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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental biology online 4 (1999), S. 1-59 
    ISSN: 1430-3418
    Keywords: Cardiovascular physiology ; Chloramine-T ; Gas exchange ; Rainbow trout ; Respiration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In order to establish whether the blood gas respiratory disturbances noted with exposure to chloramine-T are due to differences in the rates of uptake of O2 and excretion of CO2 or gill blood flow, adult rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were fitted with dorsal aorta and bulbus arteriosus catheters to facilitate blood pressure recordings, an ultrasonic blood flow probe and opercular impedance electrodes. Fish received either a 45-min static exposure to 9 mg l−1 chloramine-T or tap water (control) and continuous recordings of blood pressure, and ventilation frequency and amplitude were made. Pre- and post-exposure arterial and venous blood samples were taken and analyzed for O2 and CO2 content, hemoglobin concentration and hematocrit. Chloramine-T exposure had no effect on any of the continuously recorded parameters. However, individual measurements (made immediately prior to and following exposure) of cardiac output and O2 uptake rates increased significantly following exposure to chloramine-T compared to before exposure. CO2 excretion rates were unaffected by chloramine-T exposure. Calculation of the perfusion convection requirement showed a significant increase for CO2 but not for O2. It was concluded that increases in O2 uptake resulted from increased cardiac output but that CO2 excretion, a diffusion-limited process, was not increased due to additional diffusive limitations caused by the irritant effect of chloramine-T.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish biology 45 (1994), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1095-8649
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, were subjected to either physical stress (twice daily chasing to exhaustion for 5 days) or a period of 2 months of fasting. Following these treatments, the levels of catecholamines, adrenaline and noradrenaline, stored within the kidney and posterior cardinal vein (PCV) were determined. The ability of the catecholamine-storing chromaffin cells to release catecholamines in response to cholinergic stimulation was measured using an in situ saline-perfused PCV preparation.In the physically stressed fish, the concentration (μg catecholamine g−1 tissue) of noradrenaline within the anterior and middle thirds of the kidney increased; the concentration of adrenaline was unchanged in all tissues. The content (μg) of noradrenaline or adrenaline, within the various tissues, was similar in both groups of fish with the exception of a higher noradrenaline content in the middle third of the kidney in the physically stressed fish. The total catecholamine content (μg catecholamine) of these tissues (kidney+PCV) was unaffected by physical stress.With the exception of a lower concentration of adrenaline in the middle third of the kidney, the concentrations of catecholamines were unaffected by fasting. There was a trend towards a greater content (μg) of noradrenaline within all of the tissue regions of the fed fish, however, a significant difference was only observed in the anterior third of the kidney. The content of adrenaline in the fed fish was greater in all regions of the kidney as well as the middle third of the PCV. The total catecholamine content (kidney + PCV) was lower in the fasted fish owing to significantly lower PCV and kidney masses.Prolonged physical stress caused a decrease in the responsiveness of the chromaffin cells to the cholinoceptor agonist carbachol (10−8 to 10−4mol). The ED50 (the dose of carbachol required to elicit a half maximal response) for catecholamine release was 0·96 ± 10−6mol carbachol in the physically stressed fish and 0·84 ± 10−7 in the control fish. Fasting did not alter the pattern of catecholamine release. The ED50 values were 0·96 ± 10−7 and 1·24 ± 10−7 mol for fasted and fed fish, respectively. Thus, a physical stress affected both catecholamine storage and release whereas fasting affected only storage and not the release process.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 59 (1997), S. 325-347 
    ISSN: 0066-4278
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Biology
    Notes: Abstract This review focuses on the structure and function of the branchial chloride cell in freshwater fishes. The mitochondria-rich chloride cell is believed to be the principal site of trans-epithelial Ca2+ and Cl- influxes. Though currently debated, there is accruing evidence that the pavement cell is the site of Na+ uptake via channels linked electrically to an apical membrane vacuolar H+-ATPase (proton pump). Chloride cells perform an integral role in acid-base regulation. During conditions of alkalosis, the surface area of exposed chloride cells is increased, which serves to enhance base equivalent excretion as the rate of Cl-/HCO3- exchange is increased. Conversely, during acidosis, the chloride cell surface area is diminished by an expansion of the adjacent pavement cells. This response reduces the number of functional Cl-/HCO3- exchangers. Under certain conditions that challenge ion regulation, chloride cells proliferate on the lamellae. This response, while optimizing the Ca2+ and Cl- transport capacity of the gill, causes a thickening of the blood-to-water diffusion barrier and thus impedes respiratory gas transfer.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1573-5168
    Keywords: fish ; chloride cell ; morphology ; kinetics ; Km ; Jmax ; acid-base
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Marked morphological responses occur in the gills of freshwater rainbow trout in response to experimental acid-base disturbance and these responses play an important role in acid-base correction. Compensated respiratory acidosis induced by 70h exposure to environmental hyperoxia (elevated water PO2) caused a 33% decrease in branchial chloride cell fractional surface area (CCFA). Metabolic alkalosis induced by normoxic recovery (6h) from hyperoxia (72h) caused a 50% increase in CCFA, whereas metabolic alkalosis induced by infusion (19h) of NaHCO3 caused a 70% rise. However, the largest increase (135%) in CCFA was seen in response to infusion (19h) of HCl. NaCl infusion had no effect. A particular goal was to assess the relative importance of changes in CCFA vs. changes in internal substrate (HCO3 −) availability in regulating the activity of the branchial Cl−/HCO3 − exchange system. For each of the experimental treatments, the accompanying blood acid-base status and branchial transport kinetics (Km, Jmax) for Cl− uptake had been determined in earlier studies. In the present study, a positive linear relationship was established between CCFA and JCl− max in individual control fish in the absence of an acid-base disturbance. By reference to this relationship, observed changes in JCl− max during metabolic acid-base disturbances were clearly due to changes in both CCFA and internal substrate levels (plasma [HCO3 −]) with the two factors having approximately equal influence.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Fish physiology and biochemistry 12 (1994), S. 455-463 
    ISSN: 1573-5168
    Keywords: erythrocyte ; trout ; eel ; hypoxia ; Na+/H+ antiporter ; catecholamines
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The presumptive Na+/H+ exchange sites of trout and eel erythrocytes were quantified using amiloride-displaceable 5-(N-methyl-N-[3H]isobutyl)-amiloride (3H-MIA) equilibrium binding to further evaluate the mechanisms of i) hypoxia-mediated modifications in the trout erythrocyte β-adrenergic signal transduction system and ii) the marked differences in the catecholamine responsiveness of this system between the trout and eel. MIA was a more potent inhibitor of both trout apparent erythrocyte proton extrusion (IC50 = 20.1 ± 1.1 μmol l−1, N = 6) activity (as evaluated by measuring plasma pH changes after addition of catecholamine in vitro) and specific 3H-MIA binding (IC50 = 257 ± 8.2 nmol l−1, N = 3) than amiloride, which possessed a proton extrusion IC50 of 26.1 ± 1.6 μmol l−1 (N = 6) and a binding IC50 of 891 ± 113 nmol l−1 (N = 3). The specific Na+ channel blocker phenamil was without effect on adrenergic proton extrusion activity or specific 3H-MIA binding. Trout erythrocytes suspended in Na+-free saline and maintained under normoxic conditions possessed 37,675 ± 6,678 (N = 6) amiloride-displaceable 3H-MIA binding sites per cell (Bmax, presumptive Na+/H+ antiporters) with an apparent dissociation constant (KD) of 244 ± 29 nmol l−1 (N = 6). Acute hypoxia (PO2 = 1.2 kPa; 30 min) did not affect the KD, yet resulted in a 65% increase in the number of presumptive Na+/H+ antiporters. Normoxic eel erythrocytes, similarly suspended in Na+-free saline, possessed only 17,133 ± 3,716 presumptive Na+/H+ antiporters (N = 6), 45% of that of trout erythrocytes, with a similar KD (246 ± 41 nmol l−1, N = 6). These findings suggest that inter- and intra-specific differences in the responsiveness of the teleost erythrocyte β-adrenergic signal transduction system can be explained, in part, by differences in the numbers of Na+/H+ exchange sites.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Fish physiology and biochemistry 14 (1995), S. 519-524 
    ISSN: 1573-5168
    Keywords: hypoxia ; β-adrenoceptors ; red blood cells ; rainbow trout
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, were exposed to 48h of environmental hypoxia (water partial pressure of oxygen = 8.0 kPa) at either 5 or 15°C. Blood was sampled during hypoxia via a dorsal aorta cannula to measure arterial blood partial pressure of oxygen and plasma catecholamine concentrations. After 48h, the number (Bmax) and dissociation constant (Kd) of red blood cell surface β-adrenoceptors were determined using a radioligand-displacement binding assay. At 5°C, plasma catecholamine levels were elevated at 24h whereas at 15°C, levels were elevated at 48h. At either temperature, following 48h of hypoxia, there was no change in Bmax or Kd of red blood cell surface β-adrenoceptors, compared to normoxic control fish. This study demonstrates that chronic exposure to moderate hypoxia does not affect the number or affinity of cell surface β-adrenoceptors on trout red blood cells.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Fish physiology and biochemistry 6 (1989), S. 297-308 
    ISSN: 1573-5168
    Keywords: oxygen ; carbon dioxide ; ammonia ; gills ; trout ; blood ; perfusion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Gas transfer and blood acid-base status in the blood-perfused trout head preparation (in vitro) were compared with intact trout (in vivo) fitted with oral membranes, dorsal aortic, ventral aortic, and opercular cannulae. Gas transfer rates were calculated from both arterial-venous blood differences and inspired-expired water differences using the Fick method. Oxygen uptake $$(\dot M_{O2} )$$ and carbon dioxide excretion $$(\dot M_{CO_2 } )$$ were lower, while ammonia excretion $$(\dot M_{Amm} )$$ was higher, in the blood-perfused head relative toin vivo rates. Gas transfer rates calculated from water were consistently greater than rates calculated from blood, the difference being greaterin vitro compared toin vivo. We conclude that the inadequacy of O2 and CO2 transfer in the blood-perfused head was not due to abnormal gill diffusive conductance, but was more likely related to the reduced magnitude of the blood-to-water O2 and CO2 diffusion gradients, low hematocrit, and decreased perfusion flow rate $$(\dot Vb)$$ . Under the conditions of the present study, the blood-perfused trout head is not a suitable preparation for the study of oxygen transfer. We conclude this preparation is useful for evaluating branchial carbon dioxide or ammonia transfer only when comparable measurements or manipulations cannot be made on intact fish.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Fish physiology and biochemistry 11 (1993), S. 195-203 
    ISSN: 1573-5168
    Keywords: catecholamines ; cortisol ; cyclic AMP ; fish ; red blood cell ; hepatocyte ; hypoxia ; stress ; oxygen ; adrenoreceptors
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'élévation des niveaux de cathécolamines plasmatiques pendant un stress aigu déclenche une série de mécanismes physiologiques et biochimiques de compensation destinés à suprimer les effets destructeurs du stress sur les transport d'oxygène par le sang. L'activation β-adrénergique de l'antipore Na+/H+ associé à la membrane des globules rouges du sang (rbc) est particulièrement importante. Après activation, l'antipore Na+/H+ excrète du globule rouge H+ et l'alcalinisation du milieu intérieur du globule qui en résulte sert à stimuler l'affinité et la capacité de liaison hémoglobine-O2. L'activation de l'échangeur Na+/H+ est dépendante de l'accumulation intracellulaire d'AMP cyclique. La quantité d'AMP cyclique accumulée est déterminée en partie par le nombre et/ou l'affinité des β-adrénorécepteurs situés à la surface des cellules. Des études récentes montrent que le nombre de β-adrénorécepteurs de surface augmente rapidement pendant une hypoxie aigue et que ce phénomène pourrait expliquer la stimulation de la réponse des globules rouges hypoxiques à des cathécolamines exogènes. Dans certains cas, les niveaux plasmatiques de cortisol et de cathécolamine augmentent simultanément. Nous avons récemment montré qu'une augmentation chronique (10 jours) des niveaux de cortisol in vivo ou une élévation de courte durée (24h) in vitro conduisent à une augmentation des β-adrénorécepteurs internalisés. Suite à l'exposition de globules rouges à une hypoxie, ces nouveaux récepteurs sont rapidement recrutés à la surface de la cellule où ils deviennent fonctionnellement couplés à l'adénylate cyclase. En dernier lieu donc, une élévation chronique des niveaux de cortisol augmente la réponse des globules rouges aux cathécolamines circulants. Nous avons récemment identifié une augmentation similaire des β-adrénorécepteurs de surface cellulaire par le cortisol et une réponse physiologique (glycogénolyse) stimulée par les cathécolamines dans les hépatocytes de truite. Ainsi, une élévation chronique des niveaux de cortisol semble être en général adaptative et augmentant la sensibilité du système de transduction du signal β-adrénergique dans au moins 2 types de cellules (les globules rouges et les hépatocytes) impliquées dans l'amélioration du stress aigu quand les niveaux de cathécolamine plasmatique augmentent.
    Notes: Abstract The elevation of plasma catecholamine levels during acute stress initiates a series of compensatory physiological and biochemical mechanisms to alleviate the disruptive effects of stress on blood oxygen transport. Of particular importance is the β-adrenergic activation of a Na+/H+ antiporter associated with the red blood cell (rbc) membrane. Upon activation, the Na+/H+ antiporter extrudes H+ from the rbc and the resultant alkalinization of the rbc interior serves to enhance both the affinity and the capacity of haemoglobin O2 binding. The activation of the Na+/H+ exchanger is dependent upon the intracellular accumulation of cyclic AMP. The extent of cyclic AMP accumulation is determined, in part, by the number and/or affinities of cell surface β-adrenoreceptors. Recent studies have shown that the number of cell surface β-adrenoreceptors are rapidly increased during acute hypoxia and that this phenomenon may explain the enhanced responsiveness of hypoxic rbc's to exogenous catecholamines. In certain instances, plasma catecholamine and cortisol levels rise concurrently. We recently have shown that chronic (10 day) elevation of cortisol levels, in vivo, or short-term (24h) elevation, in vitro, caused significant elevation of internalized β-adrenoreceptors. Upon exposure of the rbc's to hypoxia, these additional receptors are rapidly recruited to the cell surface where they become functionally coupled to adenylate cyclase. Ultimately, therefore, chronic elevation of plasma cortisol levels increases the responsiveness of the rbc to circulating catecholamines. We recently have identified similar enhancement of cell surface β-adrenoreceptors by cortisol and increased physiological responsiveness (glycogenolysis) to catecholamines in trout hepatocytes. Thus, chronic elevation of cortisol levels appears to be generally adaptive for increasing the sensitivity of the β-adrenergic signal transduction system of at least two cell types (rbc's, hepatocytes) involved in the amelioration of acute stress when plasma catecholamine levels rise.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Fish physiology and biochemistry 15 (1996), S. 83-94 
    ISSN: 1573-5168
    Keywords: Oncorhynchus mykiss ; anaemia ; phenylhydrazine ; red blood cell ; CO2 excretion ; HCO3 − dehydration ; Cl−/HCO3 − exchange ; ventilation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effects of severe experimental anaemia on red blood cell HCO3 − dehydrationin vitro were examined in rainbow trout,Oncorhynchus mykiss. After 5 days of anaemia (haematocrit=4.9±1.1%) induced by intraperitoneal injection of phenylhydrazine hydrochloride, fish displayed elevated arterial CO2 tensions (anaemic PaCO2=3.19±0.42 torrvs. control PaCO2=1.35±0.17 torr) and a significant acidosis (anaemic pHa=7.73±0.04vs. control pHa=7.99±0.04). However, after 15–20 days of anaemia (hct=6.6±0.8%) induced by blood withdrawal, the arterial CO2 tension was significantly lower than the control value, suggesting that physiological adjustments occurred within this time period to compensate for the lowered haematocrit. Compensation probably did not involve alterations in ventilation, which was unaffected by 5 days of anaemia (anaemic $$\dot V$$ ;w=786±187 ml min−1 kg−1 vs. control $$\dot V$$ ;w=945±175 min−1 kg−1), based on indirect Fick principle measurements. Potential adaptations to longer term anaemia at the level of the red blood cells were investigated using a radioisotopic HCO3 − dehydration assay. Owing to the difference in haematocrits, the HCO3 − dehydration rate for blood from anaemic fish was significantly lower than that for control fish following equilibration at the same CO2 tension. This difference was eliminated when HCO3 − dehydration rates were measured on blood samples adjusted to the same haematocrit, a result which implies that the intrinsic rate of CO2 excretion at the level of the red blood cell was not ‘up-regulated’ during anaemia. The difference was also eliminated by equilibrating the blood samples with CO2 tensions appropriate for the group from which the sample was obtained,i.e., PCO2=1.4 torr for control samples and PCO2=3.2 torr for anaemic samples; each at the appropriate haematocrit. It is concluded that the elevated PaCO2 helps to reset CO2 excretion to the control level, but that some additional physiological adjustment occurs to lower the PaCO2 after 15–20 days of anaemia.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 259 (1990), S. 429-442 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Gill ; Cortisol ; Chloride cells ; Ionic uptake ; Salmo gairdneri (Teleostei)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Daily intramuscular injection of cortisol (4 mg kg−1 body weight) in rainbow trout,Salmo gairdneri, for 10 days caused significant increases in the number and individual apical surface area of gill chloride cells per mm2 of filament epithelium. Concomitantly, whole body influxes of sodium (Na+) and chloride (Cl−) increased. Acute (3 h) intra-arterial infusion of cortisol did not affect whole body Na+ or Cl− influx. A significant correlation was observed between both Na+ and Cl− influxes and the fractional apical surface area of filament chloride cells in control, sham (saline-injected) and experimental (cortisol-injected) fish. The chloride cells displayed similar ultrastructural modifications in trout undergoing cortisol treatment as in trout transferred to ion-deficient water. These findings suggest the existence of structure/function relationships in which branchial chloride cell morphology is an important determinant of Na+ and Cl− transport capacity. We conclude that chronic cortisol treatment enhances whole body Na+ and Cl− influxes by promoting proliferation of branchial chloride cells. The results of correlation analysis indicate that the chloride cell is an important site of NaCl uptake in freshwater rainbow trout.
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