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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2012-01-25
    Description: Enhancement of cerebral blood flow by hypoxia is critical for brain function, but signaling systems underlying its regulation have been unclear. We report a pathway mediating hypoxia-induced cerebral vasodilation in studies monitoring vascular disposition in cerebellar slices and in intact mouse brains using two-photon intravital laser scanning microscopy. In this cascade, hypoxia elicits cerebral vasodilation via the coordinate actions of H2S formed by cystathionine β-synthase (CBS) and CO generated by heme oxygenase (HO)-2. Hypoxia diminishes CO generation by HO-2, an oxygen sensor. The constitutive CO physiologically inhibits CBS, and hypoxia leads to increased levels of H2S that mediate the vasodilation of precapillary arterioles. Mice with targeted deletion of HO-2 or CBS display impaired vascular responses to hypoxia. Thus, in intact adult brain cerebral cortex of HO-2–null mice, imaging mass spectrometry reveals an impaired ability to maintain ATP levels on hypoxia.
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2001-05-26
    Description: Mature erythrocytes in mammals have no nuclei, although they differentiate from nucleated precursor cells. The mechanism by which enucleation occurs is not well understood. Here we show that deoxyribonuclease II (DNase II) is indispensable for definitive erythropoiesis in mouse fetal liver. No live DNase II-null mice were born, owing to severe anemia. When mutant fetal liver cells were transferred into lethally irradiated wild-type mice, mature red blood cells were generated from the mutant cells, suggesting that DNase II functions in a non-cell-autonomous manner. Histochemical analyses indicated that the critical cellular sources of DNase II are macrophages present at the site of definitive erythropoiesis in the fetal liver. Thus, DNase II in macrophages appears to be responsible for destroying the nuclear DNA expelled from erythroid precursor cells.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kawane, K -- Fukuyama, H -- Kondoh, G -- Takeda, J -- Ohsawa, Y -- Uchiyama, Y -- Nagata, S -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 May 25;292(5521):1546-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Genetics, Osaka University Medical School, and Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Corporation, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11375492" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Apoptosis ; Cell Differentiation ; Cell Transplantation ; DNA/analysis/metabolism ; DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Endodeoxyribonucleases/genetics/*metabolism ; Erythroblasts/cytology/metabolism ; Erythroid Precursor Cells/cytology/metabolism ; *Erythropoiesis ; Fetus/enzymology ; Gene Targeting ; Globins/genetics/metabolism ; *Hematopoiesis, Extramedullary ; Kruppel-Like Transcription Factors ; Liver/cytology/*embryology/enzymology/*physiology ; Lysosomes/enzymology ; Macrophages/chemistry/*enzymology/ultrastructure ; Mice ; Mice, Knockout ; Mutation ; RNA, Messenger/genetics/metabolism ; Transcription Factors/genetics/metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2008-04-04
    Description: Efficient phagocytosis of apoptotic cells is crucial for tissue homeostasis and the immune response. Rab5 is known as a key regulator of the early endocytic pathway and we have recently shown that Rab5 is also implicated in apoptotic cell engulfment; however, the precise spatio-temporal dynamics of Rab5 activity remain unknown. Here, using a newly developed fluorescence resonance energy transfer biosensor, we describe a change in Rab5 activity during the engulfment of apoptotic thymocytes. Rab5 activity on phagosome membranes began to increase on disassembly of the actin coat encapsulating phagosomes. Rab5 activation was either continuous or repetitive for up to 10 min, but it ended before the collapse of engulfed apoptotic cells. Expression of a dominant-negative mutant of Rab5 delayed this collapse of apoptotic thymocytes, showing a role for Rab5 in phagosome maturation. Disruption of microtubules with nocodazole inhibited Rab5 activation on the phagosome membrane without perturbing the engulfment of apoptotic cells. Furthermore, we found that Gapex-5 is the guanine nucleotide exchange factor essential for Rab5 activation during the engulfment of apoptotic cells. Gapex-5 was bound to a microtubule-tip-associating protein, EB1, whose depletion inhibited Rab5 activation during phagocytosis. We therefore propose a mechanistic model in which the recruitment of Gapex-5 to phagosomes through the microtubule network induces the transient Rab5 activation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kitano, Masahiro -- Nakaya, Michio -- Nakamura, Takeshi -- Nagata, Shigekazu -- Matsuda, Michiyuki -- England -- Nature. 2008 May 8;453(7192):241-5. doi: 10.1038/nature06857. Epub 2008 Apr 2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory of Bioimaging and Cell Signaling, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Yoshida Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18385674" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Actins/metabolism ; Animals ; Apoptosis ; Cells, Cultured ; Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer ; Genes, Dominant ; Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factors/genetics/metabolism ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Microtubule-Associated Proteins/metabolism ; Microtubules/drug effects ; Nocodazole/pharmacology ; Phagocytosis/drug effects ; Phagosomes/drug effects/*metabolism ; Swiss 3T3 Cells ; Thymus Gland/cytology/drug effects/metabolism ; rab5 GTP-Binding Proteins/genetics/*metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2009-06-30
    Description: Innate immunity is stimulated not only by viral or bacterial components, but also by non-microbial danger signals (damage-associated molecular patterns). One of the damage-associated molecular patterns is chromosomal DNA that escapes degradation. In programmed cell death and erythropoiesis, DNA from dead cells or nuclei expelled from erythroblasts is digested by DNase II in the macrophages after they are engulfed. DNase II(-/-) (also known as Dnase2a(-/-)) mice suffer from severe anaemia or chronic arthritis due to interferon-beta (IFN-beta) and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) produced from the macrophages carrying undigested DNA in a Toll-like receptor (TLR)-independent mechanism. Here we show that Eyes absent 4 (EYA4), originally identified as a co-transcription factor, stimulates the expression of IFN-beta and CXCL10 in response to the undigested DNA of apoptotic cells. EYA4 enhanced the innate immune response against viruses (Newcastle disease virus and vesicular stomatitis virus), and could associate with signalling molecules (IPS-1 (also known as MAVS), STING (TMEM173) and NLRX1). Three groups have previously shown that EYA has phosphatase activity. We found that mouse EYA family members act as a phosphatase for both phosphotyrosine and phosphothreonine. The haloacid dehalogenase domain at the carboxy terminus contained the tyrosine-phosphatase, and the amino-terminal half carried the threonine-phosphatase. Mutations of the threonine-phosphatase, but not the tyrosine-phosphatase, abolished the ability of EYA4 to enhance the innate immune response, suggesting that EYA regulates the innate immune response by modulating the phosphorylation state of signal transducers for the intracellular pathogens.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Okabe, Yasutaka -- Sano, Teruyuki -- Nagata, Shigekazu -- England -- Nature. 2009 Jul 23;460(7254):520-4. doi: 10.1038/nature08138. Epub 2009 Jun 28.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Medical Chemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19561593" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Apoptosis ; Cell Line ; Chemokine CXCL10/metabolism ; Gene Expression Regulation/*immunology ; Humans ; Immunity, Innate/*immunology ; Interferon-beta/metabolism ; Membrane Proteins/metabolism ; Mice ; Mitochondrial Proteins/metabolism ; Phosphoprotein Phosphatases/*metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; Trans-Activators/*metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2010-11-26
    Description: In all animal cells, phospholipids are asymmetrically distributed between the outer and inner leaflets of the plasma membrane. This asymmetrical phospholipid distribution is disrupted in various biological systems. For example, when blood platelets are activated, they expose phosphatidylserine (PtdSer) to trigger the clotting system. The PtdSer exposure is believed to be mediated by Ca(2+)-dependent phospholipid scramblases that transport phospholipids bidirectionally, but its molecular mechanism is still unknown. Here we show that TMEM16F (transmembrane protein 16F) is an essential component for the Ca(2+)-dependent exposure of PtdSer on the cell surface. When a mouse B-cell line, Ba/F3, was treated with a Ca(2+) ionophore under low-Ca(2+) conditions, it reversibly exposed PtdSer. Using this property, we established a Ba/F3 subline that strongly exposed PtdSer by repetitive fluorescence-activated cell sorting. A complementary DNA library was constructed from the subline, and a cDNA that caused Ba/F3 to expose PtdSer spontaneously was identified by expression cloning. The cDNA encoded a constitutively active mutant of TMEM16F, a protein with eight transmembrane segments. Wild-type TMEM16F was localized on the plasma membrane and conferred Ca(2+)-dependent scrambling of phospholipids. A patient with Scott syndrome, which results from a defect in phospholipid scrambling activity, was found to carry a mutation at a splice-acceptor site of the gene encoding TMEM16F, causing the premature termination of the protein.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Suzuki, Jun -- Umeda, Masato -- Sims, Peter J -- Nagata, Shigekazu -- England -- Nature. 2010 Dec 9;468(7325):834-8. doi: 10.1038/nature09583. Epub 2010 Nov 24.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Medical Chemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21107324" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; B-Lymphocytes/cytology/drug effects ; Calcium/antagonists & inhibitors/*metabolism/pharmacology ; Cell Line ; Cell Membrane/drug effects/*metabolism ; Cloning, Molecular ; DNA, Complementary/genetics ; Flow Cytometry ; Gene Library ; Humans ; Ionophores/pharmacology ; Mice ; Mutant Proteins/chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; Phosphatidylserines/metabolism ; Phospholipid Transfer Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Phospholipids/*metabolism ; RNA Splice Sites/genetics ; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Syndrome
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2015-09-30
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sakahira, Hideki -- Enari, Masato -- Nagata, Shigekazu -- England -- Nature. 2015 Oct 29;526(7575):728. doi: 10.1038/nature15532. Epub 2015 Sep 23.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26416741" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2007-12-08
    Description: Alfven waves have been invoked as a possible mechanism for the heating of the Sun's outer atmosphere, or corona, to millions of degrees and for the acceleration of the solar wind to hundreds of kilometers per second. However, Alfven waves of sufficient strength have not been unambiguously observed in the solar atmosphere. We used images of high temporal and spatial resolution obtained with the Solar Optical Telescope onboard the Japanese Hinode satellite to reveal that the chromosphere, the region sandwiched between the solar surface and the corona, is permeated by Alfven waves with strong amplitudes on the order of 10 to 25 kilometers per second and periods of 100 to 500 seconds. Estimates of the energy flux carried by these waves and comparisons with advanced radiative magnetohydrodynamic simulations indicate that such Alfven waves are energetic enough to accelerate the solar wind and possibly to heat the quiet corona.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉De Pontieu, B -- McIntosh, S W -- Carlsson, M -- Hansteen, V H -- Tarbell, T D -- Schrijver, C J -- Title, A M -- Shine, R A -- Tsuneta, S -- Katsukawa, Y -- Ichimoto, K -- Suematsu, Y -- Shimizu, T -- Nagata, S -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Dec 7;318(5856):1574-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Lockheed Martin Solar and Astrophysics Laboratory, 3251 Hanover Street, Organization ADBS, Building 252, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA. bdp@lmsal.com〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18063784" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 1997-11-21
    Description: Induction of apoptosis by oncogenes like c-myc may be important in restraining the emergence of neoplasia. However, the mechanism by which c-myc induces apoptosis is unknown. CD95 (also termed Fas or APO-1) is a cell surface transmembrane receptor of the tumor necrosis factor receptor family that activates an intrinsic apoptotic suicide program in cells upon binding either its ligand CD95L or antibody. c-myc-induced apoptosis was shown to require interaction on the cell surface between CD95 and its ligand. c-Myc acts downstream of the CD95 receptor by sensitizing cells to the CD95 death signal. Moreover, IGF-I signaling and Bcl-2 suppress c-myc-induced apoptosis by also acting downstream of CD95. These findings link two apoptotic pathways previously thought to be independent and establish the dependency of Myc on CD95 signaling for its killing activity.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hueber, A O -- Zornig, M -- Lyon, D -- Suda, T -- Nagata, S -- Evan, G I -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Nov 14;278(5341):1305-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Imperial Cancer Research Fund (ICRF) Laboratories, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3PX, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9360929" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: 3T3 Cells ; *Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing ; Animals ; Antigens, CD95/*metabolism ; *Apoptosis ; Autocrine Communication ; Carrier Proteins/metabolism ; Cell Line ; Cell Membrane/metabolism ; Cells, Cultured ; Fas Ligand Protein ; Fas-Associated Death Domain Protein ; Gene Expression Regulation ; Genes, myc ; Insulin-Like Growth Factor I/pharmacology/physiology ; Membrane Glycoproteins/*metabolism ; Mice ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2/pharmacology/physiology ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc/*metabolism ; Rats
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2004-05-25
    Description: Apoptotic cells expose phosphatidylserine and are swiftly engulfed by macrophages. Milk fat globule epidermal growth factor (EGF) factor 8 (MFG-E8) is a protein that binds to apoptotic cells by recognizing phosphatidylserine and that enhances the engulfment of apoptotic cells by macrophages. We report that tingible body macrophages in the germinal centers of the spleen and lymph nodes strongly express MFG-E8. Many apoptotic lymphocytes were found on the MFG-E8-/- tingible body macrophages, but they were not efficiently engulfed. The MFG-E8-/- mice developed splenomegaly, with the formation of numerous germinal centers, and suffered from glomerulonephritis as a result of autoantibody production. These data demonstrate that MFG-E8 has a critical role in removing apoptotic B cells in the germinal centers and that its failure can lead to autoimmune diseases.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hanayama, Rikinari -- Tanaka, Masato -- Miyasaka, Kay -- Aozasa, Katsuyuki -- Koike, Masato -- Uchiyama, Yasuo -- Nagata, Shigekazu -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 May 21;304(5674):1147-50.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Genetics, Osaka University Medical School, 2-2 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15155946" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antibodies, Antinuclear/blood ; Antigens, CD/analysis ; Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic/analysis ; *Antigens, Surface ; *Apoptosis ; Autoantibodies/biosynthesis/blood ; Autoimmune Diseases/*immunology ; B-Lymphocytes/immunology ; Blotting, Northern ; Female ; Gene Targeting ; Germinal Center/cytology/immunology/metabolism ; Glomerulonephritis/*immunology ; In Situ Nick-End Labeling ; Macrophage Activation ; Macrophages/immunology/*metabolism/ultrastructure ; Macrophages, Peritoneal/immunology/metabolism ; Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Mice ; *Milk Proteins ; *Phagocytosis ; Phosphatidylserines/metabolism ; Protein Binding ; Spleen/cytology/metabolism/pathology ; Splenomegaly/pathology ; T-Lymphocytes/immunology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 1992-06-19
    Description: A hybrid receptor was constructed that contained the extracellular binding domain of the human growth hormone (hGH) receptor linked to the transmembrane and intracellular domains of the murine granulocyte colony-stimulating factor receptor. Addition of hGH to a myeloid leukemia cell line (FDC-P1) that expressed the hybrid receptor caused proliferation of these cells. The mechanism for signal transduction of the hybrid receptor required dimerization because monoclonal antibodies to the hGH receptor were agonists whereas their monovalent fragments were not. Receptor dimerization occurs sequentially--a receptor binds to site 1 on hGH, and then a second receptor molecule binds to site 2 on hGH. On the basis of this sequential mechanism, which may occur in many other cytokine receptors, inactive hGH analogs were designed that were potent antagonists to hGH-induced cell proliferation. Such antagonists could be useful for treating clinical conditions of hGH excess, such as acromegaly.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Fuh, G -- Cunningham, B C -- Fukunaga, R -- Nagata, S -- Goeddel, D V -- Wells, J A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Jun 19;256(5064):1677-80.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Protein Engineering, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1535167" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Antibodies, Monoclonal ; Cell Division/drug effects ; Cell Line ; DNA Replication/drug effects ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Growth Hormone/analysis/physiology ; Humans ; Models, Molecular ; Receptors, Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor/physiology ; Receptors, Somatotropin/*physiology ; Signal Transduction/physiology ; Transfection
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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