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  • 1
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    Conservation in the real world (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-09-30
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sinclair, A R -- Ludwig, D -- Clark, C W -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Sep 15;289(5486):1875.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11012354" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Conservation of Natural Resources/methods ; *Ecosystem ; Humans ; Residence Characteristics
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 2
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    Serengeti birds maintain forests by inhibiting seed predators (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-07-04
    Description: Of fundamental interest in conservation ecology are the regulatory mechanisms that maintain communities. We document a mechanism that maintains forests in the Serengeti ecosystem, Tanzania, and the destabilization when disturbance opens forest canopy. Forest birds, by consuming seeds, protected them from beetle attack. Consumption increased the germination rate and the density of seedlings and recruits, which was sufficient to maintain the forest. Opening of the canopy resulted in loss of birds, increased beetle attack, and loss of germination. Thus, frugivorous birds are necessary for the maintenance of forests. Their absence could have resulted in the observed forest decline since 1966.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sharam, Gregory J -- Sinclair, A R E -- Turkington, Roy -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Jul 3;325(5936):51. doi: 10.1126/science.1173805.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Biodiversity Research Center, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19574381" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Beetles ; *Birds ; *Ecosystem ; Feeding Behavior ; Germination ; Population Dynamics ; *Seeds/growth & development ; Tanzania ; *Trees/growth & development
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 3
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    Trophic downgrading of planet Earth (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-07-19
    Description: Until recently, large apex consumers were ubiquitous across the globe and had been for millions of years. The loss of these animals may be humankind's most pervasive influence on nature. Although such losses are widely viewed as an ethical and aesthetic problem, recent research reveals extensive cascading effects of their disappearance in marine, terrestrial, and freshwater ecosystems worldwide. This empirical work supports long-standing theory about the role of top-down forcing in ecosystems but also highlights the unanticipated impacts of trophic cascades on processes as diverse as the dynamics of disease, wildfire, carbon sequestration, invasive species, and biogeochemical cycles. These findings emphasize the urgent need for interdisciplinary research to forecast the effects of trophic downgrading on process, function, and resilience in global ecosystems.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Estes, James A -- Terborgh, John -- Brashares, Justin S -- Power, Mary E -- Berger, Joel -- Bond, William J -- Carpenter, Stephen R -- Essington, Timothy E -- Holt, Robert D -- Jackson, Jeremy B C -- Marquis, Robert J -- Oksanen, Lauri -- Oksanen, Tarja -- Paine, Robert T -- Pikitch, Ellen K -- Ripple, William J -- Sandin, Stuart A -- Scheffer, Marten -- Schoener, Thomas W -- Shurin, Jonathan B -- Sinclair, Anthony R E -- Soule, Michael E -- Virtanen, Risto -- Wardle, David A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Jul 15;333(6040):301-6. doi: 10.1126/science.1205106.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USA. jestes@ucsc.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21764740" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biodiversity ; *Ecosystem ; *Extinction, Biological ; Feeding Behavior ; *Food Chain ; Humans ; Introduced Species ; Population Dynamics ; Predatory Behavior
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 4
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    Ecological change, group territoriality, and population dynamics in Serengeti lions (2005)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-01-22
    Description: Territorial behavior is expected to buffer populations against short-term environmental perturbations, but we have found that group living in African lions causes a complex response to long-term ecological change. Despite numerous gradual changes in prey availability and vegetative cover, regional populations of Serengeti lions remained stable for 10- to 20-year periods and only shifted to new equilibria in sudden leaps. Although gradually improving environmental conditions provided sufficient resources to permit the subdivision of preexisting territories, regional lion populations did not expand until short-term conditions supplied enough prey to generate large cohorts of surviving young. The results of a simulation model show that the observed pattern of "saltatory equilibria" results from the lions' grouping behavior.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Packer, Craig -- Hilborn, Ray -- Mosser, Anna -- Kissui, Bernard -- Borner, Markus -- Hopcraft, Grant -- Wilmshurst, John -- Mduma, Simon -- Sinclair, Anthony R E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2005 Jan 21;307(5708):390-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, 1987 Upper Buford Circle, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA. packer@cbs.umn.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15662005" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Algorithms ; Animals ; Antelopes ; *Behavior, Animal ; *Ecosystem ; Environment ; Female ; *Lions/physiology ; Male ; Models, Biological ; Plants ; Population Density ; Population Dynamics ; Predatory Behavior ; Reproduction ; Seasons ; Social Behavior ; Stochastic Processes ; Tanzania ; *Territoriality
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 5
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    Bushmeat hunting, wildlife declines, and fish supply in West Africa (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-11-13
    Description: The multibillion-dollar trade in bushmeat is among the most immediate threats to the persistence of tropical vertebrates, but our understanding of its underlying drivers and effects on human welfare is limited by a lack of empirical data. We used 30 years of data from Ghana to link mammal declines to the bushmeat trade and to spatial and temporal changes in the availability of fish. We show that years of poor fish supply coincided with increased hunting in nature reserves and sharp declines in biomass of 41 wildlife species. Local market data provide evidence of a direct link between fish supply and subsequent bushmeat demand in villages and show bushmeat's role as a dietary staple in the region. Our results emphasize the urgent need to develop cheap protein alternatives to bushmeat and to improve fisheries management by foreign and domestic fleets to avert extinctions of tropical wildlife.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Brashares, Justin S -- Arcese, Peter -- Sam, Moses K -- Coppolillo, Peter B -- Sinclair, A R E -- Balmford, Andrew -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Nov 12;306(5699):1180-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Conservation Biology Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK. brashares@nature.berkeley.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15539602" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Animals ; *Animals, Wild ; Biodiversity ; Biomass ; Commerce ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Fisheries ; *Fishes ; *Food Supply ; Ghana ; Humans ; *Mammals ; *Meat ; Population Density ; Population Dynamics
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 6
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    Road will ruin Serengeti (2010)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-09-17
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Dobson, Andrew P -- Borner, Markus -- Sinclair, Anthony R E -- Hudson, Peter J -- Anderson, T Michael -- Bigurube, Gerald -- Davenport, Tim B B -- Deutsch, James -- Durant, Sarah M -- Estes, Richard D -- Estes, Anna B -- Fryxell, John -- Foley, Charles -- Gadd, Michelle E -- Haydon, Dan -- Holdo, Ricardo -- Holt, Robert D -- Hopcraft, J Grant C -- Hilborn, Ray -- Jambiya, George L K -- Laurenson, M Karen -- Melamari, Lota -- Morindat, Alais Ole -- Ogutu, Joseph O -- Schaller, George -- Wolanski, Eric -- England -- Nature. 2010 Sep 16;467(7313):272-3. doi: 10.1038/467272a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology at Princeton University, New Jersey 08544, USA. dobson@Princeton.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20844519" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animal Migration ; Animals ; Biodiversity ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; *Ecosystem ; Environmental Pollution/prevention & control ; *Federal Government ; Food Chain ; Models, Economic ; Politics ; Risk Assessment ; Ruminants/physiology ; Tanzania ; Transportation/*instrumentation ; *Urbanization
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 7
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    Impact of food and predation on the snowshoe hare cycle (1995)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1995-08-25
    Description: Snowshoe hare populations in the boreal forests of North America go through 10-year cycles. Supplemental food and mammalian predator abundance were manipulated in a factorial design on 1-square-kilometer areas for 8 years in the Yukon. Two blocks of forest were fertilized to test for nutrient effects. Predator exclosure doubled and food addition tripled hare density during the cyclic peak and decline. Predator exclosure combined with food addition increased density 11-fold. Added nutrients increased plant growth but not hare density. Food and predation together had a more than additive effect, which suggests that a three-trophic-level interaction generates hare cycles.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Krebs, C J -- Boutin, S -- Boonstra, R -- Sinclair, A R -- Smith, J N -- Dale, M R -- Martin, K -- Turkington, R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1995 Aug 25;269(5227):1112-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17755536" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 8
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    Effective enforcement in a conservation area (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-11-25
    Description: Wildlife within protected areas is under increasing threat from bushmeat and illegal trophy trades, and many argue that enforcement within protected areas is not sufficient to protect wildlife. We examined 50 years of records from Serengeti National Park in Tanzania and calculated the history of illegal harvest and enforcement by park authorities. We show that a precipitous decline in enforcement in 1977 resulted in a large increase in poaching and decline of many species. Conversely, expanded budgets and antipoaching patrols since the mid-1980s have greatly reduced poaching and allowed populations of buffalo, elephants, and rhinoceros to rebuild.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hilborn, Ray -- Arcese, Peter -- Borner, Markus -- Hando, Justin -- Hopcraft, Grant -- Loibooki, Martin -- Mduma, Simon -- Sinclair, Anthony R E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Nov 24;314(5803):1266.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, Box 355020, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA. rayh@u.washington.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17124316" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Animals, Wild ; *Buffaloes ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Elephants ; *Law Enforcement ; *Perissodactyla ; Population Density ; Population Dynamics ; Tanzania
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 9
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    The predator-prey power law: Biomass scaling across terrestrial and aquatic biomes (2015)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-09-05
    Description: Ecosystems exhibit surprising regularities in structure and function across terrestrial and aquatic biomes worldwide. We assembled a global data set for 2260 communities of large mammals, invertebrates, plants, and plankton. We find that predator and prey biomass follow a general scaling law with exponents consistently near (3/4). This pervasive pattern implies that the structure of the biomass pyramid becomes increasingly bottom-heavy at higher biomass. Similar exponents are obtained for community production-biomass relations, suggesting conserved links between ecosystem structure and function. These exponents are similar to many body mass allometries, and yet ecosystem scaling emerges independently from individual-level scaling, which is not fully understood. These patterns suggest a greater degree of ecosystem-level organization than previously recognized and a more predictive approach to ecological theory.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hatton, Ian A -- McCann, Kevin S -- Fryxell, John M -- Davies, T Jonathan -- Smerlak, Matteo -- Sinclair, Anthony R E -- Loreau, Michel -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2015 Sep 4;349(6252):aac6284. doi: 10.1126/science.aac6284. Epub 2015 Sep 3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 1B1, Canada. i.a.hatton@gmail.com. ; Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada. ; Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 1B1, Canada. ; Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 2Y5, Canada. ; Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada. Tanzania Wildlife Research Institute, P.O. Box 661, Arusha, United Republic of Tanzania. ; Centre for Biodiversity Theory and Modeling, Experimental Ecology Station, CNRS, 09200 Moulis, France.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26339034" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biomass ; *Databases, Factual ; *Food Chain ; Invertebrates ; Mammals ; Plankton
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 10
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    An african ungulate: a territorial antelope (1983)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1983-12-09
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sinclair, A R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1983 Dec 9;222(4628):1114.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17747380" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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