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  • Articles  (6,244)
  • Rats  (2,686)
  • Base Sequence  (2,121)
  • *Ecosystem  (1,597)
  • American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)  (6,244)
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  • Articles  (6,244)
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  • 1
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    Cancer. BRCA2 enters the fray (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-09-14
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wilson, John H -- Elledge, Stephen J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Sep 13;297(5588):1822-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12228708" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; BRCA1 Protein/metabolism ; BRCA2 Protein/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Binding Sites ; Breast Neoplasms/genetics ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; DNA/*metabolism ; DNA Damage ; *DNA Repair ; DNA, Single-Stranded/metabolism ; DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism ; Female ; Genes, BRCA1 ; Genes, BRCA2 ; Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; Humans ; Mice ; Ovarian Neoplasms/genetics ; Protein Folding ; Protein Structure, Secondary ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Rad51 Recombinase ; Rats ; Recombination, Genetic ; Replication Protein A
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 2
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    Control of synaptic strength by glial TNFalpha (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-03-23
    Description: Activity-dependent modulation of synaptic efficacy in the brain contributes to neural circuit development and experience-dependent plasticity. Although glia are affected by activity and ensheathe synapses, their influence on synaptic strength has largely been ignored. Here, we show that a protein produced by glia, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha), enhances synaptic efficacy by increasing surface expression of AMPA receptors. Preventing the actions of endogenous TNFalpha has the opposite effects. Thus, the continual presence of TNFalpha is required for preservation of synaptic strength at excitatory synapses. Through its effects on AMPA receptor trafficking, TNFalpha may play roles in synaptic plasticity and modulating responses to neural injury.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Beattie, Eric C -- Stellwagen, David -- Morishita, Wade -- Bresnahan, Jacqueline C -- Ha, Byeong Keun -- Von Zastrow, Mark -- Beattie, Michael S -- Malenka, Robert C -- DA00439/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- MH063394/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- NS 31193/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- NS38079/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Mar 22;295(5563):2282-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Nancy Pritzker Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA. beattie.2@osu.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11910117" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antigens, CD/pharmacology ; Astrocytes/*metabolism ; Cells, Cultured ; Culture Media, Conditioned/pharmacology ; Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects ; Hippocampus/cytology/metabolism ; Neuronal Plasticity/drug effects ; Neurons/drug effects/metabolism ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Receptors, AMPA/metabolism ; Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor ; Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I ; Synapses/drug effects/*metabolism ; Synaptic Transmission/drug effects ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/antagonists & inhibitors/*metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 3
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    Excess polymorphisms in genes for membrane proteins in Plasmodium falciparum (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-10-05
    Description: The detection of single-nucleotide polymorphisms in pathogenic microorganisms has normally been carried out by trial and error. Here we show that DNA hybridization with high-density oligonucleotide arrays provides rapid and convenient detection of single-nucleotide polymorphisms in Plasmodium falciparum, despite its exceptionally high adenine-thymine (AT) content (82%). A disproportionate number of polymorphisms are found in genes encoding proteins associated with the cell membrane. These genes are targets for only 22% of the oligonucleotide probes but account for 69% of the polymorphisms. Genetic variation is also enriched in subtelomeric regions, which account for 22% of the chromosome but 76% of the polymorphisms.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Volkman, Sarah K -- Hartl, Daniel L -- Wirth, Dyann F -- Nielsen, Kaare M -- Choi, Mehee -- Batalov, Serge -- Zhou, Yingyao -- Plouffe, David -- Le Roch, Karine G -- Abagyan, Ruben -- Winzeler, Elizabeth A -- GM61351/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Oct 4;298(5591):216-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12364807" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Base Sequence ; Chromosomes/genetics ; DNA, Protozoan/genetics ; *Genes, Protozoan ; Genetic Variation ; Genome, Protozoan ; Membrane Proteins/*genetics ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Nucleic Acid Hybridization ; Oligonucleotide Probes ; Plasmodium falciparum/*genetics ; *Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Protozoan Proteins/*genetics ; Sequence Analysis, DNA
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 4
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    Genomic instability in mice lacking histone H2AX (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-04-06
    Description: Higher order chromatin structure presents a barrier to the recognition and repair of DNA damage. Double-strand breaks (DSBs) induce histone H2AX phosphorylation, which is associated with the recruitment of repair factors to damaged DNA. To help clarify the physiological role of H2AX, we targeted H2AX in mice. Although H2AX is not essential for irradiation-induced cell-cycle checkpoints, H2AX-/- mice were radiation sensitive, growth retarded, and immune deficient, and mutant males were infertile. These pleiotropic phenotypes were associated with chromosomal instability, repair defects, and impaired recruitment of Nbs1, 53bp1, and Brca1, but not Rad51, to irradiation-induced foci. Thus, H2AX is critical for facilitating the assembly of specific DNA-repair complexes on damaged DNA.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4721576/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4721576/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Celeste, Arkady -- Petersen, Simone -- Romanienko, Peter J -- Fernandez-Capetillo, Oscar -- Chen, Hua Tang -- Sedelnikova, Olga A -- Reina-San-Martin, Bernardo -- Coppola, Vincenzo -- Meffre, Eric -- Difilippantonio, Michael J -- Redon, Christophe -- Pilch, Duane R -- Olaru, Alexandru -- Eckhaus, Michael -- Camerini-Otero, R Daniel -- Tessarollo, Lino -- Livak, Ferenc -- Manova, Katia -- Bonner, William M -- Nussenzweig, Michel C -- Nussenzweig, Andre -- Z99 CA999999/Intramural NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 May 3;296(5569):922-7. Epub 2002 Apr 4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11934988" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; B-Lymphocytes/immunology/physiology ; Base Sequence ; Cell Aging ; Cell Cycle ; Cells, Cultured ; *Chromosome Aberrations ; DNA Damage ; *DNA Repair ; Female ; Gene Targeting ; Histones/chemistry/*genetics/*physiology ; Immunoglobulin Class Switching ; Infertility, Male/genetics/physiopathology ; Lymphocyte Count ; Male ; Meiosis ; Mice ; Mice, Knockout ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Phosphorylation ; *Recombination, Genetic ; Spermatocytes/physiology ; T-Lymphocytes/immunology/physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 5
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    Visualization and functional analysis of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase lattices (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-06-22
    Description: Positive-strand RNA viruses such as poliovirus replicate their genomes on intracellular membranes of their eukaryotic hosts. Electron microscopy has revealed that purified poliovirus RNA-dependent RNA polymerase forms planar and tubular oligomeric arrays. The structural integrity of these arrays correlates with cooperative RNA binding and RNA elongation and is sensitive to mutations that disrupt intermolecular contacts predicted by the polymerase structure. Membranous vesicles isolated from poliovirus-infected cells contain structures consistent with the presence of two-dimensional polymerase arrays on their surfaces during infection. Therefore, host cytoplasmic membranes may function as physical foundations for two-dimensional polymerase arrays, conferring the advantages of surface catalysis to viral RNA replication.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lyle, John M -- Bullitt, Esther -- Bienz, Kurt -- Kirkegaard, Karla -- AI-42119/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Jun 21;296(5576):2218-22.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12077417" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Base Sequence ; Binding Sites ; Catalysis ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; HeLa Cells ; Humans ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Inclusion Bodies, Viral/metabolism/ultrastructure ; Microscopy, Electron ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Nucleic Acid Conformation ; Poliovirus/*enzymology/physiology ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Structure, Quaternary ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; RNA Replicase/*chemistry/isolation & purification/*metabolism/ultrastructure ; RNA, Viral/biosynthesis/*metabolism ; Viral Core Proteins/metabolism ; Virus Replication
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 6
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    Climate change and latitudinal patterns of intertidal thermal stress (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-11-02
    Description: The interaction of climate and the timing of low tides along the West Coast of the United States creates a complex mosaic of thermal environments, in which northern sites can be more thermally stressful than southern sites. Thus, climate change may not lead to a poleward shift in the distribution of intertidal organisms, as has been proposed, but instead will likely cause localized extinctions at a series of "hot spots." Patterns of exposure to extreme climatic conditions are temporally variable, and tidal predictions suggest that in the next 3 to 5 years "hot spots" are likely to appear at several northern sites.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Helmuth, Brian -- Harley, Christopher D G -- Halpin, Patricia M -- O'Donnell, Michael -- Hofmann, Gretchen E -- Blanchette, Carol A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Nov 1;298(5595):1015-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉University of South Carolina, Department of Biological Sciences and Marine Sciences Program, Columbia, SC 29208, USA. helmuth@biol.sc.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12411702" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Bivalvia/*physiology ; *Body Temperature ; *Climate ; *Ecosystem ; Environment ; Geography ; Pacific Ocean ; Pacific States ; Seasons ; *Seawater ; Temperature ; *Water Movements
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 7
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    Hybridization and the evolution of reef coral diversity (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-06-18
    Description: Hundreds of coral species coexist sympatrically on reefs, reproducing in mass-spawning events where hybridization appears common. In the Caribbean, DNA sequence data from all three sympatric Acropora corals show that mass spawning does not erode species barriers. Species A. cervicornis and A. palmata are distinct at two nuclear loci or share ancestral alleles. Morphotypes historically given the name Acropora prolifera are entirely F(1) hybrids of these two species, showing morphologies that depend on which species provides the egg for hybridization. Although selection limits the evolutionary potential of hybrids, F(1) individuals can reproduce asexually and form long-lived, potentially immortal hybrids with unique morphologies.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Vollmer, Steven V -- Palumbi, Stephen R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Jun 14;296(5575):2023-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 16 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA. svollmer@oeb.harvard.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12065836" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Bayes Theorem ; *Biological Evolution ; Calmodulin/genetics ; Caribbean Region ; Cnidaria/anatomy & histology/*classification/*genetics/physiology ; Collagen/genetics ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; *Ecosystem ; Environment ; *Genetic Variation ; Haplotypes ; *Hybridization, Genetic ; Introns ; Likelihood Functions ; Polymorphism, Genetic ; Reproduction ; Reproduction, Asexual ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Species Specificity
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 8
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    Construction and analysis of a human-chimpanzee comparative clone map (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-01-05
    Description: The recently released human genome sequences provide us with reference data to conduct comparative genomic research on primates, which will be important to understand what genetic information makes us human. Here we present a first-generation human-chimpanzee comparative genome map and its initial analysis. The map was constructed through paired alignment of 77,461 chimpanzee bacterial artificial chromosome end sequences with publicly available human genome sequences. We detected candidate positions, including two clusters on human chromosome 21 that suggest large, nonrandom regions of difference between the two genomes.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Fujiyama, Asao -- Watanabe, Hidemi -- Toyoda, Atsushi -- Taylor, Todd D -- Itoh, Takehiko -- Tsai, Shih-Feng -- Park, Hong-Seog -- Yaspo, Marie-Laure -- Lehrach, Hans -- Chen, Zhu -- Fu, Gang -- Saitou, Naruya -- Osoegawa, Kazutoyo -- de Jong, Pieter J -- Suto, Yumiko -- Hattori, Masahira -- Sakaki, Yoshiyuki -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Jan 4;295(5552):131-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉RIKEN Genomic Sciences Center, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan. afujiyam@gsc.riken.go.jp〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11778049" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Base Sequence ; Chromosomes, Artificial, Bacterial ; Chromosomes, Human, Pair 21/genetics ; Cloning, Molecular ; Contig Mapping ; Female ; Gene Library ; *Genome ; *Genome, Human ; Humans ; Male ; Pan troglodytes/*genetics ; *Physical Chromosome Mapping ; Sequence Alignment ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Sequence Tagged Sites ; X Chromosome/genetics ; Y Chromosome/genetics
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 9
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    Taxonomists' requiem? (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-01-16
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Samyn, Yves -- Massin, Claude -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Jan 11;295(5553):276-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11789538" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Classification ; *Ecosystem ; Invertebrates/classification ; Plants/classification ; *Publishing
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 10
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    Ecology. Soil fertility and hunger in Africa (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-03-16
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sanchez, Pedro A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Mar 15;295(5562):2019-20.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉International Center for Research in Agroforestry, Post Office Box 30677, Nairobi, Kenya. P.sanchez@cgiar.org〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11896257" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Africa South of the Sahara ; Agriculture/*methods ; Biomass ; Crops, Agricultural/*growth & development ; *Ecosystem ; Fertilizers ; *Food Supply ; Forestry ; Humans ; Hunger ; Nitrogen ; Nitrogen Fixation ; Phosphates ; Plant Development ; Public Policy ; *Soil ; Trees/growth & development ; United Nations ; Zea mays/growth & development
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 11
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    Retrograde viral delivery of IGF-1 prolongs survival in a mouse ALS model (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-08-09
    Description: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive, lethal neuromuscular disease that is associated with the degeneration of spinal and brainstem motor neurons, leading to atrophy of limb, axial, and respiratory muscles. The cause of ALS is unknown, and there is no effective therapy. Neurotrophic factors are candidates for therapeutic evaluation in ALS. Although chronic delivery of molecules to the central nervous system has proven difficult, we recently discovered that adeno-associated virus can be retrogradely transported efficiently from muscle to motor neurons of the spinal cord. We report that insulin-like growth factor 1 prolongs life and delays disease progression, even when delivered at the time of overt disease symptoms.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kaspar, Brian K -- Llado, Jeronia -- Sherkat, Nushin -- Rothstein, Jeffrey D -- Gage, Fred H -- AG12992/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- AG21876/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- NS33958/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Aug 8;301(5634):839-42.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12907804" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis/pathology/physiopathology/*therapy ; Animals ; Apoptosis ; Base Sequence ; Caspase 9 ; Caspases/metabolism ; Cell Count ; Dependovirus/*genetics ; Disease Models, Animal ; Disease Progression ; Gene Transfer Techniques ; *Genetic Therapy ; *Genetic Vectors/administration & dosage ; Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor ; Green Fluorescent Proteins ; Insulin-Like Growth Factor I/*genetics ; Luminescent Proteins/genetics ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Transgenic ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Motor Neurons/pathology/virology ; Muscle, Skeletal/virology ; Nerve Growth Factors/genetics ; *Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins/metabolism ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt ; Random Allocation ; Spinal Cord/chemistry/pathology/virology ; Superoxide Dismutase/genetics/metabolism ; Ubiquitin/analysis
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 12
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    Evolutionary discrimination of mammalian conserved non-genic sequences (CNGs) (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-10-04
    Description: Analysis of the human and mouse genomes identified an abundance of conserved non-genic sequences (CNGs). The significance and evolutionary depth of their conservation remain unanswered. We have quantified levels and patterns of conservation of 191 CNGs of human chromosome 21 in 14 mammalian species. We found that CNGs are significantly more conserved than protein-coding genes and noncoding RNAS (ncRNAs) within the mammalian class from primates to monotremes to marsupials. The pattern of substitutions in CNGs differed from that seen in protein-coding and ncRNA genes and resembled that of protein-binding regions. About 0.3% to 1% of the human genome corresponds to a previously unknown class of extremely constrained CNGs shared among mammals.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Dermitzakis, Emmanouil T -- Reymond, Alexandre -- Scamuffa, Nathalie -- Ucla, Catherine -- Kirkness, Ewen -- Rossier, Colette -- Antonarakis, Stylianos E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Nov 7;302(5647):1033-5. Epub 2003 Oct 2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Medical Genetics and National Center of Competence in Research (NCCR) Frontiers in Genetics, University of Geneva Medical School and University Hospitals, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland. Emmanouil.Dermitzakis@medecine.unige.ch〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14526086" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Base Sequence ; Chromosomes, Human, Pair 21/*genetics ; Chromosomes, Mammalian/*genetics ; *Conserved Sequence ; DNA, Intergenic/*genetics ; Discriminant Analysis ; *Evolution, Molecular ; Female ; Genetic Code ; Genome ; Humans ; Male ; Mammals/*genetics ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Proteins/genetics ; RNA, Untranslated/genetics ; Selection, Genetic ; Sequence Alignment ; Species Specificity ; Time ; Transcription, Genetic
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 13
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    Recent segmental duplications in the human genome (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-08-10
    Description: Primate-specific segmental duplications are considered important in human disease and evolution. The inability to distinguish between allelic and duplication sequence overlap has hampered their characterization as well as assembly and annotation of our genome. We developed a method whereby each public sequence is analyzed at the clone level for overrepresentation within a whole-genome shotgun sequence. This test has the ability to detect duplications larger than 15 kilobases irrespective of copy number, location, or high sequence similarity. We mapped 169 large regions flanked by highly similar duplications. Twenty-four of these hot spots of genomic instability have been associated with genetic disease. Our analysis indicates a highly nonrandom chromosomal and genic distribution of recent segmental duplications, with a likely role in expanding protein diversity.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bailey, Jeffrey A -- Gu, Zhiping -- Clark, Royden A -- Reinert, Knut -- Samonte, Rhea V -- Schwartz, Stuart -- Adams, Mark D -- Myers, Eugene W -- Li, Peter W -- Eichler, Evan E -- CA094816/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- GM58815/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- HG002318/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Aug 9;297(5583):1003-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Genetics, Center for Computational Genomics, and Center for Human Genetics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine and University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12169732" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alleles ; Base Sequence ; Biological Evolution ; Chromosomes, Human/genetics ; Computational Biology ; Databases, Nucleic Acid ; Exons ; Expressed Sequence Tags ; *Gene Duplication ; Gene Rearrangement ; *Genes, Duplicate ; Genetic Diseases, Inborn/genetics ; *Genome, Human ; Humans ; Models, Genetic ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Proteome ; Recombination, Genetic ; Sequence Alignment
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    A tomato cysteine protease required for Cf-2-dependent disease resistance and suppression of autonecrosis (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-04-27
    Description: Little is known of how plant disease resistance (R) proteins recognize pathogens and activate plant defenses. Rcr3 is specifically required for the function of Cf-2, a Lycopersicon pimpinellifolium gene bred into cultivated tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) for resistance to Cladosporium fulvum. Rcr3 encodes a secreted papain-like cysteine endoprotease. Genetic analysis shows Rcr3 is allelic to the L. pimpinellifolium Ne gene, which suppresses the Cf-2-dependent autonecrosis conditioned by its L. esculentum allele, ne (necrosis). Rcr3 alleles from these two species encode proteins that differ by only seven amino acids. Possible roles of Rcr3 in Cf-2-dependent defense and autonecrosis are discussed.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kruger, Julia -- Thomas, Colwyn M -- Golstein, Catherine -- Dixon, Mark S -- Smoker, Matthew -- Tang, Saijun -- Mulder, Lonneke -- Jones, Jonathan D G -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Apr 26;296(5568):744-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉The Sainsbury Laboratory, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11976458" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alleles ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Base Sequence ; Cladosporium/*physiology ; Cloning, Molecular ; Cysteine Endopeptidases/chemistry/*genetics/*metabolism ; Cysteine Proteinase Inhibitors/pharmacology ; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ; *Genes, Plant ; Immunity, Innate ; Leucine/analogs & derivatives/pharmacology ; Lycopersicon esculentum/*enzymology/genetics/*microbiology/physiology ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Phenotype ; *Plant Diseases ; Plant Leaves/enzymology ; Plant Proteins/*metabolism ; Plants, Genetically Modified ; Promoter Regions, Genetic ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/chemistry/metabolism ; Tobacco/genetics ; Transgenes
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    Assessing environmental changes in grasslands (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-03-22
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mitchell, Charles E -- Reich, Peter B -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Mar 21;299(5614):1844-5; author reply 1844-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12649464" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Atmosphere ; Biomass ; California ; *Carbon Dioxide ; Climate ; *Ecosystem ; Fungi/pathogenicity ; Nitrogen ; *Plant Diseases ; Plant Roots/growth & development ; Poaceae/*growth & development/*microbiology ; Temperature
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    Caspian Sea. Scientists deplore OK for sturgeon catch (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-03-23
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stone, Richard -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Mar 22;295(5563):2191.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11910078" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Commerce/economics ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; *Fishes/physiology ; *Food Supply/economics/standards ; Marine Biology ; Oceans and Seas ; Russia
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    Invasive species. California tries to rub out the monster of the lagoon (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-03-23
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Withgott, Jay -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Mar 22;295(5563):2201-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11910088" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Australia ; Biomass ; California ; *Ecosystem ; Environment ; Food Chain ; Herbicides/administration & dosage/pharmacology ; Mediterranean Region ; Seawater/*parasitology ; Seaweed/drug effects/*physiology
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    Ecology. Out of the vault, into the forest (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-09-28
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Malakoff, David -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Sep 27;297(5590):2196.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12351768" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Arizona ; *Ecosystem ; Maps as Topic ; *Pinus ; *Trees
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    Ecology. New count of old whales adds up to big debate (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-07-26
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lubick, Naomi -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Jul 25;301(5632):451.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12881542" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Atlantic Ocean ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; *Ecosystem ; Female ; Genetic Variation ; Genetics, Population ; Male ; Mutation ; Population Density ; Population Dynamics ; Time Factors ; *Whales/genetics
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  • 20
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    Whales before whaling in the North Atlantic (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2003-07-26
    Description: It is well known that hunting dramatically reduced all baleen whale populations, yet reliable estimates of former whale abundances are elusive. Based on coalescent models for mitochondrial DNA sequence variation, the genetic diversity of North Atlantic whales suggests population sizes of approximately 240,000 humpback, 360,000 fin, and 265,000 minke whales. Estimates for fin and humpback whales are far greater than those previously calculated for prewhaling populations and 6 to 20 times higher than present-day population estimates. Such discrepancies suggest the need for a quantitative reevaluation of historical whale populations and a fundamental revision in our conception of the natural state of the oceans.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Roman, Joe -- Palumbi, Stephen R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Jul 25;301(5632):508-10.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 16 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12881568" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Atlantic Ocean ; Base Sequence ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; *Ecosystem ; Female ; Genetic Variation ; Genetics, Population ; Male ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Population Density ; Population Dynamics ; Time Factors ; *Whales/classification/genetics
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    Arctic ecology. For precarious populations, pollutants present new perils (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-03-15
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Webster, Paul -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Mar 14;299(5613):1642.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12637710" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Arctic Regions ; Canada ; *Ecosystem ; Environmental Exposure/*adverse effects ; Environmental Pollutants/*analysis ; Female ; Humans ; Infant ; Infection/epidemiology/etiology ; *Inuits ; Memory ; Risk Factors
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    Genetic control of surface curvature (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-03-01
    Description: Although curvature of biological surfaces has been considered from mathematical and biophysical perspectives, its molecular and developmental basis is unclear. We have studied the cin mutant of Antirrhinum, which has crinkly rather than flat leaves. Leaves of cin display excess growth in marginal regions, resulting in a gradual introduction of negative curvature during development. This reflects a change in the shape and the progression of a cell-cycle arrest front moving from the leaf tip toward the base. CIN encodes a TCP protein and is expressed downstream of the arrest front. We propose that CIN promotes zero curvature (flatness) by making cells more sensitive to an arrest signal, particularly in marginal regions.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Nath, Utpal -- Crawford, Brian C W -- Carpenter, Rosemary -- Coen, Enrico -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Feb 28;299(5611):1404-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12610308" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Antirrhinum/cytology/*genetics/*growth & development/metabolism ; Base Sequence ; Cell Cycle ; Cell Differentiation ; Cell Division ; Cell Size ; Cyclin D3 ; Cyclins/genetics/metabolism ; Gene Deletion ; *Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ; *Genes, Plant ; Histones/genetics/metabolism ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutagenesis, Insertional ; Mutation ; Plant Leaves/anatomy & histology/cytology/*growth & development/metabolism ; Plant Proteins/chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; Surface Properties ; Transcription Factors/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism
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    Agrobiotechnology. Mixed message could prove costly for GM crops (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-10-25
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stokstad, Erik -- Vogel, Gretchen -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Oct 24;302(5645):542-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14576384" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Beta vulgaris/genetics/growth & development ; Biotechnology ; Brassica napus/genetics/growth & development ; Crops, Agricultural/*genetics/growth & development ; *Ecosystem ; *Environment ; Great Britain ; Herbicides ; *Plants, Genetically Modified/growth & development ; Zea mays/genetics/growth & development
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    Response of a deciduous forest to the Mount Pinatubo eruption: enhanced photosynthesis (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2003-03-29
    Description: Volcanic aerosols from the 1991 Mount Pinatubo eruption greatly increased diffuse radiation worldwide for the following 2 years. We estimated that this increase in diffuse radiation alone enhanced noontime photosynthesis of a deciduous forest by 23% in 1992 and 8% in 1993 under cloudless conditions. This finding indicates that the aerosol-induced increase in diffuse radiation by the volcano enhanced the terrestrial carbon sink and contributed to the temporary decline in the growth rate of atmospheric carbon dioxide after the eruption.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gu, Lianhong -- Baldocchi, Dennis D -- Wofsy, Steve C -- Munger, J William -- Michalsky, Joseph J -- Urbanski, Shawn P -- Boden, Thomas A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Mar 28;299(5615):2035-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Environmental Sciences Division, Building 1509, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6335, USA. lianhong-gu@ornl.gov〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12663919" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Aerosols ; *Atmosphere ; *Carbon Dioxide/metabolism ; Climate ; *Ecosystem ; Mathematics ; Models, Statistical ; Nonlinear Dynamics ; Philippines ; *Photosynthesis ; Regression Analysis ; Scattering, Radiation ; Seasons ; Sunlight ; Temperature ; Trees/*metabolism ; *Volcanic Eruptions
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    Coral reef death during the 1997 Indian Ocean Dipole linked to Indonesian wildfires (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2003-08-16
    Description: Geochemical anomalies and growth discontinuities in Porites corals from western Sumatra, Indonesia, record unanticipated reef mortality during anomalous Indian Ocean Dipole upwelling and a giant red tide in 1997. Sea surface temperature reconstructions show that although some past upwelling events have been stronger, there were no analogous episodes of coral mortality during the past 7000 years, indicating that the 1997 red tide was highly unusual. We show that iron fertilization by the 1997 Indonesian wildfires was sufficient to produce the extraordinary red tide, leading to reef death by asphyxiation. These findings highlight tropical wildfires as an escalating threat to coastal marine ecosystems.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Abram, Nerilie J -- Gagan, Michael K -- McCulloch, Malcolm T -- Chappell, John -- Hantoro, Wahyoe S -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Aug 15;301(5635):952-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Research School of Earth Sciences, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia. nerilie.abram@anu.edu.au〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12920295" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Anthozoa/*growth & development ; Atmosphere ; Biomass ; Dinoflagellida/growth & development ; *Ecosystem ; *Eutrophication ; *Fires ; Indian Ocean ; Indonesia ; Iron ; Phytoplankton/growth & development ; Population Dynamics ; Temperature
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    Evolution. Climb every mountain? (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2003-12-20
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Elena, Santiago F -- Sanjuan, Rafael -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Dec 19;302(5653):2074-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Instituto de Biologia Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas-UPV, 46022 Valencia, Spain. sfelena@ibmcp.upv.es〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14684807" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Adaptation, Physiological ; Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Chlamydomonas/physiology ; Darkness ; *Ecosystem ; Environment ; *Genetic Variation ; Genotype ; Light ; Mutation ; Phenotype ; Pseudomonas fluorescens/genetics/*physiology ; RNA Viruses/physiology ; Selection, Genetic
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    Consensus and ancestral state HIV vaccines (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2003-03-08
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Nickle, David C -- Jensen, Mark A -- Gottlieb, Geoffrey S -- Shriner, Daniel -- Learn, Gerald H -- Rodrigo, Allen G -- Mullins, James I -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Mar 7;299(5612):1515-8; author reply 1515-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12624248" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *AIDS Vaccines/immunology ; Base Sequence ; Consensus Sequence ; Evolution, Molecular ; Genes, env ; Genes, gag ; Genetic Variation ; HIV Antigens/genetics/immunology ; HIV-1/classification/*genetics/*immunology ; Humans ; *Phylogeny
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  • 28
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    Carbon in Amazon forests: unexpected seasonal fluxes and disturbance-induced losses (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2003-12-04
    Description: The net ecosystem exchange of carbon dioxide was measured by eddy covariance methods for 3 years in two old-growth forest sites near Santarem, Brazil. Carbon was lost in the wet season and gained in the dry season, which was opposite to the seasonal cycles of both tree growth and model predictions. The 3-year average carbon loss was 1.3 (confidence interval: 0.0 to 2.0) megagrams of carbon per hectare per year. Biometric observations confirmed the net loss but imply that it is a transient effect of recent disturbance superimposed on long-term balance. Given that episodic disturbances are characteristic of old-growth forests, it is likely that carbon sequestration is lower than has been inferred from recent eddy covariance studies at undisturbed sites.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Saleska, Scott R -- Miller, Scott D -- Matross, Daniel M -- Goulden, Michael L -- Wofsy, Steven C -- da Rocha, Humberto R -- de Camargo, Plinio B -- Crill, Patrick -- Daube, Bruce C -- de Freitas, Helber C -- Hutyra, Lucy -- Keller, Michael -- Kirchhoff, Volker -- Menton, Mary -- Munger, J William -- Pyle, Elizabeth Hammond -- Rice, Amy H -- Silva, Hudson -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Nov 28;302(5650):1554-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA. saleska@fas.harvard.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14645845" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Brazil ; Carbon/*analysis/metabolism ; Carbon Dioxide/*analysis/metabolism ; Confidence Intervals ; *Ecosystem ; Oxygen Consumption ; Photosynthesis ; Rain ; *Seasons ; *Trees/growth & development/metabolism ; Wood
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    Scanning human gene deserts for long-range enhancers (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2003-10-18
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Nobrega, Marcelo A -- Ovcharenko, Ivan -- Afzal, Veena -- Rubin, Edward M -- HL66728/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Oct 17;302(5644):413.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉U.S. Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA 94598, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14563999" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Anura/genetics ; Base Sequence ; Conserved Sequence ; *DNA, Intergenic ; *Drosophila Proteins ; *Enhancer Elements, Genetic ; Evolution, Molecular ; Gene Expression Regulation ; Genes, Reporter ; Humans ; Introns ; Mice ; Mice, Transgenic ; Nuclear Proteins/*genetics ; Synteny ; Takifugu/genetics ; Tetraodontiformes/genetics ; Xenopus/genetics ; Zebrafish/genetics
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Paleobiology. Megafauna died from big kill, not big chill (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-05-10
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kerr, Richard A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 May 9;300(5621):885.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12738825" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Ascomycota ; Charcoal ; Climate ; *Ecosystem ; Feces/microbiology ; Geologic Sediments ; Humans ; Madagascar ; *Mammals ; New York ; *Paleontology ; Pollen ; Population Dynamics ; *Spores, Fungal
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    From anchovies to sardines and back: multidecadal change in the Pacific Ocean (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-01-11
    Description: In the Pacific Ocean, air and ocean temperatures, atmospheric carbon dioxide, landings of anchovies and sardines, and the productivity of coastal and open ocean ecosystems have varied over periods of about 50 years. In the mid-1970s, the Pacific changed from a cool "anchovy regime" to a warm "sardine regime." A shift back to an anchovy regime occurred in the middle to late 1990s. These large-scale, naturally occurring variations must be taken into account when considering human-induced climate change and the management of ocean living resources.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Chavez, Francisco P -- Ryan, John -- Lluch-Cota, Salvador E -- Niquen C, Miguel -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Jan 10;299(5604):217-21.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, 7700 Sandholdt Road, Moss Landing, CA 95039, USA. chfr@mbari.org〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12522241" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Atmosphere ; Birds ; Carbon Dioxide ; *Climate ; *Ecosystem ; *Fishes ; Pacific Ocean ; *Seawater ; Temperature ; Time Factors
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    Facilitation of spinal NMDA receptor currents by spillover of synaptically released glycine (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-06-28
    Description: In the mammalian CNS, N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors serve prominent roles in many physiological and pathophysiological processes including pain transmission. For full activation, NMDA receptors require the binding of glycine. It is not known whether the brain uses changes in extracellular glycine to modulate synaptic NMDA responses. Here, we show that synaptically released glycine facilitates NMDA receptor currents in the superficial dorsal horn, an area critically involved in pain processing. During high presynaptic activity, glycine released from inhibitory interneurons escapes the synaptic cleft and reaches nearby NMDA receptors by so-called spillover. In vivo, this process may contribute to the development of inflammatory hyperalgesia.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ahmadi, Seifollah -- Muth-Selbach, Uta -- Lauterbach, Andreas -- Lipfert, Peter -- Neuhuber, Winfried L -- Zeilhofer, Hanns Ulrich -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Jun 27;300(5628):2094-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institut fur Experimentelle und Klinische Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Universitat Erlangen-Nurnberg, Fahrstrasse 17, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12829784" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Analgesics/pharmacology ; Animals ; Anterior Horn Cells/drug effects/metabolism ; Diffusion ; Electric Stimulation ; Evoked Potentials/drug effects ; Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials/drug effects ; Glycine/*metabolism/pharmacology ; In Vitro Techniques ; Interneurons/metabolism ; Neural Inhibition/drug effects ; Opioid Peptides/pharmacology ; Pain Measurement ; Patch-Clamp Techniques ; Posterior Horn Cells/drug effects/*metabolism ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate/*metabolism ; Serine/pharmacology ; Spinal Cord/drug effects/metabolism ; Synapses/*metabolism ; *Synaptic Transmission/drug effects ; Temperature
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    Ocean exploration. Deep-sea mountaineering (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-08-23
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Malakoff, David -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Aug 22;301(5636):1034-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12933987" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Anthozoa ; Atlantic Ocean ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Environment ; Fisheries ; *Fishes ; Geologic Sediments ; *Marine Biology ; Pacific Ocean ; *Seawater
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    Seasonal dynamics of previously unknown fungal lineages in tundra soils (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-09-06
    Description: The finding that microbial communities are active under snow has changed the estimated global rates of biogeochemical processes beneath seasonal snow packs. We used microbiological and molecular techniques to elucidate the phylogenetic composition of undersnow microbial communities in Colorado, the United States. Here, we show that tundra soil microbial biomass reaches its annual peak under snow, and that fungi account for most of the biomass. Phylogenetic analysis of tundra soil fungi revealed a high diversity of fungi and three novel clades that constitute major new groups of fungi (divergent at the subphylum or class level). An abundance of previously unknown fungi that are active beneath the snow substantially broadens our understanding of both the diversity and biogeochemical functioning of fungi in cold environments.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Schadt, Christopher W -- Martin, Andrew P -- Lipson, David A -- Schmidt, Steven K -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Sep 5;301(5638):1359-61.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309-0334, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12958355" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Ascomycota/classification/genetics/growth & development/isolation & purification ; Basidiomycota/classification/genetics/growth & development/isolation & ; purification ; Bayes Theorem ; Biomass ; *Cold Climate ; Colorado ; DNA, Fungal/analysis/genetics ; *Ecosystem ; Fungi/*classification/genetics/*growth & development/isolation & purification ; Phylogeny ; *Seasons ; Snow ; *Soil Microbiology
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    Derepression of BDNF transcription involves calcium-dependent phosphorylation of MeCP2 (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-11-01
    Description: Mutations in MeCP2, which encodes a protein that has been proposed to function as a global transcriptional repressor, are the cause of Rett syndrome (RT T), an X-linked progressive neurological disorder. Although the selective inactivation of MeCP2 in neurons is sufficient to confer a Rett-like phenotype in mice, the specific functions of MeCP2 in postmitotic neurons are not known. We find that MeCP2 binds selectively to BDNF promoter III and functions to repress expression of the BDNF gene. Membrane depolarization triggers the calcium-dependent phosphorylation and release of MeCP2 from BDNF promoter III, thereby facilitating transcription. These studies indicate that MeCP2 plays a key role in the control of neuronal activity-dependent gene regulation and suggest that the deregulation of this process may underlie the pathology of RT T.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Chen, Wen G -- Chang, Qiang -- Lin, Yingxi -- Meissner, Alexander -- West, Anne E -- Griffith, Eric C -- Jaenisch, Rudolf -- Greenberg, Michael E -- HD 18655/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- NS28829/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Oct 31;302(5646):885-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Neuroscience, Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14593183" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor/*genetics ; Calcium/*metabolism ; Cell Membrane/physiology ; Cells, Cultured ; *Chromosomal Proteins, Non-Histone ; Cloning, Molecular ; CpG Islands ; DNA Methylation ; DNA-Binding Proteins/*metabolism ; Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay ; *Gene Expression Regulation ; Gene Silencing ; Histones/metabolism ; Methyl-CpG-Binding Protein 2 ; Methylation ; Mice ; Mice, Knockout ; Neurons/metabolism/physiology ; Phosphorylation ; Potassium Chloride/pharmacology ; Precipitin Tests ; Promoter Regions, Genetic ; Rats ; *Repressor Proteins ; Rett Syndrome/genetics ; *Transcription, Genetic
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    First black carp captured in U.S (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-06-21
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Chick, John H -- Maher, Robert J -- Burr, Brooks M -- Thomas, Matthew R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Jun 20;300(5627):1876-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12817125" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Aquaculture ; Bivalvia ; *Carps/classification ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Fresh Water ; Illinois
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    Will direct payments help biodiversity? (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-03-29
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Swart, Jac A A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Mar 28;299(5615):1981-2; author reply 1981-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12663896" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Conservation of Natural Resources/*economics ; Cost-Benefit Analysis ; *Ecosystem ; Financial Management
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    Experience strengthening transmission by driving AMPA receptors into synapses (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-03-08
    Description: The mechanisms underlying experience-dependent plasticity in the brain may depend on the AMPA subclass of glutamate receptors (AMPA-Rs). We examined the trafficking of AMPA-Rs into synapses in the developing rat barrel cortex. In vivo gene delivery was combined with in vitro recordings to show that experience drives recombinant GluR1, an AMPA-R subunit, into synapses formed between layer 4 and layer 2/3 neurons. Moreover, expression of the GluR1 cytoplasmic tail, a construct that inhibits synaptic delivery of endogenous AMPA-Rs during long-term potentiation, blocked experience-driven synaptic potentiation. In general, synaptic incorporation of AMPA-Rs in vivo conforms to rules identified in vitro and contributes to plasticity driven by natural stimuli in the mammalian brain.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Takahashi, Takuya -- Svoboda, Karel -- Malinow, Roberto -- NS032827/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- NS038259/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Mar 7;299(5612):1585-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Jones Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12624270" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Electrophysiology ; Gene Transfer Techniques ; Long-Term Potentiation ; *Neuronal Plasticity ; Neurons/*metabolism/virology ; Patch-Clamp Techniques ; Rats ; Receptors, AMPA/genetics/*metabolism ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; Sindbis Virus/genetics ; Somatosensory Cortex/*metabolism/virology ; Synapses/*metabolism ; *Synaptic Transmission ; Touch ; Vibrissae/physiology
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    The threat to cone snails (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-10-18
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Chivian, Eric -- Roberts, Callum M -- Bernstein, Aaron S -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Oct 17;302(5644):391.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14563988" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Anthozoa ; Biomedical Research ; Conotoxins ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Environment ; *Snails
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  • 40
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    Structural basis for a Ca2+-sensing function of the metabotropic glutamate receptors (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-03-28
    Description: The metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) are widely distributed in the brain and play important roles in synaptic plasticity. Here it is shown that some types of mGluRs are activated not only by glutamate but also by extracellular Ca2+ (Ca2+o). A single amino acid residue was found to determine the sensitivity of mGluRs to Ca2+o. One of the receptors, mGluR1alpha, but not its point mutant with reduced sensitivity to Ca2+o, caused morphological changes when transfected into mammalian cells. Thus, the sensing of Ca2+o by mGluRs may be important in cells under physiological condition.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kubo, Y -- Miyashita, T -- Murata, Y -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Mar 13;279(5357):1722-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Neurophysiology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Neuroscience, Musashidai 2-6, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8526, Japan. ykubo@tmin.ac.jp〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9497291" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Actins/ultrastructure ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Binding Sites ; Brain/metabolism ; CHO Cells ; Calcium/*metabolism/pharmacology ; Cell Size ; Cricetinae ; Cyclic AMP/metabolism ; G Protein-Coupled Inwardly-Rectifying Potassium Channels ; Glutamic Acid/metabolism/pharmacology ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Oocytes ; Point Mutation ; Potassium Channels/metabolism ; *Potassium Channels, Inwardly Rectifying ; Rats ; Receptors, Metabotropic Glutamate/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; Second Messenger Systems ; Transfection ; Xenopus laevis
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    Role of phosphorylation in regulation of the assembly of endocytic coat complexes (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-08-07
    Description: Clathrin-mediated endocytosis involves cycles of assembly and disassembly of clathrin coat components and their accessory proteins. Dephosphorylation of rat brain extract was shown to promote the assembly of dynamin 1, synaptojanin 1, and amphiphysin into complexes that also included clathrin and AP-2. Phosphorylation of dynamin 1 and synaptojanin 1 inhibited their binding to amphiphysin, whereas phosphorylation of amphiphysin inhibited its binding to AP-2 and clathrin. Thus, phosphorylation regulates the association and dissociation cycle of the clathrin-based endocytic machinery, and calcium-dependent dephosphorylation of endocytic proteins could prepare nerve terminals for a burst of endocytosis.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Slepnev, V I -- Ochoa, G C -- Butler, M H -- Grabs, D -- De Camilli, P -- CA46128/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- NS36251/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Aug 7;281(5378):821-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, 295 Congress Avenue, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9694653" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adaptor Protein Complex alpha Subunits ; Adaptor Protein Complex beta Subunits ; Adaptor Proteins, Vesicular Transport ; Adenosine Triphosphate/metabolism ; Animals ; Binding Sites ; Carbazoles/pharmacology ; Chromatography, Affinity ; Clathrin/*metabolism ; Cyclosporine/pharmacology ; Dimerization ; Dynamin I ; Dynamins ; *Endocytosis ; Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology ; GTP Phosphohydrolases/*metabolism ; Indole Alkaloids ; Membrane Proteins/*metabolism ; Nerve Tissue Proteins/*metabolism ; Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases/*metabolism ; Rats ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; src Homology Domains
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    Cholinergic switching within neocortical inhibitory networks (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-08-14
    Description: Differential actions of acetylcholine on the excitability of two subtypes of interneurons in layer V of the rat visual cortex were examined. Acetylcholine excited low-threshold spike (LTS) cells through nicotinic receptors, whereas it elicited hyperpolarization in fast spiking (FS) cells through muscarinic receptors. Axons of LTS cells were mainly distributed vertically to upper layers, and those of FS cells were primarily confined to layer V. Thus, cortical cholinergic activation may reduce some forms of intralaminar inhibition, promote intracolumnar inhibition, and change the direction of information flow within cortical circuits.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Xiang, Z -- Huguenard, J R -- Prince, D A -- NS 06477/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- NS 07280/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- NS 12151/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- etc. -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Aug 14;281(5379):985-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9703513" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acetylcholine/*physiology ; Animals ; Hexamethonium/pharmacology ; In Vitro Techniques ; Interneurons/physiology ; Membrane Potentials ; Muscarinic Antagonists/pharmacology ; Nerve Net/*physiology ; *Neural Inhibition ; Nicotinic Antagonists/pharmacology ; Patch-Clamp Techniques ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Receptors, Nicotinic/physiology ; Scopolamine Hydrobromide/pharmacology ; Visual Cortex/cytology/*physiology
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    Mismatch repair co-opted by hypermutation (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-03-21
    Description: Mice homozygous for a disrupted allele of the mismatch repair gene Pms2 have a mutator phenotype. When this allele is crossed into quasi-monoclonal (QM) mice, which have a very limited B cell repertoire, homozygotes have fewer somatic mutations at the immunoglobulin heavy chain and lambda chain loci than do heterozygotes or wild-type QM mice. That is, mismatch repair seems to contribute to somatic hypermutation rather than stifling it. It is suggested that at immunoglobulin loci in hypermutable B cells, mismatched base pairs are "corrected" according to the newly synthesized DNA strand, thereby fixing incipient mutations instead of eliminating them.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cascalho, M -- Wong, J -- Steinberg, C -- Wabl, M -- 1R01 GM37699/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Feb 20;279(5354):1207-10.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0670, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9469811" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Adenosine Triphosphatases ; Alleles ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; B-Lymphocytes/immunology ; Base Composition ; Base Sequence ; Cloning, Molecular ; Crosses, Genetic ; *DNA Repair ; *DNA Repair Enzymes ; *DNA-Binding Proteins ; Female ; Gene Rearrangement ; *Genes, Immunoglobulin ; Heterozygote ; Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains/chemistry/genetics ; Immunoglobulin Variable Region/chemistry/*genetics ; Immunoglobulin lambda-Chains/chemistry/genetics ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Knockout ; Molecular Sequence Data ; *Mutation ; Proteins/*genetics/physiology
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    A preorganized active site in the crystal structure of the Tetrahymena ribozyme (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-12-05
    Description: Group I introns possess a single active site that catalyzes the two sequential reactions of self-splicing. An RNA comprising the two domains of the Tetrahymena thermophila group I intron catalytic core retains activity, and the 5.0 angstrom crystal structure of this 247-nucleotide ribozyme is now described. Close packing of the two domains forms a shallow cleft capable of binding the short helix that contains the 5' splice site. The helix that provides the binding site for the guanosine substrate deviates significantly from A-form geometry, providing a tight binding pocket. The binding pockets for both the 5' splice site helix and guanosine are formed and oriented in the absence of these substrates. Thus, this large ribozyme is largely preorganized for catalysis, much like a globular protein enzyme.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Golden, B L -- Gooding, A R -- Podell, E R -- Cech, T R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Oct 9;282(5387):259-64.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309-0215, USA. bgolden@petunia.colorado.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9841391" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Base Pairing ; Base Sequence ; Binding Sites ; Catalysis ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Guanosine/metabolism ; Introns ; Magnesium/metabolism ; Manganese/metabolism ; *Models, Molecular ; Molecular Sequence Data ; *Nucleic Acid Conformation ; Phosphates/metabolism ; RNA Splicing ; RNA, Catalytic/*chemistry/metabolism ; Tetrahymena thermophila/*genetics
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    Errors in genome reviews (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-09-28
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kyrpides, N C -- Ouzounis, C A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Sep 4;281(5382):1457.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9750114" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Base Sequence ; *Genes, Archaeal ; Open Reading Frames ; Publishing/*standards ; *Review Literature as Topic ; Sequence Analysis, DNA/*standards
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 46
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    RNA-mediated trans-activation of transcription from a viral RNA (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-08-07
    Description: The red clover necrotic mosaic virus genome is composed of two single-stranded RNA components, RNA-1 and RNA-2. The viral capsid protein is translated from a subgenomic RNA (sgRNA) that is transcribed from genomic RNA-1. Here, a 34-nucleotide sequence in RNA-2 is shown to be required for transcription of sgRNA. Mutations that prevent base-pairing between the RNA-1 subgenomic promoter and the 34-nucleotide trans-activator prevent expression of a reporter gene. A model is proposed in which direct binding of RNA-2 to RNA-1 trans-activates sgRNA synthesis. This RNA-mediated regulation of transcription is unusual among RNA viruses, which typically rely on protein regulators.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sit, T L -- Vaewhongs, A A -- Lommel, S A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Aug 7;281(5378):829-32.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7616, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9694655" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Base Composition ; Base Sequence ; DNA, Complementary ; Gene Expression ; Genes, Reporter ; Green Fluorescent Proteins ; Luminescent Proteins/genetics ; Models, Genetic ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mosaic Viruses/*genetics ; Mutation ; Nucleic Acid Conformation ; Promoter Regions, Genetic ; RNA, Double-Stranded/genetics/metabolism ; RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis/genetics ; RNA, Viral/biosynthesis/chemistry/*genetics ; Sequence Alignment ; *Transcriptional Activation
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    A closer look at SNPs suggests difficulties (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-10-17
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pennisi, E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Sep 18;281(5384):1787-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9776677" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Base Sequence ; Ethnic Groups/genetics ; *Genetic Markers ; Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; *Genetic Techniques ; Genetic Variation ; *Genetics, Medical ; *Genome, Human ; Humans ; Point Mutation ; *Polymorphism, Genetic ; Recombination, Genetic
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  • 48
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    Inner workings of a transcription factor partnership (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-03-07
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Graves, B J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Feb 13;279(5353):1000-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Huntsman Cancer Institute, Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA. graves@bioscience.utah.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9490475" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Ankyrins/chemistry ; Base Sequence ; Binding Sites ; DNA/chemistry/*metabolism ; DNA-Binding Proteins/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Dimerization ; GA-Binding Protein Transcription Factor ; Hydrogen Bonding ; Leucine Zippers ; Models, Molecular ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Structure, Secondary ; Transcription Factors/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Transcriptional Activation
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  • 49
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    Protein kinase B kinases that mediate phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate-dependent activation of protein kinase B (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-02-21
    Description: Protein kinase B (PKB) is activated in response to phosphoinositide 3-kinases and their lipid products phosphatidylinositol 3,4, 5-trisphosphate [PtdIns(3,4,5)P3] and PtdIns(3,4)P2 in the signaling pathways used by a wide variety of growth factors, antigens, and inflammatory stimuli. PKB is a direct target of these lipids, but this regulation is complex. The lipids can bind to the pleckstrin homologous domain of PKB, causing its translocation to the membrane, and also enable upstream, Thr308-directed kinases to phosphorylate and activate PKB. Four isoforms of these PKB kinases were purified from sheep brain. They bound PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 and associated with lipid vesicles containing it. These kinases contain an NH2-terminal catalytic domain and a COOH-terminal pleckstrin homologous domain, and their heterologous expression augments receptor activation of PKB, which suggests they are the primary signal transducers that enable PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 or PtdIns- (3,4)P2 to activate PKB and hence to control signaling pathways regulating cell survival, glucose uptake, and glycogen metabolism.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stephens, L -- Anderson, K -- Stokoe, D -- Erdjument-Bromage, H -- Painter, G F -- Holmes, A B -- Gaffney, P R -- Reese, C B -- McCormick, F -- Tempst, P -- Coadwell, J -- Hawkins, P T -- Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Jan 30;279(5351):710-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Inositide Laboratory, The Babraham Institute, Babraham, Cambridge CB2 4AT, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9445477" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: 3-Phosphoinositide-Dependent Protein Kinases ; Alternative Splicing ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Cell Line ; Cell Membrane/enzymology ; Cloning, Molecular ; DNA, Complementary ; Drosophila ; Drosophila Proteins ; Enzyme Activation ; Humans ; Liposomes/metabolism ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Open Reading Frames ; Phosphatidylinositol Phosphates/*metabolism ; Phosphorylation ; Platelet-Derived Growth Factor/pharmacology ; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases/chemistry/genetics/isolation & ; purification/*metabolism ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins/*metabolism ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt ; Rats ; Recombinant Proteins/metabolism ; Sheep ; *Signal Transduction
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Tick population trends and forest type (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-08-15
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ginsberg, H S -- Hyland, D E -- Hu, R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Jul 17;281(5375):349-50.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9705710" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Ecosystem ; Forestry ; Ixodes/*physiology ; New York ; Nymph/physiology ; Population Dynamics ; Rhode Island ; *Trees
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    Activation of the OxyR transcription factor by reversible disulfide bond formation (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-03-28
    Description: The OxyR transcription factor is sensitive to oxidation and activates the expression of antioxidant genes in response to hydrogen peroxide in Escherichia coli. Genetic and biochemical studies revealed that OxyR is activated through the formation of a disulfide bond and is deactivated by enzymatic reduction with glutaredoxin 1 (Grx1). The gene encoding Grx1 is regulated by OxyR, thus providing a mechanism for autoregulation. The redox potential of OxyR was determined to be -185 millivolts, ensuring that OxyR is reduced in the absence of stress. These results represent an example of redox signaling through disulfide bond formation and reduction.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zheng, M -- Aslund, F -- Storz, G -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Mar 13;279(5357):1718-21.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Cell Biology and Metabolism Branch, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9497290" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Amino Acid Substitution ; Bacterial Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Base Sequence ; Cysteine/metabolism ; *DNA-Binding Proteins ; Disulfides/*metabolism ; Escherichia coli/genetics/*metabolism ; Escherichia coli Proteins ; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial ; Glutaredoxins ; Glutathione/metabolism ; Glutathione Disulfide/metabolism ; Glutathione Reductase/metabolism ; Hydrogen Peroxide/*metabolism/pharmacology ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Oxidative Stress ; *Oxidoreductases ; Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Repressor Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; Thioredoxins/metabolism ; Transcription Factors/genetics/*metabolism
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    Transition from moderate to excessive drug intake: change in hedonic set point (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-10-09
    Description: Differential access to cocaine self-administration produced two patterns of drug intake in rats. With 1 hour of access per session, drug intake remained low and stable. In contrast, with 6 hours of access, drug intake gradually escalated over days. After escalation, drug consumption was characterized by an increased early drug loading and an upward shift in the cocaine dose-response function, suggesting an increase in hedonic set point. After 1 month of abstinence, escalation of cocaine intake was reinstated to a higher level than before. These findings may provide an animal model for studying the development of excessive drug intake and the basis of addiction.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ahmed, S H -- Koob, G F -- DA04398/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- DA08467/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Oct 9;282(5387):298-300.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Psychopharmacology, Department of Neuropharmacology, CVN-7, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. aserge@sage.scripps.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9765157" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Behavior, Addictive ; Cocaine/*administration & dosage ; Cocaine-Related Disorders/*etiology ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Drug Tolerance ; Male ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar ; Reinforcement (Psychology) ; Time Factors
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    Brazil wants cut of its biological bounty (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-03-21
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pennisi, E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Mar 6;279(5356):1445.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9508717" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Biotechnology ; Brazil ; *Ecosystem ; Ownership/economics/*legislation & jurisprudence
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    Target-specific expression of presynaptic mossy fiber plasticity (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-03-21
    Description: Mossy fiber synaptic transmission at hippocampal CA3 pyramidal cells and interneurons was compared in rat brain slices to determine whether mossy terminals are functionally equivalent. Tetanic stimulation of mossy fibers induced long-term potentiation in pyramidal neurons but was either without effect or it induced depression at synapses onto interneurons. Unlike transmission onto pyramidal neurons, transmission onto interneurons was not potentiated after adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP) activation. Furthermore, metabotropic glutamate receptor depression of transmission onto interneurons did not involve cAMP-dependent pathways. Thus, synaptic terminals arising from a common afferent pathway do not function as a single compartment but are specialized, depending on their postsynaptic target.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Maccaferri, G -- Toth, K -- McBain, C J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Feb 27;279(5355):1368-70.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurophysiology, Room 5A72, Building 49, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda MD 20892-4495, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9478900" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Afferent Pathways ; Animals ; Colforsin/pharmacology ; Cyclic AMP/metabolism ; Cycloleucine/analogs & derivatives/pharmacology ; Cyclopropanes/pharmacology ; Electric Stimulation ; Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials/drug effects ; Glycine/analogs & derivatives/pharmacology ; Hippocampus/cytology/*physiology ; In Vitro Techniques ; Interneurons/drug effects/*physiology ; *Long-Term Potentiation ; Mossy Fibers, Hippocampal/*physiology ; Pyramidal Cells/drug effects/*physiology ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Receptors, Metabotropic Glutamate/agonists/physiology ; Synaptic Transmission/drug effects
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    Src activation in the induction of long-term potentiation in CA1 hippocampal neurons (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-03-21
    Description: Long-term potentiation (LTP) is an activity-dependent strengthening of synaptic efficacy that is considered to be a model of learning and memory. Protein tyrosine phosphorylation is necessary to induce LTP. Here, induction of LTP in CA1 pyramidal cells of rats was prevented by blocking the tyrosine kinase Src, and Src activity was increased by stimulation producing LTP. Directly activating Src in the postsynaptic neuron enhanced excitatory synaptic responses, occluding LTP. Src-induced enhancement of alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptor-mediated synaptic responses required raised intracellular Ca2+ and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors. Thus, Src activation is necessary and sufficient for inducing LTP and may function by up-regulating NMDA receptors.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lu, Y M -- Roder, J C -- Davidow, J -- Salter, M W -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Feb 27;279(5355):1363-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, and Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, University of Toronto, M5S 1A8, Canada.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9478899" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Calcium/metabolism ; Electric Stimulation ; Enzyme Activation ; Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials/drug effects ; Hippocampus/cytology/enzymology/*physiology ; In Vitro Techniques ; *Long-Term Potentiation ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Oligopeptides/pharmacology ; Patch-Clamp Techniques ; Peptide Fragments/pharmacology ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins pp60(c-src)/pharmacology ; Pyramidal Cells/enzymology/*physiology ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Receptors, AMPA/physiology ; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate/physiology ; Recombinant Proteins/pharmacology ; Up-Regulation ; src-Family Kinases/*metabolism
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    Neurons and silicon get intimate (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-05-18
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Service, R F -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Apr 23;284(5414):578-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10328734" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cells, Cultured ; Electric Stimulation ; Electrodes ; Electrodes, Implanted ; *Electronics ; Electrophysiology ; Humans ; Nerve Net/*physiology ; Nervous System Diseases/*therapy ; Neurons/*physiology ; Rats ; Silicon ; *Transistors, Electronic
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    Genetic definition and sequence analysis of Arabidopsis centromeres (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-01-05
    Description: High-precision genetic mapping was used to define the regions that contain centromere functions on each natural chromosome in Arabidopsis thaliana. These regions exhibited dramatic recombinational repression and contained complex DNA surrounding large arrays of 180-base pair repeats. Unexpectedly, the DNA within the centromeres was not merely structural but also encoded several expressed genes. The regions flanking the centromeres were densely populated by repetitive elements yet experienced normal levels of recombination. The genetically defined centromeres were well conserved among Arabidopsis ecotypes but displayed limited sequence homology between different chromosomes, excluding repetitive DNA. This investigation provides a platform for dissecting the role of individual sequences in centromeres in higher eukaryotes.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Copenhaver, G P -- Nickel, K -- Kuromori, T -- Benito, M I -- Kaul, S -- Lin, X -- Bevan, M -- Murphy, G -- Harris, B -- Parnell, L D -- McCombie, W R -- Martienssen, R A -- Marra, M -- Preuss, D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Dec 24;286(5449):2468-74.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉University of Chicago, Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, 1103 East 57 Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10617454" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Arabidopsis/chemistry/*genetics ; Base Composition ; Base Sequence ; Centromere/*genetics/physiology ; Conserved Sequence ; Contig Mapping ; Crosses, Genetic ; Crossing Over, Genetic ; DNA, Plant/chemistry/*genetics ; Gene Expression ; *Genes, Plant ; Meiosis ; Models, Genetic ; *Recombination, Genetic ; *Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid ; Retroelements ; Sequence Analysis, DNA
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    Test tube evolution catches time in a bottle (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-07-17
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Appenzeller, T -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Jun 25;284(5423):2108-10.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10409068" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Adaptation, Physiological ; *Biological Evolution ; Culture Media ; *Ecosystem ; Escherichia coli/*genetics/physiology ; Glucose/metabolism ; Maltose/metabolism ; *Mutation ; Pseudomonas fluorescens/*genetics/physiology ; Selection, Genetic
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    Stem cells. Rat spinal cord function partially restored (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-12-28
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wickelgren, I -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Dec 3;286(5446):1826-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10610569" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Astrocytes/cytology ; Cell Differentiation ; Cell Survival ; Embryo, Mammalian ; Mice ; Neurons/cytology ; Oligodendroglia/cytology ; Rats ; Spinal Cord/cytology/*physiology ; Spinal Cord Injuries/*therapy ; *Stem Cell Transplantation ; Stem Cells/cytology
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    Key brain receptor gets an unusual regulator (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-12-28
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wickelgren, I -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Nov 12;286(5443):1265-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10610528" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Astrocytes/*enzymology ; Brain/*enzymology ; Cloning, Molecular ; Glutamic Acid/metabolism ; Neurons/metabolism ; Racemases and Epimerases/*genetics/metabolism ; Rats ; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate/metabolism ; Serine/*biosynthesis/metabolism ; Stereoisomerism ; Synapses/metabolism
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    Filling in the blanks of the GABAB receptor (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-01-23
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wickelgren, I -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Jan 1;283(5398):14-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9917254" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Brain/metabolism ; Cells, Cultured ; Dimerization ; Drug Design ; Humans ; Neurons/*metabolism ; Potassium Channels/metabolism ; Rats ; Receptors, GABA-B/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid/metabolism
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    The promise of comparative genomics in mammals (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-10-16
    Description: Dense genetic maps of human, mouse, and rat genomes that are based on coding genes and on microsatellite and single-nucleotide polymorphism markers have been complemented by precise gene homolog alignment with moderate-resolution maps of livestock, companion animals, and additional mammal species. Comparative genetic assessment expands the utility of these maps in gene discovery, in functional genomics, and in tracking the evolutionary forces that sculpted the genome organization of modern mammalian species.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉O'Brien, S J -- Menotti-Raymond, M -- Murphy, W J -- Nash, W G -- Wienberg, J -- Stanyon, R -- Copeland, N G -- Jenkins, N A -- Womack, J E -- Marshall Graves, J A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Oct 15;286(5439):458-62, 479-81.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory of Genomic Diversity, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702-1201, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10521336" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Animals, Domestic/genetics ; Base Sequence ; *Chromosome Mapping ; *Evolution, Molecular ; Genetic Markers ; *Genome ; *Genome, Human ; Humans ; Mammals/*genetics ; Mutation ; *Phylogeny ; Rodentia/genetics
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Rapid spine delivery and redistribution of AMPA receptors after synaptic NMDA receptor activation (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-06-12
    Description: To monitor changes in alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionate (AMPA) receptor distribution in living neurons, the AMPA receptor subunit GluR1 was tagged with green fluorescent protein (GFP). This protein (GluR1-GFP) was functional and was transiently expressed in hippocampal CA1 neurons. In dendrites visualized with two-photon laser scanning microscopy or electron microscopy, most of the GluR1-GFP was intracellular, mimicking endogenous GluR1 distribution. Tetanic synaptic stimulation induced a rapid delivery of tagged receptors into dendritic spines as well as clusters in dendrites. These postsynaptic trafficking events required synaptic N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor activation and may contribute to the enhanced AMPA receptor-mediatedtransmission observed during long-term potentiation and activity-dependent synaptic maturation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Shi, S H -- Hayashi, Y -- Petralia, R S -- Zaman, S H -- Wenthold, R J -- Svoboda, K -- Malinow, R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Jun 11;284(5421):1811-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10364548" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cells, Cultured ; Dendrites/*metabolism/ultrastructure ; Electric Stimulation ; Hippocampus/cytology/physiology ; Humans ; Long-Term Potentiation ; *Neuronal Plasticity ; Neurons/*physiology ; Organ Culture Techniques ; Rats ; Receptor Aggregation ; Receptors, AMPA/*metabolism ; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate/*physiology ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; Synapses/metabolism/*physiology ; Synaptic Transmission ; Tetany
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    Calmodulin dependence of presynaptic metabotropic glutamate receptor signaling (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-11-05
    Description: Glutamatergic neurotransmission is controlled by presynaptic metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs). A subdomain in the intracellular carboxyl-terminal tail of group III mGluRs binds calmodulin and heterotrimeric guanosine triphosphate-binding protein (G protein) betagamma subunits in a mutually exclusive manner. Mutations interfering with calmodulin binding and calmodulin antagonists inhibit G protein-mediated modulation of ionic currents by mGluR 7. Calmodulin antagonists also prevent inhibition of excitatory neurotransmission via presynaptic mGluRs. These results reveal a novel mechanism of presynaptic modulation in which Ca(2+)-calmodulin is required to release G protein betagamma subunits from the C-tail of group III mGluRs in order to mediate glutamatergic autoinhibition.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉O'Connor, V -- El Far, O -- Bofill-Cardona, E -- Nanoff, C -- Freissmuth, M -- Karschin, A -- Airas, J M -- Betz, H -- Boehm, S -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Nov 5;286(5442):1180-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Neurochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Brain Research, Deutschordenstrasse 46, 60528 Frankfurt, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10550060" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Calcium/metabolism ; Calmodulin/antagonists & inhibitors/*metabolism ; Cells, Cultured ; Dimerization ; G Protein-Coupled Inwardly-Rectifying Potassium Channels ; GTP-Binding Proteins/*metabolism ; Glutamic Acid/*metabolism ; Hippocampus/cytology/metabolism ; Humans ; Mice ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Neurons/metabolism ; Potassium Channels/metabolism ; *Potassium Channels, Inwardly Rectifying ; Presynaptic Terminals/metabolism ; Propionates/pharmacology ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Receptors, Metabotropic Glutamate/antagonists & inhibitors/*metabolism ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; Sesterterpenes ; Signal Transduction ; Swine ; *Synaptic Transmission ; Terpenes/pharmacology
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    A cytotoxic ribonuclease targeting specific transfer RNA anticodons (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-03-26
    Description: The carboxyl-terminal domain of colicin E5 was shown to inhibit protein synthesis of Escherichia coli. Its target, as revealed through in vivo and in vitro experiments, was not ribosomes as in the case of E3, but the transfer RNAs (tRNAs) for Tyr, His, Asn, and Asp, which contain a modified base, queuine, at the wobble position of each anticodon. The E5 carboxyl-terminal domain hydrolyzed these tRNAs just on the 3' side of this nucleotide. Tight correlation was observed between the toxicity of E5 and the cleavage of intracellular tRNAs of this group, implying that these tRNAs are the primary targets of colicin E5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ogawa, T -- Tomita, K -- Ueda, T -- Watanabe, K -- Uozumi, T -- Masaki, H -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Mar 26;283(5410):2097-100.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Yayoi 1-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10092236" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Anticodon/*metabolism ; Bacterial Proteins/biosynthesis/genetics/pharmacology ; Base Sequence ; Cloning, Molecular ; Colicins/genetics/*metabolism/pharmacology ; Escherichia coli/drug effects/metabolism ; *Escherichia coli Proteins ; Guanine/analogs & derivatives/analysis ; Molecular Sequence Data ; RNA, Bacterial/chemistry/*metabolism ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/metabolism ; RNA, Transfer, Amino Acid-Specific/chemistry/*metabolism ; RNA, Transfer, Asn/chemistry/metabolism ; RNA, Transfer, Asp/chemistry/metabolism ; RNA, Transfer, His/chemistry/metabolism ; RNA, Transfer, Tyr/chemistry/metabolism ; Ribonucleases/genetics/*metabolism/pharmacology ; Ribosomes/metabolism
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    AP-2 recruitment to synaptotagmin stimulated by tyrosine-based endocytic motifs (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-08-24
    Description: Clathrin-mediated endocytosis is initiated by the recruitment of the clathrin adaptor protein AP-2 to the plasma membrane where the membrane protein synaptotagmin is thought to act as a docking site. AP-2 also interacts with endocytic motifs present in other cargo proteins. Peptides with a tyrosine-based endocytic motif stimulated binding of AP-2 to synaptotagmin and enhanced AP-2 recruitment to the plasma membrane of neuronal and non-neuronal cells. This suggests a mechanism by which nucleation of clathrin-coated pits is stimulated by the loading of cargo proteins.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Haucke, V -- De Camilli, P -- CA46128/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- NS36252/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Aug 20;285(5431):1268-71.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Cell Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, 295 Congress Avenue, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10455054" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adaptor Protein Complex alpha Subunits ; Adaptor Proteins, Vesicular Transport ; Animals ; Binding Sites ; CHO Cells ; *Calcium-Binding Proteins ; Cattle ; Cell Membrane/metabolism ; Clathrin/*metabolism ; Coated Pits, Cell-Membrane/*metabolism ; Cricetinae ; *Endocytosis ; Membrane Glycoproteins/chemistry/*metabolism ; Membrane Proteins/*metabolism ; Nerve Tissue Proteins/chemistry/*metabolism ; Neurons/metabolism ; Oligopeptides/chemistry/metabolism/*pharmacology ; Phospholipase D/metabolism ; Protein Binding ; Rats ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; Synaptic Membranes/*metabolism ; Synaptotagmins ; Tyrosine/chemistry
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    Techsigting. Neural regeneration. Some nerve! (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-05-08
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sikorski, R -- Peters, R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Apr 16;284(5413):453.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10232993" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cell Differentiation ; Cell Division ; Cell Separation ; Chick Embryo ; Neural Crest/*cytology/embryology ; Neuroglia/*cytology ; Neurons/*cytology ; Rats ; Regeneration ; Sciatic Nerve/*cytology/embryology ; Stem Cells/*cytology
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    Revisiting the commons: local lessons, global challenges (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1999-04-09
    Description: In a seminal paper, Garrett Hardin argued in 1968 that users of a commons are caught in an inevitable process that leads to the destruction of the resources on which they depend. This article discusses new insights about such problems and the conditions most likely to favor sustainable uses of common-pool resources. Some of the most difficult challenges concern the management of large-scale resources that depend on international cooperation, such as fresh water in international basins or large marine ecosystems. Institutional diversity may be as important as biological diversity for our long-term survival.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ostrom, E -- Burger, J -- Field, C B -- Norgaard, R B -- Policansky, D -- ESO 5022/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Apr 9;284(5412):278-82.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center for the Study of Institutions, Population, and Environmental Change and Workshop in Political Theory and Policy Analysis, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47408, USA. ostrom@indiana.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10195886" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Government ; Ownership ; Private Sector ; Privatization ; *Public Policy ; Public Sector ; Social Responsibility
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    Role of DNA 5-methylcytosine transferase in cell transformation by fos (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-01-15
    Description: The Fos and Jun oncoproteins form dimeric complexes that stimulate transcription of genes containing activator protein-1 regulatory elements. We found, by representational difference analysis, that expression of DNA 5-methylcytosine transferase (dnmt1) in fos-transformed cells is three times the expression in normal fibroblasts and that fos-transformed cells contain about 20 percent more 5-methylcytosine than normal fibroblasts. Transfection of the gene encoding Dnmt1 induced morphological transformation, whereas inhibition of dnmt1 expression or activity resulted in reversion of fos transformation. Inhibition of histone deacetylase, which associates with methylated DNA, also caused reversion. These results suggest that fos may transform cells through alterations in DNA methylation and in histone deacetylation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bakin, A V -- Curran, T -- P30 CA21765/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Jan 15;283(5400):387-90.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9888853" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: 5-Methylcytosine ; Acetylation ; Animals ; Cell Size ; *Cell Transformation, Neoplastic ; Cytosine/analogs & derivatives/metabolism ; DNA (Cytosine-5-)-Methyltransferase/genetics/*metabolism ; DNA Methylation ; Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology ; Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic ; *Genes, fos ; Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors ; Histones/metabolism ; Hydroxamic Acids/pharmacology ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos/*metabolism ; Rats ; Transcription, Genetic ; Transfection
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    Pigment epithelium-derived factor: a potent inhibitor of angiogenesis (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-07-10
    Description: In the absence of disease, the vasculature of the mammalian eye is quiescent, in part because of the action of angiogenic inhibitors that prevent vessels from invading the cornea and vitreous. Here, an inhibitor responsible for the avascularity of these ocular compartments is identified as pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF), a protein previously shown to have neurotrophic activity. The amount of inhibitory PEDF produced by retinal cells was positively correlated with oxygen concentrations, suggesting that its loss plays a permissive role in ischemia-driven retinal neovascularization. These results suggest that PEDF may be of therapeutic use, especially in retinopathies where pathological neovascularization compromises vision and leads to blindness.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Dawson, D W -- Volpert, O V -- Gillis, P -- Crawford, S E -- Xu, H -- Benedict, W -- Bouck, N P -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Jul 9;285(5425):245-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Department of Pathology, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10398599" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Animals, Newborn ; Antibodies/immunology ; Cattle ; Cells, Cultured ; Chemotaxis/drug effects ; Culture Media, Conditioned ; Endothelial Growth Factors/metabolism ; Endothelium, Vascular/cytology/drug effects/physiology ; Eye/blood supply ; *Eye Proteins ; Humans ; Lymphokines/metabolism ; Mice ; Neovascularization, Pathologic/*drug therapy/metabolism/pathology ; Neovascularization, Physiologic/*drug effects ; *Nerve Growth Factors ; Oxygen/physiology ; Proteins/genetics/immunology/*pharmacology/*physiology ; RNA, Messenger/genetics/metabolism ; Rats ; Retina/*metabolism/pathology ; Retinal Neovascularization/*drug therapy ; Retinal Vessels/growth & development ; Serpins/genetics/immunology/*pharmacology/*physiology ; Tumor Cells, Cultured ; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A ; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors
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    Mechanism of intrinsic transcription termination and antitermination (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-04-24
    Description: Gene expression is modulated by regulatory elements that influence transcription elongation by RNA polymerase: terminators that disrupt the elongation complex and release RNA, and regulators that overcome termination signals. RNA release from Escherichia coli RNA polymerase can be induced by a complementary oligonucleotide that replaces the upstream half of the RNA hairpin stem of intrinsic terminator transcripts, implying that RNA hairpins act by extracting RNA from the transcription complex. A transcription antiterminator inhibits this activity of oligonucleotides and therefore protects the elongation complex from destabilizing attacks on the emerging transcript. These effects illuminate the structure of the complex and the mechanism of transcription termination.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Yarnell, W S -- Roberts, J W -- GM 21941/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Apr 23;284(5414):611-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Section of Biochemistry, Molecular and Cell Biology, Biotechnology Building, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10213678" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Base Pairing ; Base Sequence ; DNA, Bacterial/chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; DNA-Directed RNA Polymerases/genetics/*metabolism ; Escherichia coli/*genetics/metabolism ; Models, Genetic ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Nucleic Acid Conformation ; Oligodeoxyribonucleotides/chemistry/metabolism ; RNA, Bacterial/chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; RNA, Messenger/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Templates, Genetic ; *Terminator Regions, Genetic ; *Transcription, Genetic ; Viral Proteins/*metabolism
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    Focal adhesion motility revealed in stationary fibroblasts (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-11-05
    Description: Focal adhesions (FAs) are clustered integrins and associated proteins that mediate cell adhesion and signaling. A green fluorescent protein-beta1 integrin chimera was used to label FAs in living cells. In stationary cells, FAs were highly motile, moving linearly for several plaque lengths toward the cell center. FA motility was independent of cell density and resulted from contraction of associated actin fibers. In migrating cells, FAs were stationary and only moved in the tail. FA motility in stationary cells suggests that cell movement may be regulated by a clutch-like mechanism by which the affinity of integrins to substrate may be altered in response to migratory cues.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Smilenov, L B -- Mikhailov, A -- Pelham, R J -- Marcantonio, E E -- Gundersen, G G -- GM42026/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM44585/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Nov 5;286(5442):1172-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Pathology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10550057" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: 3T3 Cells ; Actins/physiology ; Animals ; Antigens, CD29/*metabolism ; *Cell Adhesion ; Cell Count ; Cell Line ; *Cell Movement ; Fibroblasts/*cytology/metabolism ; Fluorescence ; Green Fluorescent Proteins ; Luminescent Proteins ; Mice ; Microscopy, Interference ; Rats ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism
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    Blockade of NMDA receptors and apoptotic neurodegeneration in the developing brain (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1999-01-05
    Description: Programmed cell death (apoptosis) occurs during normal development of the central nervous system. However, the mechanisms that determine which neurons will succumb to apoptosis are poorly understood. Blockade of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) glutamate receptors for only a few hours during late fetal or early neonatal life triggered widespread apoptotic neurodegeneration in the developing rat brain, suggesting that the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate, acting at NMDA receptors, controls neuronal survival. These findings may have relevance to human neurodevelopmental disorders involving prenatal (drug-abusing mothers) or postnatal (pediatric anesthesia) exposure to drugs that block NMDA receptors.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ikonomidou, C -- Bosch, F -- Miksa, M -- Bittigau, P -- Vockler, J -- Dikranian, K -- Tenkova, T I -- Stefovska, V -- Turski, L -- Olney, J W -- AG 11355/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- DA 05072/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- MH 38894/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Jan 1;283(5398):70-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Pediatric Neurology, Charite-Virchow Clinics, Humboldt University, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany. hrissanthi.ikonomidou@charite.de〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9872743" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Apoptosis ; Brain/*cytology/drug effects/embryology/growth & development ; Calcium Channel Blockers/pharmacology ; Dizocilpine Maleate/pharmacology ; Dopamine Antagonists/pharmacology ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists/pharmacology ; Fetus ; Haloperidol/pharmacology ; Immunohistochemistry ; In Situ Nick-End Labeling ; Microscopy, Electron ; Muscarinic Antagonists/pharmacology ; *Nerve Degeneration ; Neurons/*cytology/drug effects/metabolism ; Quinoxalines/pharmacology ; Rats ; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate/*antagonists & inhibitors/metabolism ; Scopolamine Hydrobromide/pharmacology
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    The mammalian gene collection (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-10-16
    Description: The Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC) project is a new effort by the NIH to generate full-length complementary DNA (cDNA) resources. This project will provide publicly accessible resources to the full research community. The MGC project entails the production of libraries, sequencing, and database and repository development, as well as the support of library construction, sequencing, and analytic technologies dedicated to the goal of obtaining a full set of human and other mammalian full-length (open reading frame) sequences and clones of expressed genes.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Strausberg, R L -- Feingold, E A -- Klausner, R D -- Collins, F S -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Oct 15;286(5439):455-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉National Cancer Institute, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10521335" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Base Sequence ; Computational Biology ; DNA, Complementary ; Databases, Factual ; Expressed Sequence Tags ; *Gene Library ; *Genome ; *Genome, Human ; Humans ; Mammals/*genetics ; Mice ; National Institutes of Health (U.S.) ; Private Sector ; Public Sector ; *Sequence Analysis, DNA ; United States
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Building neural representations of habits (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-11-27
    Description: Memories for habits and skills ("implicit or procedural memory") and memories for facts ("explicit or episodic memory") are built up in different brain systems and are vulnerable to different neurodegenerative disorders in humans. So that the striatum-based mechanisms underlying habit formation could be studied, chronic recordings from ensembles of striatal neurons were made with multiple tetrodes as rats learned a T-maze procedural task. Large and widely distributed changes in the neuronal activity patterns occurred in the sensorimotor striatum during behavioral acquisition, culminating in task-related activity emphasizing the beginning and end of the automatized procedure. The new ensemble patterns remained stable during weeks of subsequent performance of the same task. These results suggest that the encoding of action in the sensorimotor striatum undergoes dynamic reorganization as habit learning proceeds.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Jog, M S -- Kubota, Y -- Connolly, C I -- Hillegaart, V -- Graybiel, A M -- R03 MH57878/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Nov 26;286(5445):1745-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉London Health Sciences Center, London, Ontario N6A 5A5, Canada.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10576743" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Action Potentials ; Animals ; Behavior, Animal ; Brain Mapping ; Corpus Striatum/*physiology ; Electrodes, Implanted ; Evoked Potentials ; *Habits ; Locomotion ; *Maze Learning ; Memory/physiology ; Motor Activity ; Neurons/physiology ; Rats ; Reaction Time
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Cell survival promoted by the Ras-MAPK signaling pathway by transcription-dependent and -independent mechanisms (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-11-13
    Description: A mechanism by which the Ras-mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway mediates growth factor-dependent cell survival was characterized. The MAPK-activated kinases, the Rsks, catalyzed the phosphorylation of the pro-apoptotic protein BAD at serine 112 both in vitro and in vivo. The Rsk-induced phosphorylation of BAD at serine 112 suppressed BAD-mediated apoptosis in neurons. Rsks also are known to phosphorylate the transcription factor CREB (cAMP response element-binding protein) at serine 133. Activated CREB promoted cell survival, and inhibition of CREB phosphorylation at serine 133 triggered apoptosis. These findings suggest that the MAPK signaling pathway promotes cell survival by a dual mechanism comprising the posttranslational modification and inactivation of a component of the cell death machinery and the increased transcription of pro-survival genes.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bonni, A -- Brunet, A -- West, A E -- Datta, S R -- Takasu, M A -- Greenberg, M E -- NIHP30-HD18655/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- P01 HD 24926/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Nov 12;286(5443):1358-62.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Neuroscience, Children's Hospital, and Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10558990" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Apoptosis ; Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor/pharmacology ; Carrier Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; *Cell Survival ; Cells, Cultured ; Cerebellum/cytology ; Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein/metabolism ; Enzyme Activation ; Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology ; Flavonoids/pharmacology ; Insulin-Like Growth Factor I/pharmacology ; MAP Kinase Kinase 1 ; *MAP Kinase Signaling System ; Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors/metabolism ; Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors/metabolism ; Mutation ; Neurons/*cytology/metabolism ; Phosphorylation ; Phosphoserine/metabolism ; *Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases ; Rats ; Rats, Long-Evans ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; Ribosomal Protein S6 Kinases/genetics/*metabolism ; *Transcription, Genetic ; Transfection ; bcl-Associated Death Protein ; ras Proteins/metabolism
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    The evolution of species interactions (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-06-26
    Description: Interactions between species are as evolutionarily malleable as the species themselves and have played a central role in the diversification and organization of life. This malleability creates complex geographic mosaics in interspecific interactions that can evolve rapidly over decades, blurring the distinction between evolutionary time and ecological time and making the study of coevolution crucial for human health and welfare.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Thompson, J N -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Jun 25;284(5423):2116-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Departments of Botany and Zoology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA. jnt@wsu.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10381869" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Drug Resistance, Microbial ; *Ecosystem ; Humans ; Models, Biological ; Parasites/pathogenicity ; *Selection, Genetic ; Virulence/genetics
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    Dissecting dendrite dynamics (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-04-17
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Smith, S J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Mar 19;283(5409):1860-1.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. sjsmith@leland.stanford.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10206891" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: 2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate/pharmacology ; Action Potentials ; Animals ; Dendrites/*physiology/ultrastructure ; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists/pharmacology ; Glutamic Acid/metabolism ; Hippocampus/cytology ; Microscopy, Fluorescence ; Neurons/physiology/ultrastructure ; Pseudopodia/*physiology/ultrastructure ; Rats ; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate/*physiology ; Synapses/*physiology/ultrastructure ; Synaptic Membranes/physiology
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    The role of local actin instability in axon formation (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-03-19
    Description: The role of localized instability of the actin network in specifying axonal fate was examined with the use of rat hippocampal neurons in culture. During normal neuronal development, actin dynamics and instability polarized to a single growth cone before axon formation. Consistently, global application of actin-depolymerizing drugs and of the Rho-signaling inactivator toxin B to nonpolarized cells produced neurons with multiple axons. Moreover, disruption of the actin network in one individual growth cone induced its neurite to become the axon. Thus, local instability of the actin network restricted to a single growth cone is a physiological signal specifying neuronal polarization.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bradke, F -- Dotti, C G -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Mar 19;283(5409):1931-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Cell Biology Programme, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69012 Heidelberg, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10082468" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Actins/metabolism/*physiology ; Animals ; Axons/*physiology/ultrastructure ; *Bacterial Proteins ; Bacterial Toxins/pharmacology ; Bicyclo Compounds, Heterocyclic/pharmacology ; Cell Polarity ; Cells, Cultured ; Cytochalasin D/pharmacology ; GTP Phosphohydrolases/antagonists & inhibitors/metabolism ; Growth Cones/drug effects/*physiology/ultrastructure ; Hippocampus ; Microtubules/physiology/ultrastructure ; Neurites/*physiology/ultrastructure ; Phenotype ; Pseudopodia/drug effects/ultrastructure ; Rats ; Signal Transduction ; Thiazoles/pharmacology ; Thiazolidines
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    Precisely localized LTD in the neocortex revealed by infrared-guided laser stimulation (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-10-03
    Description: In a direct approach to elucidate the origin of long-term depression (LTD), glutamate was applied onto dendrites of neurons in rat neocortical slices. An infrared-guided laser stimulation was used to release glutamate from caged glutamate in the focal spot of an ultraviolet laser. A burst of light flashes caused an LTD-like depression of glutamate receptor responses, which was highly confined to the region of "tetanic" stimulation (〈10 micrometers). A similar depression of glutamate receptor responses was observed during LTD of synaptic transmission. A spatially highly specific postsynaptic mechanism can account for the LTD induced by glutamate release.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Dodt, H -- Eder, M -- Frick, A -- Zieglgansberger, W -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Oct 1;286(5437):110-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Max-Planck-Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstrasse 2, 80804 Munich, Germany. dodt@mpipsykl.mpg.de〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10506556" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Dizocilpine Maleate/pharmacology ; Electric Stimulation ; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists/pharmacology ; Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials ; Glutamates/pharmacology ; Glutamic Acid/metabolism ; In Vitro Techniques ; Infrared Rays ; Lasers ; Microscopy, Video ; Neocortex/cytology/*physiology ; *Neuronal Plasticity ; Patch-Clamp Techniques ; Photolysis ; Pyramidal Cells/*physiology ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Receptors, Glutamate/*metabolism ; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate/antagonists & inhibitors/metabolism ; Synapses/*physiology ; *Synaptic Transmission
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    Role of the mouse ank gene in control of tissue calcification and arthritis (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-07-15
    Description: Mutation at the mouse progressive ankylosis (ank) locus causes a generalized, progressive form of arthritis accompanied by mineral deposition, formation of bony outgrowths, and joint destruction. Here, we show that the ank locus encodes a multipass transmembrane protein (ANK) that is expressed in joints and other tissues and controls pyrophosphate levels in cultured cells. A highly conserved gene is present in humans and other vertebrates. These results identify ANK-mediated control of pyrophosphate levels as a possible mechanism regulating tissue calcification and susceptibility to arthritis in higher animals.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ho, A M -- Johnson, M D -- Kingsley, D M -- 5T32GM07365/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Jul 14;289(5477):265-70.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Developmental Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Beckman Center B300, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5327, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10894769" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Arthritis/*genetics/metabolism/pathology ; Base Sequence ; Biological Transport ; COS Cells ; Calcinosis/*genetics ; Chromosome Mapping ; Cloning, Molecular ; Dna ; Diphosphates/*metabolism ; Durapatite/metabolism ; Gene Expression ; Genetic Complementation Test ; Humans ; Membrane Proteins/*genetics/metabolism/*physiology ; Mice ; Mice, Transgenic ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Phenotype ; Phosphate Transport Proteins ; Physical Chromosome Mapping ; Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid ; Tissue Distribution
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    Conservation in the real world (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-09-30
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sinclair, A R -- Ludwig, D -- Clark, C W -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Sep 15;289(5486):1875.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11012354" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Conservation of Natural Resources/methods ; *Ecosystem ; Humans ; Residence Characteristics
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    Economic incentives for rain forest conservation across scales (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-06-10
    Description: Globally, tropical deforestation releases 20 to 30% of anthropogenic greenhouse gases. Conserving forests could reduce emissions, but the cost-effectiveness of this mechanism for mitigation depends on the associated opportunity costs. We estimated these costs from local, national, and global perspectives using a case study from Madagascar. Conservation generated significant benefits over logging and agriculture locally and globally. Nationally, however, financial benefits from industrial logging were larger than conservation benefits. Such differing economic signals across scales may exacerbate tropical deforestation. The Kyoto Protocol could potentially overcome this obstacle to conservation by creating markets for protection of tropical forests to mitigate climate change.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kremen, C -- Niles, J O -- Dalton, M G -- Daily, G C -- Ehrlich, P R -- Fay, J P -- Grewal, D -- Guillery, R P -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Jun 9;288(5472):1828-32.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center for Conservation Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. ckremen@stanford.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10846165" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Carbon ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*economics ; Cost-Benefit Analysis ; Developed Countries ; Developing Countries ; *Ecosystem ; Greenhouse Effect ; Industry ; Madagascar ; *Trees
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    Conservation conundrum (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-08-05
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Brownell, R L Jr -- Curry, B E -- Van Bonn, W -- Ridgway, S H -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Jun 30;288(5475):2319-20.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10917829" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Animals, Wild ; California ; Communicable Diseases/transmission/*veterinary ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; *Seals, Earless
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    Still havens for coral reefs (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-09-23
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Starck, W -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Sep 8;289(5485):1691.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11001734" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Australia ; *Cnidaria ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Disasters ; *Ecosystem ; Humans
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    Neuroscience. Early insult rewires pain circuits (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-08-12
    Description: On page 628, neuroscientists report that painful stimuli delivered to rats shortly after birth permanently rewire the spinal cord circuits that respond to pain. Not only do the circuits contain more axons, but the axons extend to more areas of the spinal cord than they normally would. The results should help convince skeptics of the importance of managing pain in human infants.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Helmuth, L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Jul 28;289(5479):521-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10939955" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Afferent Pathways ; Aging ; Animals ; Animals, Newborn ; Axons/*physiology ; Hindlimb/innervation ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Inflammation/physiopathology ; *Pain ; Pain Threshold ; Rats ; Sciatic Nerve/*anatomy & histology/physiology ; Spinal Cord/*cytology
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    Ecology. When fire ants move in, others leave (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-08-05
    Description: Researchers have uncovered new evidence about the long-range, and potentially long-term, ecological damage being wrought by an invasive species of fire ant. The red imported fire ant Solenopsis invicta displaces other ant species and upsets the structures of native communities of ants--disruptions that appear to be permanent, they report in the July issue of Ecology Letters. The drop in biodiversity could represent a significant loss, experts note, because of the critical role ants play in recycling nutrients and other biological material.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pennisi, E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Jul 14;289(5477):231.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10917841" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Ants/physiology ; *Ecosystem ; United States
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    Role for rapid dendritic protein synthesis in hippocampal mGluR-dependent long-term depression (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-05-20
    Description: A hippocampal pyramidal neuron receives more than 10(4) excitatory glutamatergic synapses. Many of these synapses contain the molecular machinery for messenger RNA translation, suggesting that the protein complement (and thus function) of each synapse can be regulated on the basis of activity. Here, local postsynaptic protein synthesis, triggered by synaptic activation of metabotropic glutamate receptors, was found to modify synaptic transmission within minutes.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Huber, K M -- Kayser, M S -- Bear, M F -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 May 19;288(5469):1254-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10818003" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acids/pharmacology ; Animals ; Anisomycin/pharmacology ; Dendrites/drug effects/*metabolism ; Electric Stimulation ; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists/pharmacology ; Hippocampus/*metabolism/physiology ; Methoxyhydroxyphenylglycol/analogs & derivatives/pharmacology ; Nerve Tissue Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors/*biosynthesis/genetics ; Neural Inhibition/drug effects/*physiology ; Protein Biosynthesis/drug effects ; Protein Synthesis Inhibitors/pharmacology ; RNA, Messenger/metabolism ; Rats ; Receptors, Metabotropic Glutamate/*physiology ; Synaptic Transmission/drug effects/physiology ; Xanthenes/pharmacology
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    Accommodating phylogenetic uncertainty in evolutionary studies (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2000-07-06
    Description: Many evolutionary studies use comparisons across species to detect evidence of natural selection and to examine the rate of character evolution. Statistical analyses in these studies are usually performed by means of a species phylogeny to accommodate the effects of shared evolutionary history. The phylogeny is usually treated as known without error; this assumption is problematic because inferred phylogenies are subject to both stochastic and systematic errors. We describe methods for accommodating phylogenetic uncertainty in evolutionary studies by means of Bayesian inference. The methods are computationally intensive but general enough to be applied in most comparative evolutionary studies.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Huelsenbeck, J P -- Rannala, B -- Masly, J P -- R01-HG01988/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Jun 30;288(5475):2349-50.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA. johnh@brahms.biology.rochester.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10875916" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Aphids/genetics ; Base Sequence ; Bayes Theorem ; *Biological Evolution ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; *Evolution, Molecular ; Markov Chains ; Monte Carlo Method ; *Phylogeny ; Probability ; Stochastic Processes
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Environmental policy. Counting the cost of deforestation (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-07-06
    Description: To halt the dramatic alteration in our climate, there must be a reduction in the emission of greenhouse gases. As Bonnie and colleagues discuss in their Perspective, conservation of forests will increase carbon sequestration and decrease greenhouse gas emissions. In this issue, a cost-benefit analysis by Kremen et al. demonstrates the benefits of forest conservation on a local and global scale.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bonnie, R -- Schwartzman, S -- Oppenheimer, M -- Bloomfield, J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Jun 9;288(5472):1763-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Environmental Defense, 1875 Connecticut Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20009, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10877697" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Carbon ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*economics ; Cost-Benefit Analysis ; Developing Countries ; *Ecosystem ; Greenhouse Effect ; Industry ; *Trees
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Learning-induced LTP in neocortex (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-10-20
    Description: The hypothesis that learning occurs through long-term potentiation (LTP)- and long-term depression (LTD)-like mechanisms is widely held but unproven. This hypothesis makes three assumptions: Synapses are modifiable, they modify with learning, and they strengthen through an LTP-like mechanism. We previously established the ability for synaptic modification and a synaptic strengthening with motor skill learning in horizontal connections of the rat motor cortex (MI). Here we investigated whether learning strengthened these connections through LTP. We demonstrated that synapses in the trained MI were near the ceiling of their modification range, compared with the untrained MI, but the range of synaptic modification was not affected by learning. In the trained MI, LTP was markedly reduced and LTD was enhanced. These results are consistent with the use of LTP to strengthen synapses during learning.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Rioult-Pedotti, M S -- Friedman, D -- Donoghue, J P -- NS27164/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Oct 20;290(5491):533-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA. mengia_rioult@brown.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11039938" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Electric Stimulation ; Female ; Learning/*physiology ; Long-Term Potentiation/*physiology ; Models, Neurological ; Motor Cortex/*physiology ; Motor Skills ; Neuronal Plasticity ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Synapses/*physiology ; Synaptic Transmission
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Neurobiology. Receptors as kissing cousins (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-04-15
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Milligan, G -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Apr 7;288(5463):65-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Scotland.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10766637" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenylyl Cyclase Inhibitors ; Adenylyl Cyclases/metabolism ; Animals ; Cell Line ; Cerebral Cortex/metabolism ; Corpus Striatum/metabolism ; Dimerization ; Energy Transfer ; Fluorescence ; GTP-Binding Proteins/*metabolism ; Ligands ; Rats ; Receptor Cross-Talk ; Receptors, Dopamine D1/metabolism ; Receptors, Dopamine D2/agonists/*metabolism ; Receptors, Dopamine D5 ; Receptors, GABA-A/metabolism ; Receptors, Somatostatin/agonists/*metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; Somatostatin/metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    An empirical assessment of taxic paleobiology (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-07-07
    Description: The analysis of major changes in faunal diversity through time is a central theme of analytical paleobiology. The most important sources of data are literature-based compilations of stratigraphic ranges of fossil taxa. The levels of error in these compilations and the possible effects of such error have often been discussed but never directly assessed. We compared our comprehensive database of trilobites to the equivalent portion of J. J. Sepkoski Jr.'s widely used global genus database. More than 70% of entries in the global database are inaccurate; however, as predicted, the error is randomly distributed and does not introduce bias.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Adrain, J M -- Westrop, S R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Jul 7;289(5476):110-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Geoscience, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA. jonathan-adrain@uiowa.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10884223" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Arthropods/anatomy & histology/*classification ; *Classification ; *Databases, Factual ; *Ecosystem ; *Fossils ; Paleontology/*methods ; Reproducibility of Results
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    China's forest policy for the 21st century (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-07-15
    Description: A half-century policy of forest exploitation and monoculture in China has led to disastrous consequences, including degradation of forests and landscapes, loss of biodiversity, unacceptable levels of soil erosion, and catastrophic flooding. A new forest policy had been adopted in China called the Natural Forest conservation Program (NFCP), which emphasizes expansion of natural forests and increasing the productivity of forest plantations. Through locally focused management strategies, biodiversity and forest resources will be sustained, and downstream regions will be better protected from flooding. This new policy is being implemented with a new combination of policy tools, including technical training and education, land management planning, mandatory conversion of marginal farmlands to forest, resettlement and retaining of forest dwellers, share in private ownership, and expanded research. These policy tools may have wider relevance for other countries, particularly developing countries.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zhang, P -- Shao, G -- Zhao, G -- Le Master, D C -- Parker, G R -- Dunning, J B Jr -- Li, Q -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Jun 23;288(5474):2135-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center for Natural Forest Conservation and Management, State Forestry Administration (SFA), Beijing 100714, P. R. China.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10896587" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Agriculture ; China ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; *Forestry/education ; *Public Policy ; Research ; *Trees
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Database searches for binding sites (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-08-05
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Murphy, K -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Jun 30;288(5475):2319.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10917828" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Base Sequence ; Binding Sites ; Consensus Sequence ; Conserved Sequence ; DNA-Binding Proteins/*metabolism ; *Databases, Factual ; GATA3 Transcription Factor ; Gene Expression Regulation ; Humans ; Interleukins/*genetics ; NFATC Transcription Factors ; *Nuclear Proteins ; Trans-Activators/*metabolism ; Transcription Factors/*metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Kentucky 31, far from home (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-02-07
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Saikkonen, K -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Mar 17;287(5460):1887.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, University of Turku, Finland. karisaik@utu.fi〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10755931" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Ecosystem ; Fungi/*physiology ; Poaceae/growth & development/*microbiology ; Symbiosis
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Ecology. Mount St. Helens, revisited (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-06-17
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lovett, R A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Jun 2;288(5471):1578-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10858135" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amphibians ; Animals ; *Ecosystem ; Geological Phenomena ; Geology ; Mammals ; Plant Development ; Urodela ; *Volcanic Eruptions ; Washington
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Recovery and management options for spring/summer chinook salmon in the Columbia River basin (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-11-04
    Description: Construction of four dams on the lower Snake River (in northwestern United States) between 1961 and 1975 altered salmon spawning habitat, elevated smolt and adult migration mortality, and contributed to severe declines of Snake River salmon populations. By applying a matrix model to long-term population data, we found that (i) dam passage improvements have dramatically mitigated direct mortality associated with dams; (ii) even if main stem survival were elevated to 100%, Snake River spring/summer chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) would probably continue to decline toward extinction; and (iii) modest reductions in first-year mortality or estuarine mortality would reverse current population declines.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kareiva, P -- Marvier, M -- McClure, M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Nov 3;290(5493):977-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉National Marine Fisheries Service, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, 2725 Montlake Boulevard East, Seattle, WA 98112, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11062128" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Female ; Fresh Water ; Male ; Models, Biological ; Models, Statistical ; Northwestern United States ; Population Dynamics ; *Salmon/growth & development/physiology ; Survival Rate
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Ecology. Does biodiversity help fend off invaders? (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-05-16
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kaiser, J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 May 5;288(5467):785-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10809640" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; California ; *Ecosystem ; *Plant Development ; Poaceae/*growth & development ; Seeds/growth & development
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Evolution. Parasites make scaredy-rats foolhardy (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-08-12
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zimmer, C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Jul 28;289(5479):525-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10939959" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Behavior, Animal ; Biological Evolution ; *Fear ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; *Personality ; Rats ; Toxoplasma/*physiology ; Toxoplasmosis, Animal/parasitology/*psychology ; Toxoplasmosis, Cerebral/parasitology/*psychology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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