the specific activity of PI-3 kinase. Ligand-induced receptor stimulation activated PI-3 kinase, and this activation was blocked by a peptide containing residues 84 to 99 of p85. These data demonstrate a mechanism for PI-3 kinase activation and show that binding of SH3 domains to proline-rich target sequences can regulate enzymatic activity.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pleiman, C M -- Hertz, W M -- Cambier, J C -- A120519/PHS HHS/ -- A121768/PHS HHS/ -- A129903/PHS HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Mar 18;263(5153):1609-12.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Center for Immunology and Respiratory Medicine, Denver, CO 80206.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8128248" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; B-Lymphocytes/*enzymology ; Enzyme Activation ; Lymphocyte Activation ; Mice ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Peptide Fragments/pharmacology ; Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases ; Phosphotransferases (Alcohol Group Acceptor)/chemistry/*metabolism ; Proline/chemistry ; Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/chemistry/*metabolism ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins/chemistry/*metabolism ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fyn ; *src-Family Kinases
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Risk from low-dose exposures (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1994-11-18
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉von Borstel, R C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Nov 18;266(5188):1144-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7832907" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Anticarcinogenic Agents ; *Antimutagenic Agents ; Carcinogenicity Tests/*statistics & numerical data ; DNA Repair ; Humans ; Mice
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 71
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    Structural clues to prion replication (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1994-04-22
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cohen, F E -- Pan, K M -- Huang, Z -- Baldwin, M -- Fletterick, R J -- Prusiner, S B -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Apr 22;264(5158):530-1.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco 94143-0518.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7909169" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Mice ; Mice, Transgenic ; Models, Biological ; Mutation ; PrPSc Proteins ; Prion Diseases/*metabolism/transmission ; Prions/*biosynthesis/chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Structure, Secondary
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 72
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    Formation of nascent intercalated disks between grafted fetal cardiomyocytes and host myocardium (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1994-04-01
    Description: Fetal cardiomyocytes isolated from transgenic mice carrying a fusion gene of the alpha-cardiac myosin heavy chain promoter with a beta-galactosidase reporter were examined for their ability to form stable intracardiac grafts. Embryonic day 15 transgenic cardiomyocytes delivered directly into the myocardium of syngeneic hosts formed stable grafts, as identified by nuclear beta-galactosidase activity. Grafted cardiomyocytes were observed as long as 2 months after implantation, the latest date assayed. Intracardiac graft formation did not induce overtly negative effects on the host myocardium and was not associated with chronic immune rejection. Electron microscopy revealed the presence of nascent intercalated disks connecting the engrafted fetal cardiomyocytes and the host myocardium. These results suggest that intracardiac grafting might provide a useful approach for myocardial repair, provided that the grafted cells can contribute to myocardial function.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Soonpaa, M H -- Koh, G Y -- Klug, M G -- Field, L J -- HL45453/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Apr 1;264(5155):98-101.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Krannert Institute of Cardiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis 46202-4800.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8140423" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Base Sequence ; Cell Communication ; Cell Differentiation ; Cell Nucleus/metabolism ; *Cell Transplantation ; DNA/biosynthesis ; DNA Primers ; Electrocardiography ; Fetal Heart/*cytology ; *Fetal Tissue Transplantation ; Gap Junctions/physiology/ultrastructure ; Genetic Markers ; Heart/physiology ; Intercellular Junctions/physiology/*ultrastructure ; Mice ; Mice, Transgenic ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Myocardium/*cytology/ultrastructure ; beta-Galactosidase/analysis
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 73
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    Potential role of human cytomegalovirus and p53 interaction in coronary restenosis (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1994-07-15
    Description: A subset of patients who have undergone coronary angioplasty develop restenosis, a vessel renarrowing characterized by excessive proliferation of smooth muscle cells (SMCs). Of 60 human restenosis lesions examined, 23 (38 percent) were found to have accumulated high amounts of the tumor suppressor protein p53, and this correlated with the presence of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) in the lesions. SMCs grown from the lesions expressed HCMV protein IE84 and high amounts of p53. HCMV infection of cultured SMCs enhanced p53 accumulation, which correlated temporally with IE84 expression. IE84 also bound to p53 and abolished its ability to transcriptionally activate a reporter gene. Thus, HCMV, and IE84-mediated inhibition of p53 function, may contribute to the development of restenosis.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Speir, E -- Modali, R -- Huang, E S -- Leon, M B -- Shawl, F -- Finkel, T -- Epstein, S E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Jul 15;265(5170):391-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Cardiology Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8023160" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; *Angioplasty, Balloon ; Antigens, Viral/*metabolism ; Atherectomy, Coronary ; Base Sequence ; Cells, Cultured ; Coronary Disease/*etiology/pathology/therapy ; Coronary Vessels/cytology/metabolism/microbiology ; Cytomegalovirus/*physiology ; Genes, p53 ; Humans ; Immediate-Early Proteins/*metabolism ; Middle Aged ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology/metabolism/microbiology ; Recurrence ; Transcriptional Activation ; Transfection ; Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/genetics/*metabolism
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  • 74
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    Role of bone marrow-derived cells in presenting MHC class I-restricted tumor antigens (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1994-05-13
    Description: Many tumors express tumor-specific antigens capable of being presented to CD8+ T cells by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules. Antigen presentation models predict that the tumor cell itself should present these antigens to T cells. However, when conditions for the priming of tumor-specific responses were examined in mice, no detectable presentation of MHC class I-restricted tumor antigens by the tumor itself was found. Rather, tumor antigens were exclusively presented by host bone marrow-derived cells. Thus, MHC class I-restricted antigens are efficiently transferred in vivo to bone marrow-derived antigen-presenting cells, which suggests that human leukocyte antigen matching may be less critical in the application of tumor vaccines than previously thought.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Huang, A Y -- Golumbek, P -- Ahmadzadeh, M -- Jaffee, E -- Pardoll, D -- Levitsky, H -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 May 13;264(5161):961-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7513904" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antigen-Presenting Cells/*immunology ; Antigens, Neoplasm/*immunology ; Bone Marrow/immunology ; Bone Marrow Cells ; Colonic Neoplasms/immunology ; Epitopes ; Female ; Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor/genetics/immunology ; H-2 Antigens/immunology ; Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/*immunology ; Melanoma, Experimental/immunology ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Nucleocapsid Proteins ; *Nucleoproteins ; T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/*immunology ; Tumor Cells, Cultured ; Viral Core Proteins/immunology
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 75
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    Effects of cerebral ischemia in mice deficient in neuronal nitric oxide synthase (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1994-09-23
    Description: The proposal that nitric oxide (NO) or its reactant products mediate toxicity in brain remains controversial in part because of the use of nonselective agents that block NO formation in neuronal, glial, and vascular compartments. In mutant mice deficient in neuronal NO synthase (NOS) activity, infarct volumes decreased significantly 24 and 72 hours after middle cerebral artery occlusion, and the neurological deficits were less than those in normal mice. This result could not be accounted for by differences in blood flow or vascular anatomy. However, infarct size in the mutant became larger after endothelial NOS inhibition by nitro-L-arginine administration. Hence, neuronal NO production appears to exacerbate acute ischemic injury, whereas vascular NO protects after middle cerebral artery occlusion. The data emphasize the importance of developing selective inhibitors of the neuronal isoform.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Huang, Z -- Huang, P L -- Panahian, N -- Dalkara, T -- Fishman, M C -- Moskowitz, M A -- NS10828/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- NS2636/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Sep 23;265(5180):1883-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Stroke Research Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown 02129.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7522345" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Oxidoreductases/antagonists & inhibitors/deficiency/*metabolism ; Animals ; Arginine/analogs & derivatives/pharmacology ; Brain/enzymology/*metabolism ; Brain Ischemia/complications/*metabolism ; Cerebral Infarction/*etiology ; Cerebrovascular Circulation ; Female ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mice, Knockout ; Mutation ; Neurons/*enzymology ; Nitric Oxide/*metabolism ; Nitric Oxide Synthase ; Nitroarginine
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  • 76
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    A specific inhibitor of the epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1994-08-19
    Description: A small molecule called PD 153035 inhibited the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor tyrosine kinase with a 5-pM inhibition constant. The inhibitor was specific for the EGF receptor tyrosine kinase and inhibited other purified tyrosine kinases only at micromolar or higher concentrations. PD 153035 rapidly suppressed autophosphorylation of the EGF receptor at low nanomolar concentrations in fibroblasts or in human epidermoid carcinoma cells and selectively blocked EGF-mediated cellular processes including mitogenesis, early gene expression, and oncogenic transformation. PD 153035 demonstrates an increase in potency over that of other tyrosine kinase inhibitors of four to five orders of magnitude for inhibition of isolated EGF receptor tyrosine kinase and three to four orders of magnitude for inhibition of cellular phosphorylation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Fry, D W -- Kraker, A J -- McMichael, A -- Ambroso, L A -- Nelson, J M -- Leopold, W R -- Connors, R W -- Bridges, A J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Aug 19;265(5175):1093-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Parke-Davis Pharmaceutical Research, Division of Warner-Lambert Company, Ann Arbor, MI 48105.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8066447" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: 3T3 Cells ; Animals ; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/drug effects ; Epidermal Growth Factor/pharmacology ; Fibroblast Growth Factor 2/pharmacology ; Gene Expression/drug effects ; Humans ; Kinetics ; Mice ; Mitosis/drug effects ; Phosphorylation/drug effects ; Platelet-Derived Growth Factor/pharmacology ; Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors ; Quinazolines/*antagonists & inhibitors ; Receptor, Epidermal Growth Factor/*antagonists & inhibitors ; Tumor Cells, Cultured ; Tyrosine/metabolism
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  • 77
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    Inhibition of hepatic chylomicron remnant uptake by gene transfer of a receptor antagonist (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1994-06-03
    Description: The low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein (LRP) has been proposed to mediate in concert with the LDL receptor (LDLR) the uptake of dietary lipoproteins into the hepatocytes. This hypothesis was tested by transient inactivation of LRP in vivo. Receptor-associated protein (RAP), a dominant negative regulator of LRP function, was transferred by an adenoviral vector to the livers of mice lacking LDLR (LDLR-/-). The inactivation of LRP by RAP was associated with a marked accumulation of chylomicron remnants in LDLR-/- mice and to a lesser degree in normal mice, suggesting that both LDLR and LRP are involved in remnant clearance.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Willnow, T E -- Sheng, Z -- Ishibashi, S -- Herz, J -- HL20948/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Jun 3;264(5164):1471-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas 75235.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7515194" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenoviridae/genetics ; Animals ; Apolipoprotein B-48 ; Apolipoproteins B/*metabolism ; Carrier Proteins/genetics/*physiology ; Cholesterol/blood ; Chylomicrons/blood/*metabolism ; Gene Transfer Techniques ; Genetic Vectors ; Glycoproteins/genetics/*physiology ; LDL-Receptor Related Protein-Associated Protein ; Liver/*metabolism ; Low Density Lipoprotein Receptor-Related Protein-1 ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Receptors, Immunologic/antagonists & inhibitors/*metabolism ; Receptors, LDL/metabolism ; Triglycerides/blood ; alpha-Macroglobulins/metabolism
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  • 78
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    Cell suicide: by ICE, not fire (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1994-02-11
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Barinaga, M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Feb 11;263(5148):754-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8303290" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Apoptosis ; Caenorhabditis elegans/genetics ; Caspase 1 ; Cells, Cultured ; Free Radicals/metabolism ; Metalloendopeptidases/*genetics/metabolism ; Mice ; Mice, Knockout ; Neurons/cytology ; Oxygen/metabolism ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins/genetics/physiology ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 ; Rats ; bcl-2-Associated X Protein ; bcl-X Protein
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    Association of the protein kinases c-Bcr and Bcr-Abl with proteins of the 14-3-3 family (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1994-10-07
    Description: In this study, a protein that interacts with sequences encoded by the first exon of the protein kinase Bcr was cloned. The Bcr-associated protein 1 (Bap-1) is a member of the 14-3-3 family of proteins. Bap-1 interacts with full-length c-Bcr and with the chimeric Bcr-Abl tyrosine kinase of Philadelphia chromosome (Ph1)-positive human leukemias. Bap-1 is a substrate for the Bcr serine-threonine kinase and is also phosphorylated on tyrosine by Bcr-Abl but not by c-Abl. Bap-1 may function in the regulation of c-Bcr and may contribute to the transforming activity of Bcr-Abl in vivo. 14-3-3 proteins are essential for cell proliferation and have a role in determining the timing of mitosis in yeast. Through direct binding to sequences present in Bcr and in other proteins implicated in signaling, the mammalian 14-3-3 proteins may link specific signaling protein components to mitogenic and cell-cycle control pathways.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Reuther, G W -- Fu, H -- Cripe, L D -- Collier, R J -- Pendergast, A M -- CA61033/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- DK01965/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- GM07184/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- etc. -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Oct 7;266(5182):129-33.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Pharmacology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7939633" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: 14-3-3 Proteins ; Animals ; Cell Division ; Cell Line ; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic ; Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl/*metabolism ; Humans ; Mice ; Phosphorylation ; Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases/metabolism ; Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/*metabolism ; Proteins/isolation & purification/*metabolism ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins/*metabolism ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcr ; Rats ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; *Signal Transduction ; *Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase
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  • 80
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    Targeting of G alpha i2 to the Golgi by alternative spliced carboxyl-terminal region (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1994-01-07
    Description: Heterotrimeric guanosine triphosphate (GTP)-binding proteins (G proteins) may participate in membrane traffic events. A complementary DNA (cDNA) was isolated from a mouse pituitary cDNA library that corresponded to an alternatively spliced form of the gene encoding the G protein alpha subunit G alpha i2. The cDNA was identical to that encoding G alpha i2 except that the region encoding for the carboxyl-terminal 24 amino acids was replaced by a longer region encoding 35 amino acids that have no sequence similarity with G alpha i2 or other members of the G protein family. This alternative spliced product and the corresponding protein (sGi2) were present in several tissues. Specific antibodies revealed that sGi2 was localized in the Golgi apparatus, suggesting a role in membrane transport. Thus, alternative splicing may generate from a single gene two G protein alpha subunits with differential cellular localization and function.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Montmayeur, J P -- Borrelli, E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Jan 7;263(5143):95-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratoire de Genetique Moleculaire des Eucaryotes, CNRS, INSERM U184, Faculte de Medecine, Strasbourg, France.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8272874" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Alternative Splicing ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Base Sequence ; Cell Line ; Cell Membrane/metabolism ; Coatomer Protein ; DNA, Complementary/genetics ; GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunit, Gi2 ; *GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, Gi-Go ; GTP-Binding Proteins/analysis/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Golgi Apparatus/chemistry/*metabolism ; Mice ; Microtubule-Associated Proteins/analysis ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Oncogene Proteins/analysis/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; *Proto-Oncogene Proteins
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    Risk from low-dose exposures (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1994-11-18
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Monro, A M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Nov 18;266(5188):1141.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7973684" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Carcinogenicity Tests/*statistics & numerical data ; Carcinogens/*administration & dosage/toxicity ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Mice ; Mutagenicity Tests ; Neoplasms/*chemically induced ; Rats ; Risk Assessment
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 82
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    Replacement of diseased mouse liver by hepatic cell transplantation (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1994-02-25
    Description: Adult liver has the unusual ability to fully regenerate after injury. Although regeneration is accomplished by the division of mature hepatocytes, the replicative potential of these cells is unknown. Here, the replicative capacity of adult liver cells and their medical usefulness as donor cells for transplantation were investigated by transfer of adult mouse liver cells into transgenic mice that display an endogenous defect in hepatic growth potential and function. The transplanted liver cell populations replaced up to 80 percent of the diseased recipient liver. These findings demonstrate the enormous growth potential of adult hepatocytes, indicating the feasibility of liver cell transplantation as a method to replace lost or diseased hepatic parenchyma.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Rhim, J A -- Sandgren, E P -- Degen, J L -- Palmiter, R D -- Brinster, R L -- HD-23657/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- HD09172/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Feb 25;263(5150):1149-52.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Animal Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8108734" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Genetic Markers ; Hepatectomy ; Liver/*cytology/physiology ; Liver Diseases/*surgery ; Liver Regeneration ; *Liver Transplantation ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mice, Transgenic ; Mitotic Index ; Stem Cells/cytology/physiology
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 83
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    The D2 receptor gene (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1994-10-21
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Crabbe, J C -- Belknap, J K -- Buck, K J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Oct 21;266(5184):352-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7939673" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alcoholism/genetics ; Animals ; Chromosome Mapping ; Mice ; Receptors, Dopamine D2/*genetics/physiology
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 84
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    A molecular determinant for submillisecond desensitization in glutamate receptors (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1994-11-11
    Description: The decay of excitatory postsynaptic currents in central neurons mediated by alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole-propionate (AMPA) receptors is likely to be shaped either by receptor desensitization or by offset after removal of glutamate from the synaptic cleft. Native AMPA receptors show desensitization time constants of 1 to about 10 milliseconds, but the underlying molecular determinants of these large differences are unknown. Cloned AMPA receptors carrying the "flop" splice variants of glutamate receptor subtype C (GluR-C) and GluR-D are shown to have desensitization time constants of around 1 millisecond, whereas those with the "flip" variants are about four times slower. Cerebellar granule cells switch their expression of GluR-D splice variants from mostly flip forms in early stages to predominantly flop forms in the adult rat brain. These findings suggest that rapid desensitization of AMPA receptors can be regulated by the expression and alternative splicing of GluR-D gene transcripts.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mosbacher, J -- Schoepfer, R -- Monyer, H -- Burnashev, N -- Seeburg, P H -- Ruppersberg, J P -- Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Nov 11;266(5187):1059-62.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Max-Planck-Institut fur medizinische Forschung, Heidelberg, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7973663" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alternative Splicing ; Animals ; Cells, Cultured ; Cerebellum/cytology/metabolism ; Cloning, Molecular ; Glutamic Acid/*pharmacology ; In Situ Hybridization ; Oocytes ; Patch-Clamp Techniques ; Rats ; Receptors, AMPA/drug effects/genetics/*physiology ; Recombinant Proteins ; Synaptic Transmission ; Xenopus laevis
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 85
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    Nitric oxide activation of poly(ADP-ribose) synthetase in neurotoxicity (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1994-02-04
    Description: Poly(adenosine 5'-diphosphoribose) synthetase (PARS) is a nuclear enzyme which, when activated by DNA strand breaks, adds up to 100 adenosine 5'-diphosphoribose (ADP-ribose) units to nuclear proteins such as histones and PARS itself. This activation can lead to cell death through depletion of beta-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (the source of ADP-ribose) and adenosine triphosphate. Nitric oxide (NO) stimulated ADP-ribosylation of PARS in rat brain. Benzamide and other derivatives, which inhibit PARS, blocked N-methyl-D-aspartate- and NO-mediated neurotoxicity with relative potencies paralleling their ability to inhibit PARS. Thus, NO appeared to elicit neurotoxicity by activating PARS.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zhang, J -- Dawson, V L -- Dawson, T M -- Snyder, S H -- DA-00074/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- DA-00266/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- DA-271-90-7408/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- etc. -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Feb 4;263(5147):687-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8080500" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Benzamides/pharmacology ; Brain/cytology/drug effects/enzymology ; Cell Death/drug effects ; Cell Line ; Cells, Cultured ; Cerebral Cortex/cytology/drug effects/enzymology ; DNA Damage ; Enzyme Activation ; Humans ; N-Methylaspartate/*toxicity ; Neurons/cytology/*drug effects/enzymology ; Nitric Oxide/*toxicity ; Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerase Inhibitors ; Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases/*metabolism ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley
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  • 86
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    Functional role of type I and type II interferons in antiviral defense (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1994-06-24
    Description: Mice lacking the known subunit of the type I interferon (IFN) receptor were completely unresponsive to type I IFNs, suggesting that this receptor chain is essential for type I IFN-mediated signal transduction. These mice showed no overt anomalies but were unable to cope with viral infections, despite otherwise normal immune responses. Comparison of mice lacking either type I or type II IFN receptors showed that, at least in response to some viruses, both IFN systems are essential for antiviral defense and are functionally nonredundant.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Muller, U -- Steinhoff, U -- Reis, L F -- Hemmi, S -- Pavlovic, J -- Zinkernagel, R M -- Aguet, M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Jun 24;264(5167):1918-21.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute of Molecular Biology I, University of Zurich, Switzerland.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8009221" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alphavirus Infections/immunology ; Animals ; Antibodies, Viral/biosynthesis ; Disease Susceptibility ; Immunity, Innate ; Interferon Type I/*physiology ; Interferon-gamma/*physiology ; Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis/immunology ; Membrane Proteins ; Mice ; Mutation ; Receptor, Interferon alpha-beta ; Receptors, Interferon/genetics/*physiology ; Rhabdoviridae Infections/immunology ; Semliki forest virus ; Signal Transduction ; T-Lymphocytes/immunology ; Vesicular stomatitis Indiana virus ; Virus Diseases/*immunology
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 87
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    Visualization of quantal synaptic transmission by dendritic calcium imaging (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1994-01-28
    Description: As changes in synaptic strength are thought to be critical for learning and memory, it would be useful to monitor the activity of individual identified synapses on mammalian central neurons. Calcium imaging of cortical neurons grown in primary culture was used to visualize the activation of individual postsynaptic elements by miniature excitatory synaptic currents elicited by spontaneous quantal release. This approach revealed that the probability of spontaneous activity differed among synapses on the same dendrite. Furthermore, synapses that undergo changes in activity induced by glutamate or phorbol ester treatment were identified.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Murphy, T H -- Baraban, J M -- Wier, W G -- Blatter, L A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Jan 28;263(5146):529-32.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7904774" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Calcium/*metabolism ; Cells, Cultured ; Cerebral Cortex ; Dendrites/*metabolism ; Glutamates/pharmacology ; Glutamic Acid ; Kinetics ; Microelectrodes ; Neuronal Plasticity ; Neurons/*physiology ; Phorbol Esters/pharmacology ; Rats ; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate/physiology ; Synapses/*physiology ; *Synaptic Transmission ; Tetrodotoxin/pharmacology
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 88
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    Correction of lethal intestinal defect in a mouse model of cystic fibrosis by human CFTR (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1994-12-09
    Description: Cystic fibrosis (CF) is caused by mutations in the gene encoding the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR). A potential animal model of CF, the CFTR-/- mouse, has had limited utility because most mice die from intestinal obstruction during the first month of life. Human CFTR (hCFTR) was expressed in CFTR-/- mice under the control of the rat intestinal fatty acid-binding protein gene promoter. The mice survived and showed functional correction of ileal goblet cell and crypt cell hyperplasia and cyclic adenosine monophosphate-stimulated chloride secretion. These results support the concept that transfer of the hCFTR gene may be a useful strategy for correcting physiologic defects in patients with CF.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zhou, L -- Dey, C R -- Wert, S E -- DuVall, M D -- Frizzell, R A -- Whitsett, J A -- DK38518/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- HL49004/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- HL51832/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Dec 9;266(5191):1705-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Children's Hospital Medical Center, Division of Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7527588" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Base Sequence ; Carrier Proteins/genetics ; Chlorides/metabolism ; Colforsin/pharmacology ; Colon/chemistry/pathology ; Cystic Fibrosis/genetics/metabolism/pathology/*therapy ; Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator ; Disease Models, Animal ; Fatty Acid-Binding Proteins ; Gene Expression ; *Genetic Therapy ; Humans ; Intestinal Mucosa/chemistry/*pathology/secretion ; Intestine, Small/chemistry/pathology ; Membrane Proteins/analysis/*genetics/physiology ; Mice ; Mice, Transgenic ; Molecular Sequence Data ; *Neoplasm Proteins ; *Nerve Tissue Proteins ; Promoter Regions, Genetic ; RNA, Messenger/analysis/genetics ; Rats ; Recombinant Proteins/biosynthesis ; *Tumor Suppressor Proteins
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  • 89
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    Direct signaling from astrocytes to neurons in cultures of mammalian brain cells (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1994-03-25
    Description: Although astrocytes have been considered to be supportive, rather than transmissive, in the adult nervous system, recent studies have challenged this assumption by demonstrating that astrocytes possess functional neurotransmitter receptors. Astrocytes are now shown to directly modulate the free cytosolic calcium, and hence transmission characteristics, of neighboring neurons. When a focal electric field potential was applied to single astrocytes in mixed cultures of rat forebrain astrocytes and neurons, a prompt elevation of calcium occurred in the target cell. This in turn triggered a wave of calcium increase, which propagated from astrocyte to astrocyte. Neurons resting on these astrocytes responded with large increases in their concentration of cytosolic calcium. The gap junction blocker octanol attenuated the neuronal response, which suggests that the astrocytic-neuronal signaling is mediated through intercellular connections rather than synaptically. This neuronal response to local astrocytic stimulation may mediate local intercellular communication within the brain.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Nedergaard, M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Mar 25;263(5154):1768-71.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Surgery, Cornell University Medical College, New York, NY 10021.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8134839" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Astrocytes/drug effects/*metabolism ; Calcium/*metabolism ; Cell Communication ; Cells, Cultured ; Electric Stimulation ; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists ; Gap Junctions/physiology ; Kynurenic Acid/pharmacology ; Neurons/drug effects/*metabolism ; Nifedipine/pharmacology ; Octanols/pharmacology ; Prosencephalon/*cytology/embryology ; Rats ; *Signal Transduction ; Synapses/metabolism ; Tetrodotoxin/pharmacology
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  • 90
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    Forward and reverse genetic approaches to behavior in the mouse (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1994-06-17
    Description: Modern molecular genetic and genomic approaches are revolutionizing the study of behavior in the mouse. "Reverse genetics" (from gene to phenotype) with targeted gene transfer provides a powerful tool to dissect behavior and has been used successfully to study the effects of null mutations in genes implicated in the regulation of long-term potentiation and spatial learning in mice. In addition, "forward genetics" (from phenotype to gene) with high-efficiency mutagenesis in the mouse can uncover unknown genes and has been used to isolate a behavioral mutant of the circadian system. With the recent availability of high-density genetic maps and physical mapping resources, positional cloning of virtually any mutation is now feasible in the mouse. Together, these approaches permit a molecular analysis of both known and previously unknown genes regulating behavior.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3830945/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3830945/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Takahashi, J S -- Pinto, L H -- Vitaterna, M H -- EY08467/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- MH39592/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- MH49241/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- etc. -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Jun 17;264(5166):1724-33.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Neurobiology and Physiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8209253" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Behavior, Animal ; Circadian Rhythm/genetics ; Female ; *Genetic Techniques ; Genetics, Behavioral/*methods ; Learning ; Long-Term Potentiation ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred Strains ; Mice, Knockout ; Mutagenesis
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  • 91
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    Association of intestinal peptide transport with a protein related to the cadherin superfamily (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1994-04-15
    Description: The first step in oral absorption of many medically important peptide-based drugs is mediated by an intestinal proton-dependent peptide transporter. This transporter facilitates the oral absorption of beta-lactam antibiotics and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors from the intestine into enterocytes lining the luminal wall. A monoclonal antibody that blocked uptake of cephalexin was used to identify and clone a gene that encodes an approximately 92-kilodalton membrane protein that was associated with the acquisition of peptide transport activity by transport-deficient cells. The amino acid sequence deduced from the complementary DNA sequence of the cloned gene indicated that this transport-associated protein shares several conserved structural elements with the cadherin superfamily of calcium-dependent, cell-cell adhesion proteins.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Dantzig, A H -- Hoskins, J A -- Tabas, L B -- Bright, S -- Shepard, R L -- Jenkins, I L -- Duckworth, D C -- Sportsman, J R -- Mackensen, D -- Rosteck, P R Jr -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Apr 15;264(5157):430-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8153632" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Biological Transport ; CHO Cells ; Cadherins/*chemistry ; Carrier Proteins/*chemistry/genetics/isolation & purification/metabolism ; Cephalexin/*metabolism ; Cloning, Molecular ; Cricetinae ; Glycosylation ; Humans ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Intestinal Mucosa/*metabolism ; Leucine/analogs & derivatives/metabolism ; *Membrane Transport Proteins ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred A ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Open Reading Frames ; Sequence Homology, Amino Acid ; Transfection ; Tumor Cells, Cultured
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 92
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    Fas and perforin pathways as major mechanisms of T cell-mediated cytotoxicity (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1994-07-22
    Description: Two molecular mechanisms of T cell-mediated cytotoxicity, one perforin-based, the other Fas-based, have been demonstrated. To determine the extent of their contribution to T cell-mediated cytotoxicity, a range of effector cells from normal control or perforin-deficient mice were tested against a panel of target cells with various levels of Fas expression. All cytotoxicity observed was due to either of these mechanisms, and no third mechanism was detected. Thus, the perforin- and Fas-based mechanisms may account for all T cell-mediated cytotoxicity in short-term in vitro assays.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kagi, D -- Vignaux, F -- Ledermann, B -- Burki, K -- Depraetere, V -- Nagata, S -- Hengartner, H -- Golstein, P -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Jul 22;265(5171):528-30.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Pathology, University of Zurich, Switzerland.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7518614" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Antigens, CD95 ; Antigens, Surface/*immunology ; Cells, Cultured ; Concanavalin A/pharmacology ; *Cytotoxicity, Immunologic ; Ionomycin/pharmacology ; Leukemia L1210 ; Lymphocyte Culture Test, Mixed ; Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus/immunology ; Membrane Glycoproteins/*immunology ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Mice, Inbred C3H ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mice, Mutant Strains ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Perforin ; Pore Forming Cytotoxic Proteins ; T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/*immunology ; Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate/pharmacology ; Tumor Cells, Cultured
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  • 93
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    Rescue of T cell-specific V(D)J recombination in SCID mice by DNA-damaging agents (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1994-10-21
    Description: Assembly of antigen receptor V (variable), D (diversity), and J (joining) gene segments requires lymphocyte-specific genes and ubiquitous DNA repair activities. Severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice are defective in general double-strand (ds) DNA break repair and V(D)J coding joint formation, resulting in arrested lymphocyte development. A single treatment of newborn SCID mice with DNA-damaging agents restored functional, diverse, T cell receptor beta chain coding joints, as well as development and expansion of thymocytes expressing both CD4 and CD8 coreceptors, but did not promote B cell development. Thymic lymphoma developed in all mice treated with DNA-damaging agents, suggesting an interrelation between V(D)J recombination, dsDNA break repair, and lymphomagenesis.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Danska, J S -- Pflumio, F -- Williams, C J -- Huner, O -- Dick, J E -- Guidos, C J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Oct 21;266(5184):450-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Surgical Research, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7524150" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Animals, Newborn ; B-Lymphocytes/cytology/immunology ; Base Sequence ; Bleomycin/pharmacology ; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic ; *DNA Damage ; DNA Repair ; Gamma Rays ; *Gene Rearrangement ; Hematopoietic Stem Cells/cytology/immunology ; Lymphoma/etiology/pathology ; Mice ; Mice, SCID ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/*genetics ; T-Lymphocyte Subsets/cytology/immunology ; T-Lymphocytes/cytology/*immunology ; Thymus Neoplasms/etiology/pathology
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  • 94
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    Enhanced aggressive behavior in mice lacking 5-HT1B receptor (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1994-09-23
    Description: The neuromodulator serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) has been associated with mood disorders such as depression, anxiety, and impulsive violence. To define the contribution of 5-HT receptor subtypes to behavior, mutant mice lacking the 5-HT1B receptor were generated by homologous recombination. These mice did not exhibit any obvious developmental or behavioral defects. However, the hyperlocomotor effect of the 5-HT1A/1B agonist RU24969 was absent in mutant mice, indicating that this effect is mediated by 5-HT1B receptors. Moreover, when confronted with an intruder, mutant mice attacked the intruder faster and more intensely than did wild-type mice, suggesting the participation of 5-HT1B receptors in aggressive behavior.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Saudou, F -- Amara, D A -- Dierich, A -- LeMeur, M -- Ramboz, S -- Segu, L -- Buhot, M C -- Hen, R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Sep 23;265(5180):1875-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratoire de Genetique Moleculaire des Eucaryotes du CNRS, U184 de l'INSERM, Faculte de Medecine, Strasbourg, France.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8091214" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Aggression/*physiology ; Animals ; Brain Chemistry ; Chimera ; Female ; Indoles/pharmacology ; Male ; Mice ; Motor Activity/drug effects ; Mutation ; Pindolol/analogs & derivatives/metabolism ; Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT1B ; Receptors, Serotonin/analysis/genetics/*physiology ; Recombination, Genetic ; Serotonin Receptor Agonists/pharmacology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Adequate supplies of fruits and vegetables (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1994-11-25
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Abelson, P H -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Nov 25;266(5189):1303.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7973710" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Carcinogenicity Tests ; Diet ; Female ; *Fruit ; *Fungicides, Industrial/toxicity ; Humans ; Male ; Mice ; United States ; United States Environmental Protection Agency ; *Vegetables
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 96
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    p53 status and the efficacy of cancer therapy in vivo (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1994-11-04
    Description: The therapeutic responsiveness of genetically defined tumors expressing or devoid of the p53 tumor suppressor gene was compared in immunocompromised mice. Tumors expressing the p53 gene contained a high proportion of apoptotic cells and typically regressed after treatment with gamma radiation or adriamycin. In contrast, p53-deficient tumors treated with the same regimens continued to enlarge and contained few apoptotic cells. Acquired mutations in p53 were associated with both treatment resistance and relapse in p53-expressing tumors. These results establish that defects in apoptosis, here caused by the inactivation of p53, can produce treatment-resistant tumors and suggest that p53 status may be an important determinant of tumor response to therapy.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lowe, S W -- Bodis, S -- McClatchey, A -- Remington, L -- Ruley, H E -- Fisher, D E -- Housman, D E -- Jacks, T -- 5R27CA17575/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- CA14051/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01CA40602/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- etc. -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Nov 4;266(5186):807-10.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 02139.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7973635" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Apoptosis ; Doxorubicin/*therapeutic use ; Drug Resistance ; Fibrosarcoma/drug therapy/*genetics/radiotherapy/*therapy ; *Gamma Rays ; *Genes, p53/genetics ; Immunocompromised Host ; Mice ; Mice, Nude ; Mutation ; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local ; Neoplasm Transplantation ; Radiation Tolerance
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Diversity of endogenous epitopes bound to MHC class II molecules limited by invariant chain (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1994-03-04
    Description: The invariant chain (Ii) binds nascent major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules, blocking peptide binding until the complex dissociates in the endosomes. This may serve to differentiate the MHC class I and II antigen presentation pathways and enable class II molecules to efficiently bind peptides in the endosomes. This hypothesis was addressed by probing spleen cells from a combination of knock-out and transgenic mice with a large panel of T cell hybridomas. The Ii molecule blocked the presentation of a range of endogenously synthesized epitopes, but some epitopes actually required Ii. Thus, the influence of Ii on presentation does not follow simple rules. In addition, mice expressing Ii were not tolerant to epitopes unmasked in its absence, a finding with possible implications for autoimmunity.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bodmer, H -- Viville, S -- Benoist, C -- Mathis, D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Mar 4;263(5151):1284-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratoire de Genetique Moleculaire des Eucaryotes du CNRS, Strasbourg, France.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7510069" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Antigen-Presenting Cells/*immunology ; *Antigens, Differentiation, B-Lymphocyte ; Epitopes/*immunology ; Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/genetics/*immunology ; Hybridomas ; Mice ; Mice, Knockout ; Mice, Transgenic ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Myelin Basic Protein/immunology ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/immunology ; T-Lymphocytes/*immunology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Modulation of epithelial cell growth by intraepithelial gamma delta T cells (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1994-11-18
    Description: The role played in immune surveillance by gamma delta T cells residing in various epithelia has not been clear. It is shown here that activated gamma delta T cells obtained from skin and intestine express the epithelial cell mitogen keratinocyte growth factor (KGF). In contrast, intraepithelial alpha beta T cells, as well as all lymphoid alpha beta and gamma delta T cell populations tested, did not produce KGF or promote the growth of cultured epithelial cells. These results suggest that intraepithelial gamma delta T cells function in surveillance and in repair of damaged epithelial tissues.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Boismenu, R -- Havran, W L -- AI32751/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Nov 18;266(5188):1253-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Immunology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7973709" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Base Sequence ; Cell Division ; Cell Line ; Cells, Cultured ; Cloning, Molecular ; Dendritic Cells/*physiology ; Epithelial Cells ; Fibroblast Growth Factor 10 ; Fibroblast Growth Factor 7 ; *Fibroblast Growth Factors ; Growth Substances/*biosynthesis/genetics ; Keratinocytes/*cytology ; Lymphocyte Activation ; Mice ; Molecular Sequence Data ; *Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta ; T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology/metabolism/*physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 99
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    Regulation of melanin biosynthesis in the human epidermis by tetrahydrobiopterin (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1994-03-11
    Description: The participation of (6R) 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin (6-BH4) in regulating the tyrosine supply for melanin biosynthesis was investigated by the examination of human keratinocytes, melanocytes, and epidermal suction blisters from normal human skin and from patients with the depigmentation disorder vitiligo. Cells, as well as total epidermis, contained high phenylalanine hydroxylase activities and also displayed the capacity to synthesize and recycle 6-BH4, the essential cofactor for this enzyme. In vitiligo, 4a-hydroxy-BH4 dehydratase activity was extremely low or absent, yielding an accumulation of the nonenzymatic by-product 7-tetrahydrobiopterin (7-BH4) at concentrations up to 8 x 10(-6) M in the epidermis. This by-product is a potent competitive inhibitor in the phenylalanine hydroxylase reaction with an inhibition constant of 10(-6) M. Thus, 6-BH4 seems to control melanin biosynthesis in the human epidermis, whereas 7-BH4 may initiate depigmentation in patients with vitiligo.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Schallreuter, K U -- Wood, J M -- Pittelkow, M R -- Gutlich, M -- Lemke, K R -- Rodl, W -- Swanson, N N -- Hitzemann, K -- Ziegler, I -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Mar 11;263(5152):1444-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Dermatology, University of Hamburg, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8128228" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Biopterin/*analogs & derivatives/biosynthesis/metabolism/pharmacology ; Cell Differentiation ; Cells, Cultured ; Epidermis/*metabolism ; GTP Cyclohydrolase/metabolism ; Humans ; Keratinocytes/metabolism ; Melanins/*biosynthesis ; Melanocytes/metabolism ; Phenylalanine Hydroxylase/antagonists & inhibitors/metabolism ; Tyrosine/biosynthesis ; Vitiligo/*metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Padlock probes: circularizing oligonucleotides for localized DNA detection (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1994-09-30
    Description: Nucleotide sequence information derived from DNA segments of the human and other genomes is accumulating rapidly. However, it frequently proves difficult to use such short DNA segments to identify clones in genomic libraries or fragments in blots of the whole genome or for in situ analysis of chromosomes. Oligonucleotide probes, consisting of two target-complementary segments, connected by a linker sequence, were designed. Upon recognition of the specific nucleic acid molecule the ends of the probes were joined through the action of a ligase, creating circular DNA molecules catenated to the target sequence. These probes thus provide highly specific detection with minimal background.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Nilsson, M -- Malmgren, H -- Samiotaki, M -- Kwiatkowski, M -- Chowdhary, B P -- Landegren, U -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Sep 30;265(5181):2085-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Beijer Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, Biomedical Center, Uppsala, Sweden.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7522346" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Base Sequence ; Cells, Cultured ; Chromosomes, Human, Pair 12 ; Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator ; DNA/*analysis ; DNA, Circular/*analysis ; Genetic Vectors ; Humans ; In Situ Hybridization ; Lymphocytes ; Membrane Proteins/genetics ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Nucleic Acid Conformation ; *Oligonucleotide Probes/chemistry ; Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid ; Templates, Genetic
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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