Abstract
The question whether the uniseriate perianth ofZanthoxylum L. s. str. is homologous with the calyx or the corolla of taxa included inFagara, or of an independent origin, has been controversial for a long time, but the arguments mostly have remained theoretical. The present investigation of floral structures indicates that there are two different types of uniseriate perianth inZanthoxylum s. str. Therefore, this taxon does not represent a natural group and should be united withFagara asZanthoxylum s.l. The infrageneric taxonomy of this genus is still very ambiguous. It is shown that differences in indumentum, number of sepals and petals (5-4-3) resp. perianth segments (4–9), stamens (3–6), and free carpels (1–5) are of systematic relevance. Particularly important but so far neglected is carpel shape, where an acrostylous and an anacrostylous-basistylous type can be recognized. Stigmata of 2 or more carpels mostly fuse to form a compitum. 4–5-merous flowers with calyx and corolla, and acrostylous carpels are considered as plesiomorphic character states in the genus. On the basis of ± corresponding morphological and phytochemical progressions a working hypothesis about the relationships withinZanthoxylum s.l. is presented in graphical form (Fig. 9).
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Beurton, C., 1985:Zanthoxylum bissei, eine neue Art aus Cuba (Rutaceae). — Rev. Jard. Bot. Nac.6: 3–9.
, 1986: PhyllodienbildendeZanthoxylum-Sippen in Cuba I. — Feddes Repert.97: 29–41.
, 1987: PhyllodienbildendeZanthoxylum-Sippen in Cuba II. — Feddes Repert.98: 53–73.
Brader, G., 1992: Vergleichende phytochemische Untersuchungen bei ostasiatischenZanthoxylum-Arten (Rutaceae). — Diplomawork, University of Wien.
Brizicky, G. K., 1962: Taxonomic and nomenclatural notes onZanthoxylum andGlycosmis (Rutaceae). — J. Arnold Arbor.43: 80–93.
Brückner, C., 1991: Fruchtanatomische Studien anDictamnus albus L.,Zanthoxylum simulans Hance,Ptelea trifoliata L. undRuta graveolens L. (Rutaceae). — Feddes Repert.102: 541–570.
Da Silva, M. F., Das Gracas Fernandes, Gottlieb, O. R., Ehrendorfer, F., 1988: Chemosystematics of theRutaceae: suggestions for a more natural taxonomy and evolutionary interpretation of the family. — Pl. Syst. Evol.161: 97–134.
Desai, S., 1960: Cytology ofRutaceae andSimarubaceae. — Cytologia25: 28–35.
, 1962: Polyembryony inXanthoxylum. — Phytomorphology12: 184–189.
Eichler, A. W., 1878: BlüthendiagrammeII. — Leipzig.
Engler, A., 1874:Rutaceae. — InMartius, C. F. P., (Ed.): Flora Brasiliensis12/2: 77–196. — Leipzig: Engelmann.
, 1896:Rutaceae. — InEngler, A., Prantl, K., (Eds): Die natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien3/4: 95–201. — Leipzig: Engelmann.
, 1931:Rutaceae. — InEngler, A., Prantl, K., (Eds): Die natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien19a: 187–359. 2nd edn. — Leipzig: Engelmann.
Fish, F., Waterman, P. G., 1973: The chemosystematics of theZanthoxylum/Fagara complex. — Taxon22: 177–203.
, 1975: Alkaloids and coumarins from North AmericanZanthoxylum species. — Lloydia38: 268–270.
Fosberg, F. R., 1959: Typification ofZanthoxylum L. — Taxon8: 103–105.
Guédes, M., 1973: Carpel morphology and axis-sharing in syncarpy in someRutaceae with further comments on “New Morphology”. — Bot. J. Linn. Soc.66: 55–74.
Guerra, M., 1984: New chromosome numbers inRutaceae. — Pl. Syst. Evol.146: 13–30.
Gut, B. J., 1966: Beiträge zur Morphologie des Gynoeciums und der Blütenachse einiger Rutaceen. — Bot. Jahrb. Syst.85: 151–247.
Hartley, T. G., 1966: A revision of the Malesian species ofZanthoxylum (Rutaceae). — J. Arnold Arbor.47: 171–221.
, 1981: A revision of the genusTetradium (Rutaceae). — Gard. Bull. Singapore34: 91–131.
Van Heel, W. A., 1983: The ascidiform early development of free carpels, a S.E.M.-investigation. — Blumea28: 231–270.
Linné, C. von, 1759: Systema Naturae. Vol. 2. 10th edn. — Stockholm: impensis Laurentii Salvii.
Mauritzon, J., 1935: Über die Embrylogie der FamilieRutaceae. — Svensk Bot. Tidskr.29: 319–347.
Moore, J. A., 1936: Floral anatomy and phylogeny in theRutaceae. — New Phytol.35: 318–322.
Ng, K. M., Gray, A. I., Waterman, P. G., 1987: Benzophenanthridine alkaloids from the stem bark of aZanthoxylum species. — Phytochemistry26: 3251–3254.
Peterson, R. I., Hersey, R. E., Brissun, J. D., 1978: Embedding softened herbarium material inSpurrs' resin for histological studies. — Stain Technol.53: 1–9.
Porter, D. M., 1976:Zanthoxylum (Rutaceae) in North America North of Mexico. — Brittonia28: 443–447.
Ramp, E., 1988: Struktur, Funktion und systematische Bedeutung des Gynoeciums bei denRutaceae andSimarubaceae. — Dissertation, University of Zürich.
Reeder, J. R., Cheo, S.-Y., 1951: Notes ofXanthoxylum andFagara in China. — J. Arnold Arbor.32: 67–72.
Rehder, A., Wilson, E. H., 1914:Rutaceae. — In Pl. Wils.2: 121–151.
Saunders, E. R., 1934: On carpel polymorphism. VI. — Ann. Bot.48: 643–692.
Takthajan, A. R., 1959: Die Evolution der Angiospermen. — Jena: G. Fischer.
Triana, J., Planchon, J. E., 1872:Rutaceae. — In Prodromus florae novo-granatensis. — Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. ser. 5,14: 286–325.
Troll, W., 1931: Beiträge zur Morphologie des Gynaeceums. I. — Planta14: 1–18.
Urban, I., 1896:Rutaceae. — InUrban, I., (Ed.): Additamenta ad cognitionem florae Indiae occidentalis. III. — Bot. Jahrb. Syst.21: 551–614.
Waterman, P. G., 1975: A review of the chemosystematics of the genusZanthoxylum (Rutaceae). — InStone, B. C., (Ed.): The role and goals of tropical botanic gardens, pp. 109–130. — Kuala Lumpur: Rimba Ilmu University of Malaya.
, 1983: Phylogenetic implications of the distribution of secondary metabolites within theRutales. — InWaterman, P. G., Grundon, M. F., (Eds): Chemistry and chemical taxonomy of theRutales, pp. 377–400. — London: Academic Press.
, 1990: Chemosystematics of theRutaceae: comments on the interpretation ofDa Silva & al. — Pl. Syst. Evol.173: 39–48.
Wilson, P., 1911:Rutaceae. — In North Am. Fl.25: 173–224.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Additional information
Adapted from a lecture held at the “10th Symposion on Morphology, Anatomy, and Systematics” in Göttingen, February 1991.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Beurton, C. Gynoecium and perianth inZanthoxylum s.l. (Rutaceae). Pl Syst Evol 189, 165–191 (1994). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00939724
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00939724