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  • Articles  (481)
  • Adult  (293)
  • Kinetics
  • American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)  (481)
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  • 2010-2014  (199)
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  • Articles  (481)
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  • 1
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    HIV/AIDS. At last, vaginal gel scores victory against HIV (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-07-21
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cohen, Jon -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Jul 23;329(5990):374-5. doi: 10.1126/science.329.5990.374. Epub 2010 Jul 19.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20643914" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenine/administration & dosage/*analogs & derivatives/therapeutic use ; Adolescent ; Adult ; Anti-HIV Agents/*administration & dosage/therapeutic use ; Anti-Infective Agents, Local/*administration & dosage/therapeutic use ; Female ; HIV Infections/*prevention & control/*transmission ; *HIV-1/drug effects ; Humans ; Medication Adherence ; Organophosphonates/*administration & dosage/*therapeutic use ; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic ; South Africa ; Tenofovir ; Vaginal Creams, Foams, and Jellies/administration & dosage/therapeutic use ; Young Adult
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 2
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    Covering a broad dynamic range: information processing at the erythropoietin receptor (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-05-22
    Description: Cell surface receptors convert extracellular cues into receptor activation, thereby triggering intracellular signaling networks and controlling cellular decisions. A major unresolved issue is the identification of receptor properties that critically determine processing of ligand-encoded information. We show by mathematical modeling of quantitative data and experimental validation that rapid ligand depletion and replenishment of the cell surface receptor are characteristic features of the erythropoietin (Epo) receptor (EpoR). The amount of Epo-EpoR complexes and EpoR activation integrated over time corresponds linearly to ligand input; this process is carried out over a broad range of ligand concentrations. This relation depends solely on EpoR turnover independent of ligand binding, which suggests an essential role of large intracellular receptor pools. These receptor properties enable the system to cope with basal and acute demand in the hematopoietic system.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Becker, Verena -- Schilling, Marcel -- Bachmann, Julie -- Baumann, Ute -- Raue, Andreas -- Maiwald, Thomas -- Timmer, Jens -- Klingmuller, Ursula -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Jun 11;328(5984):1404-8. doi: 10.1126/science.1184913. Epub 2010 May 20.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division Systems Biology of Signal Transduction, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20488988" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cell Line ; Cell Membrane/*metabolism ; Computer Simulation ; Endocytosis ; Epoetin Alfa ; Erythropoietin/metabolism/pharmacology ; Kinetics ; Ligands ; Mice ; Models, Biological ; Protein Binding ; Receptors, Erythropoietin/*metabolism ; Recombinant Proteins ; Signal Transduction
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 3
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    Cellodextrin transport in yeast for improved biofuel production (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-09-11
    Description: Fungal degradation of plant biomass may provide insights for improving cellulosic biofuel production. We show that the model cellulolytic fungus Neurospora crassa relies on a high-affinity cellodextrin transport system for rapid growth on cellulose. Reconstitution of the N. crassa cellodextrin transport system in Saccharomyces cerevisiae promotes efficient growth of this yeast on cellodextrins. In simultaneous saccharification and fermentation experiments, the engineered yeast strains more rapidly convert cellulose to ethanol when compared with yeast lacking this system.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Galazka, Jonathan M -- Tian, Chaoguang -- Beeson, William T -- Martinez, Bruno -- Glass, N Louise -- Cate, Jamie H D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Oct 1;330(6000):84-6. doi: 10.1126/science.1192838. Epub 2010 Sep 9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20829451" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Biofuels ; Biological Transport ; Biomass ; Cellobiose/metabolism ; Cellulase/metabolism ; Cellulose/*analogs & derivatives/*metabolism ; Dextrins/*metabolism ; Ethanol/metabolism ; Fermentation ; Fungal Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Genetic Engineering ; Kinetics ; Membrane Transport Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Neurospora crassa/genetics/growth & development/*metabolism ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae/genetics/growth & development/*metabolism ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins/metabolism ; beta-Glucosidase/metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 4
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    Step-growth polymerization of inorganic nanoparticles (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-07-10
    Description: Self-organization of nanoparticles is an efficient strategy for producing nanostructures with complex, hierarchical architectures. The past decade has witnessed great progress in nanoparticle self-assembly, yet the quantitative prediction of the architecture of nanoparticle ensembles and of the kinetics of their formation remains a challenge. We report on the marked similarity between the self-assembly of metal nanoparticles and reaction-controlled step-growth polymerization. The nanoparticles act as multifunctional monomer units, which form reversible, noncovalent bonds at specific bond angles and organize themselves into a colloidal polymer. We show that the kinetics and statistics of step-growth polymerization enable a quantitative prediction of the architecture of linear, branched, and cyclic self-assembled nanostructures; their aggregation numbers and size distribution; and the formation of structural isomers.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Liu, Kun -- Nie, Zhihong -- Zhao, Nana -- Li, Wei -- Rubinstein, Michael -- Kumacheva, Eugenia -- 1-R01-HL077546-03A2/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Jul 9;329(5988):197-200. doi: 10.1126/science.1189457.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 Saint George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20616274" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Cetrimonium Compounds/chemistry ; Colloids ; Cyclization ; Gold ; Isomerism ; Kinetics ; Metal Nanoparticles/*chemistry ; Microscopy, Electron, Transmission ; Nanotechnology/methods ; Physicochemical Processes ; Polymers ; Polystyrenes/chemistry
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 5
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    Evidence for an alternative glycolytic pathway in rapidly proliferating cells (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-09-18
    Description: Proliferating cells, including cancer cells, require altered metabolism to efficiently incorporate nutrients such as glucose into biomass. The M2 isoform of pyruvate kinase (PKM2) promotes the metabolism of glucose by aerobic glycolysis and contributes to anabolic metabolism. Paradoxically, decreased pyruvate kinase enzyme activity accompanies the expression of PKM2 in rapidly dividing cancer cells and tissues. We demonstrate that phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP), the substrate for pyruvate kinase in cells, can act as a phosphate donor in mammalian cells because PEP participates in the phosphorylation of the glycolytic enzyme phosphoglycerate mutase (PGAM1) in PKM2-expressing cells. We used mass spectrometry to show that the phosphate from PEP is transferred to the catalytic histidine (His11) on human PGAM1. This reaction occurred at physiological concentrations of PEP and produced pyruvate in the absence of PKM2 activity. The presence of histidine-phosphorylated PGAM1 correlated with the expression of PKM2 in cancer cell lines and tumor tissues. Thus, decreased pyruvate kinase activity in PKM2-expressing cells allows PEP-dependent histidine phosphorylation of PGAM1 and may provide an alternate glycolytic pathway that decouples adenosine triphosphate production from PEP-mediated phosphotransfer, allowing for the high rate of glycolysis to support the anabolic metabolism observed in many proliferating cells.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3030121/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3030121/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Vander Heiden, Matthew G -- Locasale, Jason W -- Swanson, Kenneth D -- Sharfi, Hadar -- Heffron, Greg J -- Amador-Noguez, Daniel -- Christofk, Heather R -- Wagner, Gerhard -- Rabinowitz, Joshua D -- Asara, John M -- Cantley, Lewis C -- 1K08CA136983/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- 1P01CA120964-01A/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- 5 T32 CA009361-28/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- 5P30CA006516-43/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- K08 CA136983/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- K08 CA136983-02/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- P01 CA089021/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- P01 CA089021-10/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- P01 CA120964/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- P01 CA120964-01A1/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- P01 GM047467/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- P01 GM047467-20/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- P01CA089021/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- P01GM047467/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- P30 CA006516/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- P30 CA006516-43S1/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI078063/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM056203/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01-GM56302/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R21 CA128620/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R21/R33 DK070299/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R33 DK070299/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R33 DK070299-03/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- T32 CA009172/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- T32 CA009361/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- T32 CA009361-28/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Sep 17;329(5998):1492-9. doi: 10.1126/science.1188015.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20847263" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenosine Triphosphate/metabolism ; Animals ; Cell Line ; Cell Line, Tumor ; *Cell Proliferation ; Female ; Glucose/*metabolism ; Glyceric Acids/metabolism ; *Glycolysis ; Histidine/metabolism ; Humans ; Isoenzymes/metabolism ; Kinetics ; Male ; Mammary Neoplasms, Animal/metabolism ; Mice ; Neoplasms/*metabolism/pathology ; Phosphoenolpyruvate/metabolism ; Phosphoglycerate Mutase/*metabolism ; Phosphopyruvate Hydratase/metabolism ; Phosphorylation ; Prostatic Neoplasms/metabolism ; Pyruvate Kinase/*metabolism ; Pyruvic Acid/metabolism ; Recombinant Proteins/metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
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  • 6
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    Cancer research. Childhood's cures haunted by adulthood's 'late effects' (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-06-19
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Marder, Jenny -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Jun 18;328(5985):1474-5. doi: 10.1126/science.328.5985.1474.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20558684" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adolescent ; Adult ; Alcohol Oxidoreductases/genetics/metabolism ; Antineoplastic Agents/*adverse effects/metabolism ; Child ; Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; Humans ; Neoplasms/*drug therapy/*radiotherapy ; Neoplasms, Second Primary/etiology ; Radiation Injuries/*etiology ; Radiotherapy/adverse effects ; Survivors ; Time Factors ; Young Adult
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 7
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    Eppendorf winner. Parental control over the brain (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-11-06
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gregg, Christopher -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Nov 5;330(6005):770-1. doi: 10.1126/science.1199054.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA. cgregg@MCB.harvard.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21051625" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Animals ; Awards and Prizes ; *Fathers ; *Gene Expression ; Gene Expression Profiling ; *Genomic Imprinting ; Humans ; Interleukin-18 ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; *Mothers ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Prefrontal Cortex/embryology/growth & development/*metabolism ; Preoptic Area/embryology/growth & development/*metabolism ; Sex Characteristics
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 8
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    Decreased clearance of CNS beta-amyloid in Alzheimer's disease (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-12-15
    Description: Alzheimer's disease is hypothesized to be caused by an imbalance between beta-amyloid (Abeta) production and clearance that leads to Abeta accumulation in the central nervous system (CNS). Abeta production and clearance are key targets in the development of disease-modifying therapeutic agents for Alzheimer's disease. However, there has not been direct evidence of altered Abeta production or clearance in Alzheimer's disease. By using metabolic labeling, we measured Abeta42 and Abeta40 production and clearance rates in the CNS of participants with Alzheimer's disease and cognitively normal controls. Clearance rates for both Abeta42 and Abeta40 were impaired in Alzheimer's disease compared with controls. On average, there were no differences in Abeta40 or Abeta42 production rates. Thus, the common late-onset form of Alzheimer's disease is characterized by an overall impairment in Abeta clearance.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3073454/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3073454/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mawuenyega, Kwasi G -- Sigurdson, Wendy -- Ovod, Vitaliy -- Munsell, Ling -- Kasten, Tom -- Morris, John C -- Yarasheski, Kevin E -- Bateman, Randall J -- K08 AG027091/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- K08 AG027091-03/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- K23 AG030946/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- K23 AG030946-04/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- P01 AG003991/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- P01 AG003991-28/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- P01 AG03991/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- P30 DK056341/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- P30 DK056341-10/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- P41 GM103422/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- P41 RR000954/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- P41 RR000954-34/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- P50 AG005681/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- P50 AG005681-28/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- P50 AG05681/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- P60 DK020579/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- P60 DK020579-31/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R01 NS065667/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R01 NS065667-03/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- UL1 RR024992/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- UL1 RR024992-05/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Dec 24;330(6012):1774. doi: 10.1126/science.1197623. Epub 2010 Dec 9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21148344" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Alzheimer Disease/cerebrospinal fluid/*metabolism ; Amyloid beta-Peptides/cerebrospinal fluid/*metabolism ; Brain/*metabolism ; Female ; Humans ; Kinetics ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Peptide Fragments/cerebrospinal fluid/*metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 9
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    Dynamic kinetic resolution of biaryl atropisomers via peptide-catalyzed asymmetric bromination (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-06-05
    Description: Despite the widespread use of axially chiral, or atropisomeric, biaryl ligands in modern synthesis and the occurrence of numerous natural products exhibiting axial chirality, few catalytic methods have emerged for the direct asymmetric preparation of this compound class. Here, we present a tripeptide-derived small-molecule catalyst for the dynamic kinetic resolution of racemic biaryl substrates. The reaction proceeds via an atropisomer-selective electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction using simple bromination reagents. The result is an enantioselective synthesis that delivers chiral nonracemic biaryl compounds with excellent optical purity and good isolated chemical yields (in most cases a 〉95:5 enantiomer ratio and isolated yields of 65 to 87%). A mechanistic model is advanced that accounts for the basis of selectivity observed.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3066098/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3066098/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gustafson, Jeffrey L -- Lim, Daniel -- Miller, Scott J -- GM068649/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM068649/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM068649-10/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R37 GM068649/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Jun 4;328(5983):1251-5. doi: 10.1126/science.1188403.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, Post Office Box 208107, New Haven, CT 06520-8107, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20522769" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Biphenyl Compounds/*chemical synthesis/chemistry ; Bromine/chemistry ; Catalysis ; *Halogenation ; Kinetics ; Ligands ; Molecular Structure ; Oligopeptides/*chemistry ; Physicochemical Processes ; *Stereoisomerism ; Temperature
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  • 10
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    Intravascular danger signals guide neutrophils to sites of sterile inflammation (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-10-16
    Description: Neutrophils are recruited from the blood to sites of sterile inflammation, where they contribute to wound healing but may also cause tissue damage. By using spinning disk confocal intravital microscopy, we examined the kinetics and molecular mechanisms of neutrophil recruitment to sites of focal hepatic necrosis in vivo. Adenosine triphosphate released from necrotic cells activated the Nlrp3 inflammasome to generate an inflammatory microenvironment that alerted circulating neutrophils to adhere within liver sinusoids. Subsequently, generation of an intravascular chemokine gradient directed neutrophil migration through healthy tissue toward foci of damage. Lastly, formyl-peptide signals released from necrotic cells guided neutrophils through nonperfused sinusoids into the injury. Thus, dynamic in vivo imaging revealed a multistep hierarchy of directional cues that guide neutrophil localization to sites of sterile inflammation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉McDonald, Braedon -- Pittman, Keir -- Menezes, Gustavo B -- Hirota, Simon A -- Slaba, Ingrid -- Waterhouse, Christopher C M -- Beck, Paul L -- Muruve, Daniel A -- Kubes, Paul -- Canadian Institutes of Health Research/Canada -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Oct 15;330(6002):362-6. doi: 10.1126/science.1195491.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Immunology Research Group, University of Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20947763" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenosine Triphosphate/metabolism ; Animals ; Carrier Proteins/metabolism ; Cell Adhesion ; Chemokine CXCL2/metabolism ; Chemokines/metabolism ; Chemotaxis, Leukocyte ; Cues ; Endothelium, Vascular/physiology ; Inflammation/*immunology/metabolism/*pathology ; Kinetics ; Liver/blood supply/*immunology/metabolism/*pathology ; Liver Diseases/*immunology/metabolism/*pathology ; Macrophage-1 Antigen/physiology ; Mice ; Microscopy/methods ; Microscopy, Confocal ; Microvessels/physiology ; Necrosis ; *Neutrophil Infiltration ; Neutrophils/physiology ; Peptides/metabolism ; Receptors, Formyl Peptide/metabolism ; Receptors, Interleukin-8B/metabolism ; Receptors, Purinergic P2/metabolism ; Receptors, Purinergic P2X7 ; Signal Transduction
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 11
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    Prediction of individual brain maturity using fMRI (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-09-11
    Description: Group functional connectivity magnetic resonance imaging (fcMRI) studies have documented reliable changes in human functional brain maturity over development. Here we show that support vector machine-based multivariate pattern analysis extracts sufficient information from fcMRI data to make accurate predictions about individuals' brain maturity across development. The use of only 5 minutes of resting-state fcMRI data from 238 scans of typically developing volunteers (ages 7 to 30 years) allowed prediction of individual brain maturity as a functional connectivity maturation index. The resultant functional maturation curve accounted for 55% of the sample variance and followed a nonlinear asymptotic growth curve shape. The greatest relative contribution to predicting individual brain maturity was made by the weakening of short-range functional connections between the adult brain's major functional networks.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3135376/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3135376/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Dosenbach, Nico U F -- Nardos, Binyam -- Cohen, Alexander L -- Fair, Damien A -- Power, Jonathan D -- Church, Jessica A -- Nelson, Steven M -- Wig, Gagan S -- Vogel, Alecia C -- Lessov-Schlaggar, Christina N -- Barnes, Kelly Anne -- Dubis, Joseph W -- Feczko, Eric -- Coalson, Rebecca S -- Pruett, John R Jr -- Barch, Deanna M -- Petersen, Steven E -- Schlaggar, Bradley L -- DA027046/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- EY16336/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- HD057076/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- MH62130/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- NS00169011/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- NS053425/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- NS32979/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- NS41255/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- NS46424/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- NS51281/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- NS55582/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R01 HD057076/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- R01 HD057076-04/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Sep 10;329(5997):1358-61. doi: 10.1126/science.1194144.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA. ndosenbach@wustl.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20829489" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adolescent ; Adult ; Aging ; Algorithms ; Artificial Intelligence ; Brain/*growth & development/*physiology ; Brain Mapping ; Cerebellum/growth & development/physiology ; Child ; Female ; Frontal Lobe/growth & development/physiology ; Humans ; *Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Multivariate Analysis ; Neural Pathways ; Occipital Lobe/growth & development/physiology ; Young Adult
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 12
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    Food safety. Genetically modified salmon and full impact assessment (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-11-26
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Smith, Martin D -- Asche, Frank -- Guttormsen, Atle G -- Wiener, Jonathan B -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Nov 19;330(6007):1052-3. doi: 10.1126/science.1197769.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA. marsmith@duke.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21097923" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Animals ; *Animals, Genetically Modified ; Animals, Wild ; Dietary Proteins ; Environment ; Fisheries/economics ; *Food, Genetically Modified/economics ; Humans ; Legislation, Food ; Marketing ; Perciformes/genetics ; Public Health ; *Risk Assessment/methods/standards ; Salmo salar/*genetics ; Salmon/genetics ; United States ; United States Food and Drug Administration
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 13
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    Effectiveness and safety of tenofovir gel, an antiretroviral microbicide, for the prevention of HIV infection in women (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-07-21
    Description: The Centre for the AIDS Program of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA) 004 trial assessed the effectiveness and safety of a 1% vaginal gel formulation of tenofovir, a nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitor, for the prevention of HIV acquisition in women. A double-blind, randomized controlled trial was conducted comparing tenofovir gel (n = 445 women) with placebo gel (n = 444 women) in sexually active, HIV-uninfected 18- to 40-year-old women in urban and rural KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. HIV serostatus, safety, sexual behavior, and gel and condom use were assessed at monthly follow-up visits for 30 months. HIV incidence in the tenofovir gel arm was 5.6 per 100 women-years (person time of study observation) (38 out of 680.6 women-years) compared with 9.1 per 100 women-years (60 out of 660.7 women-years) in the placebo gel arm (incidence rate ratio = 0.61; P = 0.017). In high adherers (gel adherence 〉 80%), HIV incidence was 54% lower (P = 0.025) in the tenofovir gel arm. In intermediate adherers (gel adherence 50 to 80%) and low adherers (gel adherence 〈 50%), the HIV incidence reduction was 38 and 28%, respectively. Tenofovir gel reduced HIV acquisition by an estimated 39% overall, and by 54% in women with high gel adherence. No increase in the overall adverse event rates was observed. There were no changes in viral load and no tenofovir resistance in HIV seroconverters. Tenofovir gel could potentially fill an important HIV prevention gap, especially for women unable to successfully negotiate mutual monogamy or condom use.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3001187/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3001187/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Abdool Karim, Quarraisha -- Abdool Karim, Salim S -- Frohlich, Janet A -- Grobler, Anneke C -- Baxter, Cheryl -- Mansoor, Leila E -- Kharsany, Ayesha B M -- Sibeko, Sengeziwe -- Mlisana, Koleka P -- Omar, Zaheen -- Gengiah, Tanuja N -- Maarschalk, Silvia -- Arulappan, Natasha -- Mlotshwa, Mukelisiwe -- Morris, Lynn -- Taylor, Douglas -- CAPRISA 004 Trial Group -- AI51794/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- D43 TW000231/TW/FIC NIH HHS/ -- D43 TW000231-17/TW/FIC NIH HHS/ -- D43TW00231/TW/FIC NIH HHS/ -- U01 AI068619/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- U01AI068633/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- U01AI46749/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- U19 AI051794/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- U19 AI051794-05/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Sep 3;329(5996):1168-74. doi: 10.1126/science.1193748. Epub 2010 Jul 19.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Centre for the AIDS Program of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), Durban 4013, South Africa. caprisa@ukzn.ac.za〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20643915" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenine/administration & dosage/adverse effects/*analogs & ; derivatives/therapeutic use ; Administration, Intravaginal ; Adolescent ; Adult ; Anti-HIV Agents/*administration & dosage/adverse effects/therapeutic use ; Anti-Infective Agents, Local/administration & dosage/adverse effects/therapeutic ; use ; Double-Blind Method ; Drug Resistance, Viral ; Female ; HIV Infections/epidemiology/*prevention & control ; HIV-1/*drug effects/physiology ; Humans ; Incidence ; Organophosphonates/*administration & dosage/adverse effects/therapeutic use ; Patient Compliance ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy Outcome ; Rural Population/statistics & numerical data ; Sexual Behavior ; South Africa/epidemiology ; Tenofovir ; Urban Population/statistics & numerical data ; Vaginal Creams, Foams, and Jellies ; Viral Load ; Young Adult
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 14
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    Computational design of an enzyme catalyst for a stereoselective bimolecular Diels-Alder reaction (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-07-22
    Description: The Diels-Alder reaction is a cornerstone in organic synthesis, forming two carbon-carbon bonds and up to four new stereogenic centers in one step. No naturally occurring enzymes have been shown to catalyze bimolecular Diels-Alder reactions. We describe the de novo computational design and experimental characterization of enzymes catalyzing a bimolecular Diels-Alder reaction with high stereoselectivity and substrate specificity. X-ray crystallography confirms that the structure matches the design for the most active of the enzymes, and binding site substitutions reprogram the substrate specificity. Designed stereoselective catalysts for carbon-carbon bond-forming reactions should be broadly useful in synthetic chemistry.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3241958/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3241958/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Siegel, Justin B -- Zanghellini, Alexandre -- Lovick, Helena M -- Kiss, Gert -- Lambert, Abigail R -- St Clair, Jennifer L -- Gallaher, Jasmine L -- Hilvert, Donald -- Gelb, Michael H -- Stoddard, Barry L -- Houk, Kendall N -- Michael, Forrest E -- Baker, David -- R01 GM075962/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- T32 GM008268/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- T32 GM008268-24/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Jul 16;329(5989):309-13. doi: 10.1126/science.1190239.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20647463" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acrylamides/chemistry ; Algorithms ; Butadienes/chemistry ; Carbon/*chemistry ; Catalysis ; Catalytic Domain ; Computer Simulation ; *Computer-Aided Design ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Enzymes/*chemistry/genetics ; Hydrogen Bonding ; Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions ; Kinetics ; Models, Molecular ; Mutagenesis ; Physicochemical Processes ; Protein Conformation ; *Protein Engineering ; Proteins/*chemistry/genetics ; Software ; Stereoisomerism ; Substrate Specificity
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 15
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    Dopaminergic network differences in human impulsivity (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2010-07-31
    Description: Dopamine (DA) has long been implicated in impulsivity, but the precise mechanisms linking human variability in DA signaling to differences in impulsive traits remain largely unknown. By using a dual-scan positron emission tomography approach in healthy human volunteers with amphetamine and the D2/D3 ligand [18F]fallypride, we found that higher levels of trait impulsivity were predicted by diminished midbrain D2/D3 autoreceptor binding and greater amphetamine-induced DA release in the striatum, which was in turn associated with stimulant craving. Path analysis confirmed that the impact of decreased midbrain D2/D3 autoreceptor availability on trait impulsivity is mediated in part through its effect on stimulated striatal DA release.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3161413/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3161413/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Buckholtz, Joshua W -- Treadway, Michael T -- Cowan, Ronald L -- Woodward, Neil D -- Li, Rui -- Ansari, M Sib -- Baldwin, Ronald M -- Schwartzman, Ashley N -- Shelby, Evan S -- Smith, Clarence E -- Kessler, Robert M -- Zald, David H -- R01 DA019670/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- R01 DA019670-04/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- R01DA019670-04/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- T32 MH018921/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- T32 MH018921-22/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Jul 30;329(5991):532. doi: 10.1126/science.1185778.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA. joshua.buckholtz@vanderbilt.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20671181" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adolescent ; Adult ; Amphetamine-Related Disorders/etiology/metabolism ; Autoreceptors/metabolism ; Benzamides/metabolism ; Corpus Striatum/*metabolism ; Dextroamphetamine/*administration & dosage ; Dopamine/*metabolism ; Female ; Humans ; Impulsive Behavior/*metabolism ; Ligands ; Male ; Positron-Emission Tomography ; Pyrrolidines/metabolism ; Receptors, Dopamine D2/metabolism ; Receptors, Dopamine D3/*metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; Substantia Nigra/metabolism ; Tegmentum Mesencephali/*metabolism ; Ventral Tegmental Area/metabolism ; Young Adult
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 16
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    Divided representation of concurrent goals in the human frontal lobes (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-04-17
    Description: The anterior prefrontal cortex (APC) confers on humans the ability to simultaneously pursue several goals. How does the brain's motivational system, including the medial frontal cortex (MFC), drive the pursuit of concurrent goals? Using brain imaging, we observed that the left and right MFC, which jointly drive single-task performance according to expected rewards, divide under dual-task conditions: While the left MFC encodes the rewards driving one task, the right MFC concurrently encodes those driving the other task. The same dichotomy was observed in the lateral frontal cortex, whereas the APC combined the rewards driving both tasks. The two frontal lobes thus divide for representing simultaneously two concurrent goals coordinated by the APC. The human frontal function seems limited to driving the pursuit of two concurrent goals simultaneously.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Charron, Sylvain -- Koechlin, Etienne -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Apr 16;328(5976):360-3. doi: 10.1126/science.1183614.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale, Paris F-75654 Cedex 13, France.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20395509" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Brain Mapping ; Cues ; Female ; Frontal Lobe/*physiology ; *Goals ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Prefrontal Cortex/*physiology ; Psychomotor Performance ; *Reward ; Task Performance and Analysis ; Ventral Tegmental Area/physiology ; Young Adult
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  • 17
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    Self-assembly of filopodia-like structures on supported lipid bilayers (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2010-09-11
    Description: Filopodia are finger-like protrusive structures, containing actin bundles. By incubating frog egg extracts with supported lipid bilayers containing phosphatidylinositol 4,5 bisphosphate, we have reconstituted the assembly of filopodia-like structures (FLSs). The actin assembles into parallel bundles, and known filopodial components localize to the tip and shaft. The filopodia tip complexes self-organize--they are not templated by preexisting membrane microdomains. The F-BAR domain protein toca-1 recruits N-WASP, followed by the Arp2/3 complex and actin. Elongation proteins, Diaphanous-related formin, VASP, and fascin are recruited subsequently. Although the Arp2/3 complex is required for FLS initiation, it is not essential for elongation, which involves formins. We propose that filopodia form via clustering of Arp2/3 complex activators, self-assembly of filopodial tip complexes on the membrane, and outgrowth of actin bundles.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2982780/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2982780/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lee, Kwonmoo -- Gallop, Jennifer L -- Rambani, Komal -- Kirschner, Marc W -- GM26875/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM026875/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM026875-34/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Sep 10;329(5997):1341-5. doi: 10.1126/science.1191710.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20829485" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Actin Cytoskeleton/ultrastructure ; Actin-Related Protein 2-3 Complex/metabolism ; Actins/*metabolism ; Animals ; Carrier Proteins/metabolism ; Cell Adhesion Molecules/metabolism ; Cell Membrane/metabolism ; Humans ; Kinetics ; *Lipid Bilayers ; Membrane Microdomains ; Mice ; Microfilament Proteins/metabolism ; Microtubule-Associated Proteins/metabolism ; NADPH Dehydrogenase/metabolism ; Phosphatidylinositol Phosphates/metabolism ; Phosphoproteins/metabolism ; Pseudopodia/*metabolism/*ultrastructure ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome Protein, Neuronal/metabolism ; Xenopus ; Xenopus Proteins/metabolism
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    Optimally interacting minds (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2010-08-28
    Description: In everyday life, many people believe that two heads are better than one. Our ability to solve problems together appears to be fundamental to the current dominance and future survival of the human species. But are two heads really better than one? We addressed this question in the context of a collective low-level perceptual decision-making task. For two observers of nearly equal visual sensitivity, two heads were definitely better than one, provided they were given the opportunity to communicate freely, even in the absence of any feedback about decision outcomes. But for observers with very different visual sensitivities, two heads were actually worse than the better one. These seemingly discrepant patterns of group behavior can be explained by a model in which two heads are Bayes optimal under the assumption that individuals accurately communicate their level of confidence on every trial.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3371582/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3371582/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bahrami, Bahador -- Olsen, Karsten -- Latham, Peter E -- Roepstorff, Andreas -- Rees, Geraint -- Frith, Chris D -- 082334/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Aug 27;329(5995):1081-5. doi: 10.1126/science.1185718.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉University College London Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, Alexandra House, 17 Queen Square, London WC1N 3AR, UK. bbahrami@gmail.com〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20798320" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Bayes Theorem ; *Communication ; *Cooperative Behavior ; *Decision Making ; Feedback, Psychological ; *Group Processes ; Humans ; Male ; Models, Psychological ; Probability ; Psychometrics ; Uncertainty ; *Visual Perception
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    Thought for food: imagined consumption reduces actual consumption (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2010-12-15
    Description: The consumption of a food typically leads to a decrease in its subsequent intake through habituation--a decrease in one's responsiveness to the food and motivation to obtain it. We demonstrated that habituation to a food item can occur even when its consumption is merely imagined. Five experiments showed that people who repeatedly imagined eating a food (such as cheese) many times subsequently consumed less of the imagined food than did people who repeatedly imagined eating that food fewer times, imagined eating a different food (such as candy), or did not imagine eating a food. They did so because they desired to eat it less, not because they considered it less palatable. These results suggest that mental representation alone can engender habituation to a stimulus.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Morewedge, Carey K -- Huh, Young Eun -- Vosgerau, Joachim -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Dec 10;330(6010):1530-3. doi: 10.1126/science.1195701.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Social and Decision Sciences, Porter Hall 208, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. morewedge@cmu.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21148388" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Analysis of Variance ; Appetite ; Candy ; Cheese ; *Eating ; *Feeding Behavior ; Female ; Food Preferences ; *Habituation, Psychophysiologic ; Humans ; *Imagination ; Male ; Motivation ; Reinforcement (Psychology) ; Young Adult
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    Following the crowd: brain substrates of long-term memory conformity (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-07-02
    Description: Human memory is strikingly susceptible to social influences, yet we know little about the underlying mechanisms. We examined how socially induced memory errors are generated in the brain by studying the memory of individuals exposed to recollections of others. Participants exhibited a strong tendency to conform to erroneous recollections of the group, producing both long-lasting and temporary errors, even when their initial memory was strong and accurate. Functional brain imaging revealed that social influence modified the neuronal representation of memory. Specifically, a particular brain signature of enhanced amygdala activity and enhanced amygdala-hippocampus connectivity predicted long-lasting but not temporary memory alterations. Our findings reveal how social manipulation can alter memory and extend the known functions of the amygdala to encompass socially mediated memory distortions.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3284232/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3284232/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Edelson, Micah -- Sharot, Tali -- Dolan, Raymond J -- Dudai, Yadin -- 078865/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Jul 1;333(6038):108-11. doi: 10.1126/science.1203557.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel. micah.edelson@weizmann.ac.il〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21719681" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Amygdala/*physiology ; Brain Mapping ; Female ; *Group Processes ; Hippocampus/*physiology ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; *Mental Recall ; Social Behavior ; *Social Conformity
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    Real-time observation of transcription initiation and elongation on an endogenous yeast gene (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-04-23
    Description: Cellular messenger RNA levels are achieved by the combinatorial complexity of factors controlling transcription, yet the small number of molecules involved in these pathways fluctuates stochastically. It has not yet been experimentally possible to observe the activity of single polymerases on an endogenous gene to elucidate how these events occur in vivo. Here, we describe a method of fluctuation analysis of fluorescently labeled RNA to measure dynamics of nascent RNA--including initiation, elongation, and termination--at an active yeast locus. We find no transcriptional memory between initiation events, and elongation speed can vary by threefold throughout the cell cycle. By measuring the abundance and intranuclear mobility of an upstream transcription factor, we observe that the gene firing rate is directly determined by trans-activating factor search times.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3152976/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3152976/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Larson, Daniel R -- Zenklusen, Daniel -- Wu, Bin -- Chao, Jeffrey A -- Singer, Robert H -- 57071/PHS HHS/ -- 86217/PHS HHS/ -- R01 GM057071/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM057071-10/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM057071-11/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM057071-12/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM086217/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM086217-01/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM086217-02/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM086217-03/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM086217-04/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Apr 22;332(6028):475-8. doi: 10.1126/science.1202142.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21512033" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenosine Triphosphatases/genetics ; Cell Cycle ; Cell Nucleus/metabolism ; DNA Polymerase I/genetics ; Facilitated Diffusion ; *Genes, Fungal ; Glutamate Synthase/genetics ; Green Fluorescent Proteins ; Kinetics ; Microscopy, Fluorescence ; Models, Genetic ; Promoter Regions, Genetic ; RNA Polymerase II/metabolism ; RNA Precursors/genetics/metabolism ; RNA, Fungal/biosynthesis/*genetics ; RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis/*genetics ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae/*genetics/metabolism ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Spectrometry, Fluorescence ; Transcription Factors/metabolism ; *Transcription, Genetic ; Transcriptional Activation
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 22
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    Glycolytic oscillations and limits on robust efficiency (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-07-09
    Description: Both engineering and evolution are constrained by trade-offs between efficiency and robustness, but theory that formalizes this fact is limited. For a simple two-state model of glycolysis, we explicitly derive analytic equations for hard trade-offs between robustness and efficiency with oscillations as an inevitable side effect. The model describes how the trade-offs arise from individual parameters, including the interplay of feedback control with autocatalysis of network products necessary to power and catalyze intermediate reactions. We then use control theory to prove that the essential features of these hard trade-off "laws" are universal and fundamental, in that they depend minimally on the details of this system and generalize to the robust efficiency of any autocatalytic network. The theory also suggests worst-case conditions that are consistent with initial experiments.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Chandra, Fiona A -- Buzi, Gentian -- Doyle, John C -- R01GM078992A/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Jul 8;333(6039):187-92. doi: 10.1126/science.1200705.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Bioengineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA. fiona@caltech.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21737735" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenosine Monophosphate/metabolism ; Adenosine Triphosphate/metabolism ; Allosteric Regulation ; Biocatalysis ; Feedback, Physiological ; Glucose/metabolism ; *Glycolysis ; Kinetics ; Linear Models ; *Models, Biological ; NAD/metabolism ; Nonlinear Dynamics ; Phosphofructokinases/antagonists & inhibitors/metabolism ; Pyruvate Kinase/antagonists & inhibitors/metabolism ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae/*metabolism ; Single-Cell Analysis
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    Molecular biology. Time-lapse transcription (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-04-23
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Nair, Gautham -- Raj, Arjun -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Apr 22;332(6028):431-2. doi: 10.1126/science.1205995.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21512026" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; DNA-Directed RNA Polymerases/metabolism ; Fibroblasts ; *Gene Expression ; *Gene Silencing ; Genes, Fungal ; Kinetics ; Mice ; Models, Genetic ; RNA, Messenger/*genetics/metabolism ; Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted ; Stochastic Processes ; *Transcription, Genetic ; *Transcriptional Activation ; Yeasts/genetics
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 24
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    The growth factor progranulin binds to TNF receptors and is therapeutic against inflammatory arthritis in mice (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-03-12
    Description: The growth factor progranulin (PGRN) has been implicated in embryonic development, tissue repair, tumorigenesis, and inflammation, but its receptors remain unidentified. We report that PGRN bound directly to tumor necrosis factor receptors (TNFRs) and disturbed the TNFalpha-TNFR interaction. PGRN-deficient mice were susceptible to collagen-induced arthritis, and administration of PGRN reversed inflammatory arthritis. Atsttrin, an engineered protein composed of three PGRN fragments, exhibited selective TNFR binding. PGRN and Atsttrin prevented inflammation in multiple arthritis mouse models and inhibited TNFalpha-activated intracellular signaling. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that PGRN is a ligand of TNFR, an antagonist of TNFalpha signaling, and plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory arthritis in mice. They also suggest new potential therapeutic interventions for various TNFalpha-mediated pathologies and conditions, including rheumatoid arthritis.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3104397/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3104397/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Tang, Wei -- Lu, Yi -- Tian, Qing-Yun -- Zhang, Yan -- Guo, Feng-Jin -- Liu, Guang-Yi -- Syed, Nabeel Muzaffar -- Lai, Yongjie -- Lin, Edward Alan -- Kong, Li -- Su, Jeffrey -- Yin, Fangfang -- Ding, Ai-Hao -- Zanin-Zhorov, Alexandra -- Dustin, Michael L -- Tao, Jian -- Craft, Joseph -- Yin, Zhinan -- Feng, Jian Q -- Abramson, Steven B -- Yu, Xiu-Ping -- Liu, Chuan-ju -- AI43542/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AR040072/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ -- AR050620/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ -- AR053210/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ -- GM061710/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI030165/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI030165-20/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM061710/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM061710-08/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Apr 22;332(6028):478-84. doi: 10.1126/science.1199214. Epub 2011 Mar 10.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University School of Medicine and NYU Hospital for Joint Diseases, New York, NY 10003, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21393509" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Animals ; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/metabolism/pharmacology/therapeutic use ; Arthritis, Experimental/*drug therapy/*immunology/pathology/physiopathology ; Cartilage, Articular/metabolism/pathology ; Female ; Humans ; Intercellular Signaling Peptides and ; Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism/therapeutic use ; Ligands ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred Strains ; Mice, Knockout ; Mice, Transgenic ; Middle Aged ; Protein Interaction Domains and Motifs ; Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I/genetics/*metabolism ; Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type II/genetics/*metabolism ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism/pharmacology/therapeutic use ; Recombinant Proteins/therapeutic use ; Signal Transduction ; T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology/physiology ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/*metabolism ; Young Adult
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    Ordered and dynamic assembly of single spliceosomes (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2011-03-12
    Description: The spliceosome is the complex macromolecular machine responsible for removing introns from precursors to messenger RNAs (pre-mRNAs). We combined yeast genetic engineering, chemical biology, and multiwavelength fluorescence microscopy to follow assembly of single spliceosomes in real time in whole-cell extracts. We find that individual spliceosomal subcomplexes associate with pre-mRNA sequentially via an ordered pathway to yield functional spliceosomes and that association of every subcomplex is reversible. Further, early subcomplex binding events do not fully commit a pre-mRNA to splicing; rather, commitment increases as assembly proceeds. These findings have important implications for the regulation of alternative splicing. This experimental strategy should prove widely useful for mechanistic analysis of other macromolecular machines in environments approaching the complexity of living cells.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3086749/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3086749/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hoskins, Aaron A -- Friedman, Larry J -- Gallagher, Sarah S -- Crawford, Daniel J -- Anderson, Eric G -- Wombacher, Richard -- Ramirez, Nicholas -- Cornish, Virginia W -- Gelles, Jeff -- Moore, Melissa J -- F32 GM079971/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- F32 GM079971-03/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM079971/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM759628/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- K99 GM086471/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- K99 GM086471-02/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- K99/R00 GM086471/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM043369/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM053007/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM053007-15/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM081648/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM081648-04/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM54469/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM81648/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R37 GM043369/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R37 GM043369-21/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- RC1 GM091804/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- RC1 GM091804-02/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- T32 GM007596/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- T32 GM007596-30/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Mar 11;331(6022):1289-95. doi: 10.1126/science.1198830.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21393538" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenosine Triphosphate/metabolism ; Fluorescent Dyes ; Introns ; Kinetics ; Microscopy, Fluorescence ; Protein Binding ; RNA Precursors/*metabolism ; *RNA Splicing ; RNA, Fungal/*metabolism ; Ribonucleoprotein, U1 Small Nuclear/metabolism ; Ribonucleoprotein, U2 Small Nuclear/metabolism ; Ribonucleoprotein, U4-U6 Small Nuclear/metabolism ; Ribonucleoprotein, U5 Small Nuclear/metabolism ; Ribonucleoproteins, Small Nuclear/*metabolism ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae/genetics/*metabolism/ultrastructure ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins/*metabolism ; Spliceosomes/*metabolism
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    Single-base pair unwinding and asynchronous RNA release by the hepatitis C virus NS3 helicase (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-09-24
    Description: Nonhexameric helicases use adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to unzip base pairs in double-stranded nucleic acids (dsNAs). Studies have suggested that these helicases unzip dsNAs in single-base pair increments, consuming one ATP molecule per base pair, but direct evidence for this mechanism is lacking. We used optical tweezers to follow the unwinding of double-stranded RNA by the hepatitis C virus NS3 helicase. Single-base pair steps by NS3 were observed, along with nascent nucleotide release that was asynchronous with base pair opening. Asynchronous release of nascent nucleotides rationalizes various observations of its dsNA unwinding and may be used to coordinate the translocation speed of NS3 along the RNA during viral replication.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4172460/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4172460/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cheng, Wei -- Arunajadai, Srikesh G -- Moffitt, Jeffrey R -- Tinoco, Ignacio Jr -- Bustamante, Carlos -- 5R01GM010840/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- 5R01GM032543/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM010840/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Sep 23;333(6050):1746-9. doi: 10.1126/science.1206023.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA. chengwe@umich.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21940894" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenosine Triphosphate/metabolism ; Algorithms ; Base Pairing ; Hepacivirus/*enzymology ; Kinetics ; Models, Biological ; Nucleic Acid Conformation ; Optical Tweezers ; RNA Helicases/*metabolism ; RNA, Double-Stranded/chemistry/*metabolism ; RNA, Viral/chemistry/*metabolism ; Viral Nonstructural Proteins/*metabolism
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    Widespread RNA and DNA sequence differences in the human transcriptome (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-05-21
    Description: The transmission of information from DNA to RNA is a critical process. We compared RNA sequences from human B cells of 27 individuals to the corresponding DNA sequences from the same individuals and uncovered more than 10,000 exonic sites where the RNA sequences do not match that of the DNA. All 12 possible categories of discordances were observed. These differences were nonrandom as many sites were found in multiple individuals and in different cell types, including primary skin cells and brain tissues. Using mass spectrometry, we detected peptides that are translated from the discordant RNA sequences and thus do not correspond exactly to the DNA sequences. These widespread RNA-DNA differences in the human transcriptome provide a yet unexplored aspect of genome variation.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3204392/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3204392/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Li, Mingyao -- Wang, Isabel X -- Li, Yun -- Bruzel, Alan -- Richards, Allison L -- Toung, Jonathan M -- Cheung, Vivian G -- R01 HG005854/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- R01 HG005854-01/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Jul 1;333(6038):53-8. doi: 10.1126/science.1207018. Epub 2011 May 19.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biostatistics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21596952" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Aged ; Amino Acid Sequence ; B-Lymphocytes ; Base Sequence ; Cell Line ; Cerebral Cortex/cytology ; DNA/chemistry/*genetics ; Exons ; Expressed Sequence Tags ; Fibroblasts ; Gene Expression Profiling ; *Genetic Variation ; *Genome, Human ; Genotype ; Humans ; Mass Spectrometry ; Middle Aged ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Protein Biosynthesis ; Proteins/chemistry ; Proteome/chemistry ; RNA, Messenger/chemistry/*genetics ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Sequence Analysis, RNA ; Skin/cytology ; Untranslated Regions
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    Mammalian genes are transcribed with widely different bursting kinetics (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2011-03-19
    Description: In prokaryotes and eukaryotes, most genes appear to be transcribed during short periods called transcriptional bursts, interspersed by silent intervals. We describe how such bursts generate gene-specific temporal patterns of messenger RNA (mRNA) synthesis in mammalian cells. To monitor transcription at high temporal resolution, we established various gene trap cell lines and transgenic cell lines expressing a short-lived luciferase protein from an unstable mRNA, and recorded bioluminescence in real time in single cells. Mathematical modeling identified gene-specific on- and off-switching rates in transcriptional activity and mean numbers of mRNAs produced during the bursts. Transcriptional kinetics were markedly altered by cis-regulatory DNA elements. Our analysis demonstrated that bursting kinetics are highly gene-specific, reflecting refractory periods during which genes stay inactive for a certain time before switching on again.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Suter, David M -- Molina, Nacho -- Gatfield, David -- Schneider, Kim -- Schibler, Ueli -- Naef, Felix -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Apr 22;332(6028):472-4. doi: 10.1126/science.1198817. Epub 2011 Mar 17.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular Biology, Sciences III, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest Ansermet, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21415320" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acetylation ; Animals ; Cells, Cultured ; Chromatin/physiology ; Circadian Rhythm/genetics ; Down-Regulation ; *Gene Expression ; Histones/metabolism ; Kinetics ; Luminescent Measurements ; Mice ; Models, Genetic ; NIH 3T3 Cells ; Promoter Regions, Genetic ; Protein Biosynthesis ; RNA, Messenger/genetics/metabolism ; Stochastic Processes ; *Transcription, Genetic ; Transcriptional Activation ; Transgenes ; Up-Regulation
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    How fast-folding proteins fold (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2011-10-29
    Description: An outstanding challenge in the field of molecular biology has been to understand the process by which proteins fold into their characteristic three-dimensional structures. Here, we report the results of atomic-level molecular dynamics simulations, over periods ranging between 100 mus and 1 ms, that reveal a set of common principles underlying the folding of 12 structurally diverse proteins. In simulations conducted with a single physics-based energy function, the proteins, representing all three major structural classes, spontaneously and repeatedly fold to their experimentally determined native structures. Early in the folding process, the protein backbone adopts a nativelike topology while certain secondary structure elements and a small number of nonlocal contacts form. In most cases, folding follows a single dominant route in which elements of the native structure appear in an order highly correlated with their propensity to form in the unfolded state.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lindorff-Larsen, Kresten -- Piana, Stefano -- Dror, Ron O -- Shaw, David E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Oct 28;334(6055):517-20. doi: 10.1126/science.1208351.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉D. E. Shaw Research, New York, NY 10036, USA. kresten.lindorff-larsen@DEShawResearch.com〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22034434" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Kinetics ; Molecular Dynamics Simulation ; Protein Conformation ; *Protein Folding ; Protein Structure, Secondary ; Proteins/*chemistry ; Thermodynamics
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    Sequential establishment of stripe patterns in an expanding cell population (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-10-15
    Description: Periodic stripe patterns are ubiquitous in living organisms, yet the underlying developmental processes are complex and difficult to disentangle. We describe a synthetic genetic circuit that couples cell density and motility. This system enabled programmed Escherichia coli cells to form periodic stripes of high and low cell densities sequentially and autonomously. Theoretical and experimental analyses reveal that the spatial structure arises from a recurrent aggregation process at the front of the continuously expanding cell population. The number of stripes formed could be tuned by modulating the basal expression of a single gene. The results establish motility control as a simple route to establishing recurrent structures without requiring an extrinsic pacemaker.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Liu, Chenli -- Fu, Xiongfei -- Liu, Lizhong -- Ren, Xiaojing -- Chau, Carlos K L -- Li, Sihong -- Xiang, Lu -- Zeng, Hualing -- Chen, Guanhua -- Tang, Lei-Han -- Lenz, Peter -- Cui, Xiaodong -- Huang, Wei -- Hwa, Terence -- Huang, Jian-Dong -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Oct 14;334(6053):238-41. doi: 10.1126/science.1209042.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biochemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21998392" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acyl-Butyrolactones/metabolism ; Bacterial Load ; Cell Proliferation ; Culture Media ; Diffusion ; Escherichia coli K12/cytology/genetics/*growth & development/*physiology ; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial ; Gene Regulatory Networks ; Kinetics ; Models, Biological ; Movement ; Quorum Sensing ; Synthetic Biology
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    Differences between tight and loose cultures: a 33-nation study (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2011-05-28
    Description: With data from 33 nations, we illustrate the differences between cultures that are tight (have many strong norms and a low tolerance of deviant behavior) versus loose (have weak social norms and a high tolerance of deviant behavior). Tightness-looseness is part of a complex, loosely integrated multilevel system that comprises distal ecological and historical threats (e.g., high population density, resource scarcity, a history of territorial conflict, and disease and environmental threats), broad versus narrow socialization in societal institutions (e.g., autocracy, media regulations), the strength of everyday recurring situations, and micro-level psychological affordances (e.g., prevention self-guides, high regulatory strength, need for structure). This research advances knowledge that can foster cross-cultural understanding in a world of increasing global interdependence and has implications for modeling cultural change.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gelfand, Michele J -- Raver, Jana L -- Nishii, Lisa -- Leslie, Lisa M -- Lun, Janetta -- Lim, Beng Chong -- Duan, Lili -- Almaliach, Assaf -- Ang, Soon -- Arnadottir, Jakobina -- Aycan, Zeynep -- Boehnke, Klaus -- Boski, Pawel -- Cabecinhas, Rosa -- Chan, Darius -- Chhokar, Jagdeep -- D'Amato, Alessia -- Ferrer, Montse -- Fischlmayr, Iris C -- Fischer, Ronald -- Fulop, Marta -- Georgas, James -- Kashima, Emiko S -- Kashima, Yoshishima -- Kim, Kibum -- Lempereur, Alain -- Marquez, Patricia -- Othman, Rozhan -- Overlaet, Bert -- Panagiotopoulou, Penny -- Peltzer, Karl -- Perez-Florizno, Lorena R -- Ponomarenko, Larisa -- Realo, Anu -- Schei, Vidar -- Schmitt, Manfred -- Smith, Peter B -- Soomro, Nazar -- Szabo, Erna -- Taveesin, Nalinee -- Toyama, Midori -- Van de Vliert, Evert -- Vohra, Naharika -- Ward, Colleen -- Yamaguchi, Susumu -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 May 27;332(6033):1100-4. doi: 10.1126/science.1197754.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA. mgelfand@psyc.umd.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21617077" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; *Behavior ; *Cross-Cultural Comparison ; *Cultural Characteristics ; Female ; Government ; Humans ; Male ; Permissiveness ; Political Systems ; Population Density ; *Social Behavior ; *Social Conformity ; Social Control, Formal ; *Social Values ; Young Adult
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    Highly regioselective amination of unactivated alkanes by hypervalent sulfonylimino-lambda(3)-bromane (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-04-23
    Description: Amination of alkanes has generally required metal catalysts and/or high temperatures. Here we report that simple exposure of a broad range of alkanes to N-triflylimino-lambda(3)-bromane 1 at ambient temperature results in C-H insertion of the nitrogen functionality to afford triflyl-substituted amines in moderate to high yields. Marked selectivity for tertiary over secondary C-H bonds was observed; primary (methyl) C-H bonds were inert. Addition of hexafluoroisopropanol to inhibit decomposition of 1 dramatically improved the C-H amination efficiencies. Second-order kinetics, activation parameters (negative activation entropy), deuterium isotope effects, and theoretical calculations suggest a concerted asynchronous bimolecular transition state for the metal-free C-H amination event.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ochiai, Masahito -- Miyamoto, Kazunori -- Kaneaki, Takao -- Hayashi, Satoko -- Nakanishi, Waro -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Apr 22;332(6028):448-51. doi: 10.1126/science.1201686.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokushima, 1-78 Shomachi, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan. mochiai@ph.tokushima-u.ac.jp〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21512029" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adamantane/chemistry ; Alkanes/*chemistry ; Amination ; Amines/*chemistry ; Bromobenzenes/*chemistry ; Carbon/chemistry ; Hydrocarbons, Brominated/*chemistry ; Hydrogen/chemistry ; Kinetics ; Physicochemical Processes ; Stereoisomerism ; Temperature ; Thermodynamics
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    Human tears contain a chemosignal (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2011-01-08
    Description: Emotional tearing is a poorly understood behavior that is considered uniquely human. In mice, tears serve as a chemosignal. We therefore hypothesized that human tears may similarly serve a chemosignaling function. We found that merely sniffing negative-emotion-related odorless tears obtained from women donors induced reductions in sexual appeal attributed by men to pictures of women's faces. Moreover, after sniffing such tears, men experienced reduced self-rated sexual arousal, reduced physiological measures of arousal, and reduced levels of testosterone. Finally, functional magnetic resonance imaging revealed that sniffing women's tears selectively reduced activity in brain substrates of sexual arousal in men.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gelstein, Shani -- Yeshurun, Yaara -- Rozenkrantz, Liron -- Shushan, Sagit -- Frumin, Idan -- Roth, Yehudah -- Sobel, Noam -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Jan 14;331(6014):226-30. doi: 10.1126/science.1198331. Epub 2011 Jan 6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21212322" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Affect ; *Arousal ; Brain/*physiology ; Double-Blind Method ; *Emotions ; Face ; Female ; Humans ; Hypothalamus/physiology ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Odors ; Pheromones, Human/*analysis ; Saliva/chemistry ; Sex Characteristics ; *Sexual Behavior ; Smell ; Tears/*chemistry ; Temporal Lobe/physiology ; Testosterone/*analysis ; Young Adult
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    Radiology. Second thoughts about CT imaging (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2011-02-26
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Schenkman, Lauren -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Feb 25;331(6020):1002-4. doi: 10.1126/science.331.6020.1002.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21350139" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Child ; Government Regulation ; Humans ; Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced/epidemiology/*etiology/mortality ; Practice Guidelines as Topic ; *Radiation Dosage ; Risk Factors ; Tomography Scanners, X-Ray Computed/*standards ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed/*adverse effects/standards ; United States ; United States Food and Drug Administration
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    Effects of working-memory training on striatal dopamine release (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-06
    Description: Updating of working memory has been associated with striato-frontal brain regions and phasic dopaminergic neurotransmission. We assessed raclopride binding to striatal dopamine (DA) D2 receptors during a letter-updating task and a control condition before and after 5 weeks of updating training. Results showed that updating affected DA activity before training and that training further increased striatal DA release during updating. These findings highlight the pivotal role of transient neural processes associated with D2 receptor activity in working memory.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Backman, Lars -- Nyberg, Lars -- Soveri, Anna -- Johansson, Jarkko -- Andersson, Micael -- Dahlin, Erika -- Neely, Anna S -- Virta, Jere -- Laine, Matti -- Rinne, Juha O -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Aug 5;333(6043):718. doi: 10.1126/science.1204978.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Aging Research Center, Karolinska Institute, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden. lars.backman.1@ki.se〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21817043" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Corpus Striatum/*metabolism/radionuclide imaging ; Dopamine/*metabolism ; Humans ; *Learning ; Male ; *Memory, Short-Term ; Positron-Emission Tomography ; Raclopride/metabolism ; Receptors, Dopamine D2/*metabolism ; Young Adult
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    The genetic landscape of the childhood cancer medulloblastoma (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2010-12-18
    Description: Medulloblastoma (MB) is the most common malignant brain tumor of children. To identify the genetic alterations in this tumor type, we searched for copy number alterations using high-density microarrays and sequenced all known protein-coding genes and microRNA genes using Sanger sequencing in a set of 22 MBs. We found that, on average, each tumor had 11 gene alterations, fewer by a factor of 5 to 10 than in the adult solid tumors that have been sequenced to date. In addition to alterations in the Hedgehog and Wnt pathways, our analysis led to the discovery of genes not previously known to be altered in MBs. Most notably, inactivating mutations of the histone-lysine N-methyltransferase genes MLL2 or MLL3 were identified in 16% of MB patients. These results demonstrate key differences between the genetic landscapes of adult and childhood cancers, highlight dysregulation of developmental pathways as an important mechanism underlying MBs, and identify a role for a specific type of histone methylation in human tumorigenesis.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3110744/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3110744/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Parsons, D Williams -- Li, Meng -- Zhang, Xiaosong -- Jones, Sian -- Leary, Rebecca J -- Lin, Jimmy Cheng-Ho -- Boca, Simina M -- Carter, Hannah -- Samayoa, Josue -- Bettegowda, Chetan -- Gallia, Gary L -- Jallo, George I -- Binder, Zev A -- Nikolsky, Yuri -- Hartigan, James -- Smith, Doug R -- Gerhard, Daniela S -- Fults, Daniel W -- VandenBerg, Scott -- Berger, Mitchel S -- Marie, Suely Kazue Nagahashi -- Shinjo, Sueli Mieko Oba -- Clara, Carlos -- Phillips, Peter C -- Minturn, Jane E -- Biegel, Jaclyn A -- Judkins, Alexander R -- Resnick, Adam C -- Storm, Phillip B -- Curran, Tom -- He, Yiping -- Rasheed, B Ahmed -- Friedman, Henry S -- Keir, Stephen T -- McLendon, Roger -- Northcott, Paul A -- Taylor, Michael D -- Burger, Peter C -- Riggins, Gregory J -- Karchin, Rachel -- Parmigiani, Giovanni -- Bigner, Darell D -- Yan, Hai -- Papadopoulos, Nick -- Vogelstein, Bert -- Kinzler, Kenneth W -- Velculescu, Victor E -- CA057345/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- CA096832/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- CA118822/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- CA121113/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- CA135877/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- GM074906-01A1/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- HHSN261200800001E/PHS HHS/ -- P01 CA096832/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- P01 CA096832-03/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA108622/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA121113/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA121113-05/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R37 CA057345/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R37 CA057345-20/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Jan 28;331(6016):435-9. doi: 10.1126/science.1198056. Epub 2010 Dec 16.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Ludwig Center for Cancer Genetics and Therapeutics and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Johns Hopkins Kimmel Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21163964" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Cerebellar Neoplasms/*genetics/metabolism ; Child ; DNA Copy Number Variations ; DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; *Genes, Neoplasm ; Genes, Tumor Suppressor ; Histone-Lysine N-Methyltransferase/genetics/metabolism ; Histones/metabolism ; Humans ; Medulloblastoma/*genetics/metabolism ; Methylation ; MicroRNAs/genetics ; *Mutation ; Neoplasm Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis ; Point Mutation ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Signal Transduction
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    Population and development (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2011-07-30
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Osotimehin, Babatunde -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Jul 29;333(6042):499. doi: 10.1126/science.1210732.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21798898" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adolescent ; Adult ; Contraception ; *Developing Countries ; Family Planning Services ; Female ; Humans ; Population Control ; *Population Growth ; Reproductive Medicine ; *Women's Health ; *Women's Rights
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    Attention but not awareness modulates the BOLD signal in the human V1 during binocular suppression (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2011-11-15
    Description: Although recent psychophysical studies indicate that visual awareness and top-down attention are two distinct processes, it is not clear how they are neurally dissociated in the visual system. Using a two-by-two factorial functional magnetic resonance imaging design with binocular suppression, we found that the visibility or invisibility of a visual target led to only nonsignificant blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) effects in the human primary visual cortex (V1). Directing attention toward and away from the target had much larger and robust effects across all study participants. The difference in the lower-level limit of BOLD activation between attention and awareness illustrates dissociated neural correlates of the two processes. Our results agree with previously reported V1 BOLD effects on attention, while they invite a reconsideration of the functional role of V1 in visual awareness.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Watanabe, Masataka -- Cheng, Kang -- Murayama, Yusuke -- Ueno, Kenichi -- Asamizuya, Takeshi -- Tanaka, Keiji -- Logothetis, Nikos -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Nov 11;334(6057):829-31. doi: 10.1126/science.1203161.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉School of Engineering, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan. watanabe@tuebingen.mpg.de〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22076381" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; *Attention ; *Awareness ; Brain Mapping ; Female ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Oxygen/blood ; Photic Stimulation ; Vision, Ocular ; Visual Cortex/*physiology ; Visual Perception/*physiology ; Young Adult
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    Microbiology. Going viral: exploring the role of viruses in our bodies (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2011-03-26
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pennisi, Elizabeth -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Mar 25;331(6024):1513. doi: 10.1126/science.331.6024.1513.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21436418" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; *Bacteriophages/classification/isolation & purification/physiology ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Diet ; Fever/virology ; Humans ; *Metagenome ; Virus Physiological Phenomena ; *Viruses/classification/isolation & purification
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    A dynamic knockout reveals that conformational fluctuations influence the chemical step of enzyme catalysis (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2011-04-09
    Description: Conformational dynamics play a key role in enzyme catalysis. Although protein motions have clear implications for ligand flux, a role for dynamics in the chemical step of enzyme catalysis has not been clearly established. We generated a mutant of Escherichia coli dihydrofolate reductase that abrogates millisecond-time-scale fluctuations in the enzyme active site without perturbing its structural and electrostatic preorganization. This dynamic knockout severely impairs hydride transfer. Thus, we have found a link between conformational fluctuations on the millisecond time scale and the chemical step of an enzymatic reaction, with broad implications for our understanding of enzyme mechanisms and for design of novel protein catalysts.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3151171/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3151171/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bhabha, Gira -- Lee, Jeeyeon -- Ekiert, Damian C -- Gam, Jongsik -- Wilson, Ian A -- Dyson, H Jane -- Benkovic, Stephen J -- Wright, Peter E -- GM080209/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM75995/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM075995/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- U54 GM094586/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- Y1-CO-1020/CO/NCI NIH HHS/ -- Y1-GM-1104/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Apr 8;332(6026):234-8. doi: 10.1126/science.1198542.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular Biology and Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21474759" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Biocatalysis ; Catalytic Domain ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Escherichia coli/*enzymology ; Folic Acid/chemistry ; Kinetics ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutant Proteins/chemistry/metabolism ; NADP/chemistry ; Protein Conformation ; Tetrahydrofolate Dehydrogenase/*chemistry/genetics/*metabolism
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    Perceptual learning incepted by decoded fMRI neurofeedback without stimulus presentation (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2011-12-14
    Description: It is controversial whether the adult primate early visual cortex is sufficiently plastic to cause visual perceptual learning (VPL). The controversy occurs partially because most VPL studies have examined correlations between behavioral and neural activity changes rather than cause-and-effect relationships. With an online-feedback method that uses decoded functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) signals, we induced activity patterns only in early visual cortex corresponding to an orientation without stimulus presentation or participants' awareness of what was to be learned. The induced activation caused VPL specific to the orientation. These results suggest that early visual areas are so plastic that mere inductions of activity patterns are sufficient to cause VPL. This technique can induce plasticity in a highly selective manner, potentially leading to powerful training and rehabilitative protocols.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3297423/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3297423/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Shibata, Kazuhisa -- Watanabe, Takeo -- Sasaki, Yuka -- Kawato, Mitsuo -- R01 AG031941/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- R01 AG031941-04/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- R01 EY015980/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- R01 EY015980-04A2/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- R01 EY015980-05/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- R01 EY015980-06/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- R01 EY015980-07/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- R01 EY015980-08/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- R01 MH091801/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Dec 9;334(6061):1413-5. doi: 10.1126/science.1212003.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Advanced Telecommunications Research Institute International Computational Neuroscience Laboratories, Keihanna Science City, Kyoto 619-0288, Japan.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22158821" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Analysis of Variance ; Brain Mapping ; Female ; Humans ; *Learning ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Neurofeedback ; *Neuronal Plasticity ; Size Perception ; Visual Cortex/*physiology ; *Visual Perception ; Young Adult
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    Human voice recognition depends on language ability (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-07-30
    Description: The ability to recognize people by their voice is an important social behavior. Individuals differ in how they pronounce words, and listeners may take advantage of language-specific knowledge of speech phonology to facilitate recognizing voices. Impaired phonological processing is characteristic of dyslexia and thought to be a basis for difficulty in learning to read. We tested voice-recognition abilities of dyslexic and control listeners for voices speaking listeners' native language or an unfamiliar language. Individuals with dyslexia exhibited impaired voice-recognition abilities compared with controls only for voices speaking their native language. These results demonstrate the importance of linguistic representations for voice recognition. Humans appear to identify voices by making comparisons between talkers' pronunciations of words and listeners' stored abstract representations of the sounds in those words.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4242590/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4242590/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Perrachione, Tyler K -- Del Tufo, Stephanie N -- Gabrieli, John D E -- UL1 RR025758/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- UL1RR025758/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Jul 29;333(6042):595. doi: 10.1126/science.1207327.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. tkp@mit.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21798942" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adolescent ; Adult ; Dyslexia/*physiopathology ; Female ; Humans ; *Language ; Male ; *Pattern Recognition, Physiological ; *Phonetics ; Speech Perception ; *Voice ; Young Adult
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    Infectious disease. Taking a new shot at a TB vaccine (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-12-17
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kupferschmidt, Kai -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Dec 16;334(6062):1488-90. doi: 10.1126/science.334.6062.1488.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22174226" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adolescent ; Adult ; Animals ; BCG Vaccine ; Child ; *Clinical Trials as Topic/economics ; Humans ; *Tuberculosis Vaccines/administration & dosage/economics ; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/economics/*prevention & control
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    Coping with chaos: how disordered contexts promote stereotyping and discrimination (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-04-09
    Description: Being the victim of discrimination can have serious negative health- and quality-of-life-related consequences. Yet, could being discriminated against depend on such seemingly trivial matters as garbage on the streets? In this study, we show, in two field experiments, that disordered contexts (such as litter or a broken-up sidewalk and an abandoned bicycle) indeed promote stereotyping and discrimination in real-world situations and, in three lab experiments, that it is a heightened need for structure that mediates these effects (number of subjects: between 40 and 70 per experiment). These findings considerably advance our knowledge of the impact of the physical environment on stereotyping and discrimination and have clear policy implications: Diagnose environmental disorder early and intervene immediately.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stapel, Diederik A -- Lindenberg, Siegwart -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Apr 8;332(6026):251-3. doi: 10.1126/science.1201068.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Tilburg Institute for Behavioral Economics Research, Tilburg University, Post Office Box 90153, 5000 LE Tilburg, Netherlands. d.a.stapel@uvt.nl〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21474762" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Adaptation, Psychological ; Adult ; *Environment ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; *Prejudice ; *Stereotyping ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Young Adult
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    Germany. Scientists rush to study genome of lethal E. coli (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-06-11
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kupferschmidt, Kai -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Jun 10;332(6035):1249-50. doi: 10.1126/science.332.6035.1249.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21659576" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Animals ; DNA, Bacterial ; Disease Outbreaks ; Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli/*genetics ; Escherichia coli Infections/epidemiology/*microbiology ; Female ; Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage/microbiology ; *Genome, Bacterial ; Germany/epidemiology ; Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome/microbiology ; Humans ; Male ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Shiga Toxins/genetics
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    Chemistry. Tracking state-to-state bimolecular reaction dynamics in solution (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-03-19
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bradforth, Stephen -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Mar 18;331(6023):1398-9. doi: 10.1126/science.1203629.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0482, USA. stephen.bradforth@usc.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21415344" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Chemical Phenomena ; Cyclohexanes/*chemistry ; Free Radicals ; Hydrogen/*chemistry ; Hydrogen Cyanide/*chemistry ; Kinetics ; Solutions ; Solvents/chemistry
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    No evidence of murine-like gammaretroviruses in CFS patients previously identified as XMRV-infected (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-06-02
    Description: Members of the gammaretroviruses--such as murine leukemia viruses (MLVs), most notably XMRV [xenotropic murine leukemia virus (X-MLV)-related virus--have been reported to be present in the blood of patients with chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS). We evaluated blood samples from 61 patients with CFS from a single clinical practice, 43 of whom had previously been identified as XMRV-positive. Our analysis included polymerase chain reaction and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction procedures for detection of viral nucleic acids and assays for detection of infectious virus and virus-specific antibodies. We found no evidence of XMRV or other MLVs in these blood samples. In addition, we found that these gammaretroviruses were strongly (X-MLV) or partially (XMRV) susceptible to inactivation by sera from CFS patients and healthy controls, which suggested that establishment of a successful MLV infection in humans would be unlikely. Consistent with previous reports, we detected MLV sequences in commercial laboratory reagents. Our results indicate that previous evidence linking XMRV and MLVs to CFS is likely attributable to laboratory contamination.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Knox, Konstance -- Carrigan, Donald -- Simmons, Graham -- Teque, Fernando -- Zhou, Yanchen -- Hackett, John Jr -- Qiu, Xiaoxing -- Luk, Ka-Cheung -- Schochetman, Gerald -- Knox, Allyn -- Kogelnik, Andreas M -- Levy, Jay A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Jul 1;333(6038):94-7. doi: 10.1126/science.1204963. Epub 2011 May 31.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Wisconsin Viral Research Group, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21628393" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Antibodies, Viral/blood ; Base Sequence ; Blood/*virology ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Complement System Proteins/immunology ; DNA Contamination ; DNA, Viral/blood ; Drug Contamination ; Fatigue Syndrome, Chronic/blood/immunology/*virology ; Female ; Humans ; Indicators and Reagents ; Leukemia Virus, Murine/genetics/isolation & purification ; Leukocytes, Mononuclear/*virology ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Retroviridae Infections/diagnosis/*virology ; Xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus/genetics/immunology/*isolation & ; purification ; Young Adult
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    Peruvian highlands, fume-free (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-10-15
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bodereau, Pilar Nores -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Oct 14;334(6053):157. doi: 10.1126/science.1212526.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21998353" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Air Pollution, Indoor/*prevention & control ; Child, Preschool ; Cooking/*instrumentation ; *Developing Countries ; Female ; *Health Status ; Humans ; Malnutrition/epidemiology/prevention & control ; Organizations ; Peru ; Poverty ; Respiratory Tract Diseases/epidemiology/etiology/*prevention & control ; Smoke/*adverse effects ; United Nations
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    Alzheimer's research. Stopping Alzheimer's before it starts (2012)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-08-21
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Miller, Greg -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Aug 17;337(6096):790-2. doi: 10.1126/science.337.6096.790.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22903991" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Age of Onset ; Alzheimer Disease/diagnosis/*genetics/*prevention & control ; Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use ; Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/therapeutic use ; Apolipoprotein E4/genetics ; Child ; *Clinical Trials as Topic ; DNA Mutational Analysis ; Female ; *Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; Heterozygote Detection ; Humans ; Information Services ; Male ; Pedigree ; Primary Prevention/*methods ; Risk
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    Kinetic responses of beta-catenin specify the sites of Wnt control (2012)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-11-10
    Description: Despite more than 30 years of work on the Wnt signaling pathway, the basic mechanism of how the extracellular Wnt signal increases the intracellular concentration of beta-catenin is still contentious. Circumventing much of the detailed biochemistry, we used basic principles of chemical kinetics coupled with quantitative measurements to define the reactions on beta-catenin directly affected by the Wnt signal. We conclude that the core signal transduction mechanism is relatively simple, with only two regulated phosphorylation steps. Their partial inhibition gives rise to the full dynamics of the response and subsequently maintains a steady state in which the concentration of beta-catenin is increased.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hernandez, Ana R -- Klein, Allon M -- Kirschner, Marc W -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Dec 7;338(6112):1337-40. doi: 10.1126/science.1228734. Epub 2012 Nov 8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23138978" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Casein Kinase I/chemistry/metabolism ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Cysteine Proteinase Inhibitors/pharmacology ; Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3/metabolism ; HEK293 Cells ; Humans ; Kinetics ; Leupeptins/pharmacology ; Phosphorylation ; *Signal Transduction ; Wnt Proteins/*metabolism ; Wnt3A Protein/metabolism ; beta Catenin/*metabolism
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    Neuropathology. Blast injuries linked to neurodegeneration in veterans (2012)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-05-19
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Miller, Greg -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 May 18;336(6083):790-1. doi: 10.1126/science.336.6083.790.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22605724" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Animals ; Axons/pathology ; Blast Injuries/metabolism/*pathology ; Brain/*pathology ; Brain Chemistry ; Brain Injury, Chronic/metabolism/*pathology ; Humans ; Male ; Mice ; Middle Aged ; *Military Personnel ; *Veterans ; Young Adult ; tau Proteins/analysis
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    Lab exposure. Death of California researcher spurs investigation (2012)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-05-15
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Miller, Greg -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 May 11;336(6082):659. doi: 10.1126/science.336.6082.659.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22582235" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Humans ; *Laboratory Infection/epidemiology/microbiology ; Male ; *Meningitis, Meningococcal/epidemiology/microbiology ; *Neisseria meningitidis, Serogroup B/isolation & purification ; San Francisco ; United States/epidemiology
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    Public health. Korea tackles a mushrooming problem (2012)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-11-28
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Normile, Dennis -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Nov 23;338(6110):1026-7. doi: 10.1126/science.338.6110.1026.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23180842" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adolescent ; Adult ; Age Factors ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Child ; Female ; Humans ; Mental Disorders/epidemiology ; Middle Aged ; Republic of Korea/epidemiology ; Sex Factors ; Suicide/*statistics & numerical data/*trends ; Young Adult
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    Single-molecule fluorescence experiments determine protein folding transition path times (2012)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-03-01
    Description: The transition path is the tiny fraction of an equilibrium molecular trajectory when a transition occurs as the free-energy barrier between two states is crossed. It is a single-molecule property that contains all the mechanistic information on how a process occurs. As a step toward observing transition paths in protein folding, we determined the average transition-path time for a fast- and a slow-folding protein from a photon-by-photon analysis of fluorescence trajectories in single-molecule Forster resonance energy transfer experiments. Whereas the folding rate coefficients differ by a factor of 10,000, the transition-path times differ by a factor of less than 5, which shows that a fast- and a slow-folding protein take almost the same time to fold when folding actually happens. A very simple model based on energy landscape theory can explain this result.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3878298/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3878298/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Chung, Hoi Sung -- McHale, Kevin -- Louis, John M -- Eaton, William A -- Z99 DK999999/Intramural NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Feb 24;335(6071):981-4. doi: 10.1126/science.1215768.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory of Chemical Physics, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892-0520, USA. chunghoi@niddk.nih.gov〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22363011" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Bacterial Proteins/*chemistry ; Carrier Proteins/*chemistry ; Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer ; Kinetics ; Likelihood Functions ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Photons ; Protein Conformation ; *Protein Folding ; Protein Interaction Domains and Motifs ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Thermodynamics
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    Direct observation of cotranscriptional folding in an adenine riboswitch (2012)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-10-23
    Description: Growing RNA chains fold cotranscriptionally as they are synthesized by RNA polymerase. Riboswitches, which regulate gene expression by adopting alternative RNA folds, are sensitive to cotranscriptional events. We developed an optical-trapping assay to follow the cotranscriptional folding of a nascent RNA and used it to monitor individual transcripts of the pbuE adenine riboswitch, visualizing distinct folding transitions. We report a particular folding signature for the riboswitch aptamer whose presence directs the gene-regulatory transcription outcome, and we measured the termination frequency as a function of adenine level and tension applied to the RNA. Our results demonstrate that the outcome is kinetically controlled. These experiments furnish a means to observe conformational switching in real time and enable the precise mapping of events during cotranscriptional folding.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3496414/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3496414/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Frieda, Kirsten L -- Block, Steven M -- R37 GM057035/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Oct 19;338(6105):397-400. doi: 10.1126/science.1225722.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Biophysics Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23087247" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenine/*chemistry/metabolism ; Bacillus subtilis/genetics ; Base Sequence ; Kinetics ; Molecular Sequence Data ; *Optical Tweezers ; *RNA Folding ; Riboswitch/*genetics ; *Transcription, Genetic
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    Toward peace: foreign arms and indigenous institutions in a Papua New Guinea society (2012)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-09-29
    Description: In 1990, shotguns and M-16s were adopted into Enga warfare, setting off some 15 years of devastation as youths (~17 to 28) took charge of interclan warfare. In response, people called on elder leaders to adapt customary institutions to restore peace; subsequently, war deaths and the frequency of war declined radically. Data from precolonial warfare, 501 recent wars, and 129 customary court sessions allow us to consider (i) the principles and values behind customary institutions for peace, (ii) their effectiveness, (iii) how they interact with and compare to state institutions of today, and (iv) how such institutions might have shaped our human behavioral repertoire to make life in state societies possible.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wiessner, Polly -- Pupu, Nitze -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Sep 28;337(6102):1651-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Anthropology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA. wiessner@soft-link.com〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23019648" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adolescent ; Adult ; *Behavior ; Firearms/*statistics & numerical data ; Humans ; Mortality/*trends ; Papua New Guinea ; *Violence ; *Warfare ; Young Adult
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    Niche and neutral effects of acquired immunity permit coexistence of pneumococcal serotypes (2012)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2012-03-03
    Description: Over 90 capsular serotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae, a common nasopharyngeal colonizer and major cause of pneumonia, bacteremia, and meningitis, are known. It is unclear why some serotypes can persist at all: They are more easily cleared from carriage and compete poorly in vivo. Serotype-specific immune responses, which could promote diversity in principle, are weak enough to allow repeated colonizations by the same type. We show that weak serotype-specific immunity and an acquired response not specific to the capsule can together reproduce observed diversity. Serotype-specific immunity stabilizes competition, and acquired immunity to noncapsular antigens reduces fitness differences. Our model can be used to explain the effects of pneumococcal vaccination and indicates general factors that regulate the diversity of pathogens.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3341938/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3341938/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cobey, Sarah -- Lipsitch, Marc -- 1F32GM097997/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- 5R01AI048935/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- F32 GM097997/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- U54 GM088558/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- U54 GM088558-02/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- U54GM088558/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Mar 16;335(6074):1376-80. doi: 10.1126/science.1215947. Epub 2012 Mar 1.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center for Communicable Disease Dynamics and Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA. scobey@hsph.harvard.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22383809" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Adaptive Immunity ; Adult ; Antigenic Variation ; Antigens, Bacterial/*immunology ; Bacterial Capsules/immunology ; Carrier State/immunology/*microbiology ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Computer Simulation ; Humans ; Immunity, Innate ; Infant ; Models, Biological ; Nasopharynx/*microbiology ; Pneumococcal Infections/immunology/*microbiology ; Pneumococcal Vaccines/immunology ; Serotyping ; Streptococcus pneumoniae/classification/*immunology/*physiology ; Time Factors
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    Analytic thinking promotes religious disbelief (2012)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-04-28
    Description: Scientific interest in the cognitive underpinnings of religious belief has grown in recent years. However, to date, little experimental research has focused on the cognitive processes that may promote religious disbelief. The present studies apply a dual-process model of cognitive processing to this problem, testing the hypothesis that analytic processing promotes religious disbelief. Individual differences in the tendency to analytically override initially flawed intuitions in reasoning were associated with increased religious disbelief. Four additional experiments provided evidence of causation, as subtle manipulations known to trigger analytic processing also encouraged religious disbelief. Combined, these studies indicate that analytic processing is one factor (presumably among several) that promotes religious disbelief. Although these findings do not speak directly to conversations about the inherent rationality, value, or truth of religious beliefs, they illuminate one cognitive factor that may influence such discussions.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gervais, Will M -- Norenzayan, Ara -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Apr 27;336(6080):493-6. doi: 10.1126/science.1215647.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada. will@psych.ubc.ca〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22539725" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Cognition ; Female ; Humans ; Intuition ; Male ; *Mental Processes ; *Religion ; *Thinking ; Young Adult
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    Preference by association: how memory mechanisms in the hippocampus bias decisions (2012)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-10-16
    Description: Every day people make new choices between alternatives that they have never directly experienced. Yet, such decisions are often made rapidly and confidently. Here, we show that the hippocampus, traditionally known for its role in building long-term declarative memories, enables the spread of value across memories, thereby guiding decisions between new choice options. Using functional brain imaging in humans, we discovered that giving people monetary rewards led to activation of a preestablished network of memories, spreading the positive value of reward to nonrewarded items stored in memory. Later, people were biased to choose these nonrewarded items. This decision bias was predicted by activity in the hippocampus, reactivation of associated memories, and connectivity between memory and reward regions in the brain. These findings explain how choices among new alternatives emerge automatically from the associative mechanisms by which the brain builds memories. Further, our findings demonstrate a previously unknown role for the hippocampus in value-based decisions.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wimmer, G Elliott -- Shohamy, Daphna -- R03-DA026957/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Oct 12;338(6104):270-3. doi: 10.1126/science.1223252.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23066083" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adolescent ; Adult ; *Association ; Decision Making/*physiology ; Female ; Hippocampus/*physiology ; Humans ; Memory/*physiology ; Neuroimaging ; *Reward ; Social Values ; Young Adult
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    The molecular mechanism of thermal noise in rod photoreceptors (2012)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2012-09-08
    Description: Spontaneous electrical signals in the retina's photoreceptors impose a limit on visual sensitivity. Their origin is attributed to a thermal, rather than photochemical, activation of the transduction cascade. Although the mechanism of such a process is under debate, the observation of a relationship between the maximum absorption wavelength (lambda(max)) and the thermal activation kinetic constant (k) of different visual pigments (the Barlow correlation) indicates that the thermal and photochemical activations are related. Here we show that a quantum chemical model of the bovine rod pigment provides a molecular-level understanding of the Barlow correlation. The transition state mediating thermal activation has the same electronic structure as the photoreceptor excited state, thus creating a direct link between lambda(max) and k. Such a link appears to be the manifestation of intrinsic chromophore features associated with the existence of a conical intersection between its ground and excited states.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gozem, Samer -- Schapiro, Igor -- Ferre, Nicolas -- Olivucci, Massimo -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Sep 7;337(6099):1225-8. doi: 10.1126/science.1220461.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Chemistry, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH 43403, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22955833" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cattle ; Isomerism ; Kinetics ; Models, Chemical ; Photochemical Processes ; Quantum Theory ; Retinal Rod Photoreceptor Cells/*chemistry/physiology ; Rhodopsin/*chemistry/*physiology ; Rod Opsins/chemistry/physiology ; Schiff Bases ; Temperature ; Thermodynamics
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    Little emperors: behavioral impacts of China's One-Child Policy (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2013-01-12
    Description: We document that China's One-Child Policy (OCP), one of the most radical approaches to limiting population growth, has produced significantly less trusting, less trustworthy, more risk-averse, less competitive, more pessimistic, and less conscientious individuals. Our data were collected from economics experiments conducted with 421 individuals born just before and just after the OCP's introduction in 1979. Surveys to elicit personality traits were also used. We used the exogenous imposition of the OCP to identify the causal impact of being an only child, net of family background effects. The OCP thus has significant ramifications for Chinese society.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cameron, L -- Erkal, N -- Gangadharan, L -- Meng, X -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Feb 22;339(6122):953-7. doi: 10.1126/science.1230221. Epub 2013 Jan 10.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Econometrics, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia. lisa.cameron@monash.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23306438" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Altruism ; Anxiety Disorders ; *Attitude ; *Behavior ; China ; Competitive Behavior ; Family ; *Family Planning Policy ; Female ; Games, Experimental ; Humans ; Male ; Only Child/*psychology ; *Personality ; Risk-Taking ; Trust ; Urban Population
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    Neural mechanisms of foraging (2012)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2012-04-12
    Description: Behavioral economic studies involving limited numbers of choices have provided key insights into neural decision-making mechanisms. By contrast, animals' foraging choices arise in the context of sequences of encounters with prey or food. On each encounter, the animal chooses whether to engage or, if the environment is sufficiently rich, to search elsewhere. The cost of foraging is also critical. We demonstrate that humans can alternate between two modes of choice, comparative decision-making and foraging, depending on distinct neural mechanisms in ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) using distinct reference frames; in ACC, choice variables are represented in invariant reference to foraging or searching for alternatives. Whereas vmPFC encodes values of specific well-defined options, ACC encodes the average value of the foraging environment and cost of foraging.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3440844/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3440844/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kolling, Nils -- Behrens, Timothy E J -- Mars, Rogier B -- Rushworth, Matthew F S -- 088312/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 089280/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- G0600994/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- G0600994(79113)/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- G0700399/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- G0802146/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- G0802146(89549)/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Apr 6;336(6077):95-8. doi: 10.1126/science.1216930.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3UD, UK. nils.kolling@psy.ox.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22491854" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Brain Mapping ; Choice Behavior ; *Decision Making ; Female ; Gyrus Cinguli/*physiology ; Humans ; Logistic Models ; Male ; Prefrontal Cortex/*physiology ; Reward ; Young Adult
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    The lac repressor displays facilitated diffusion in living cells (2012)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2012-06-23
    Description: Transcription factors (TFs) are proteins that regulate the expression of genes by binding sequence-specific sites on the chromosome. It has been proposed that to find these sites fast and accurately, TFs combine one-dimensional (1D) sliding on DNA with 3D diffusion in the cytoplasm. This facilitated diffusion mechanism has been demonstrated in vitro, but it has not been shown experimentally to be exploited in living cells. We have developed a single-molecule assay that allows us to investigate the sliding process in living bacteria. Here we show that the lac repressor slides 45 +/- 10 base pairs on chromosomal DNA and that sliding can be obstructed by other DNA-bound proteins near the operator. Furthermore, the repressor frequently (〉90%) slides over its natural lacO(1) operator several times before binding. This suggests a trade-off between rapid search on nonspecific sequences and fast binding at the specific sequence.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hammar, Petter -- Leroy, Prune -- Mahmutovic, Anel -- Marklund, Erik G -- Berg, Otto G -- Elf, Johan -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Jun 22;336(6088):1595-8. doi: 10.1126/science.1221648.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22723426" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Binding Sites ; Chromosomes, Bacterial/metabolism ; DNA, Bacterial/*metabolism ; Escherichia coli/genetics/*metabolism ; Escherichia coli Proteins/*metabolism ; Facilitated Diffusion ; Kinetics ; *Lac Operon ; Lac Repressors/*metabolism ; *Operator Regions, Genetic ; Protein Binding ; Transcription Factors/metabolism
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    Global epigenomic reconfiguration during mammalian brain development (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2013-07-06
    Description: DNA methylation is implicated in mammalian brain development and plasticity underlying learning and memory. We report the genome-wide composition, patterning, cell specificity, and dynamics of DNA methylation at single-base resolution in human and mouse frontal cortex throughout their lifespan. Widespread methylome reconfiguration occurs during fetal to young adult development, coincident with synaptogenesis. During this period, highly conserved non-CG methylation (mCH) accumulates in neurons, but not glia, to become the dominant form of methylation in the human neuronal genome. Moreover, we found an mCH signature that identifies genes escaping X-chromosome inactivation. Last, whole-genome single-base resolution 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (hmC) maps revealed that hmC marks fetal brain cell genomes at putative regulatory regions that are CG-demethylated and activated in the adult brain and that CG demethylation at these hmC-poised loci depends on Tet2 activity.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3785061/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3785061/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lister, Ryan -- Mukamel, Eran A -- Nery, Joseph R -- Urich, Mark -- Puddifoot, Clare A -- Johnson, Nicholas D -- Lucero, Jacinta -- Huang, Yun -- Dwork, Andrew J -- Schultz, Matthew D -- Yu, Miao -- Tonti-Filippini, Julian -- Heyn, Holger -- Hu, Shijun -- Wu, Joseph C -- Rao, Anjana -- Esteller, Manel -- He, Chuan -- Haghighi, Fatemeh G -- Sejnowski, Terrence J -- Behrens, M Margarita -- Ecker, Joseph R -- AI44432/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- CA151535/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- HD065812/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- HG006827/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- K99NS080911/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- MH094670/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI044432/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA151535/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 HD065812/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- R01 HG006827/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- R01 MH094670/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- R01 MH094774/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Aug 9;341(6146):1237905. doi: 10.1126/science.1237905. Epub 2013 Jul 4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Genomic Analysis Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. ryan.lister@uwa.edu.au〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23828890" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: 5-Methylcytosine/metabolism ; Adult ; Animals ; Base Sequence ; Conserved Sequence ; Cytosine/*analogs & derivatives/metabolism ; *DNA Methylation ; *Epigenesis, Genetic ; Epigenomics ; Frontal Lobe/*growth & development ; *Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental ; Genome-Wide Association Study ; Humans ; Longevity ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; X Chromosome Inactivation/genetics
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    Genetic determinants and cellular constraints in noisy gene expression (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2013-12-07
    Description: In individual cells, transcription is a random process obeying single-molecule kinetics. Often, it occurs in a bursty, intermittent manner. The frequency and size of these bursts affect the magnitude of temporal fluctuations in messenger RNA and protein content within a cell, creating variation or "noise" in gene expression. It is still unclear to what degree transcriptional kinetics are specific to each gene and determined by its promoter sequence. Alternative scenarios have been proposed, in which the kinetics of transcription are governed by cellular constraints and follow universal rules across the genome. Evidence from genome-wide noise studies and from systematic perturbations of promoter sequences suggest that both scenarios-namely gene-specific versus genome-wide regulation of transcription kinetics-may be present to different degrees in bacteria, yeast, and animal cells.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4045091/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4045091/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sanchez, Alvaro -- Golding, Ido -- R01 GM082837/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Dec 6;342(6163):1188-93. doi: 10.1126/science.1242975.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉The Rowland Institute at Harvard, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24311680" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Escherichia coli/genetics/metabolism ; Eukaryota/genetics/metabolism ; *Gene Expression Regulation ; Genome ; Kinetics ; Models, Genetic ; Promoter Regions, Genetic ; RNA, Messenger/genetics/metabolism ; Single-Cell Analysis ; Stochastic Processes ; *Transcription, Genetic ; Yeasts/genetics/metabolism
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    IBI series winner. Exploring the evolution of human mate preference (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2013-11-30
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Foster, Valerie -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Nov 29;342(6162):1060-1. doi: 10.1126/science.1230005.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Natural Sciences Division, Pasadena City College, 1570 East Colorado Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91106, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24288326" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Courtship/*psychology ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Marriage/*psychology ; Personality ; Problem-Based Learning/*methods ; Selection, Genetic ; Voice Quality ; Young Adult
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    Poverty impedes cognitive function (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: The poor often behave in less capable ways, which can further perpetuate poverty. We hypothesize that poverty directly impedes cognitive function and present two studies that test this hypothesis. First, we experimentally induced thoughts about finances and found that this reduces cognitive performance among poor but not in well-off participants. Second, we examined the cognitive function of farmers over the planting cycle. We found that the same farmer shows diminished cognitive performance before harvest, when poor, as compared with after harvest, when rich. This cannot be explained by differences in time available, nutrition, or work effort. Nor can it be explained with stress: Although farmers do show more stress before harvest, that does not account for diminished cognitive performance. Instead, it appears that poverty itself reduces cognitive capacity. We suggest that this is because poverty-related concerns consume mental resources, leaving less for other tasks. These data provide a previously unexamined perspective and help explain a spectrum of behaviors among the poor. We discuss some implications for poverty policy.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mani, Anandi -- Mullainathan, Sendhil -- Shafir, Eldar -- Zhao, Jiaying -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Aug 30;341(6149):976-80. doi: 10.1126/science.1238041.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Economics, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23990553" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Agriculture ; *Cognition ; Female ; Financial Management ; Humans ; Male ; Poverty/*psychology ; Public Policy
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    Genomics. Initiative aims to minister to Mexico's unique genetic heritage (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-11-16
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wade, Lizzie -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Nov 15;342(6160):788. doi: 10.1126/science.342.6160.788.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24233700" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Alleles ; Diabetes Mellitus/epidemiology/genetics ; Female ; Genetic Predisposition to Disease/*genetics ; Genetic Variation ; Genome, Human/*genetics ; Humans ; Male ; Mexico/epidemiology ; Pedigree ; Population/*genetics
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    A guanosine-centric mechanism for RNA chaperone function (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-03-09
    Description: RNA chaperones are ubiquitous, heterogeneous proteins essential for RNA structural biogenesis and function. We investigated the mechanism of chaperone-mediated RNA folding by following the time-resolved dimerization of the packaging domain of a retroviral RNA at nucleotide resolution. In the absence of the nucleocapsid (NC) chaperone, dimerization proceeded through multiple, slow-folding intermediates. In the presence of NC, dimerization occurred rapidly through a single structural intermediate. The RNA binding domain of heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A1 protein, a structurally unrelated chaperone, also accelerated dimerization. Both chaperones interacted primarily with guanosine residues. Replacing guanosine with more weakly pairing inosine yielded an RNA that folded rapidly without a facilitating chaperone. These results show that RNA chaperones can simplify RNA folding landscapes by weakening intramolecular interactions involving guanosine and explain many RNA chaperone activities.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4338410/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4338410/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Grohman, Jacob K -- Gorelick, Robert J -- Lickwar, Colin R -- Lieb, Jason D -- Bower, Brian D -- Znosko, Brent M -- Weeks, Kevin M -- GM031819/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM064803/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM072518/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- HHSN261200800001E/PHS HHS/ -- R01 GM031819/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM064803/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- T32 GM007092/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Apr 12;340(6129):190-5. doi: 10.1126/science.1230715. Epub 2013 Mar 7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3290, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23470731" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Base Sequence ; Dimerization ; Guanosine/chemistry/*metabolism ; Heterogeneous-Nuclear Ribonucleoprotein Group A-B/chemistry/metabolism ; Inosine/chemistry/metabolism ; Kinetics ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Chaperones/chemistry/*metabolism ; Moloney murine leukemia virus/genetics/*metabolism ; Nucleic Acid Conformation ; Nucleocapsid Proteins/chemistry/*metabolism ; Protein Binding ; RNA, Viral/*chemistry/metabolism
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    Standing up for GMOs (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-09-21
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Alberts, Bruce -- Beachy, Roger -- Baulcombe, David -- Blobel, Gunter -- Datta, Swapan -- Fedoroff, Nina -- Kennedy, Donald -- Khush, Gurdev S -- Peacock, Jim -- Rees, Martin -- Sharp, Phillip -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Sep 20;341(6152):1320. doi: 10.1126/science.1245017.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24052276" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Carotenoids/chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; Child, Preschool ; Female ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; *Oryza ; Philippines ; *Plants, Genetically Modified ; Seeds/chemistry/genetics ; Violence/*prevention & control ; Vitamin A/metabolism ; Vitamin A Deficiency/*prevention & control
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    Protection against malaria by intravenous immunization with a nonreplicating sporozoite vaccine (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-10
    Description: Consistent, high-level, vaccine-induced protection against human malaria has only been achieved by inoculation of Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) sporozoites (SPZ) by mosquito bites. We report that the PfSPZ Vaccine--composed of attenuated, aseptic, purified, cryopreserved PfSPZ--was safe and well tolerated when administered four to six times intravenously (IV) to 40 adults. Zero of six subjects receiving five doses and three of nine subjects receiving four doses of 1.35 x 10(5) PfSPZ Vaccine and five of six nonvaccinated controls developed malaria after controlled human malaria infection (P = 0.015 in the five-dose group and P = 0.028 for overall, both versus controls). PfSPZ-specific antibody and T cell responses were dose-dependent. These data indicate that there is a dose-dependent immunological threshold for establishing high-level protection against malaria that can be achieved with IV administration of a vaccine that is safe and meets regulatory standards.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Seder, Robert A -- Chang, Lee-Jah -- Enama, Mary E -- Zephir, Kathryn L -- Sarwar, Uzma N -- Gordon, Ingelise J -- Holman, LaSonji A -- James, Eric R -- Billingsley, Peter F -- Gunasekera, Anusha -- Richman, Adam -- Chakravarty, Sumana -- Manoj, Anita -- Velmurugan, Soundarapandian -- Li, MingLin -- Ruben, Adam J -- Li, Tao -- Eappen, Abraham G -- Stafford, Richard E -- Plummer, Sarah H -- Hendel, Cynthia S -- Novik, Laura -- Costner, Pamela J M -- Mendoza, Floreliz H -- Saunders, Jamie G -- Nason, Martha C -- Richardson, Jason H -- Murphy, Jittawadee -- Davidson, Silas A -- Richie, Thomas L -- Sedegah, Martha -- Sutamihardja, Awalludin -- Fahle, Gary A -- Lyke, Kirsten E -- Laurens, Matthew B -- Roederer, Mario -- Tewari, Kavita -- Epstein, Judith E -- Sim, B Kim Lee -- Ledgerwood, Julie E -- Graham, Barney S -- Hoffman, Stephen L -- VRC 312 Study Team -- 3R44AI055229-06S1/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- 4R44AI055229-08/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- 5R44AI058499-05/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- N01-AI-40096/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- Intramural NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Sep 20;341(6152):1359-65. doi: 10.1126/science.1241800. Epub 2013 Aug 8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20852, USA. rseder@mail.nih.gov〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23929949" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Administration, Intravenous ; Adult ; Animals ; Cytokines/immunology ; Female ; Humans ; Immunity, Cellular ; Malaria Vaccines/*administration & dosage/adverse effects/*immunology ; Malaria, Falciparum/*prevention & control ; Male ; Mice ; Plasmodium falciparum/*immunology ; Sporozoites/immunology ; T-Lymphocytes/immunology ; Vaccination/adverse effects/methods
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    Biochemistry. Enzyme kinetics, past and present (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-12-21
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Xie, X Sunney -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Dec 20;342(6165):1457-9. doi: 10.1126/science.1248859.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA, and Biodynamic Optical Imaging Center (BIOPIC), Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24357307" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Catalysis ; Enzymes/*chemistry ; Fluorescence ; Kinetics ; Molecular Imaging ; Optical Imaging
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    Point-counterpoint. Ethics and genomic incidental findings (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-05-21
    Description: 〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3772710/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3772710/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉McGuire, Amy L -- Joffe, Steven -- Koenig, Barbara A -- Biesecker, Barbara B -- McCullough, Laurence B -- Blumenthal-Barby, Jennifer S -- Caulfield, Timothy -- Terry, Sharon F -- Green, Robert C -- CA154517/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- HG003178/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- HG005092/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- HG006485/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- HG006492/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- HG006500/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- HG006612-02/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- HG006615/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- HG02213/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- P20 HG007243/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA154517/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 HG002213/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- R01 HG003178/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- R01 HG005092/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- R01-CA154517/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- U01 HG006485/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- U01 HG006492/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- U01 HG006500/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- Intramural NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 May 31;340(6136):1047-8. doi: 10.1126/science.1240156. Epub 2013 May 16.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center for Medical Ethics and Health Policy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA. amcguire@bcm.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23686340" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Child ; Disease/*genetics ; *Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; Genetic Testing/ethics/standards ; Genome-Wide Association Study/ethics/standards ; Genomics/*ethics/*standards ; Humans ; *Incidental Findings ; Laboratories/ethics/standards/statistics & numerical data ; Mutation/ethics ; Neoplasms/genetics ; *Practice Guidelines as Topic ; Sequence Analysis, DNA/ethics
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    Neural decoding of visual imagery during sleep (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-04-06
    Description: Visual imagery during sleep has long been a topic of persistent speculation, but its private nature has hampered objective analysis. Here we present a neural decoding approach in which machine-learning models predict the contents of visual imagery during the sleep-onset period, given measured brain activity, by discovering links between human functional magnetic resonance imaging patterns and verbal reports with the assistance of lexical and image databases. Decoding models trained on stimulus-induced brain activity in visual cortical areas showed accurate classification, detection, and identification of contents. Our findings demonstrate that specific visual experience during sleep is represented by brain activity patterns shared by stimulus perception, providing a means to uncover subjective contents of dreaming using objective neural measurement.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Horikawa, T -- Tamaki, M -- Miyawaki, Y -- Kamitani, Y -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 May 3;340(6132):639-42. doi: 10.1126/science.1234330. Epub 2013 Apr 4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉ATR Computational Neuroscience Laboratories, Kyoto 619-0288, Japan.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23558170" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Artificial Intelligence ; Brain/*physiology ; Brain Mapping ; Databases, Factual ; Dreams/*physiology ; Electroencephalography ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Photic Stimulation ; Sleep/*physiology ; Sleep Stages ; *Support Vector Machine ; Visual Cortex/*physiology ; Visual Perception ; Wakefulness
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Measuring chromatin interaction dynamics on the second time scale at single-copy genes (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-10-05
    Description: The chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay is widely used to capture interactions between chromatin and regulatory proteins, but it is unknown how stable most native interactions are. Although live-cell imaging suggests short-lived interactions at tandem gene arrays, current methods cannot measure rapid binding dynamics at single-copy genes. We show, by using a modified ChIP assay with subsecond temporal resolution, that the time dependence of formaldehyde cross-linking can be used to extract in vivo on and off rates for site-specific chromatin interactions varying over a ~100-fold dynamic range. By using the method, we show that a regulatory process can shift weakly bound TATA-binding protein to stable promoter interactions, thereby facilitating transcription complex formation. This assay provides an approach for systematic, quantitative analyses of chromatin binding dynamics in vivo.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3997053/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3997053/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Poorey, Kunal -- Viswanathan, Ramya -- Carver, Melissa N -- Karpova, Tatiana S -- Cirimotich, Shana M -- McNally, James G -- Bekiranov, Stefan -- Auble, David T -- GM55763/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM055763/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- Intramural NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Oct 18;342(6156):369-72. doi: 10.1126/science.1242369. Epub 2013 Oct 3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24091704" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenosine Triphosphatases/chemistry/metabolism ; Chromatin/chemistry/*metabolism ; Chromatin Immunoprecipitation/*methods ; Cross-Linking Reagents/chemistry ; DNA-Binding Proteins/chemistry/metabolism ; Formaldehyde/chemistry ; Gene Dosage ; *Gene Expression Regulation ; Kinetics ; Promoter Regions, Genetic ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins/chemistry/metabolism ; TATA-Binding Protein Associated Factors/chemistry/metabolism ; TATA-Box Binding Protein/chemistry/*metabolism ; Transcription Factors/chemistry/metabolism
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    Tetrahydrobiopterin biosynthesis as an off-target of sulfa drugs (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-05-25
    Description: The introduction of sulfa drugs for the chemotherapy of bacterial infections in 1935 revolutionized medicine. Although their mechanism of action is understood, the molecular bases for most of their side effects remain obscure. Here, we report that sulfamethoxazole and other sulfa drugs interfere with tetrahydrobiopterin biosynthesis through inhibition of sepiapterin reductase. Crystal structures of sepiapterin reductase with bound sulfa drugs reveal how structurally diverse sulfa drugs achieve specific inhibition of the enzyme. The effect of sulfa drugs on tetrahydrobiopterin-dependent neurotransmitter biosynthesis in cell-based assays provides a rationale for some of their central nervous system-related side effects, particularly in high-dose sulfamethoxazole therapy of Pneumocystis pneumonia. Our findings reveal an unexpected aspect of the pharmacology of sulfa drugs and might translate into their improved medical use.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Haruki, Hirohito -- Pedersen, Miriam Gronlund -- Gorska, Katarzyna Irena -- Pojer, Florence -- Johnsson, Kai -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 May 24;340(6135):987-91. doi: 10.1126/science.1232972.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉EPFL, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Institute of Bioengineering, National Centre of Competence in Research in Chemical Biology, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23704574" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: 5-Hydroxytryptophan/biosynthesis ; Adult ; Alcohol Oxidoreductases/*antagonists & inhibitors/*chemistry ; Anti-Infective Agents/adverse effects/*pharmacology/therapeutic use ; Biopterin/*analogs & derivatives/biosynthesis ; Cell Line ; Central Nervous System/drug effects ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Fibroblasts/drug effects/metabolism ; Humans ; Levodopa/biosynthesis ; NADP/chemistry ; Nausea/chemically induced ; Pneumonia, Pneumocystis/drug therapy ; Protein Conformation ; Structure-Activity Relationship ; Sulfamethoxazole/adverse effects/*pharmacology/therapeutic use ; Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination/pharmacology/therapeutic use ; Vomiting/chemically induced
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    High coverage of ART associated with decline in risk of HIV acquisition in rural KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-02-23
    Description: The landmark HIV Prevention Trials Network (HPTN) 052 trial in HIV-discordant couples demonstrated unequivocally that treatment with antiretroviral therapy (ART) substantially lowers the probability of HIV transmission to the HIV-uninfected partner. However, it has been vigorously debated whether substantial population-level reductions in the rate of new HIV infections could be achieved in "real-world" sub-Saharan African settings where stable, cohabiting couples are often not the norm and where considerable operational challenges exist to the successful and sustainable delivery of treatment and care to large numbers of patients. We used data from one of Africa's largest population-based prospective cohort studies (in rural KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa) to follow up a total of 16,667 individuals who were HIV-uninfected at baseline, observing individual HIV seroconversions over the period 2004 to 2011. Holding other key HIV risk factors constant, individual HIV acquisition risk declined significantly with increasing ART coverage in the surrounding local community. For example, an HIV-uninfected individual living in a community with high ART coverage (30 to 40% of all HIV-infected individuals on ART) was 38% less likely to acquire HIV than someone living in a community where ART coverage was low (〈10% of all HIV-infected individuals on ART).〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4255272/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4255272/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Tanser, Frank -- Barnighausen, Till -- Grapsa, Erofili -- Zaidi, Jaffer -- Newell, Marie-Louise -- 082384/Z/07/Z/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 097410/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 1R01-HD058482-01/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- R01 HD058482/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Feb 22;339(6122):966-71. doi: 10.1126/science.1228160.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Africa Centre for Health and Population Studies, University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. tanserf@africacentre.ac.za〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23430656" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adolescent ; Adult ; Anti-HIV Agents/*therapeutic use ; *Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active ; Delivery of Health Care ; Female ; HIV Infections/*drug therapy/epidemiology/*prevention & control/transmission ; HIV Seropositivity ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Prevalence ; Prospective Studies ; Risk Factors ; *Rural Health ; South Africa/epidemiology ; Young Adult
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    Increases in adult life expectancy in rural South Africa: valuing the scale-up of HIV treatment (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-02-23
    Description: The scale-up of antiretroviral therapy (ART) is expected to raise adult life expectancy in populations with high HIV prevalence. Using data from a population cohort of over 101,000 individuals in rural KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, we measured changes in adult life expectancy for 2000-2011. In 2003, the year before ART became available in the public-sector health system, adult life expectancy was 49.2 years; by 2011, adult life expectancy had increased to 60.5 years--an 11.3-year gain. Based on standard monetary valuation of life, the survival benefits of ART far outweigh the costs of providing treatment in this community. These gains in adult life expectancy signify the social value of ART and have implications for the investment decisions of individuals, governments, and donors.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3860268/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3860268/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bor, Jacob -- Herbst, Abraham J -- Newell, Marie-Louise -- Barnighausen, Till -- 097410/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 1R01MH083539-01/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- R01 HD058482-01/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- R01 MH083539/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Feb 22;339(6122):961-5. doi: 10.1126/science.1230413.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Africa Centre for Health and Population Studies, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Post Office Box 198, Mtubatuba, KwaZulu-Natal 3935, South Africa. jbor@hsph.harvard.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23430655" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Anti-HIV Agents/economics/*therapeutic use ; *Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active/economics ; Cohort Studies ; Cost-Benefit Analysis ; Delivery of Health Care ; Female ; HIV Infections/*drug therapy/*mortality ; Humans ; Kaplan-Meier Estimate ; *Life Expectancy/trends ; Male ; Middle Aged ; *Mortality ; Prevalence ; Public Sector ; *Rural Health ; South Africa/epidemiology ; Value of Life ; Young Adult
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    The end of history illusion (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-01-05
    Description: We measured the personalities, values, and preferences of more than 19,000 people who ranged in age from 18 to 68 and asked them to report how much they had changed in the past decade and/or to predict how much they would change in the next decade. Young people, middle-aged people, and older people all believed they had changed a lot in the past but would change relatively little in the future. People, it seems, regard the present as a watershed moment at which they have finally become the person they will be for the rest of their lives. This "end of history illusion" had practical consequences, leading people to overpay for future opportunities to indulge their current preferences.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Quoidbach, Jordi -- Gilbert, Daniel T -- Wilson, Timothy D -- P01 AG020166/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Jan 4;339(6115):96-8. doi: 10.1126/science.1229294.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉National Fund for Scientific Research, Brussels, Belgium.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23288539" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Female ; *Forecasting ; History ; Humans ; *Illusions ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Personality ; Self Report ; *Time Perception ; Young Adult
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 80
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    China. Making a selfish generation by fiat (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-01-12
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hvistendahl, Mara -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Jan 11;339(6116):131. doi: 10.1126/science.339.6116.131.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23307715" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; China ; Family Characteristics ; *Family Planning Policy ; Female ; Games, Experimental ; Humans ; *Interpersonal Relations ; Male ; Only Child/*psychology ; *Personality ; *Social Behavior ; Young Adult
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    A lonely crusade (2014)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-05-24
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Couzin-Frankel, Jennifer -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 May 23;344(6186):793-7. doi: 10.1126/science.344.6186.793.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24855236" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Antipsychotic Agents/therapeutic use ; *Bioethical Issues ; Conflict of Interest/*economics ; Dibenzothiazepines/therapeutic use ; Drug Industry/economics/ethics ; Ethicists/*psychology ; *Ethics, Medical ; Humans ; Male ; Minnesota ; Quetiapine Fumarate ; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic/*ethics ; Schizophrenia/drug therapy ; Suicide/*ethics ; Truth Disclosure/*ethics
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Social psychology. Just think: the challenges of the disengaged mind (2014)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-07-06
    Description: In 11 studies, we found that participants typically did not enjoy spending 6 to 15 minutes in a room by themselves with nothing to do but think, that they enjoyed doing mundane external activities much more, and that many preferred to administer electric shocks to themselves instead of being left alone with their thoughts. Most people seem to prefer to be doing something rather than nothing, even if that something is negative.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4330241/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4330241/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wilson, Timothy D -- Reinhard, David A -- Westgate, Erin C -- Gilbert, Daniel T -- Ellerbeck, Nicole -- Hahn, Cheryl -- Brown, Casey L -- Shaked, Adi -- T32 MH020006/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Jul 4;345(6192):75-7. doi: 10.1126/science.1250830.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA. tdw@virginia.edu. ; Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA. ; Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24994650" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Attention ; Electroshock/psychology ; Humans ; Loneliness/*psychology ; Middle Aged ; *Pleasure ; *Thinking ; Young Adult
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Plasticity of the aging brain: new directions in cognitive neuroscience (2014)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-11-02
    Description: Cognitive neuroscience has revealed aging of the human brain to be rich in reorganization and change. Neuroimaging results have recast our framework around cognitive aging from one of decline to one emphasizing plasticity. Current methods use neurostimulation approaches to manipulate brain function, providing a direct test of the ways that the brain differently contributes to task performance for younger and older adults. Emerging research into emotional, social, and motivational domains provides some evidence for preservation with age, suggesting potential avenues of plasticity, alongside additional evidence for reorganization. Thus, we begin to see that aging of the brain, amidst interrelated behavioral and biological changes, is as complex and idiosyncratic as the brain itself, qualitatively changing over the life span.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gutchess, Angela -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Oct 31;346(6209):579-82. doi: 10.1126/science.1254604.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Psychology and Volen National Center for Complex Systems, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, USA. Massachussetts General Hospital, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Charlestown, MA, USA. gutchess@brandeis.edu.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25359965" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; *Aging ; Brain/*growth & development/physiology/ultrastructure ; *Cognition ; Electric Stimulation ; Humans ; Neuroimaging ; *Neuronal Plasticity ; Neurosciences/trends ; Young Adult
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Neural mechanisms of object-based attention (2014)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-04-26
    Description: How we attend to objects and their features that cannot be separated by location is not understood. We presented two temporally and spatially overlapping streams of objects, faces versus houses, and used magnetoencephalography and functional magnetic resonance imaging to separate neuronal responses to attended and unattended objects. Attention to faces versus houses enhanced the sensory responses in the fusiform face area (FFA) and parahippocampal place area (PPA), respectively. The increases in sensory responses were accompanied by induced gamma synchrony between the inferior frontal junction, IFJ, and either FFA or PPA, depending on which object was attended. The IFJ appeared to be the driver of the synchrony, as gamma phases were advanced by 20 ms in IFJ compared to FFA or PPA. Thus, the IFJ may direct the flow of visual processing during object-based attention, at least in part through coupled oscillations with specialized areas such as FFA and PPA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Baldauf, Daniel -- Desimone, Robert -- P30EY2621/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Apr 25;344(6182):424-7. doi: 10.1126/science.1247003. Epub 2014 Apr 10.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, 02139 MA, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24763592" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; *Attention ; Brain/*physiology ; Brain Mapping ; Diffusion Tensor Imaging ; Female ; Frontal Lobe/*physiology ; Functional Laterality ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Magnetoencephalography ; Male ; Temporal Lobe/*physiology ; Visual Cortex/physiology ; Visual Perception ; Young Adult
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Antibodies to PfSEA-1 block parasite egress from RBCs and protect against malaria infection (2014)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-05-24
    Description: Novel vaccines are urgently needed to reduce the burden of severe malaria. Using a differential whole-proteome screening method, we identified Plasmodium falciparum schizont egress antigen-1 (PfSEA-1), a 244-kilodalton parasite antigen expressed in schizont-infected red blood cells (RBCs). Antibodies to PfSEA-1 decreased parasite replication by arresting schizont rupture, and conditional disruption of PfSEA-1 resulted in a profound parasite replication defect. Vaccination of mice with recombinant Plasmodium berghei PbSEA-1 significantly reduced parasitemia and delayed mortality after lethal challenge with the Plasmodium berghei strain ANKA. Tanzanian children with antibodies to recombinant PfSEA-1A (rPfSEA-1A) did not experience severe malaria, and Kenyan adolescents and adults with antibodies to rPfSEA-1A had significantly lower parasite densities than individuals without these antibodies. By blocking schizont egress, PfSEA-1 may synergize with other vaccines targeting hepatocyte and RBC invasion.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4184151/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4184151/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Raj, Dipak K -- Nixon, Christian P -- Nixon, Christina E -- Dvorin, Jeffrey D -- DiPetrillo, Christen G -- Pond-Tor, Sunthorn -- Wu, Hai-Wei -- Jolly, Grant -- Pischel, Lauren -- Lu, Ailin -- Michelow, Ian C -- Cheng, Ling -- Conteh, Solomon -- McDonald, Emily A -- Absalon, Sabrina -- Holte, Sarah E -- Friedman, Jennifer F -- Fried, Michal -- Duffy, Patrick E -- Kurtis, Jonathan D -- 1K08AI100997-01A1/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- DP2 AI112219/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- DP2-AI112219/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- K08 AI100997/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- P20GM103421/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- P30 AI042853/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- P30AI042853/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI102907/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01-AI076353/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01-AI102907/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01-AI52059/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- T32-DA013911/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- Intramural NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 May 23;344(6186):871-7. doi: 10.1126/science.1254417.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center for International Health Research, Rhode Island Hospital, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA. ; Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA. ; Center for International Health Research, Rhode Island Hospital, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA. Department of Pediatrics, Rhode Island Hospital, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA. ; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02906, USA. ; Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20892, USA. ; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center Program in Biostatistics and Biomathematics, Department of Biostatistics and Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA. ; Center for International Health Research, Rhode Island Hospital, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA. Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02906, USA. jonathan_kurtis@brown.edu.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24855263" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adolescent ; Adult ; Animals ; Antibodies, Protozoan/blood/*immunology ; Antigens, Protozoan/*immunology ; Child ; Erythrocytes/*parasitology ; Hepatocytes/immunology/parasitology ; Humans ; Immunoglobulin G/blood/immunology ; Kenya ; Malaria/prevention & control ; Malaria Vaccines/*immunology ; Malaria, Falciparum/*prevention & control ; Mice ; Plasmodium berghei/immunology ; Plasmodium falciparum/*growth & development/immunology ; Protozoan Proteins/*immunology ; Recombinant Proteins/immunology ; Schizonts/*growth & development ; Young Adult
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Human cognitive aging: corriger la fortune? (2014)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-11-02
    Description: Human cognitive aging differs between and is malleable within individuals. In the absence of a strong genetic program, it is open to a host of hazards, such as vascular conditions, metabolic syndrome, and chronic stress, but also open to protective and enhancing factors, such as experience-dependent cognitive plasticity. Longitudinal studies suggest that leading an intellectually challenging, physically active, and socially engaged life may mitigate losses and consolidate gains. Interventions help to identify contexts and mechanisms of successful cognitive aging and give science and society a hint about what would be possible if conditions were different.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lindenberger, Ulman -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Oct 31;346(6209):572-8. doi: 10.1126/science.1254403.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center for Lifespan Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Lentzeallee 94, 14195 Berlin, Germany. Max Planck University College London Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, London WC1B 5EH, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25359964" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Age Factors ; Aging/*physiology ; Animals ; Behavior ; Brain/*growth & development/ultrastructure ; Cognition/*physiology ; Humans ; Neuronal Plasticity/*physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Humans can discriminate more than 1 trillion olfactory stimuli (2014)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-03-22
    Description: Humans can discriminate several million different colors and almost half a million different tones, but the number of discriminable olfactory stimuli remains unknown. The lay and scientific literature typically claims that humans can discriminate 10,000 odors, but this number has never been empirically validated. We determined the resolution of the human sense of smell by testing the capacity of humans to discriminate odor mixtures with varying numbers of shared components. On the basis of the results of psychophysical testing, we calculated that humans can discriminate at least 1 trillion olfactory stimuli. This is far more than previous estimates of distinguishable olfactory stimuli. It demonstrates that the human olfactory system, with its hundreds of different olfactory receptors, far outperforms the other senses in the number of physically different stimuli it can discriminate.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4483192/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4483192/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bushdid, C -- Magnasco, M O -- Vosshall, L B -- Keller, A -- UL1 TR000043/TR/NCATS NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Mar 21;343(6177):1370-2. doi: 10.1126/science.1249168.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Behavior, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, Box 63, New York, NY 10065, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24653035" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adolescent ; Adult ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; *Odors ; *Olfactory Perception ; Smell/*physiology ; Young Adult
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Cognitive psychology. Forgetting the presidents (2014)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-11-29
    Description: Two studies examined how U.S. presidents are forgotten. A total of 415 undergraduates in 1974, 1991, and 2009 recalled as many presidents as possible and attempted to place them in their correct ordinal positions. All showed roughly linear forgetting of the eight or nine presidents prior to the president holding office at the time, and recall of presidents without respect to ordinal position also showed a regular pattern of forgetting. Similar outcomes occurred with 497 adults (ages 18 to 69) tested in 2014. We fit forgetting functions to the data to predict when six relatively recent presidents will recede in memory to the level of most middle presidents (e.g., we predict that Truman will be forgotten to the same extent as McKinley by about 2040). These studies show that forgetting from collective memory can be studied empirically, as with forgetting in other forms of memory.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Roediger, H L 3rd -- DeSoto, K A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Nov 28;346(6213):1106-9. doi: 10.1126/science.1259627.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Psychology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA. roediger@wustl.edu. ; Department of Psychology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25430768" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; *Cognition ; Humans ; Mental Recall/*physiology ; Middle Aged ; Young Adult
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    The cultural evolution of mind reading (2014)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-06-21
    Description: It is not just a manner of speaking: "Mind reading," or working out what others are thinking and feeling, is markedly similar to print reading. Both of these distinctly human skills recover meaning from signs, depend on dedicated cortical areas, are subject to genetically heritable disorders, show cultural variation around a universal core, and regulate how people behave. But when it comes to development, the evidence is conflicting. Some studies show that, like learning to read print, learning to read minds is a long, hard process that depends on tuition. Others indicate that even very young, nonliterate infants are already capable of mind reading. Here, we propose a resolution to this conflict. We suggest that infants are equipped with neurocognitive mechanisms that yield accurate expectations about behavior ("automatic" or "implicit" mind reading), whereas "explicit" mind reading, like literacy, is a culturally inherited skill; it is passed from one generation to the next by verbal instruction.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Heyes, Cecilia M -- Frith, Chris D -- 091593/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Jun 20;344(6190):1243091. doi: 10.1126/science.1243091.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉All Souls College and Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 4AL, UK. cecilia.heyes@all-souls.ox.ac.uk. ; Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, University College London, London WC1N 3BG, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24948740" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Autistic Disorder/psychology ; Brain/physiology ; Child, Preschool ; Cognition ; *Cultural Evolution ; Dyslexia/psychology ; Female ; Humans ; Learning ; Male ; *Nonverbal Communication ; *Telepathy ; *Theory of Mind
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    High-resolution genomic analysis of human mitochondrial RNA sequence variation (2014)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-04-26
    Description: Mutations in the mitochondrial genome are associated with multiple diseases and biological processes; however, little is known about the extent of sequence variation in the mitochondrial transcriptome. By ultra-deeply sequencing mitochondrial RNA (〉6000x) from the whole blood of ~1000 individuals from the CARTaGENE project, we identified remarkable levels of sequence variation within and across individuals, as well as sites that show consistent patterns of posttranscriptional modification. Using a genome-wide association study, we find that posttranscriptional modification of functionally important sites in mitochondrial transfer RNAs (tRNAs) is under strong genetic control, largely driven by a missense mutation in MRPP3 that explains ~22% of the variance. These results reveal a major nuclear genetic determinant of posttranscriptional modification in mitochondria and suggest that tRNA posttranscriptional modification may affect cellular energy production.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hodgkinson, Alan -- Idaghdour, Youssef -- Gbeha, Elias -- Grenier, Jean-Christophe -- Hip-Ki, Elodie -- Bruat, Vanessa -- Goulet, Jean-Philippe -- de Malliard, Thibault -- Awadalla, Philip -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Apr 25;344(6182):413-5. doi: 10.1126/science.1251110.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉CHU Sainte-Justine Research Centre, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Universite de Montreal, 3175 Chemin de la Cote-Sainte-Catherine, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1C5, Canada.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24763589" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Aged ; Base Sequence ; DNA, Mitochondrial/chemistry/genetics ; Female ; *Genetic Variation ; *Genome, Mitochondrial ; Genome-Wide Association Study ; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing ; Humans ; Male ; Methylation ; Middle Aged ; Mutation, Missense ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; RNA/chemistry/*genetics/metabolism ; RNA Processing, Post-Transcriptional ; RNA, Transfer/chemistry/*genetics/metabolism ; Ribonuclease P/*genetics/metabolism ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Sequence Analysis, RNA ; Transcriptome
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Morality in everyday life (2014)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-09-13
    Description: The science of morality has drawn heavily on well-controlled but artificial laboratory settings. To study everyday morality, we repeatedly assessed moral or immoral acts and experiences in a large (N = 1252) sample using ecological momentary assessment. Moral experiences were surprisingly frequent and manifold. Liberals and conservatives emphasized somewhat different moral dimensions. Religious and nonreligious participants did not differ in the likelihood or quality of committed moral and immoral acts. Being the target of moral or immoral deeds had the strongest impact on happiness, whereas committing moral or immoral deeds had the strongest impact on sense of purpose. Analyses of daily dynamics revealed evidence for both moral contagion and moral licensing. In sum, morality science may benefit from a closer look at the antecedents, dynamics, and consequences of everyday moral experience.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hofmann, Wilhelm -- Wisneski, Daniel C -- Brandt, Mark J -- Skitka, Linda J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Sep 12;345(6202):1340-3. doi: 10.1126/science.1251560. Epub 2014 Sep 11.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Psychology, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany. wilhelm.hofmann@uni-koeln.de. ; Department of Psychology, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 60607, USA. ; Department of Social Psychology, Tilburg University, 5000, Tilburg, Netherlands.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25214626" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Employee Discipline ; Female ; Happiness ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; *Morals ; Personnel Loyalty ; Young Adult
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  • 92
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    Innate immune activity conditions the effect of regulatory variants upon monocyte gene expression (2014)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-03-08
    Description: To systematically investigate the impact of immune stimulation upon regulatory variant activity, we exposed primary monocytes from 432 healthy Europeans to interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) or differing durations of lipopolysaccharide and mapped expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs). More than half of cis-eQTLs identified, involving hundreds of genes and associated pathways, are detected specifically in stimulated monocytes. Induced innate immune activity reveals multiple master regulatory trans-eQTLs including the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), coding variants altering enzyme and receptor function, an IFN-beta cytokine network showing temporal specificity, and an interferon regulatory factor 2 (IRF2) transcription factor-modulated network. Induced eQTL are significantly enriched for genome-wide association study loci, identifying context-specific associations to putative causal genes including CARD9, ATM, and IRF8. Thus, applying pathophysiologically relevant immune stimuli assists resolution of functional genetic variants.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4064786/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4064786/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Fairfax, Benjamin P -- Humburg, Peter -- Makino, Seiko -- Naranbhai, Vivek -- Wong, Daniel -- Lau, Evelyn -- Jostins, Luke -- Plant, Katharine -- Andrews, Robert -- McGee, Chris -- Knight, Julian C -- 074318/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 088891/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 090532/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 090532/Z/09/Z/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 281824/European Research Council/International -- 98082/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- G1001708/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Mar 7;343(6175):1246949. doi: 10.1126/science.1246949.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24604202" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Antigens, CD14/immunology ; Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases/genetics ; Basic-Leucine Zipper Transcription Factors/genetics ; CARD Signaling Adaptor Proteins/genetics ; Chromosome Mapping ; Crohn Disease/epidemiology/*genetics ; Cytochrome P-450 CYP1B1 ; Female ; Gene Expression Regulation/*immunology ; *Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; Genetic Variation ; Genome-Wide Association Study ; Humans ; Immunity, Innate/*genetics ; Indoleamine-Pyrrole 2,3,-Dioxygenase/genetics ; Interferon Regulatory Factor-2/genetics ; Interferon Regulatory Factors/genetics ; Interferon-gamma/pharmacology ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Monocytes/drug effects/*immunology ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Quantitative Trait Loci ; Receptors, Purinergic P2/genetics ; Young Adult
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Newsmaker interview: Richard Carmona. A former surgeon general lends his support to e-cigarettes. Interview by Charles Schmidt (2014)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-02-08
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Carmona, Richard -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Feb 7;343(6171):589. doi: 10.1126/science.343.6171.589.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24503826" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Administration, Inhalation ; Adult ; Child ; *Device Approval ; Humans ; Nicotine/*administration & dosage ; Smoking/*epidemiology/*prevention & control ; United States ; United States Food and Drug Administration
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Common genetic variants modulate pathogen-sensing responses in human dendritic cells (2014)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-03-08
    Description: Little is known about how human genetic variation affects the responses to environmental stimuli in the context of complex diseases. Experimental and computational approaches were applied to determine the effects of genetic variation on the induction of pathogen-responsive genes in human dendritic cells. We identified 121 common genetic variants associated in cis with variation in expression responses to Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide, influenza, or interferon-beta (IFN-beta). We localized and validated causal variants to binding sites of pathogen-activated STAT (signal transducer and activator of transcription) and IRF (IFN-regulatory factor) transcription factors. We also identified a common variant in IRF7 that is associated in trans with type I IFN induction in response to influenza infection. Our results reveal common alleles that explain interindividual variation in pathogen sensing and provide functional annotation for genetic variants that alter susceptibility to inflammatory diseases.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4124741/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4124741/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lee, Mark N -- Ye, Chun -- Villani, Alexandra-Chloe -- Raj, Towfique -- Li, Weibo -- Eisenhaure, Thomas M -- Imboywa, Selina H -- Chipendo, Portia I -- Ran, F Ann -- Slowikowski, Kamil -- Ward, Lucas D -- Raddassi, Khadir -- McCabe, Cristin -- Lee, Michelle H -- Frohlich, Irene Y -- Hafler, David A -- Kellis, Manolis -- Raychaudhuri, Soumya -- Zhang, Feng -- Stranger, Barbara E -- Benoist, Christophe O -- De Jager, Philip L -- Regev, Aviv -- Hacohen, Nir -- DP1 CA174427/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- DP1 MH100706/DP/NCCDPHP CDC HHS/ -- DP1 MH100706/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- DP2 OD002230/OD/NIH HHS/ -- F32 AG043267/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- P30 DK043351/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- P50 HG006193/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI091568/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 AR063759/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 DK097768/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R01 HG004037/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- RC2 GM093080/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- T32 GM007753/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- T32 HG002295/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- U19 AI082630/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Mar 7;343(6175):1246980. doi: 10.1126/science.1246980.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24604203" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Autoimmune Diseases/genetics ; Communicable Diseases/genetics ; Dendritic Cells/drug effects/*immunology ; Escherichia coli ; Female ; *Gene-Environment Interaction ; Genetic Loci ; Genome-Wide Association Study ; HEK293 Cells ; Host-Pathogen Interactions/*genetics ; Humans ; Influenza A virus ; Interferon Regulatory Factor-7/*genetics ; Interferon-beta/pharmacology ; Lipopolysaccharides/immunology ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Quantitative Trait Loci ; STAT Transcription Factors/*genetics ; Transcriptome ; Young Adult
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Can Down syndrome be treated? (2014)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-03-01
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Underwood, Emily -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Feb 28;343(6174):964-7. doi: 10.1126/science.343.6174.964.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24578561" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Animals ; Brain/drug effects/metabolism/pathology ; Child ; Chromosomes, Human, Pair 21/genetics ; Clinical Trials as Topic ; Cognition Disorders/*drug therapy ; Down Syndrome/drug therapy/genetics/*therapy ; *Early Medical Intervention ; Female ; GABA Antagonists/therapeutic use ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Mice ; Mutagenesis, Insertional ; Picrotoxin/therapeutic use ; RNA, Long Noncoding/genetics ; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid/metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Early childhood investments substantially boost adult health (2014)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-03-29
    Description: High-quality early childhood programs have been shown to have substantial benefits in reducing crime, raising earnings, and promoting education. Much less is known about their benefits for adult health. We report on the long-term health effects of one of the oldest and most heavily cited early childhood interventions with long-term follow-up evaluated by the method of randomization: the Carolina Abecedarian Project (ABC). Using recently collected biomedical data, we find that disadvantaged children randomly assigned to treatment have significantly lower prevalence of risk factors for cardiovascular and metabolic diseases in their mid-30s. The evidence is especially strong for males. The mean systolic blood pressure among the control males is 143 millimeters of mercury (mm Hg), whereas it is only 126 mm Hg among the treated. One in four males in the control group is affected by metabolic syndrome, whereas none in the treatment group are affected. To reach these conclusions, we address several statistical challenges. We use exact permutation tests to account for small sample sizes and conduct a parallel bootstrap confidence interval analysis to confirm the permutation analysis. We adjust inference to account for the multiple hypotheses tested and for nonrandom attrition. Our evidence shows the potential of early life interventions for preventing disease and promoting health.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4028126/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4028126/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Campbell, Frances -- Conti, Gabriella -- Heckman, James J -- Moon, Seong Hyeok -- Pinto, Rodrigo -- Pungello, Elizabeth -- Pan, Yi -- 1R01HD54702/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- 5R37HD065072/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- 5RC1MD004344/MD/NIMHD NIH HHS/ -- R37 HD065072/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Mar 28;343(6178):1478-85. doi: 10.1126/science.1248429.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Frank Porter Graham Child Development Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24675955" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Biomarkers/blood ; Blood Preservation ; Body Mass Index ; Cardiovascular Diseases/*epidemiology/physiopathology/*prevention & control ; Child ; Cholesterol, HDL/blood ; Diet ; Early Medical Intervention/*methods ; Female ; Health ; Humans ; Male ; Metabolic Syndrome X/*epidemiology/physiopathology/*prevention & control
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    A memory of errors in sensorimotor learning (2014)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-08-16
    Description: The current view of motor learning suggests that when we revisit a task, the brain recalls the motor commands it previously learned. In this view, motor memory is a memory of motor commands, acquired through trial-and-error and reinforcement. Here we show that the brain controls how much it is willing to learn from the current error through a principled mechanism that depends on the history of past errors. This suggests that the brain stores a previously unknown form of memory, a memory of errors. A mathematical formulation of this idea provides insights into a host of puzzling experimental data, including savings and meta-learning, demonstrating that when we are better at a motor task, it is partly because the brain recognizes the errors it experienced before.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4506639/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4506639/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Herzfeld, David J -- Vaswani, Pavan A -- Marko, Mollie K -- Shadmehr, Reza -- 1F31NS079121/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- F31 NS090860/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R01 NS078311/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R01NS078311/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- T32 GM007309/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- T32EB003383/EB/NIBIB NIH HHS/ -- T32GM007057/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Sep 12;345(6202):1349-53. doi: 10.1126/science.1253138. Epub 2014 Aug 14.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biomedical Engineering, Laboratory for Computational Motor Control, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA. dherzfe1@jhmi.edu. ; Department of Neuroscience, Laboratory for Computational Motor Control, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA. ; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Laboratory for Computational Motor Control, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25123484" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Brain/*physiology ; Female ; Humans ; Learning/*physiology ; Male ; Mental Recall/*physiology ; *Psychomotor Performance ; Young Adult
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    Relating introspective accuracy to individual differences in brain structure (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-09-18
    Description: The ability to introspect about self-performance is key to human subjective experience, but the neuroanatomical basis of this ability is unknown. Such accurate introspection requires discriminating correct decisions from incorrect ones, a capacity that varies substantially across individuals. We dissociated variation in introspective ability from objective performance in a simple perceptual-decision task, allowing us to determine whether this interindividual variability was associated with a distinct neural basis. We show that introspective ability is correlated with gray matter volume in the anterior prefrontal cortex, a region that shows marked evolutionary development in humans. Moreover, interindividual variation in introspective ability is also correlated with white-matter microstructure connected with this area of the prefrontal cortex. Our findings point to a focal neuroanatomical substrate for introspective ability, a substrate distinct from that supporting primary perception.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3173849/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3173849/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Fleming, Stephen M -- Weil, Rimona S -- Nagy, Zoltan -- Dolan, Raymond J -- Rees, Geraint -- 078865/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 082334/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- G0500743/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Sep 17;329(5998):1541-3. doi: 10.1126/science.1191883.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, University College London, 12 Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK. s.fleming@fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20847276" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Brain Mapping ; *Cognition ; Corpus Callosum/*anatomy & histology ; *Decision Making ; Humans ; *Judgment ; Male ; Prefrontal Cortex/*anatomy & histology/physiology ; ROC Curve ; *Thinking ; *Visual Perception ; Young Adult
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Sequential checkpoints govern substrate selection during cotranslational protein targeting (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-05-08
    Description: Proper protein localization is essential for all cells. However, the precise mechanism by which high fidelity is achieved is not well understood for any protein-targeting pathway. To address this fundamental question, we investigated the signal recognition particle (SRP) pathway in Escherichia coli, which delivers proteins to the bacterial inner membrane through recognition of signal sequences on cargo proteins. Fidelity was thought to arise from the inability of SRP to bind strongly to incorrect cargos. Using biophysical assays, we found that incorrect cargos were also rejected through a series of checkpoints during subsequent steps of targeting. Thus, high fidelity of substrate selection is achieved through the cumulative effect of multiple checkpoints; this principle may be generally applicable to other pathways involving selective signal recognition.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3760334/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3760334/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zhang, Xin -- Rashid, Rumana -- Wang, Kai -- Shan, Shu-ou -- GM078024/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM078024/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 May 7;328(5979):757-60. doi: 10.1126/science.1186743.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20448185" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Cell Membrane/metabolism ; Escherichia coli/*metabolism ; Escherichia coli Proteins/chemistry/*metabolism ; Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer ; Guanosine Triphosphate/metabolism ; Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions ; Kinetics ; Models, Biological ; Protein Binding ; Protein Biosynthesis ; *Protein Sorting Signals ; *Protein Transport ; Ribosomes/metabolism ; Signal Recognition Particle/*metabolism ; Thermodynamics
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Frequent mutations of chromatin remodeling gene ARID1A in ovarian clear cell carcinoma (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-09-10
    Description: Ovarian clear cell carcinoma (OCCC) is an aggressive human cancer that is generally resistant to therapy. To explore the genetic origin of OCCC, we determined the exomic sequences of eight tumors after immunoaffinity purification of cancer cells. Through comparative analyses of normal cells from the same patients, we identified four genes that were mutated in at least two tumors. PIK3CA, which encodes a subunit of phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase, and KRAS, which encodes a well-known oncoprotein, had previously been implicated in OCCC. The other two mutated genes were previously unknown to be involved in OCCC: PPP2R1A encodes a regulatory subunit of serine/threonine phosphatase 2, and ARID1A encodes adenine-thymine (AT)-rich interactive domain-containing protein 1A, which participates in chromatin remodeling. The nature and pattern of the mutations suggest that PPP2R1A functions as an oncogene and ARID1A as a tumor-suppressor gene. In a total of 42 OCCCs, 7% had mutations in PPP2R1A and 57% had mutations in ARID1A. These results suggest that aberrant chromatin remodeling contributes to the pathogenesis of OCCC.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3076894/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3076894/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Jones, Sian -- Wang, Tian-Li -- Shih, Ie-Ming -- Mao, Tsui-Lien -- Nakayama, Kentaro -- Roden, Richard -- Glas, Ruth -- Slamon, Dennis -- Diaz, Luis A Jr -- Vogelstein, Bert -- Kinzler, Kenneth W -- Velculescu, Victor E -- Papadopoulos, Nickolas -- CA103937/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- CA121113/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- CA122581/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- CA129080/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- CA57345/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA121113/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA121113-05/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R37 CA057345/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R37 CA057345-20/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Oct 8;330(6001):228-31. doi: 10.1126/science.1196333. Epub 2010 Sep 8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Ludwig Center for Cancer Genetics and Therapeutics and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Johns Hopkins Kimmel Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20826764" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenocarcinoma, Clear Cell/*genetics ; Adult ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Chromatin Assembly and Disassembly/*genetics ; Female ; *Genes, Tumor Suppressor ; Genes, ras ; Humans ; Middle Aged ; *Mutation ; Nuclear Proteins/chemistry/*genetics/metabolism ; Oncogenes ; Ovarian Neoplasms/*genetics ; Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases/genetics ; Protein Phosphatase 2/*genetics ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Transcription Factors/chemistry/*genetics/metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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