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  • Mice, Inbred C57BL  (122)
  • Nature Publishing Group (NPG)  (122)
  • American Physical Society
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  • 1
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    T-cell-expressed proprotein convertase furin is essential for maintenance of peripheral immune tolerance (2008)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2008-08-15
    Beschreibung: Furin is one of seven proprotein convertase family members that promote proteolytic maturation of proproteins. It is induced in activated T cells and is reported to process a variety of substrates including the anti-inflammatory cytokine transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1 (refs 2-4), but the non-redundant functions of furin versus other proprotein convertases in T cells are unclear. Here we show that conditional deletion of furin in T cells allowed for normal T-cell development but impaired the function of regulatory and effector T cells, which produced less TGF-beta1. Furin-deficient T regulatory (Treg) cells were less protective in a T-cell transfer colitis model and failed to induce Foxp3 in normal T cells. Additionally, furin-deficient effector cells were inherently over-active and were resistant to suppressive activity of wild-type Treg cells. Thus, our results indicate that furin is indispensable in maintaining peripheral tolerance, which is due, at least in part, to its non-redundant, essential function in regulating TGF-beta1 production. Targeting furin has emerged as a strategy in malignant and infectious disease. Our results suggest that inhibiting furin might activate immune responses, but may result in a breakdown in peripheral tolerance.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2758057/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2758057/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pesu, Marko -- Watford, Wendy T -- Wei, Lai -- Xu, Lili -- Fuss, Ivan -- Strober, Warren -- Andersson, John -- Shevach, Ethan M -- Quezado, Martha -- Bouladoux, Nicolas -- Roebroek, Anton -- Belkaid, Yasmine -- Creemers, John -- O'Shea, John J -- Z99 EY999999/Intramural NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2008 Sep 11;455(7210):246-50. doi: 10.1038/nature07210.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, National Institute for Arthritis, Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA. pesum@mail.nih.gov〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18701887" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Schlagwort(e): Animals ; Antigens, CD/immunology ; Antigens, CD4/immunology/metabolism ; Autoimmunity/immunology ; Colitis/immunology ; Furin/deficiency/genetics/*metabolism ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Immune Tolerance/*immunology ; Immunologic Memory/immunology ; Integrin alpha Chains/immunology ; Lymphocyte Activation/immunology ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; T-Lymphocytes/cytology/*enzymology/*immunology ; Thymus Gland/cytology/immunology ; Transforming Growth Factor beta1/biosynthesis/genetics/immunology
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Digitale ISSN: 1476-4687
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 2
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    Suppression of Myc oncogenic activity by ribosomal protein haploinsufficiency (2008)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2008-11-18
    Beschreibung: The Myc oncogene regulates the expression of several components of the protein synthetic machinery, including ribosomal proteins, initiation factors of translation, RNA polymerase III and ribosomal DNA. Whether and how increasing the cellular protein synthesis capacity affects the multistep process leading to cancer remains to be addressed. Here we use ribosomal protein heterozygote mice as a genetic tool to restore increased protein synthesis in Emu-Myc/+ transgenic mice to normal levels, and show that the oncogenic potential of Myc in this context is suppressed. Our findings demonstrate that the ability of Myc to increase protein synthesis directly augments cell size and is sufficient to accelerate cell cycle progression independently of known cell cycle targets transcriptionally regulated by Myc. In addition, when protein synthesis is restored to normal levels, Myc-overexpressing precancerous cells are more efficiently eliminated by programmed cell death. Our findings reveal a new mechanism that links increases in general protein synthesis rates downstream of an oncogenic signal to a specific molecular impairment in the modality of translation initiation used to regulate the expression of selective messenger RNAs. We show that an aberrant increase in cap-dependent translation downstream of Myc hyperactivation specifically impairs the translational switch to internal ribosomal entry site (IRES)-dependent translation that is required for accurate mitotic progression. Failure of this translational switch results in reduced mitotic-specific expression of the endogenous IRES-dependent form of Cdk11 (also known as Cdc2l and PITSLRE), which leads to cytokinesis defects and is associated with increased centrosome numbers and genome instability in Emu-Myc/+ mice. When accurate translational control is re-established in Emu-Myc/+ mice, genome instability is suppressed. Our findings demonstrate how perturbations in translational control provide a highly specific outcome for gene expression, genome stability and cancer initiation that have important implications for understanding the molecular mechanism of cancer formation at the post-genomic level.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2880952/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2880952/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Barna, Maria -- Pusic, Aya -- Zollo, Ornella -- Costa, Maria -- Kondrashov, Nadya -- Rego, Eduardo -- Rao, Pulivarthi H -- Ruggero, Davide -- R01 HL085572/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- R01 HL085572-03/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2008 Dec 18;456(7224):971-5. doi: 10.1038/nature07449. Epub 2008 Nov 16.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, Rock Hall Room 384C, 1550 Fourth Street, San Francisco, California 94158-2517, USA. maria.barna@ucsf.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19011615" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Schlagwort(e): Animals ; Apoptosis ; B-Lymphocytes/cytology/metabolism/pathology ; Cell Division ; Cell Size ; Cells, Cultured ; Cytokinesis ; Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic ; Genes, myc/*genetics ; Genomic Instability ; Heterozygote ; Lymphoma/genetics/pathology ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mitosis ; Oncogene Protein p55(v-myc)/*genetics/*metabolism ; Precancerous Conditions/metabolism/pathology ; *Protein Biosynthesis ; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism ; Ribosomal Proteins/*deficiency/*genetics
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Digitale ISSN: 1476-4687
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 3
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    GILT is a critical host factor for Listeria monocytogenes infection (2008)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2008-09-26
    Beschreibung: Listeria monocytogenes is a gram-positive, intracellular, food-borne pathogen that can cause severe illness in humans and animals. On infection, it is actively phagocytosed by macrophages; it then escapes from the phagosome, replicates in the cytosol, and subsequently spreads from cell to cell by a non-lytic mechanism driven by actin polymerization. Penetration of the phagosomal membrane is initiated by the secreted haemolysin listeriolysin O (LLO), which is essential for vacuolar escape in vitro and for virulence in animal models of infection. Reduction is required to activate the lytic activity of LLO in vitro, and we show here that reduction by the enzyme gamma-interferon-inducible lysosomal thiol reductase (GILT, also called Ifi30) is responsible for the activation of LLO in vivo. GILT is a soluble thiol reductase expressed constitutively within the lysosomes of antigen-presenting cells, and it accumulates in macrophage phagosomes as they mature into phagolysosomes. The enzyme is delivered by a mannose-6-phosphate receptor-dependent mechanism to the endocytic pathway, where amino- and carboxy-terminal pro-peptides are cleaved to generate a 30-kDa mature enzyme. The active site of GILT contains two cysteine residues in a CXXC motif that catalyses the reduction of disulphide bonds. Mice lacking GILT are deficient in generating major histocompatibility complex class-II-restricted CD4(+) T-cell responses to protein antigens that contain disulphide bonds. Here we show that these mice are resistant to L. monocytogenes infection. Replication of the organism in GILT-negative macrophages, or macrophages expressing an enzymatically inactive GILT mutant, is impaired because of delayed escape from the phagosome. GILT activates LLO within the phagosome by the thiol reductase mechanism shared by members of the thioredoxin family. In addition, purified GILT activates recombinant LLO, facilitating membrane permeabilization and red blood cell lysis. The data show that GILT is a critical host factor that facilitates L. monocytogenes infection.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2775488/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2775488/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Singh, Reshma -- Jamieson, Amanda -- Cresswell, Peter -- AI023081/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R37 AI023081/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R37 AI023081-24/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- England -- Nature. 2008 Oct 30;455(7217):1244-7. doi: 10.1038/nature07344. Epub 2008 Sep 24.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, 300 Cedar Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06250-8011, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18815593" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Schlagwort(e): Animals ; Bacterial Toxins/metabolism ; Cell-Free System ; Heat-Shock Proteins/metabolism ; Hemolysin Proteins/metabolism ; Hemolysis ; Listeria monocytogenes/growth & development/*physiology ; Listeriosis/*metabolism/*microbiology ; Macrophages/cytology/metabolism/microbiology ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Oxidoreductases/chemistry/deficiency/genetics/*metabolism ; Phagocytosis ; Phagosomes/microbiology ; Thioredoxins/metabolism ; Virulence Factors/metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Digitale ISSN: 1476-4687
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 4
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    REST maintains self-renewal and pluripotency of embryonic stem cells (2008)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2008-03-26
    Beschreibung: The neuronal repressor REST (RE1-silencing transcription factor; also called NRSF) is expressed at high levels in mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells, but its role in these cells is unclear. Here we show that REST maintains self-renewal and pluripotency in mouse ES cells through suppression of the microRNA miR-21. We found that, as with known self-renewal markers, the level of REST expression is much higher in self-renewing mouse ES cells than in differentiating mouse ES (embryoid body, EB) cells. Heterozygous deletion of Rest (Rest+/-) and its short-interfering-RNA-mediated knockdown in mouse ES cells cause a loss of self-renewal-even when these cells are grown under self-renewal conditions-and lead to the expression of markers specific for multiple lineages. Conversely, exogenously added REST maintains self-renewal in mouse EB cells. Furthermore, Rest+/- mouse ES cells cultured under self-renewal conditions express substantially reduced levels of several self-renewal regulators, including Oct4 (also called Pou5f1), Nanog, Sox2 and c-Myc, and exogenously added REST in mouse EB cells maintains the self-renewal phenotypes and expression of these self-renewal regulators. We also show that in mouse ES cells, REST is bound to the gene chromatin of a set of miRNAs that potentially target self-renewal genes. Whereas mouse ES cells and mouse EB cells containing exogenously added REST express lower levels of these miRNAs, EB cells, Rest+/- ES cells and ES cells treated with short interfering RNA targeting Rest express higher levels of these miRNAs. At least one of these REST-regulated miRNAs, miR-21, specifically suppresses the self-renewal of mouse ES cells, corresponding to the decreased expression of Oct4, Nanog, Sox2 and c-Myc. Thus, REST is a newly discovered element of the interconnected regulatory network that maintains the self-renewal and pluripotency of mouse ES cells.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2830094/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2830094/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Singh, Sanjay K -- Kagalwala, Mohamedi N -- Parker-Thornburg, Jan -- Adams, Henry -- Majumder, Sadhan -- CA81255/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- CA97124/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- P30 CA016672/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA081255/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA081255-10/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA097124/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA097124-07/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2008 May 8;453(7192):223-7. doi: 10.1038/nature06863. Epub 2008 Mar 23.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Cancer Genetics, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18362916" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Schlagwort(e): Animals ; Biomarkers ; Cell Differentiation ; Cell Line ; Cell Lineage ; Cell Proliferation ; Chromatin/genetics/metabolism ; Embryonic Stem Cells/*cytology/*metabolism ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Pluripotent Stem Cells/*cytology/*metabolism ; Repressor Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Transcription Factors/deficiency/genetics/*metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Digitale ISSN: 1476-4687
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 5
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    STING is an endoplasmic reticulum adaptor that facilitates innate immune signalling (2008)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2008-08-30
    Beschreibung: The cellular innate immune system is essential for recognizing pathogen infection and for establishing effective host defence. But critical molecular determinants responsible for facilitating an appropriate immune response-following infection with DNA and RNA viruses, for example-remain to be identified. Here we report the identification, following expression cloning, of a molecule (STING; stimulator of interferon genes) that appears essential for effective innate immune signalling processes. It comprises five putative transmembrane regions, predominantly resides in the endoplasmic reticulum and is able to activate both NF-kappaB and IRF3 transcription pathways to induce expression of type I interferon (IFN-alpha and IFN-beta ) and exert a potent anti-viral state following expression. In contrast, loss of STING rendered murine embryonic fibroblasts extremely susceptible to negative-stranded virus infection, including vesicular stomatitis virus. Further, STING ablation abrogated the ability of intracellular B-form DNA, as well as members of the herpesvirus family, to induce IFN-beta, but did not significantly affect the Toll-like receptor (TLR) pathway. Yeast two-hybrid and co-immunoprecipitation studies indicated that STING interacts with RIG-I and with SSR2 (also known as TRAPbeta), which is a member of the translocon-associated protein (TRAP) complex required for protein translocation across the endoplasmic reticulum membrane following translation. Ablation by RNA interference of both TRAPbeta and translocon adaptor SEC61beta was subsequently found to inhibit STING's ability to stimulate expression of IFN-beta. Thus, as well as identifying a regulator of innate immune signalling, our results imply a potential role for the translocon in innate signalling pathways activated by select viruses as well as intracellular DNA.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2804933/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2804933/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ishikawa, Hiroki -- Barber, Glen N -- R01 AI079336/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI079336-01/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2008 Oct 2;455(7213):674-8. doi: 10.1038/nature07317. Epub 2008 Aug 24.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Medicine and Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18724357" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Schlagwort(e): Animals ; Cell Line ; Endoplasmic Reticulum/*metabolism ; Fibroblasts ; Humans ; Immunity, Innate/*immunology ; Interferons/biosynthesis/immunology ; Membrane Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mice, Knockout ; *Signal Transduction
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Digitale ISSN: 1476-4687
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 6
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    PML targeting eradicates quiescent leukaemia-initiating cells (2008)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2008-05-13
    Beschreibung: The existence of a small population of 'cancer-initiating cells' responsible for tumour maintenance has been firmly demonstrated in leukaemia. This concept is currently being tested in solid tumours. Leukaemia-initiating cells, particularly those that are in a quiescent state, are thought to be resistant to chemotherapy and targeted therapies, resulting in disease relapse. Chronic myeloid leukaemia is a paradigmatic haematopoietic stem cell disease in which the leukaemia-initiating-cell pool is not eradicated by current therapy, leading to disease relapse on drug discontinuation. Here we define the critical role of the promyelocytic leukaemia protein (PML) tumour suppressor in haematopoietic stem cell maintenance, and present a new therapeutic approach for targeting quiescent leukaemia-initiating cells and possibly cancer-initiating cells by pharmacological inhibition of PML.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2712082/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2712082/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ito, Keisuke -- Bernardi, Rosa -- Morotti, Alessandro -- Matsuoka, Sahoko -- Saglio, Giuseppe -- Ikeda, Yasuo -- Rosenblatt, Jacalyn -- Avigan, David E -- Teruya-Feldstein, Julie -- Pandolfi, Pier Paolo -- K99 CA139009/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R00 CA139009/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R37 CA071692/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R37 CA071692-12/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2008 Jun 19;453(7198):1072-8. doi: 10.1038/nature07016. Epub 2008 May 11.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Cancer Genetics Program, Beth Israel Deaconess Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, New Research Building, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18469801" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Schlagwort(e): Adult ; Animals ; Arsenicals/pharmacology/therapeutic use ; Cell Line ; Coculture Techniques ; Female ; Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic ; Hematopoietic Stem Cells/pathology ; Humans ; Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/metabolism/*pathology ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Neoplastic Stem Cells/metabolism/*pathology ; Nuclear Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors/deficiency/genetics/*metabolism ; Oxides/pharmacology/therapeutic use ; Recurrence ; Regeneration ; Transcription Factors/antagonists & inhibitors/deficiency/genetics/*metabolism ; Tumor Suppressor Proteins/antagonists & ; inhibitors/deficiency/genetics/*metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Digitale ISSN: 1476-4687
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 7
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    Glycogen synthase kinase 3 in MLL leukaemia maintenance and targeted therapy (2008)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2008-09-23
    Beschreibung: Glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) is a multifunctional serine/threonine kinase that participates in numerous signalling pathways involved in diverse physiological processes. Several of these pathways are implicated in disease pathogenesis, which has prompted efforts to develop GSK3-specific inhibitors for therapeutic applications. However, before now, there has been no strong rationale for targeting GSK3 in malignancies. Here we report pharmacological, physiological and genetic studies that demonstrate an oncogenic requirement for GSK3 in the maintenance of a specific subtype of poor prognosis human leukaemia, genetically defined by mutations of the MLL proto-oncogene. In contrast to its previously characterized roles in suppression of neoplasia-associated signalling pathways, GSK3 paradoxically supports MLL leukaemia cell proliferation and transformation by a mechanism that ultimately involves destabilization of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27(Kip1). Inhibition of GSK3 in a preclinical murine model of MLL leukaemia provides promising evidence of efficacy and earmarks GSK3 as a candidate cancer drug target.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4084721/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4084721/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wang, Zhong -- Smith, Kevin S -- Murphy, Mark -- Piloto, Obdulio -- Somervaille, Tim C P -- Cleary, Michael L -- CA116606/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- CA55029/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA055029/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA116606/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2008 Oct 30;455(7217):1205-9. doi: 10.1038/nature07284. Epub 2008 Sep 17.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18806775" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Schlagwort(e): Animals ; Cell Division ; Cell Line, Transformed ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Cell Proliferation ; *Cell Transformation, Neoplastic ; Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p27 ; Disease Models, Animal ; G1 Phase ; Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3/antagonists & ; inhibitors/deficiency/genetics/*metabolism ; Histone-Lysine N-Methyltransferase ; Humans ; Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors/metabolism ; Isoenzymes/metabolism ; Leukemia, Lymphoid/*drug therapy/enzymology/metabolism/*pathology ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mice, SCID ; Myeloid Progenitor Cells/enzymology/metabolism/pathology ; Myeloid-Lymphoid Leukemia Protein/*metabolism ; Precursor Cells, B-Lymphoid/enzymology/metabolism/pathology
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Digitale ISSN: 1476-4687
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 8
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    Internal brain state regulates membrane potential synchrony in barrel cortex of behaving mice (2008)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2008-07-18
    Beschreibung: Internal brain states form key determinants for sensory perception, sensorimotor coordination and learning. A prominent reflection of different brain states in the mammalian central nervous system is the presence of distinct patterns of cortical synchrony, as revealed by extracellular recordings of the electroencephalogram, local field potential and action potentials. Such temporal correlations of cortical activity are thought to be fundamental mechanisms of neuronal computation. However, it is unknown how cortical synchrony is reflected in the intracellular membrane potential (V(m)) dynamics of behaving animals. Here we show, using dual whole-cell recordings from layer 2/3 primary somatosensory barrel cortex in behaving mice, that the V(m) of nearby neurons is highly correlated during quiet wakefulness. However, when the mouse is whisking, an internally generated state change reduces the V(m) correlation, resulting in a desynchronized local field potential and electroencephalogram. Action potential activity was sparse during both quiet wakefulness and active whisking. Single action potentials were driven by a large, brief and specific excitatory input that was not present in the V(m) of neighbouring cells. Action potential initiation occurs with a higher signal-to-noise ratio during active whisking than during quiet periods. Therefore, we show that an internal brain state dynamically regulates cortical membrane potential synchrony during behaviour and defines different modes of cortical processing.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Poulet, James F A -- Petersen, Carl C H -- England -- Nature. 2008 Aug 14;454(7206):881-5. doi: 10.1038/nature07150. Epub 2008 Jul 16.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory of Sensory Processing, Brain Mind Institute, Faculty of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18633351" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Schlagwort(e): Animals ; Electroencephalography ; Exploratory Behavior/*physiology ; Male ; Membrane Potentials/*physiology ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Neurons/*physiology ; Somatosensory Cortex/*physiology ; Wakefulness/*physiology
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 9
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    Endogenous siRNAs from naturally formed dsRNAs regulate transcripts in mouse oocytes (2008)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2008-04-12
    Beschreibung: RNA interference (RNAi) is a mechanism by which double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs) suppress specific transcripts in a sequence-dependent manner. dsRNAs are processed by Dicer to 21-24-nucleotide small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) and then incorporated into the argonaute (Ago) proteins. Gene regulation by endogenous siRNAs has been observed only in organisms possessing RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRP). In mammals, where no RdRP activity has been found, biogenesis and function of endogenous siRNAs remain largely unknown. Here we show, using mouse oocytes, that endogenous siRNAs are derived from naturally occurring dsRNAs and have roles in the regulation of gene expression. By means of deep sequencing, we identify a large number of both approximately 25-27-nucleotide Piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) and approximately 21-nucleotide siRNAs corresponding to messenger RNAs or retrotransposons in growing oocytes. piRNAs are bound to Mili and have a role in the regulation of retrotransposons. siRNAs are exclusively mapped to retrotransposons or other genomic regions that produce transcripts capable of forming dsRNA structures. Inverted repeat structures, bidirectional transcription and antisense transcripts from various loci are sources of the dsRNAs. Some precursor transcripts of siRNAs are derived from expressed pseudogenes, indicating that one role of pseudogenes is to adjust the level of the founding source mRNA through RNAi. Loss of Dicer or Ago2 results in decreased levels of siRNAs and increased levels of retrotransposon and protein-coding transcripts complementary to the siRNAs. Thus, the RNAi pathway regulates both protein-coding transcripts and retrotransposons in mouse oocytes. Our results reveal a role for endogenous siRNAs in mammalian oocytes and show that organisms lacking RdRP activity can produce functional endogenous siRNAs from naturally occurring dsRNAs.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Watanabe, Toshiaki -- Totoki, Yasushi -- Toyoda, Atsushi -- Kaneda, Masahiro -- Kuramochi-Miyagawa, Satomi -- Obata, Yayoi -- Chiba, Hatsune -- Kohara, Yuji -- Kono, Tomohiro -- Nakano, Toru -- Surani, M Azim -- Sakaki, Yoshiyuki -- Sasaki, Hiroyuki -- England -- Nature. 2008 May 22;453(7194):539-43. doi: 10.1038/nature06908. Epub 2008 Apr 10.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Human Genetics, Department of Integrated Genetics, National Institute of Genetics, Research Organization of Information and Systems, Mishima 411-8540, Japan. toshwata@lab.nig.ac.jp〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18404146" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Schlagwort(e): Animals ; Argonaute Proteins ; Eukaryotic Initiation Factor-2/deficiency/genetics/metabolism ; Female ; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental ; Gene Library ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Oocytes/growth & development/*metabolism ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Pseudogenes/genetics ; *RNA Interference ; RNA, Double-Stranded/*genetics/*metabolism ; RNA, Messenger/*genetics/metabolism ; RNA, Small Interfering/*genetics/*metabolism ; Retroelements/genetics ; Ribonuclease III/deficiency/genetics/metabolism
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 10
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    Transient FTY720 treatment promotes immune-mediated clearance of a chronic viral infection (2008)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2008-08-16
    Beschreibung: For a wide variety of microbial pathogens, the outcome of the infection is indeterminate. In some individuals the microbe is cleared, but in others it establishes a chronic infection, and the factors that tip this balance are often unknown. In a widely used model of chronic viral infection, C57BL/6 mice clear the Armstrong strain of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV), but the clone 13 strain persists. Here we show that the Armstrong strain induces a profound lymphopenia at days 1-3 after infection, but the clone 13 strain does not. If we transiently augment lymphopenia by treating the clone-13-infected mice with the drug FTY720 at days 0-2 after infection, the mice successfully clear the infection by day 30. Clearance does not occur when CD4 T cells are absent at the time of treatment, indicating that the drug is not exerting direct antiviral effects. Notably, FTY720 treatment of an already established persistent infection also leads to viral clearance. In both models, FTY720 treatment preserves or augments LCMV-specific CD4 and CD8 T-cell responses, a result that is counter-intuitive because FTY720 is generally regarded as a new immunosuppressive agent. Because FTY720 targets host pathways that are completely evolutionarily conserved, our results may be translatable into new immunotherapies for the treatment of chronic microbial infections in humans.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Premenko-Lanier, Mary -- Moseley, Nelson B -- Pruett, Sarah T -- Romagnoli, Pablo A -- Altman, John D -- 5F32AI062002/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI042373/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2008 Aug 14;454(7206):894-8. doi: 10.1038/nature07199.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Emory Vaccine Center and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center and Emory University School of Medicine, 954 Gatewood Road, Atlanta, Georgia 30329, USA. mflanie@emory.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18704087" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Schlagwort(e): Animals ; Chronic Disease ; Fingolimod Hydrochloride ; Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis/complications/*drug therapy/*immunology/prevention & ; control ; Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus/*immunology/physiology ; Lymphopenia/etiology ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Propylene Glycols/administration & dosage/*pharmacology/*therapeutic use ; Sphingosine/administration & dosage/*analogs & ; derivatives/pharmacology/therapeutic use ; T-Lymphocytes/drug effects/immunology ; Time Factors
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 11
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    Essential roles of PI(3)K-p110beta in cell growth, metabolism and tumorigenesis (2008)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2008-07-03
    Beschreibung: On activation by receptors, the ubiquitously expressed class IA isoforms (p110alpha and p110beta) of phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase (PI(3)K) generate lipid second messengers, which initiate multiple signal transduction cascades. Recent studies have demonstrated specific functions for p110alpha in growth factor and insulin signalling. To probe for distinct functions of p110beta, we constructed conditional knockout mice. Here we show that ablation of p110beta in the livers of the resulting mice leads to impaired insulin sensitivity and glucose homeostasis, while having little effect on phosphorylation of Akt, suggesting the involvement of a kinase-independent role of p110beta in insulin metabolic action. Using established mouse embryonic fibroblasts, we found that removal of p110beta also had little effect on Akt phosphorylation in response to stimulation by insulin and epidermal growth factor, but resulted in retarded cell proliferation. Reconstitution of p110beta-null cells with a wild-type or kinase-dead allele of p110beta demonstrated that p110beta possesses kinase-independent functions in regulating cell proliferation and trafficking. However, the kinase activity of p110beta was required for G-protein-coupled receptor signalling triggered by lysophosphatidic acid and had a function in oncogenic transformation. Most strikingly, in an animal model of prostate tumour formation induced by Pten loss, ablation of p110beta (also known as Pik3cb), but not that of p110alpha (also known as Pik3ca), impeded tumorigenesis with a concomitant diminution of Akt phosphorylation. Taken together, our findings demonstrate both kinase-dependent and kinase-independent functions for p110beta, and strongly indicate the kinase-dependent functions of p110beta as a promising target in cancer therapy.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2750091/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2750091/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Jia, Shidong -- Liu, Zhenning -- Zhang, Sen -- Liu, Pixu -- Zhang, Lei -- Lee, Sang Hyun -- Zhang, Jing -- Signoretti, Sabina -- Loda, Massimo -- Roberts, Thomas M -- Zhao, Jean J -- P01 CA050661/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- P01 CA050661-200001/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- P01 CA089021/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- P01 CA089021-06A1/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- P50 CA089393/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- P50 CA089393-08S1/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- P50 CA090381/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- P50 CA090381-05/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA030002/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA030002-27/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA134502/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA134502-01/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2008 Aug 7;454(7205):776-9. doi: 10.1038/nature07091. Epub 2008 Jun 25.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18594509" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Schlagwort(e): Animals ; *Cell Proliferation/drug effects ; *Cell Transformation, Neoplastic ; Epidermal Growth Factor/pharmacology ; Fibroblasts/cytology ; Glucose/*metabolism ; Glucose Intolerance/enzymology/genetics ; Homeostasis ; Humans ; Insulin/*metabolism/pharmacology ; Insulin Resistance/genetics ; Liver/enzymology/metabolism ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; PTEN Phosphohydrolase/deficiency/genetics ; Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases/deficiency/genetics/*metabolism ; Phosphorylation/drug effects ; Prostatic Neoplasms/enzymology/genetics/pathology ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/metabolism ; Signal Transduction
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 12
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    Control of T(reg) and T(H)17 cell differentiation by the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (2008)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2008-03-26
    Beschreibung: Regulatory T cells (T(reg)) expressing the transcription factor Foxp3 control the autoreactive components of the immune system. The development of T(reg) cells is reciprocally related to that of pro-inflammatory T cells producing interleukin-17 (T(H)17). Although T(reg) cell dysfunction and/or T(H)17 cell dysregulation are thought to contribute to the development of autoimmune disorders, little is known about the physiological pathways that control the generation of these cell lineages. Here we report the identification of the ligand-activated transcription factor aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) as a regulator of T(reg) and T(H)17 cell differentiation in mice. AHR activation by its ligand 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin induced functional T(reg) cells that suppressed experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. On the other hand, AHR activation by 6-formylindolo[3,2-b]carbazole interfered with T(reg) cell development, boosted T(H)17 cell differentiation and increased the severity of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in mice. Thus, AHR regulates both T(reg) and T(H)17 cell differentiation in a ligand-specific fashion, constituting a unique target for therapeutic immunomodulation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Quintana, Francisco J -- Basso, Alexandre S -- Iglesias, Antonio H -- Korn, Thomas -- Farez, Mauricio F -- Bettelli, Estelle -- Caccamo, Mario -- Oukka, Mohamed -- Weiner, Howard L -- AI435801/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- NS38037/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- P01 NS038037/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI073542/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI073542-01/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI073542-02/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 NS059996/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R01AI073542-01/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2008 May 1;453(7191):65-71. doi: 10.1038/nature06880. Epub 2008 Mar 23.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18362915" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Schlagwort(e): Animals ; Carbazoles/metabolism/pharmacology ; *Cell Differentiation ; Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/chemically induced/immunology ; Forkhead Transcription Factors/genetics/metabolism ; Humans ; Indoles/metabolism/pharmacology ; Interleukin-17/*metabolism ; Ligands ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Receptors, Aryl Hydrocarbon/genetics/*metabolism ; T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/*cytology/drug effects/*metabolism ; T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/*cytology/drug effects/*metabolism ; Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin/metabolism/pharmacology ; Transforming Growth Factor beta1/immunology/metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 13
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    Secreted transcription factor controls Mycobacterium tuberculosis virulence (2008)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2008-08-08
    Beschreibung: Bacterial pathogens trigger specialized virulence factor secretion systems on encountering host cells. The ESX-1 protein secretion system of Mycobacterium tuberculosis-the causative agent of the human disease tuberculosis-delivers bacterial proteins into host cells during infection and is critical for virulence, but how it is regulated is unknown. Here we show that EspR (also known as Rv3849) is a key regulator of ESX-1 that is required for secretion and virulence in mice. EspR activates transcription of an operon that includes three ESX-1 components, Rv3616c-Rv3614c, whose expression in turn promotes secretion of ESX-1 substrates. EspR directly binds to and activates the Rv3616c-Rv3614c promoter and, unexpectedly, is itself secreted from the bacterial cell by the ESX-1 system that it regulates. Efflux of the DNA-binding regulator results in reduced Rv3616c-Rv3614c transcription, and thus reduced ESX-1 secretion. Our results reveal a direct negative feedback loop that regulates the activity of a secretion system essential for virulence. As the virulence factors secreted by the ESX-1 system are highly antigenic, fine control of secretion may be critical to successful infection.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2862998/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2862998/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Raghavan, Sridharan -- Manzanillo, Paolo -- Chan, Kaman -- Dovey, Cole -- Cox, Jeffery S -- AI51667/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI63302/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- P01 AI063302/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- P01 AI063302-010001/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- P01 AI063302-020001/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- P01 AI063302-030001/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- P01 AI063302-040001/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- P01 AI063302-050001/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI051667/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI051667-06/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI051667-07/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI051667-08/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2008 Aug 7;454(7205):717-21. doi: 10.1038/nature07219.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Program in Microbial Pathogenesis and Host Defense, University of California, San Francisco, 600 16th Street, Campus Box 2200, San Francisco, California 94143-2200, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18685700" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Schlagwort(e): Animals ; Bacterial Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism/secretion ; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial ; Macrophages/microbiology ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mycobacterium tuberculosis/genetics/*pathogenicity ; Operon/genetics ; Promoter Regions, Genetic/genetics ; Transcription Factors/chemistry/*metabolism/*secretion ; Transcription, Genetic ; Transcriptional Activation ; Virulence/genetics ; Virulence Factors/genetics/*metabolism
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
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  • 14
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    A phosphatase cascade by which rewarding stimuli control nucleosomal response (2008)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2008-05-23
    Beschreibung: Dopamine orchestrates motor behaviour and reward-driven learning. Perturbations of dopamine signalling have been implicated in several neurological and psychiatric disorders, and in drug addiction. The actions of dopamine are mediated in part by the regulation of gene expression in the striatum, through mechanisms that are not fully understood. Here we show that drugs of abuse, as well as food reinforcement learning, promote the nuclear accumulation of 32-kDa dopamine-regulated and cyclic-AMP-regulated phosphoprotein (DARPP-32). This accumulation is mediated through a signalling cascade involving dopamine D1 receptors, cAMP-dependent activation of protein phosphatase-2A, dephosphorylation of DARPP-32 at Ser 97 and inhibition of its nuclear export. The nuclear accumulation of DARPP-32, a potent inhibitor of protein phosphatase-1, increases the phosphorylation of histone H3, an important component of nucleosomal response. Mutation of Ser 97 profoundly alters behavioural effects of drugs of abuse and decreases motivation for food, underlining the functional importance of this signalling cascade.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2796210/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2796210/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stipanovich, Alexandre -- Valjent, Emmanuel -- Matamales, Miriam -- Nishi, Akinori -- Ahn, Jung-Hyuck -- Maroteaux, Matthieu -- Bertran-Gonzalez, Jesus -- Brami-Cherrier, Karen -- Enslen, Herve -- Corbille, Anne-Gaelle -- Filhol, Odile -- Nairn, Angus C -- Greengard, Paul -- Herve, Denis -- Girault, Jean-Antoine -- DA10044/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- MH74866/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- P01 DA010044/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- P01 DA010044-020002/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- P01 DA010044-030002/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- P01 DA010044-04/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- P01 DA010044-040002/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- P01 DA010044-05/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- P01 DA010044-050002/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- P01 DA010044-06/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- P01 DA010044-060002/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- P01 DA010044-07/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- P01 DA010044-070002/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- P01 DA010044-08/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- P01 DA010044-080002/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- P01 DA010044-09/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- P01 DA010044-090002/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- P01 DA010044-10/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- P01 DA010044-100002/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- P01 DA010044-11/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- P01 DA010044-110005/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- P01 DA010044-12/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- P01 DA010044-120005/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- P01 DA010044-129002/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- P01 DA010044-13/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- P01 DA010044-130005/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- P01 DA010044-139002/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- P01 DA010044-14/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- P01 DA010044-140005/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- P01 DA010044-149002/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- P01 DA010044-14S1/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- P50 MH074866/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- P50 MH074866-010001/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- P50 MH074866-019001/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- P50 MH074866-020001/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- P50 MH074866-029001/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- P50 MH074866-030001/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- P50 MH074866-039001/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- P50 MH074866-040001/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- P50 MH074866-049001/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- P50 MH074866-050001/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- P50 MH074866-059001/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2008 Jun 12;453(7197):879-84. doi: 10.1038/nature06994. Epub 2008 May 21.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Inserm, UMR-S 839, 75005 Paris, France.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18496528" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Schlagwort(e): Animals ; Cell Nucleus/metabolism ; Cytoplasm/metabolism ; Dopamine/metabolism ; Dopamine and cAMP-Regulated Phosphoprotein 32/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Food ; Histones/metabolism ; Learning ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Motivation ; Motor Activity/physiology ; Neostriatum/cytology ; Neurons/metabolism ; Nucleosomes/*metabolism ; Phosphoprotein Phosphatases/antagonists & inhibitors/*metabolism ; Phosphorylation/drug effects ; Phosphoserine/metabolism ; Protein Transport ; Rats ; *Reward ; *Signal Transduction/drug effects ; Substance-Related Disorders
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
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  • 15
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    Deletion of vascular endothelial growth factor in myeloid cells accelerates tumorigenesis (2008)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2008-11-11
    Beschreibung: Angiogenesis and the development of a vascular network are required for tumour progression, and they involve the release of angiogenic factors, including vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF-A), from both malignant and stromal cell types. Infiltration by cells of the myeloid lineage is a hallmark of many tumours, and in many cases the macrophages in these infiltrates express VEGF-A. Here we show that the deletion of inflammatory-cell-derived VEGF-A attenuates the formation of a typical high-density vessel network, thus blocking the angiogenic switch in solid tumours in mice. Vasculature in tumours lacking myeloid-cell-derived VEGF-A was less tortuous, with increased pericyte coverage and decreased vessel length, indicating vascular normalization. In addition, loss of myeloid-derived VEGF-A decreases the phosphorylation of VEGF receptor 2 (VEGFR2) in tumours, even though overall VEGF-A levels in the tumours are unaffected. However, deletion of myeloid-cell VEGF-A resulted in an accelerated tumour progression in multiple subcutaneous isograft models and an autochthonous transgenic model of mammary tumorigenesis, with less overall tumour cell death and decreased tumour hypoxia. Furthermore, loss of myeloid-cell VEGF-A increased the susceptibility of tumours to chemotherapeutic cytotoxicity. This shows that myeloid-derived VEGF-A is essential for the tumorigenic alteration of vasculature and signalling to VEGFR2, and that these changes act to retard, not promote, tumour progression.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3103772/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3103772/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stockmann, Christian -- Doedens, Andrew -- Weidemann, Alexander -- Zhang, Na -- Takeda, Norihiko -- Greenberg, Joshua I -- Cheresh, David A -- Johnson, Randall S -- AI060840/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- CA118165/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- CA82515/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA082515/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA082515-12/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA118165/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2008 Dec 11;456(7223):814-8. doi: 10.1038/nature07445. Epub 2008 Nov 9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Molecular Biology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California 92093, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18997773" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Schlagwort(e): Animals ; Anoxia/genetics ; Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating/pharmacology ; Carcinoma/blood supply/genetics/*metabolism ; Cytotoxins/pharmacology ; Female ; *Gene Deletion ; Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/drug effects ; Male ; Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/blood supply/genetics/*metabolism ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mice, Knockout ; Myeloid Cells/*metabolism ; Neovascularization, Pathologic/metabolism ; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/*genetics/*metabolism/pharmacology
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 16
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    A role for VEGF as a negative regulator of pericyte function and vessel maturation (2008)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2008-11-11
    Beschreibung: Angiogenesis does not only depend on endothelial cell invasion and proliferation: it also requires pericyte coverage of vascular sprouts for vessel stabilization. These processes are coordinated by vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) through their cognate receptors on endothelial cells and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), respectively. PDGF induces neovascularization by priming VSMCs/pericytes to release pro-angiogenic mediators. Although VEGF directly stimulates endothelial cell proliferation and migration, its role in pericyte biology is less clear. Here we define a role for VEGF as an inhibitor of neovascularization on the basis of its capacity to disrupt VSMC function. Specifically, under conditions of PDGF-mediated angiogenesis, VEGF ablates pericyte coverage of nascent vascular sprouts, leading to vessel destabilization. At the molecular level, VEGF-mediated activation of VEGF-R2 suppresses PDGF-Rbeta signalling in VSMCs through the assembly of a previously undescribed receptor complex consisting of PDGF-Rbeta and VEGF-R2. Inhibition of VEGF-R2 not only prevents assembly of this receptor complex but also restores angiogenesis in tissues exposed to both VEGF and PDGF. Finally, genetic deletion of tumour cell VEGF disrupts PDGF-Rbeta/VEGF-R2 complex formation and increases tumour vessel maturation. These findings underscore the importance of VSMCs/pericytes in neovascularization and reveal a dichotomous role for VEGF and VEGF-R2 signalling as both a promoter of endothelial cell function and a negative regulator of VSMCs and vessel maturation.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2605188/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2605188/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Greenberg, Joshua I -- Shields, David J -- Barillas, Samuel G -- Acevedo, Lisette M -- Murphy, Eric -- Huang, Jianhua -- Scheppke, Lea -- Stockmann, Christian -- Johnson, Randall S -- Angle, Niren -- Cheresh, David A -- GM 68524/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- P01 CA078045/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- P01 CA078045-050004/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- P01 CA078045-100004/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- P01 CA078045-109001/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA095262/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA095262-06/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA118165/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 HL078912/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- R01 HL078912-04/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- R21 CA129660/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R21 CA129660-02/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R37 CA050286/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R37 CA050286-19/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R37 CA050286-20/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R37-CA082515/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R37-CA50286/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2008 Dec 11;456(7223):809-13. doi: 10.1038/nature07424. Epub 2008 Nov 9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Moore's UCSD Cancer Center, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18997771" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Schlagwort(e): Angiogenesis Inhibitors/pharmacology ; Animals ; Blood Vessels/*metabolism ; Cell Line ; Cells, Cultured ; Fibrosarcoma/blood supply ; Humans ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mice, Nude ; Neovascularization, Physiologic/drug effects/*physiology ; Pericytes/drug effects/*metabolism ; Platelet-Derived Growth Factor/*metabolism/pharmacology ; Receptor, Platelet-Derived Growth Factor beta/metabolism ; Receptors, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor/metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/*metabolism
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
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  • 17
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    UNC93B1 delivers nucleotide-sensing toll-like receptors to endolysosomes (2008)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2008-02-29
    Beschreibung: Signalling by means of toll-like receptors (TLRs) is essential for the development of innate and adaptive immune responses. UNC93B1, essential for signalling of TLR3, TLR7 and TLR9 in both humans and mice, physically interacts with these TLRs in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Here we show that the function of the polytopic membrane protein UNC93B1 is to deliver the nucleotide-sensing receptors TLR7 and TLR9 from the ER to endolysosomes. In dendritic cells of 3d mice, which express an UNC93B1 missense mutant (H412R) incapable of TLR binding, neither TLR7 nor TLR9 exits the ER. Furthermore, the trafficking and signalling defects of the nucleotide-sensing TLRs in 3d dendritic cells are corrected by expression of wild-type UNC93B1. However, UNC93B1 is dispensable for ligand recognition and signal initiation by TLRs. To our knowledge, UNC93B1 is the first protein to be identified as a molecule specifically involved in trafficking of nucleotide-sensing TLRs. By inhibiting the interaction between UNC93B1 and TLRs it should be possible to achieve specific regulation of the nucleotide-sensing TLRs without compromising signalling via the cell-surface-disposed TLRs.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kim, You-Me -- Brinkmann, Melanie M -- Paquet, Marie-Eve -- Ploegh, Hidde L -- England -- Nature. 2008 Mar 13;452(7184):234-8. doi: 10.1038/nature06726. Epub 2008 Feb 27.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, 9 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA. ykim@wi.mit.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18305481" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Schlagwort(e): Animals ; Cell Line ; Dendritic Cells/metabolism ; *Endocytosis ; Endoplasmic Reticulum/metabolism ; Humans ; Ligands ; Lysosomes/*metabolism ; Membrane Glycoproteins/*metabolism ; Membrane Transport Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mutation ; Nucleotides/*metabolism ; Protein Transport ; Signal Transduction ; Toll-Like Receptor 7/*metabolism ; Toll-Like Receptor 9/*metabolism
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 18
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    Haematopoietic stem cell release is regulated by circadian oscillations (2008)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2008-02-08
    Beschreibung: Haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) circulate in the bloodstream under steady-state conditions, but the mechanisms controlling their physiological trafficking are unknown. Here we show that circulating HSCs and their progenitors exhibit robust circadian fluctuations, peaking 5 h after the initiation of light and reaching a nadir 5 h after darkness. Circadian oscillations are markedly altered when mice are subjected to continuous light or to a 'jet lag' (defined as a shift of 12 h). Circulating HSCs and their progenitors fluctuate in antiphase with the expression of the chemokine CXCL12 in the bone marrow microenvironment. The cyclical release of HSCs and expression of Cxcl12 are regulated by core genes of the molecular clock through circadian noradrenaline secretion by the sympathetic nervous system. These adrenergic signals are locally delivered by nerves in the bone marrow, transmitted to stromal cells by the beta(3)-adrenergic receptor, leading to a decreased nuclear content of Sp1 transcription factor and the rapid downregulation of Cxcl12. These data indicate that a circadian, neurally driven release of HSC during the animal's resting period may promote the regeneration of the stem cell niche and possibly other tissues.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mendez-Ferrer, Simon -- Lucas, Daniel -- Battista, Michela -- Frenette, Paul S -- England -- Nature. 2008 Mar 27;452(7186):442-7. doi: 10.1038/nature06685. Epub 2008 Feb 6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Mount Sinai School of Medicine, Department of Medicine and Department of Gene and Cell Medicine, New York, New York 10029, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18256599" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Schlagwort(e): Animals ; Biological Clocks/genetics/physiology/radiation effects ; Bone Marrow/*innervation/metabolism/radiation effects ; Bone Marrow Cells/metabolism/radiation effects ; Cell Line ; Chemokine CXCL12/genetics/metabolism ; Circadian Rhythm/*physiology/radiation effects ; Cues ; Gene Expression Regulation ; Hematopoietic Stem Cells/*cytology/metabolism ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Osteoblasts ; Photic Stimulation ; Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-3/deficiency/genetics/metabolism ; Sp1 Transcription Factor/metabolism ; Stromal Cells/metabolism ; Sympathetic Nervous System/metabolism/radiation effects
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 19
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    Melanopsin cells are the principal conduits for rod-cone input to non-image-forming vision (2008)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2008-04-25
    Beschreibung: Rod and cone photoreceptors detect light and relay this information through a multisynaptic pathway to the brain by means of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). These retinal outputs support not only pattern vision but also non-image-forming (NIF) functions, which include circadian photoentrainment and pupillary light reflex (PLR). In mammals, NIF functions are mediated by rods, cones and the melanopsin-containing intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs). Rod-cone photoreceptors and ipRGCs are complementary in signalling light intensity for NIF functions. The ipRGCs, in addition to being directly photosensitive, also receive synaptic input from rod-cone networks. To determine how the ipRGCs relay rod-cone light information for both image-forming and non-image-forming functions, we genetically ablated ipRGCs in mice. Here we show that animals lacking ipRGCs retain pattern vision but have deficits in both PLR and circadian photoentrainment that are more extensive than those observed in melanopsin knockouts. The defects in PLR and photoentrainment resemble those observed in animals that lack phototransduction in all three photoreceptor classes. These results indicate that light signals for irradiance detection are dissociated from pattern vision at the retinal ganglion cell level, and animals that cannot detect light for NIF functions are still capable of image formation.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2871301/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2871301/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Guler, Ali D -- Ecker, Jennifer L -- Lall, Gurprit S -- Haq, Shafiqul -- Altimus, Cara M -- Liao, Hsi-Wen -- Barnard, Alun R -- Cahill, Hugh -- Badea, Tudor C -- Zhao, Haiqing -- Hankins, Mark W -- Berson, David M -- Lucas, Robert J -- Yau, King-Wai -- Hattar, Samer -- R01 DC006904/DC/NIDCD NIH HHS/ -- R01 DC006904-01/DC/NIDCD NIH HHS/ -- R01 DC006904-02/DC/NIDCD NIH HHS/ -- R01 DC006904-03/DC/NIDCD NIH HHS/ -- R01 DC006904-04/DC/NIDCD NIH HHS/ -- R01 EY006837/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- R01 EY006837-16A1/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- R01 EY006837-18/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- R01 EY006837-20A1/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- R01 EY006837-21/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- R01 EY014596/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- R01 EY014596-01/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- R01 EY014596-02/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- R01 EY014596-03/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- R01 EY014596-04/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- R01 EY014596-05/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- R01 EY014596-06/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- R01 EY017137/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM076430/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM076430-01/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM076430-02/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM076430-03/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM076430-04/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM076430-05/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2008 May 1;453(7191):102-5. doi: 10.1038/nature06829. Epub 2008 Apr 23.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18432195" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Schlagwort(e): Animals ; Brain/cytology/metabolism ; Circadian Rhythm/physiology/radiation effects ; Cues ; Electroretinography ; Light ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mice, Knockout ; Motor Activity/physiology ; Pupil/physiology/radiation effects ; Reflex/physiology/radiation effects ; Retinal Cone Photoreceptor Cells/*metabolism ; Retinal Ganglion Cells/*cytology/*metabolism ; Retinal Rod Photoreceptor Cells/*metabolism ; Rod Opsins/deficiency/genetics/*metabolism ; Vision, Ocular/*physiology/radiation effects ; Visual Acuity/physiology
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
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  • 20
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    Imaging of Rab5 activity identifies essential regulators for phagosome maturation (2008)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2008-04-04
    Beschreibung: Efficient phagocytosis of apoptotic cells is crucial for tissue homeostasis and the immune response. Rab5 is known as a key regulator of the early endocytic pathway and we have recently shown that Rab5 is also implicated in apoptotic cell engulfment; however, the precise spatio-temporal dynamics of Rab5 activity remain unknown. Here, using a newly developed fluorescence resonance energy transfer biosensor, we describe a change in Rab5 activity during the engulfment of apoptotic thymocytes. Rab5 activity on phagosome membranes began to increase on disassembly of the actin coat encapsulating phagosomes. Rab5 activation was either continuous or repetitive for up to 10 min, but it ended before the collapse of engulfed apoptotic cells. Expression of a dominant-negative mutant of Rab5 delayed this collapse of apoptotic thymocytes, showing a role for Rab5 in phagosome maturation. Disruption of microtubules with nocodazole inhibited Rab5 activation on the phagosome membrane without perturbing the engulfment of apoptotic cells. Furthermore, we found that Gapex-5 is the guanine nucleotide exchange factor essential for Rab5 activation during the engulfment of apoptotic cells. Gapex-5 was bound to a microtubule-tip-associating protein, EB1, whose depletion inhibited Rab5 activation during phagocytosis. We therefore propose a mechanistic model in which the recruitment of Gapex-5 to phagosomes through the microtubule network induces the transient Rab5 activation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kitano, Masahiro -- Nakaya, Michio -- Nakamura, Takeshi -- Nagata, Shigekazu -- Matsuda, Michiyuki -- England -- Nature. 2008 May 8;453(7192):241-5. doi: 10.1038/nature06857. Epub 2008 Apr 2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory of Bioimaging and Cell Signaling, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Yoshida Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18385674" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Schlagwort(e): Actins/metabolism ; Animals ; Apoptosis ; Cells, Cultured ; Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer ; Genes, Dominant ; Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factors/genetics/metabolism ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Microtubule-Associated Proteins/metabolism ; Microtubules/drug effects ; Nocodazole/pharmacology ; Phagocytosis/drug effects ; Phagosomes/drug effects/*metabolism ; Swiss 3T3 Cells ; Thymus Gland/cytology/drug effects/metabolism ; rab5 GTP-Binding Proteins/genetics/*metabolism
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
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  • 21
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    Sequence- and target-independent angiogenesis suppression by siRNA via TLR3 (2008)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2008-03-28
    Beschreibung: Clinical trials of small interfering RNA (siRNA) targeting vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGFA) or its receptor VEGFR1 (also called FLT1), in patients with blinding choroidal neovascularization (CNV) from age-related macular degeneration, are premised on gene silencing by means of intracellular RNA interference (RNAi). We show instead that CNV inhibition is a siRNA-class effect: 21-nucleotide or longer siRNAs targeting non-mammalian genes, non-expressed genes, non-genomic sequences, pro- and anti-angiogenic genes, and RNAi-incompetent siRNAs all suppressed CNV in mice comparably to siRNAs targeting Vegfa or Vegfr1 without off-target RNAi or interferon-alpha/beta activation. Non-targeted (against non-mammalian genes) and targeted (against Vegfa or Vegfr1) siRNA suppressed CNV via cell-surface toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3), its adaptor TRIF, and induction of interferon-gamma and interleukin-12. Non-targeted siRNA suppressed dermal neovascularization in mice as effectively as Vegfa siRNA. siRNA-induced inhibition of neovascularization required a minimum length of 21 nucleotides, a bridging necessity in a modelled 2:1 TLR3-RNA complex. Choroidal endothelial cells from people expressing the TLR3 coding variant 412FF were refractory to extracellular siRNA-induced cytotoxicity, facilitating individualized pharmacogenetic therapy. Multiple human endothelial cell types expressed surface TLR3, indicating that generic siRNAs might treat angiogenic disorders that affect 8% of the world's population, and that siRNAs might induce unanticipated vascular or immune effects.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2642938/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2642938/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kleinman, Mark E -- Yamada, Kiyoshi -- Takeda, Atsunobu -- Chandrasekaran, Vasu -- Nozaki, Miho -- Baffi, Judit Z -- Albuquerque, Romulo J C -- Yamasaki, Satoshi -- Itaya, Masahiro -- Pan, Yuzhen -- Appukuttan, Binoy -- Gibbs, Daniel -- Yang, Zhenglin -- Kariko, Katalin -- Ambati, Balamurali K -- Wilgus, Traci A -- DiPietro, Luisa A -- Sakurai, Eiji -- Zhang, Kang -- Smith, Justine R -- Taylor, Ethan W -- Ambati, Jayakrishna -- R01 EY015422/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- R01 EY015422-04/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- R01 EY018350/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- R01 EY018350-02/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- R01 EY018836/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- R01 EY018836-01/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2008 Apr 3;452(7187):591-7. doi: 10.1038/nature06765. Epub 2008 Mar 26.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Ophthalmology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18368052" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Schlagwort(e): Animals ; Cell Line ; Endothelial Cells/metabolism ; Genetic Therapy/*methods ; Humans ; Immunity, Innate/*immunology ; Interferon-gamma/immunology ; Interleukin-12/immunology ; Macular Degeneration/complications/genetics/therapy ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Neovascularization, Pathologic/genetics/*immunology/*prevention & control/therapy ; RNA, Small Interfering/chemistry/genetics/*immunology/*metabolism ; Toll-Like Receptor 3/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/genetics
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
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  • 22
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    Phosphoinositide signalling links O-GlcNAc transferase to insulin resistance (2008)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2008-02-22
    Beschreibung: Glucose flux through the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway leads to the post-translational modification of cytoplasmic and nuclear proteins by O-linked beta-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc). This tandem system serves as a nutrient sensor to couple systemic metabolic status to cellular regulation of signal transduction, transcription, and protein degradation. Here we show that O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) harbours a previously unrecognized type of phosphoinositide-binding domain. After induction with insulin, phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate recruits OGT from the nucleus to the plasma membrane, where the enzyme catalyses dynamic modification of the insulin signalling pathway by O-GlcNAc. This results in the alteration in phosphorylation of key signalling molecules and the attenuation of insulin signal transduction. Hepatic overexpression of OGT impairs the expression of insulin-responsive genes and causes insulin resistance and dyslipidaemia. These findings identify a molecular mechanism by which nutritional cues regulate insulin signalling through O-GlcNAc, and underscore the contribution of this modification to the aetiology of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Yang, Xiaoyong -- Ongusaha, Pat P -- Miles, Philip D -- Havstad, Joyce C -- Zhang, Fengxue -- So, W Venus -- Kudlow, Jeffrey E -- Michell, Robert H -- Olefsky, Jerrold M -- Field, Seth J -- Evans, Ronald M -- P30 CA014195/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- England -- Nature. 2008 Feb 21;451(7181):964-9. doi: 10.1038/nature06668.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Gene Expression Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18288188" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Schlagwort(e): Acetylglucosamine/metabolism/pharmacology ; Animals ; COS Cells ; Cell Membrane/metabolism ; Cercopithecus aethiops ; Insulin/pharmacology ; Insulin Resistance/*physiology ; Lipid Metabolism ; Liver/enzymology/metabolism ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; N-Acetylglucosaminyltransferases/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Phosphatidylinositol Phosphates/metabolism ; Phosphatidylinositols/*metabolism ; Phosphorylation/drug effects ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Protein Transport ; *Second Messenger Systems/drug effects
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Digitale ISSN: 1476-4687
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 23
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    Sarcolemma-localized nNOS is required to maintain activity after mild exercise (2008)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2008-10-28
    Beschreibung: Many neuromuscular conditions are characterized by an exaggerated exercise-induced fatigue response that is disproportionate to activity level. This fatigue is not necessarily correlated with greater central or peripheral fatigue in patients, and some patients experience severe fatigue without any demonstrable somatic disease. Except in myopathies that are due to specific metabolic defects, the mechanism underlying this type of fatigue remains unknown. With no treatment available, this form of inactivity is a major determinant of disability. Here we show, using mouse models, that this exaggerated fatigue response is distinct from a loss in specific force production by muscle, and that sarcolemma-localized signalling by neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) in skeletal muscle is required to maintain activity after mild exercise. We show that nNOS-null mice do not have muscle pathology and have no loss of muscle-specific force after exercise but do display this exaggerated fatigue response to mild exercise. In mouse models of nNOS mislocalization from the sarcolemma, prolonged inactivity was only relieved by pharmacologically enhancing the cGMP signal that results from muscle nNOS activation during the nitric oxide signalling response to mild exercise. Our findings suggest that the mechanism underlying the exaggerated fatigue response to mild exercise is a lack of contraction-induced signalling from sarcolemma-localized nNOS, which decreases cGMP-mediated vasomodulation in the vessels that supply active muscle after mild exercise. Sarcolemmal nNOS staining was decreased in patient biopsies from a large number of distinct myopathies, suggesting a common mechanism of fatigue. Our results suggest that patients with an exaggerated fatigue response to mild exercise would show clinical improvement in response to treatment strategies aimed at improving exercise-induced signalling.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2588643/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2588643/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kobayashi, Yvonne M -- Rader, Erik P -- Crawford, Robert W -- Iyengar, Nikhil K -- Thedens, Daniel R -- Faulkner, John A -- Parikh, Swapnesh V -- Weiss, Robert M -- Chamberlain, Jeffrey S -- Moore, Steven A -- Campbell, Kevin P -- F32 AR048742-01/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ -- F32 AR048742-02/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ -- K26 RR017369/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- K26 RR017369-01A1/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- K26 RR017369-02/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- K26 RR017369-03/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- K26 RR017369-04/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- K26 RR017369-05/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- R01 AG033610/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- R01 AR051199/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 AR051199-01/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ -- T32 HL007121/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- T32 HL007121-26/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- T32 HL007121-27/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- U54 NS053672/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- U54 NS053672-01/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- U54 NS053672-02/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- U54 NS053672-02S1/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- U54 NS053672-03/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- U54 NS053672-04/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- England -- Nature. 2008 Nov 27;456(7221):511-5. doi: 10.1038/nature07414. Epub 2008 Oct 26.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Iowa, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, 4283 Carver Biomedical Research Building, 285 Newton Road, Iowa City, Iowa 52242-1101, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18953332" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Schlagwort(e): Animals ; Cyclic GMP/metabolism ; Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases, Type 5 ; *Disease Models, Animal ; Edema/drug therapy/etiology/prevention & control ; Enzyme Activation ; Exercise/*physiology ; Fatigue/pathology/*physiopathology ; Hemodynamics/drug effects ; Humans ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mice, Inbred mdx ; Muscle, Skeletal/blood supply/cytology/enzymology/physiopathology ; Muscular Diseases/enzymology/pathology ; Nitric Oxide/metabolism ; Nitric Oxide Synthase Type I/deficiency/genetics/*metabolism ; Phosphodiesterase 5 Inhibitors ; Protein Transport ; Sarcolemma/*enzymology ; Signal Transduction
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 24
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    Defective tryptophan catabolism underlies inflammation in mouse chronic granulomatous disease (2008)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2008-01-11
    Beschreibung: Half a century ago, chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) was first described as a disease fatally affecting the ability of children to survive infections. Various milestone discoveries have since been made, from an insufficient ability of patients' leucocytes to kill microbes to the underlying genetic abnormalities. In this inherited disorder, phagocytes lack NADPH oxidase activity and do not generate reactive oxygen species, most notably superoxide anion, causing recurrent bacterial and fungal infections. Patients with CGD also suffer from chronic inflammatory conditions, most prominently granuloma formation in hollow viscera. The precise mechanisms of the increased microbial pathogenicity have been unclear, and more so the reasons for the exaggerated inflammatory response. Here we show that a superoxide-dependent step in tryptophan metabolism along the kynurenine pathway is blocked in CGD mice with lethal pulmonary aspergillosis, leading to unrestrained Vgamma1(+) gammadelta T-cell reactivity, dominant production of interleukin (IL)-17, defective regulatory T-cell activity and acute inflammatory lung injury. Although beneficial effects are induced by IL-17 neutralization or gammadelta T-cell contraction, complete cure and reversal of the hyperinflammatory phenotype are achieved by replacement therapy with a natural kynurenine distal to the blockade in the pathway. Effective therapy, which includes co-administration of recombinant interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), restores production of downstream immunoactive metabolites and enables the emergence of regulatory Vgamma4(+) gammadelta and Foxp3(+) alphabeta T cells. Therefore, paradoxically, the lack of reactive oxygen species contributes to the hyperinflammatory phenotype associated with NADPH oxidase deficiencies, through a dysfunctional kynurenine pathway of tryptophan catabolism. Yet, this condition can be reverted by reactivating the pathway downstream of the superoxide-dependent step.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Romani, Luigina -- Fallarino, Francesca -- De Luca, Antonella -- Montagnoli, Claudia -- D'Angelo, Carmen -- Zelante, Teresa -- Vacca, Carmine -- Bistoni, Francesco -- Fioretti, Maria C -- Grohmann, Ursula -- Segal, Brahm H -- Puccetti, Paolo -- England -- Nature. 2008 Jan 10;451(7175):211-5. doi: 10.1038/nature06471.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, 06126 Perugia, Italy. lromani@unipg.it〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18185592" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Schlagwort(e): Animals ; Aspergillosis/complications/immunology/microbiology/pathology ; Aspergillus fumigatus/physiology ; Chronic Disease ; Disease Models, Animal ; Granulomatous Disease, Chronic/complications/drug therapy/*metabolism/*pathology ; Indoleamine-Pyrrole 2,3,-Dioxygenase/genetics/metabolism ; Inflammation/complications/drug therapy/*metabolism/pathology ; Interferon-gamma/immunology/therapeutic use ; Interleukin-17/deficiency/metabolism ; Kynurenine/*metabolism/therapeutic use ; Lung/immunology/pathology ; Lung Diseases, Fungal/complications/immunology/microbiology/pathology ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mice, Knockout ; NADPH Oxidase/deficiency/genetics/metabolism ; Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism ; Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/immunology ; Superoxides/metabolism ; T-Lymphocytes/enzymology/immunology/pathology ; Tryptophan/*metabolism
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 25
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    A role for adult TLX-positive neural stem cells in learning and behaviour (2008)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2008-02-01
    Beschreibung: Neurogenesis persists in the adult brain and can be regulated by a plethora of external stimuli, such as learning, memory, exercise, environment and stress. Although newly generated neurons are able to migrate and preferentially incorporate into the neural network, how these cells are molecularly regulated and whether they are required for any normal brain function are unresolved questions. The adult neural stem cell pool is composed of orphan nuclear receptor TLX-positive cells. Here, using genetic approaches in mice, we demonstrate that TLX (also called NR2E1) regulates adult neural stem cell proliferation in a cell-autonomous manner by controlling a defined genetic network implicated in cell proliferation and growth. Consequently, specific removal of TLX from the adult mouse brain through inducible recombination results in a significant reduction of stem cell proliferation and a marked decrement in spatial learning. In contrast, the resulting suppression of adult neurogenesis does not affect contextual fear conditioning, locomotion or diurnal rhythmic activities, indicating a more selective contribution of newly generated neurons to specific cognitive functions.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zhang, Chun-Li -- Zou, Yuhua -- He, Weimin -- Gage, Fred H -- Evans, Ronald M -- England -- Nature. 2008 Feb 21;451(7181):1004-7. doi: 10.1038/nature06562. Epub 2008 Jan 30.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18235445" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Schlagwort(e): Aging ; Animals ; Behavior/*physiology ; Cell Proliferation ; Conditioning (Psychology) ; Fear/physiology ; Hippocampus/cytology/metabolism ; Learning/*physiology ; Memory/physiology ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Neurons/*cytology/*metabolism ; Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/deficiency/genetics/*metabolism ; Stem Cells/cytology/*metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 26
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    TGF-beta-induced Foxp3 inhibits T(H)17 cell differentiation by antagonizing RORgammat function (2008)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2008-03-28
    Beschreibung: T helper cells that produce IL-17 (T(H)17 cells) promote autoimmunity in mice and have been implicated in the pathogenesis of human inflammatory diseases. At mucosal surfaces, T(H)17 cells are thought to protect the host from infection, whereas regulatory T (T(reg)) cells control immune responses and inflammation triggered by the resident microflora. Differentiation of both cell types requires transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta), but depends on distinct transcription factors: RORgammat (encoded by Rorc(gammat)) for T(H)17 cells and Foxp3 for T(reg) cells. How TGF-beta regulates the differentiation of T cells with opposing activities has been perplexing. Here we demonstrate that, together with pro-inflammatory cytokines, TGF-beta orchestrates T(H)17 cell differentiation in a concentration-dependent manner. At low concentrations, TGF-beta synergizes with interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-21 (refs 9-11) to promote IL-23 receptor (Il23r) expression, favouring T(H)17 cell differentiation. High concentrations of TGF-beta repress IL23r expression and favour Foxp3+ T(reg) cells. RORgammat and Foxp3 are co-expressed in naive CD4+ T cells exposed to TGF-beta and in a subset of T cells in the small intestinal lamina propria of the mouse. In vitro, TGF-beta-induced Foxp3 inhibits RORgammat function, at least in part through their interaction. Accordingly, lamina propria T cells that co-express both transcription factors produce less IL-17 (also known as IL-17a) than those that express RORgammat alone. IL-6, IL-21 and IL-23 relieve Foxp3-mediated inhibition of RORgammat, thereby promoting T(H)17 cell differentiation. Therefore, the decision of antigen-stimulated cells to differentiate into either T(H)17 or T(reg) cells depends on the cytokine-regulated balance of RORgammat and Foxp3.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2597437/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2597437/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zhou, Liang -- Lopes, Jared E -- Chong, Mark M W -- Ivanov, Ivaylo I -- Min, Roy -- Victora, Gabriel D -- Shen, Yuelei -- Du, Jianguang -- Rubtsov, Yuri P -- Rudensky, Alexander Y -- Ziegler, Steven F -- Littman, Dan R -- AI48779/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI048779/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI048779-05/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- England -- Nature. 2008 May 8;453(7192):236-40. doi: 10.1038/nature06878. Epub 2008 Mar 26.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉The Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine of the Skirball Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18368049" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Schlagwort(e): Animals ; Cell Differentiation/drug effects ; Cell Line ; Cells, Cultured ; Forkhead Transcription Factors/genetics/*metabolism ; Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects ; Humans ; Interleukin-17/biosynthesis/genetics/*metabolism ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group F, Member 3 ; Receptors, Interleukin/genetics/metabolism ; Receptors, Retinoic Acid/*antagonists & inhibitors/genetics/metabolism ; Receptors, Thyroid Hormone/*antagonists & inhibitors/genetics/metabolism ; T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/*cytology/*drug effects/metabolism ; Transforming Growth Factor beta/*pharmacology
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 27
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    Loss of the autophagy protein Atg16L1 enhances endotoxin-induced IL-1beta production (2008)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2008-10-14
    Beschreibung: Systems for protein degradation are essential for tight control of the inflammatory immune response. Autophagy, a bulk degradation system that delivers cytoplasmic constituents into autolysosomes, controls degradation of long-lived proteins, insoluble protein aggregates and invading microbes, and is suggested to be involved in the regulation of inflammation. However, the mechanism underlying the regulation of inflammatory response by autophagy is poorly understood. Here we show that Atg16L1 (autophagy-related 16-like 1), which is implicated in Crohn's disease, regulates endotoxin-induced inflammasome activation in mice. Atg16L1-deficiency disrupts the recruitment of the Atg12-Atg5 conjugate to the isolation membrane, resulting in a loss of microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3) conjugation to phosphatidylethanolamine. Consequently, both autophagosome formation and degradation of long-lived proteins are severely impaired in Atg16L1-deficient cells. Following stimulation with lipopolysaccharide, a ligand for Toll-like receptor 4 (refs 8, 9), Atg16L1-deficient macrophages produce high amounts of the inflammatory cytokines IL-1beta and IL-18. In lipopolysaccharide-stimulated macrophages, Atg16L1-deficiency causes Toll/IL-1 receptor domain-containing adaptor inducing IFN-beta (TRIF)-dependent activation of caspase-1, leading to increased production of IL-1beta. Mice lacking Atg16L1 in haematopoietic cells are highly susceptible to dextran sulphate sodium-induced acute colitis, which is alleviated by injection of anti-IL-1beta and IL-18 antibodies, indicating the importance of Atg16L1 in the suppression of intestinal inflammation. These results demonstrate that Atg16L1 is an essential component of the autophagic machinery responsible for control of the endotoxin-induced inflammatory immune response.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Saitoh, Tatsuya -- Fujita, Naonobu -- Jang, Myoung Ho -- Uematsu, Satoshi -- Yang, Bo-Gie -- Satoh, Takashi -- Omori, Hiroko -- Noda, Takeshi -- Yamamoto, Naoki -- Komatsu, Masaaki -- Tanaka, Keiji -- Kawai, Taro -- Tsujimura, Tohru -- Takeuchi, Osamu -- Yoshimori, Tamotsu -- Akira, Shizuo -- AI070167/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2008 Nov 13;456(7219):264-8. doi: 10.1038/nature07383. Epub 2008 Oct 5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory of Host Defense, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18849965" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Schlagwort(e): Adenine/analogs & derivatives/pharmacology ; Animals ; Autophagy/*genetics ; Carrier Proteins/*genetics ; Chimera ; Colitis/chemically induced/immunology ; Dextran Sulfate/pharmacology ; Female ; Gene Expression Regulation/*drug effects ; Interleukin-1beta/*biosynthesis/metabolism ; Lipopolysaccharides/*pharmacology ; Macrophages/*drug effects/*metabolism ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mutation
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 28
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    The inflammasome recognizes cytosolic microbial and host DNA and triggers an innate immune response (2008)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2008-02-22
    Beschreibung: The innate immune system recognizes nucleic acids during infection and tissue damage. Whereas viral RNA is detected by endosomal toll-like receptors (TLR3, TLR7, TLR8) and cytoplasmic RIG-I and MDA5, endosomal TLR9 and cytoplasmic DAI bind DNA, resulting in the activation of nuclear factor-kappaB and interferon regulatory factor transcription factors. However, viruses also trigger pro-inflammatory responses, which remain poorly defined. Here we show that internalized adenoviral DNA induces maturation of pro-interleukin-1beta in macrophages, which is dependent on NALP3 and ASC, components of the innate cytosolic molecular complex termed the inflammasome. Correspondingly, NALP3- and ASC-deficient mice display reduced innate inflammatory responses to adenovirus particles. Inflammasome activation also occurs as a result of transfected cytosolic bacterial, viral and mammalian (host) DNA, but in this case sensing is dependent on ASC but not NALP3. The DNA-sensing pro-inflammatory pathway functions independently of TLRs and interferon regulatory factors. Thus, in addition to viral and bacterial components or danger signals in general, inflammasomes sense potentially dangerous cytoplasmic DNA, strengthening their central role in innate immunity.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Muruve, Daniel A -- Petrilli, Virginie -- Zaiss, Anne K -- White, Lindsay R -- Clark, Sharon A -- Ross, P Joel -- Parks, Robin J -- Tschopp, Jurg -- England -- Nature. 2008 Mar 6;452(7183):103-7. doi: 10.1038/nature06664. Epub 2008 Feb 20.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18288107" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Schlagwort(e): Adenoviridae/genetics/immunology/physiology ; Animals ; Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins ; Carrier Proteins/genetics/*immunology ; Cell Line ; Cytoskeletal Proteins/deficiency/genetics/*immunology ; Cytosol/*metabolism/microbiology/*virology ; DNA/*immunology ; DNA, Viral/immunology ; Humans ; Immunity, Innate/*immunology ; Inflammation/*immunology/virology ; Interleukin-1beta/immunology/metabolism/secretion ; Macrophages, Peritoneal/immunology/metabolism ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Protein Processing, Post-Translational
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 29
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    Essential role for Nix in autophagic maturation of erythroid cells (2008)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2008-05-06
    Beschreibung: Erythroid cells undergo enucleation and the removal of organelles during terminal differentiation. Although autophagy has been suggested to mediate the elimination of organelles for erythroid maturation, the molecular mechanisms underlying this process remain undefined. Here we report a role for a Bcl-2 family member, Nix (also called Bnip3L), in the regulation of erythroid maturation through mitochondrial autophagy. Nix(-/-) mice developed anaemia with reduced mature erythrocytes and compensatory expansion of erythroid precursors. Erythrocytes in the peripheral blood of Nix(-/-) mice exhibited mitochondrial retention and reduced lifespan in vivo. Although the clearance of ribosomes proceeded normally in the absence of Nix, the entry of mitochondria into autophagosomes for clearance was defective. Deficiency in Nix inhibited the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (DeltaPsi(m)), and treatment with uncoupling chemicals or a BH3 mimetic induced the loss of DeltaPsi(m) and restored the sequestration of mitochondria into autophagosomes in Nix(-/-) erythroid cells. These results suggest that Nix-dependent loss of DeltaPsi(m) is important for targeting the mitochondria into autophagosomes for clearance during erythroid maturation, and interference with this function impairs erythroid maturation and results in anaemia. Our study may also provide insights into molecular mechanisms underlying mitochondrial quality control involving mitochondrial autophagy.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2570948/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2570948/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sandoval, Hector -- Thiagarajan, Perumal -- Dasgupta, Swapan K -- Schumacher, Armin -- Prchal, Josef T -- Chen, Min -- Wang, Jin -- F31 AI058932/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI056210/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI056210-05/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI074949/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI074949-01/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM087710/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2008 Jul 10;454(7201):232-5. doi: 10.1038/nature07006. Epub 2008 May 4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18454133" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Schlagwort(e): Animals ; Apoptosis/drug effects ; *Autophagy/drug effects ; Biphenyl Compounds/pharmacology ; Carbonyl Cyanide p-Trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone/pharmacology ; Cell Survival/drug effects ; Embryonic Stem Cells/cytology/drug effects ; Erythroid Cells/*cytology/drug effects/*metabolism ; *Erythropoiesis/drug effects ; Membrane Proteins/deficiency/genetics/*metabolism ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mitochondria/drug effects/metabolism/pathology ; Mitochondrial Proteins/deficiency/genetics/*metabolism ; Nitrophenols/pharmacology ; Piperazines/pharmacology ; Reticulocytes/cytology/drug effects/metabolism ; Sulfonamides/pharmacology
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
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    Autophagy in thymic epithelium shapes the T-cell repertoire and is essential for tolerance (2008)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2008-08-15
    Beschreibung: Recognition of self-antigen-derived epitopes presented by major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC II) molecules on thymic epithelial cells (TECs) is critical for the generation of a functional and self-tolerant CD4 T-cell repertoire. Whereas haematopoietic antigen-presenting cells generate MHC-II-peptide complexes predominantly through the processing of endocytosed polypeptides, it remains unknown if and how TECs use unconventional pathways of antigen presentation. Here we address the role of macroautophagy, a process that has recently been shown to allow for endogenous MHC II loading, in T-cell repertoire selection in the mouse thymus. In contrast to most other tissues, TECs had a high constitutive level of autophagy. Genetic interference with autophagy specifically in TECs led to altered selection of certain MHC-II-restricted T-cell specificities and resulted in severe colitis and multi-organ inflammation. Our findings indicate that autophagy focuses the MHC-II-peptide repertoire of TECs on their intracellular milieu, which notably comprises a wide array of otherwise strictly 'tissue-specific' self antigens. In doing so, it contributes to T-cell selection and is essential for the generation of a self-tolerant T-cell repertoire.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Nedjic, Jelena -- Aichinger, Martin -- Emmerich, Jan -- Mizushima, Noboru -- Klein, Ludger -- England -- Nature. 2008 Sep 18;455(7211):396-400. doi: 10.1038/nature07208. Epub 2008 Aug 13.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Doktor Bohr Gasse 7, 1030 Vienna, Austria.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18701890" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Schlagwort(e): Animals ; *Autophagy ; Cell Differentiation ; Chimera/immunology ; Colitis/genetics/immunology/metabolism ; Epithelial Cells/cytology/immunology ; Epithelium/*immunology ; Female ; Histocompatibility Antigens/immunology ; Immune Tolerance/*immunology ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Microtubule-Associated Proteins/deficiency/genetics ; Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology ; Stromal Cells/cytology ; T-Lymphocytes/*cytology/*immunology ; Thymus Gland/*cytology/*immunology/transplantation
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
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  • 31
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    New role of bone morphogenetic protein 7 in brown adipogenesis and energy expenditure (2008)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2008-08-23
    Beschreibung: Adipose tissue is central to the regulation of energy balance. Two functionally different types of fat are present in mammals: white adipose tissue, the primary site of triglyceride storage, and brown adipose tissue, which is specialized in energy expenditure and can counteract obesity. Factors that specify the developmental fate and function of white and brown adipose tissue remain poorly understood. Here we demonstrate that whereas some members of the family of bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) support white adipocyte differentiation, BMP7 singularly promotes differentiation of brown preadipocytes even in the absence of the normally required hormonal induction cocktail. BMP7 activates a full program of brown adipogenesis including induction of early regulators of brown fat fate PRDM16 (PR-domain-containing 16; ref. 4) and PGC-1alpha (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARgamma) coactivator-1alpha; ref. 5), increased expression of the brown-fat-defining marker uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) and adipogenic transcription factors PPARgamma and CCAAT/enhancer-binding proteins (C/EBPs), and induction of mitochondrial biogenesis via p38 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase-(also known as Mapk14) and PGC-1-dependent pathways. Moreover, BMP7 triggers commitment of mesenchymal progenitor cells to a brown adipocyte lineage, and implantation of these cells into nude mice results in development of adipose tissue containing mostly brown adipocytes. Bmp7 knockout embryos show a marked paucity of brown fat and an almost complete absence of UCP1. Adenoviral-mediated expression of BMP7 in mice results in a significant increase in brown, but not white, fat mass and leads to an increase in energy expenditure and a reduction in weight gain. These data reveal an important role of BMP7 in promoting brown adipocyte differentiation and thermogenesis in vivo and in vitro, and provide a potential new therapeutic approach for the treatment of obesity.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2745972/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2745972/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Tseng, Yu-Hua -- Kokkotou, Efi -- Schulz, Tim J -- Huang, Tian Lian -- Winnay, Jonathon N -- Taniguchi, Cullen M -- Tran, T Thien -- Suzuki, Ryo -- Espinoza, Daniel O -- Yamamoto, Yuji -- Ahrens, Molly J -- Dudley, Andrew T -- Norris, Andrew W -- Kulkarni, Rohit N -- Kahn, C Ronald -- K08 DK064906/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- K08 DK64906/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- P30 DK040561/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- P30 DK040561-13/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- P30 DK46200/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R01 DK 060837/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R01 DK077097/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R01 DK077097-01A1/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R01 DK077097-02/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R01 DK67536/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R21 DK070722/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R21 DK070722-01/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R21 DK070722-02/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2008 Aug 21;454(7207):1000-4. doi: 10.1038/nature07221.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Section on Obesity and Hormone Action, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA. yu-hua.tseng@joslin.harvard.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18719589" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Schlagwort(e): 3T3-L1 Cells ; *Adipogenesis ; Adipose Tissue, Brown/*growth & development/*metabolism ; Adipose Tissue, White/growth & development ; Animals ; Bone Morphogenetic Protein 7 ; Bone Morphogenetic Proteins/*metabolism ; Cell Line ; *Energy Metabolism/genetics ; Male ; Mesenchymal Stromal Cells/cytology/physiology ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mice, Nude ; Mitochondria/physiology ; Thermogenesis ; Transforming Growth Factor beta/*metabolism ; p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 32
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    Crucial role for the Nalp3 inflammasome in the immunostimulatory properties of aluminium adjuvants (2008)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2008-05-23
    Beschreibung: Aluminium adjuvants, typically referred to as 'alum', are the most commonly used adjuvants in human and animal vaccines worldwide, yet the mechanism underlying the stimulation of the immune system by alum remains unknown. Toll-like receptors are critical in sensing infections and are therefore common targets of various adjuvants used in immunological studies. Although alum is known to induce the production of proinflammatory cytokines in vitro, it has been repeatedly demonstrated that alum does not require intact Toll-like receptor signalling to activate the immune system. Here we show that aluminium adjuvants activate an intracellular innate immune response system called the Nalp3 (also known as cryopyrin, CIAS1 or NLRP3) inflammasome. Production of the pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1beta and interleukin-18 by macrophages in response to alum in vitro required intact inflammasome signalling. Furthermore, in vivo, mice deficient in Nalp3, ASC (apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a caspase recruitment domain) or caspase-1 failed to mount a significant antibody response to an antigen administered with aluminium adjuvants, whereas the response to complete Freund's adjuvant remained intact. We identify the Nalp3 inflammasome as a crucial element in the adjuvant effect of aluminium adjuvants; in addition, we show that the innate inflammasome pathway can direct a humoral adaptive immune response. This is likely to affect how we design effective, but safe, adjuvants in the future.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Eisenbarth, Stephanie C -- Colegio, Oscar R -- O'Connor, William -- Sutterwala, Fayyaz S -- Flavell, Richard A -- K08 AI065517/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- T32 AR007016/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- England -- Nature. 2008 Jun 19;453(7198):1122-6. doi: 10.1038/nature06939. Epub 2008 May 21.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18496530" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Schlagwort(e): Adjuvants, Immunologic/chemistry/*pharmacology ; Alum Compounds/*pharmacology ; Animals ; Antibodies/immunology ; Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins ; Carrier Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Caspase 1/deficiency/metabolism ; Cell Death ; Cytoskeletal Proteins/deficiency/metabolism ; Enzyme Activation/drug effects ; Immunity, Innate/immunology ; Inflammation/chemically induced/*immunology ; Interleukin-18/biosynthesis/immunology ; Interleukin-1beta/biosynthesis/immunology/secretion ; Macrophages/drug effects/immunology/metabolism ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Potassium/metabolism ; T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/drug effects/immunology
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
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  • 33
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    LNA-mediated microRNA silencing in non-human primates (2008)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2008-03-28
    Beschreibung: microRNAs (miRNAs) are small regulatory RNAs that are important in development and disease and therefore represent a potential new class of targets for therapeutic intervention. Despite recent progress in silencing of miRNAs in rodents, the development of effective and safe approaches for sequence-specific antagonism of miRNAs in vivo remains a significant scientific and therapeutic challenge. Moreover, there are no reports of miRNA antagonism in primates. Here we show that the simple systemic delivery of a unconjugated, PBS-formulated locked-nucleic-acid-modified oligonucleotide (LNA-antimiR) effectively antagonizes the liver-expressed miR-122 in non-human primates. Acute administration by intravenous injections of 3 or 10 mg kg(-1) LNA-antimiR to African green monkeys resulted in uptake of the LNA-antimiR in the cytoplasm of primate hepatocytes and formation of stable heteroduplexes between the LNA-antimiR and miR-122. This was accompanied by depletion of mature miR-122 and dose-dependent lowering of plasma cholesterol. Efficient silencing of miR-122 was achieved in primates by three doses of 10 mg kg(-1) LNA-antimiR, leading to a long-lasting and reversible decrease in total plasma cholesterol without any evidence for LNA-associated toxicities or histopathological changes in the study animals. Our findings demonstrate the utility of systemically administered LNA-antimiRs in exploring miRNA function in rodents and primates, and support the potential of these compounds as a new class of therapeutics for disease-associated miRNAs.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Elmen, Joacim -- Lindow, Morten -- Schutz, Sylvia -- Lawrence, Matthew -- Petri, Andreas -- Obad, Susanna -- Lindholm, Marie -- Hedtjarn, Maj -- Hansen, Henrik Frydenlund -- Berger, Urs -- Gullans, Steven -- Kearney, Phil -- Sarnow, Peter -- Straarup, Ellen Marie -- Kauppinen, Sakari -- England -- Nature. 2008 Apr 17;452(7189):896-9. doi: 10.1038/nature06783. Epub 2008 Mar 26.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Santaris Pharma, Boge Alle 3, DK-2970 Horsholm, Denmark.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18368051" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Schlagwort(e): Animals ; Cercopithecus aethiops/*genetics ; Female ; *Gene Silencing ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; MicroRNAs/*genetics ; Oligonucleotides/administration & dosage/adverse effects/*genetics
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
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  • 34
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    Dendritic cell PAR1-S1P3 signalling couples coagulation and inflammation (2008)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2008-02-29
    Beschreibung: Defining critical points of modulation across heterogeneous clinical syndromes may provide insight into new therapeutic approaches. Coagulation initiated by the cytokine-receptor family member known as tissue factor is a hallmark of systemic inflammatory response syndromes in bacterial sepsis and viral haemorrhagic fevers, and anticoagulants can be effective in severe sepsis with disseminated intravascular coagulation. The precise mechanism coupling coagulation and inflammation remains unresolved. Here we show that protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR1) signalling sustains a lethal inflammatory response that can be interrupted by inhibition of either thrombin or PAR1 signalling. The sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) axis is a downstream component of PAR1 signalling, and by combining chemical and genetic probes for S1P receptor 3 (S1P3) we show a critical role for dendritic cell PAR1-S1P3 cross-talk in regulating amplification of inflammation in sepsis syndrome. Conversely, dendritic cells sustain escalated systemic coagulation and are the primary hub at which coagulation and inflammation intersect within the lymphatic compartment. Loss of dendritic cell PAR1-S1P3 signalling sequesters dendritic cells and inflammation into draining lymph nodes, and attenuates dissemination of interleukin-1beta to the lungs. Thus, activation of dendritic cells by coagulation in the lymphatics emerges as a previously unknown mechanism that promotes systemic inflammation and lethality in decompensated innate immune responses.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Niessen, Frank -- Schaffner, Florence -- Furlan-Freguia, Christian -- Pawlinski, Rafal -- Bhattacharjee, Gourab -- Chun, Jerold -- Derian, Claudia K -- Andrade-Gordon, Patricia -- Rosen, Hugh -- Ruf, Wolfram -- England -- Nature. 2008 Apr 3;452(7187):654-8. doi: 10.1038/nature06663. Epub 2008 Feb 27.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Immunology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18305483" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Schlagwort(e): Animals ; Blood Coagulation/*physiology ; Dendritic Cells/drug effects/immunology/*metabolism ; Inflammation/immunology/*metabolism ; Lymphatic System/immunology ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Phosphotransferases (Alcohol Group Acceptor)/deficiency/genetics/metabolism ; Receptor Cross-Talk/physiology ; Receptor, PAR-1/antagonists & inhibitors/deficiency/genetics/*metabolism ; Receptors, Lysosphingolipid/deficiency/genetics/*metabolism ; Sepsis/immunology/metabolism ; *Signal Transduction/drug effects
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
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  • 35
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    A key role for autophagy and the autophagy gene Atg16l1 in mouse and human intestinal Paneth cells (2008)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2008-10-14
    Beschreibung: Susceptibility to Crohn's disease, a complex inflammatory disease involving the small intestine, is controlled by over 30 loci. One Crohn's disease risk allele is in ATG16L1, a gene homologous to the essential yeast autophagy gene ATG16 (ref. 2). It is not known how ATG16L1 or autophagy contributes to intestinal biology or Crohn's disease pathogenesis. To address these questions, we generated and characterized mice that are hypomorphic for ATG16L1 protein expression, and validated conclusions on the basis of studies in these mice by analysing intestinal tissues that we collected from Crohn's disease patients carrying the Crohn's disease risk allele of ATG16L1. Here we show that ATG16L1 is a bona fide autophagy protein. Within the ileal epithelium, both ATG16L1 and a second essential autophagy protein ATG5 are selectively important for the biology of the Paneth cell, a specialized epithelial cell that functions in part by secretion of granule contents containing antimicrobial peptides and other proteins that alter the intestinal environment. ATG16L1- and ATG5-deficient Paneth cells exhibited notable abnormalities in the granule exocytosis pathway. In addition, transcriptional analysis revealed an unexpected gain of function specific to ATG16L1-deficient Paneth cells including increased expression of genes involved in peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) signalling and lipid metabolism, of acute phase reactants and of two adipocytokines, leptin and adiponectin, known to directly influence intestinal injury responses. Importantly, Crohn's disease patients homozygous for the ATG16L1 Crohn's disease risk allele displayed Paneth cell granule abnormalities similar to those observed in autophagy-protein-deficient mice and expressed increased levels of leptin protein. Thus, ATG16L1, and probably the process of autophagy, have a role within the intestinal epithelium of mice and Crohn's disease patients by selective effects on the cell biology and specialized regulatory properties of Paneth cells.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2695978/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2695978/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cadwell, Ken -- Liu, John Y -- Brown, Sarah L -- Miyoshi, Hiroyuki -- Loh, Joy -- Lennerz, Jochen K -- Kishi, Chieko -- Kc, Wumesh -- Carrero, Javier A -- Hunt, Steven -- Stone, Christian D -- Brunt, Elizabeth M -- Xavier, Ramnik J -- Sleckman, Barry P -- Li, Ellen -- Mizushima, Noboru -- Stappenbeck, Thaddeus S -- Virgin, Herbert W 4th -- AI062773/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- DK43351/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- P30 DK040561/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- P30 DK040561-13/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- P30 DK043351/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- P30 DK043351-18/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- P30 DK052574-09/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- P30 DK52574/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI062773/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI062773-01A1/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI062832/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI062832-04/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- T32 AR007279/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ -- T32 AR007279-30/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ -- T32 AR07279/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ -- U54 AI057160/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- U54 AI057160-010005/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- U54 AI057160-05S10018/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2008 Nov 13;456(7219):259-63. doi: 10.1038/nature07416. Epub 2008 Oct 5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri 63110, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18849966" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Schlagwort(e): Alleles ; Animals ; Autophagy/*genetics ; Carrier Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Cell Line ; Crohn Disease/genetics/pathology ; Exocytosis/genetics ; Homozygote ; Humans ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mutation ; Paneth Cells/*metabolism/pathology
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
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  • 36
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    Imbalance between pSmad3 and Notch induces CDK inhibitors in old muscle stem cells (2008)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2008-06-17
    Beschreibung: Adult skeletal muscle robustly regenerates throughout an organism's life, but as the muscle ages, its ability to repair diminishes and eventually fails. Previous work suggests that the regenerative potential of muscle stem cells (satellite cells) is not triggered in the old muscle because of a decline in Notch activation, and that it can be rejuvenated by forced local activation of Notch. Here we report that, in addition to the loss of Notch activation, old muscle produces excessive transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta (but not myostatin), which induces unusually high levels of TGF-beta pSmad3 in resident satellite cells and interferes with their regenerative capacity. Importantly, endogenous Notch and pSmad3 antagonize each other in the control of satellite-cell proliferation, such that activation of Notch blocks the TGF-beta-dependent upregulation of the cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors p15, p16, p21 and p27, whereas inhibition of Notch induces them. Furthermore, in muscle stem cells, Notch activity determines the binding of pSmad3 to the promoters of these negative regulators of cell-cycle progression. Attenuation of TGF-beta/pSmad3 in old, injured muscle restores regeneration to satellite cells in vivo. Thus a balance between endogenous pSmad3 and active Notch controls the regenerative competence of muscle stem cells, and deregulation of this balance in the old muscle microniche interferes with regeneration.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Carlson, Morgan E -- Hsu, Michael -- Conboy, Irina M -- R01 AG027252/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- R21 AG27892/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2008 Jul 24;454(7203):528-32. doi: 10.1038/nature07034. Epub 2008 Jun 15.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18552838" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Schlagwort(e): Animals ; Cell Proliferation ; Coculture Techniques ; Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Myoblasts, Skeletal/cytology/drug effects/*metabolism ; Myostatin ; Promoter Regions, Genetic/genetics ; Protein Binding ; Receptors, Notch/antagonists & inhibitors/*metabolism ; Satellite Cells, Skeletal Muscle/cytology/drug effects/metabolism ; Smad3 Protein/genetics/*metabolism ; Transforming Growth Factor beta/metabolism/pharmacology
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
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    Long-term haematopoietic reconstitution by Trp53-/-p16Ink4a-/-p19Arf-/- multipotent progenitors (2008)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2008-04-18
    Beschreibung: Haematopoiesis is maintained by a hierarchical system where haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) give rise to multipotent progenitors, which in turn differentiate into all types of mature blood cells. HSCs maintain themselves for the lifetime of the organism because of their ability to self-renew. However, multipotent progenitors lack the ability to self-renew, therefore their mitotic capacity and expansion potential are limited and they are destined to eventually stop proliferating after a finite number of cell divisions. The molecular mechanisms that limit the proliferation capacity of multipotent progenitors and other more mature progenitors are not fully understood. Here we show that bone marrow cells from mice deficient in three genes genetically downstream of Bmi1--p16Ink4a, p19Arf and Trp53 (triple mutant mice; p16Ink4a and p19Arf are alternative reading frames of the same gene (also called Cdkn2a) that encode different proteins)--have an approximately 10-fold increase in cells able to reconstitute the blood long term. This increase is associated with the acquisition of long-term reconstitution capacity by cells of the phenotype c-kit+Sca-1+Flt3+CD150-CD48-Lin-, which defines multipotent progenitors in wild-type mice. The pattern of triple mutant multipotent progenitor response to growth factors resembles that of wild-type multipotent progenitors but not wild-type HSCs. These results demonstrate that p16Ink4a/p19Arf and Trp53 have a central role in limiting the expansion potential of multipotent progenitors. These pathways are commonly repressed in cancer, suggesting a mechanism by which early progenitor cells could gain the ability to self-renew and become malignant with further oncogenic mutations.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Akala, Omobolaji O -- Park, In-Kyung -- Qian, Dalong -- Pihalja, Michael -- Becker, Michael W -- Clarke, Michael F -- England -- Nature. 2008 May 8;453(7192):228-32. doi: 10.1038/nature06869. Epub 2008 Apr 16.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Cellular and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, University of Michigan, 2966 Taubman Medical Library, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-0619, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18418377" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Schlagwort(e): Animals ; Cell Count ; Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16/*deficiency/genetics/metabolism ; *Genes, p16 ; Genes, p53/*genetics ; *Hematopoiesis ; Hematopoietic Stem Cells/*cytology/immunology/metabolism ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Multipotent Stem Cells/*cytology/immunology/metabolism ; Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/*deficiency/genetics/metabolism
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    Nuclear receptor corepressor and histone deacetylase 3 govern circadian metabolic physiology (2008)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2008-11-28
    Beschreibung: Rhythmic changes in histone acetylation at circadian clock genes suggest that temporal modulation of gene expression is regulated by chromatin modifications. Furthermore, recent studies demonstrate a critical relationship between circadian and metabolic physiology. The nuclear receptor corepressor 1 (Ncor1) functions as an activating subunit for the chromatin modifying enzyme histone deacetylase 3 (Hdac3). Lack of Ncor1 is incompatible with life, and hence it is unknown whether Ncor1, and particularly its regulation of Hdac3, is critical for adult mammalian physiology. Here we show that specific, genetic disruption of the Ncor1-Hdac3 interaction in mice causes aberrant regulation of clock genes and results in abnormal circadian behaviour. These mice are also leaner and more insulin-sensitive owing to increased energy expenditure. Unexpectedly, loss of a functional Ncor1-Hdac3 complex in vivo does not lead to sustained increases in known catabolic genes, but instead significantly alters the oscillatory patterns of several metabolic genes, demonstrating that circadian regulation of metabolism is critical for normal energy balance. These findings indicate that activation of Hdac3 by Ncor1 is a nodal point in the epigenetic regulation of circadian and metabolic physiology.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2742159/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2742159/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Alenghat, Theresa -- Meyers, Katherine -- Mullican, Shannon E -- Leitner, Kirstin -- Adeniji-Adele, Adetoun -- Avila, Jacqueline -- Bucan, Maja -- Ahima, Rexford S -- Kaestner, Klaus H -- Lazar, Mitchell A -- DK19525/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- DK43806/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- DK49210/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- DK50306/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R37 DK043806/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R37 DK043806-15/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R37 DK043806-16/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R37 DK043806-17/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2008 Dec 18;456(7224):997-1000. doi: 10.1038/nature07541. Epub 2008 Nov 26.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19037247" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Schlagwort(e): ARNTL Transcription Factors ; Amino Acid Substitution ; Animals ; Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factors/genetics ; Biological Clocks/genetics/physiology ; Cells, Cultured ; Circadian Rhythm/genetics/*physiology ; Diet ; Energy Metabolism/genetics/physiology ; Female ; Gene Expression Regulation ; Histone Deacetylases/genetics/*metabolism ; Liver/enzymology/metabolism ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Nuclear Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Nuclear Receptor Co-Repressor 1 ; Obesity/enzymology/genetics/metabolism ; Repressor Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism
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    Generation of a prostate from a single adult stem cell (2008)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2008-10-24
    Beschreibung: The existence of prostate stem cells (PSCs) was first postulated from the observation that normal prostate regeneration can occur after repeated cycles of androgen deprivation and replacement in rodents. Given the critical role of PSCs in maintaining prostate tissue integrity and their potential involvement in prostate tumorigenesis, it is important to define specific markers for normal PSCs. Several cell-surface markers have been reported to identify candidate PSCs, including stem cell antigen-1 (Sca-1, also known as Ly6a), CD133 (Prom1) and CD44 (refs 3-10). However, many non-PSCs in the mouse prostate also express these markers and thus identification of a more defined PSC population remains elusive. Here we identify CD117 (c-kit, stem cell factor receptor) as a new marker of a rare adult mouse PSC population, and demonstrate that a single stem cell defined by the phenotype Lin(-)Sca-1(+)CD133(+)CD44(+)CD117(+) can generate a prostate after transplantation in vivo. CD117 expression is predominantly localized to the region of the mouse prostate proximal to the urethra and is upregulated after castration-induced prostate involution-two characteristics consistent with that of a PSC marker. CD117(+) PSCs can generate functional, secretion-producing prostates when transplanted in vivo. Moreover, CD117(+) PSCs have long-term self-renewal capacity, as evidenced by serial isolation and transplantation in vivo. Our data establish that single cells in the adult mouse prostate with multipotent, self-renewal capacity are defined by a Lin(-)Sca-1(+)CD133(+)CD44(+)CD117(+) phenotype.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Leong, Kevin G -- Wang, Bu-Er -- Johnson, Leisa -- Gao, Wei-Qiang -- England -- Nature. 2008 Dec 11;456(7223):804-8. doi: 10.1038/nature07427. Epub 2008 Oct 22.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular Biology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18946470" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Schlagwort(e): Adult Stem Cells/metabolism/*physiology/*transplantation ; Animals ; Antigens, Surface/genetics ; Epithelium/metabolism ; Gene Expression Regulation ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Phenotype ; Prostate/*cytology/*growth & development/metabolism/secretion ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-kit/genetics ; *Stem Cell Transplantation
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    Hax1-mediated processing of HtrA2 by Parl allows survival of lymphocytes and neurons (2008)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2008-02-22
    Beschreibung: Cytokines affect a variety of cellular functions, including regulation of cell numbers by suppression of programmed cell death. Suppression of apoptosis requires receptor signalling through the activation of Janus kinases and the subsequent regulation of members of the B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) family. Here we demonstrate that a Bcl-2-family-related protein, Hax1, is required to suppress apoptosis in lymphocytes and neurons. Suppression requires the interaction of Hax1 with the mitochondrial proteases Parl (presenilin-associated, rhomboid-like) and HtrA2 (high-temperature-regulated A2, also known as Omi). These interactions allow Hax1 to present HtrA2 to Parl, and thereby facilitates the processing of HtrA2 to the active protease localized in the mitochondrial intermembrane space. In mouse lymphocytes, the presence of processed HtrA2 prevents the accumulation of mitochondrial-outer-membrane-associated activated Bax, an event that initiates apoptosis. Together, the results identify a previously unknown sequence of interactions involving a Bcl-2-family-related protein and mitochondrial proteases in the ability to resist the induction of apoptosis when cytokines are limiting.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Chao, Jyh-Rong -- Parganas, Evan -- Boyd, Kelli -- Hong, Cheol Yi -- Opferman, Joseph T -- Ihle, James N -- England -- Nature. 2008 Mar 6;452(7183):98-102. doi: 10.1038/nature06604. Epub 2008 Feb 20.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biochemistry, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18288109" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Schlagwort(e): Animals ; Apoptosis ; Cell Survival ; Genes, Lethal ; Lymphocytes/cytology/metabolism ; Metalloproteases/deficiency/*metabolism ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mice, Knockout ; Mitochondrial Proteins/chemistry/deficiency/*metabolism ; Neurons/cytology/metabolism ; Protein Binding ; *Protein Processing, Post-Translational ; Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Serine Endopeptidases/chemistry/*metabolism ; bcl-2-Associated X Protein/metabolism
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    The aryl hydrocarbon receptor links TH17-cell-mediated autoimmunity to environmental toxins (2008)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2008-03-26
    Beschreibung: The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) is a ligand-dependent transcription factor best known for mediating the toxicity of dioxin. Environmental factors are believed to contribute to the increased prevalence of autoimmune diseases, many of which are due to the activity of T(H)17 T cells, a new helper T-cell subset characterized by the production of the cytokine IL-17. Here we show that in the CD4+ T-cell lineage of mice AHR expression is restricted to the T(H)17 cell subset and its ligation results in the production of the T(H)17 cytokine interleukin (IL)-22. AHR is also expressed in human T(H)17 cells. Activation of AHR by a high-affinity ligand during T(H)17 cell development markedly increases the proportion of T(H)17 T cells and their production of cytokines. CD4+ T cells from AHR-deficient mice can develop T(H)17 cell responses, but when confronted with AHR ligand fail to produce IL-22 and do not show enhanced T(H)17 cell development. AHR activation during induction of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis causes accelerated onset and increased pathology in wild-type mice, but not AHR-deficient mice. AHR ligands may therefore represent co-factors in the development of autoimmune diseases.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Veldhoen, Marc -- Hirota, Keiji -- Westendorf, Astrid M -- Buer, Jan -- Dumoutier, Laure -- Renauld, Jean-Christophe -- Stockinger, Brigitta -- MC_U117512792/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- England -- Nature. 2008 May 1;453(7191):106-9. doi: 10.1038/nature06881. Epub 2008 Mar 23.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Molecular Immunology, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London NW71AA, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18362914" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Schlagwort(e): Animals ; Autoimmunity/*immunology ; Cell Differentiation ; Cells, Cultured ; Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/chemically induced/immunology ; *Environmental Exposure ; Environmental Pollutants/*immunology/toxicity ; Hazardous Substances/immunology ; Humans ; Interleukin-17/*metabolism ; Interleukins/biosynthesis ; Ligands ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Receptors, Aryl Hydrocarbon/deficiency/genetics/*metabolism ; T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/cytology/*immunology/*metabolism ; Transduction, Genetic
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    Switching on and off fear by distinct neuronal circuits (2008)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2008-07-11
    Beschreibung: Switching between exploratory and defensive behaviour is fundamental to survival of many animals, but how this transition is achieved by specific neuronal circuits is not known. Here, using the converse behavioural states of fear extinction and its context-dependent renewal as a model in mice, we show that bi-directional transitions between states of high and low fear are triggered by a rapid switch in the balance of activity between two distinct populations of basal amygdala neurons. These two populations are integrated into discrete neuronal circuits differentially connected with the hippocampus and the medial prefrontal cortex. Targeted and reversible neuronal inactivation of the basal amygdala prevents behavioural changes without affecting memory or expression of behaviour. Our findings indicate that switching between distinct behavioural states can be triggered by selective activation of specific neuronal circuits integrating sensory and contextual information. These observations provide a new framework for understanding context-dependent changes of fear behaviour.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Herry, Cyril -- Ciocchi, Stephane -- Senn, Verena -- Demmou, Lynda -- Muller, Christian -- Luthi, Andreas -- England -- Nature. 2008 Jul 31;454(7204):600-6. doi: 10.1038/nature07166. Epub 2008 Jul 9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Maulbeerstrasse 66, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland. cyril.herry@fmi.ch〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18615015" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Schlagwort(e): Amygdala/cytology/physiology ; Animals ; Conditioning (Psychology) ; Extinction, Psychological ; Fear/*physiology ; Freezing Reaction, Cataleptic/drug effects/physiology ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Models, Animal ; Muscimol/pharmacology ; Neural Pathways ; Neurons/classification/*physiology
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    Sox18 induces development of the lymphatic vasculature in mice (2008)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2008-10-22
    Beschreibung: The lymphatic system plays a key role in tissue fluid regulation and tumour metastasis, and lymphatic defects underlie many pathological states including lymphoedema, lymphangiectasia, lymphangioma and lymphatic dysplasia. However, the origins of the lymphatic system in the embryo, and the mechanisms that direct growth of the network of lymphatic vessels, remain unclear. Lymphatic vessels are thought to arise from endothelial precursor cells budding from the cardinal vein under the influence of the lymphatic hallmark gene Prox1 (prospero homeobox 1; ref. 4). Defects in the transcription factor gene SOX18 (SRY (sex determining region Y) box 18) cause lymphatic dysfunction in the human syndrome hypotrichosis-lymphoedema-telangiectasia, suggesting that Sox18 may also play a role in lymphatic development or function. Here we use molecular, cellular and genetic assays in mice to show that Sox18 acts as a molecular switch to induce differentiation of lymphatic endothelial cells. Sox18 is expressed in a subset of cardinal vein cells that later co-express Prox1 and migrate to form lymphatic vessels. Sox18 directly activates Prox1 transcription by binding to its proximal promoter. Overexpression of Sox18 in blood vascular endothelial cells induces them to express Prox1 and other lymphatic endothelial markers, while Sox18-null embryos show a complete blockade of lymphatic endothelial cell differentiation from the cardinal vein. Our findings demonstrate a critical role for Sox18 in developmental lymphangiogenesis, and suggest new avenues to investigate for therapeutic management of human lymphangiopathies.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Francois, Mathias -- Caprini, Andrea -- Hosking, Brett -- Orsenigo, Fabrizio -- Wilhelm, Dagmar -- Browne, Catherine -- Paavonen, Karri -- Karnezis, Tara -- Shayan, Ramin -- Downes, Meredith -- Davidson, Tara -- Tutt, Desmond -- Cheah, Kathryn S E -- Stacker, Steven A -- Muscat, George E O -- Achen, Marc G -- Dejana, Elisabetta -- Koopman, Peter -- England -- Nature. 2008 Dec 4;456(7222):643-7. doi: 10.1038/nature07391. Epub 2008 Oct 19.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18931657" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Schlagwort(e): Animals ; Biomarkers/analysis ; *Cell Differentiation ; Cell Movement ; Cells, Cultured ; Edema/genetics ; Endothelial Cells/cytology/metabolism ; Ephrin-B2/genetics ; Female ; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental ; Homeodomain Proteins/genetics ; Hypotrichosis/genetics ; Lymphangiogenesis ; Lymphatic Vessels/*cytology/*embryology/metabolism ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mice, Inbred CBA ; Promoter Regions, Genetic/genetics ; SOXF Transcription Factors/deficiency/genetics/*metabolism ; Telangiectasis/genetics ; Tumor Suppressor Proteins/genetics ; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-3/genetics ; Veins/cytology
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    Minimally invasive high-speed imaging of sarcomere contractile dynamics in mice and humans (2008)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2008-07-05
    Beschreibung: Sarcomeres are the basic contractile units of striated muscle. Our knowledge about sarcomere dynamics has primarily come from in vitro studies of muscle fibres and analysis of optical diffraction patterns obtained from living muscles. Both approaches involve highly invasive procedures and neither allows examination of individual sarcomeres in live subjects. Here we report direct visualization of individual sarcomeres and their dynamical length variations using minimally invasive optical microendoscopy to observe second-harmonic frequencies of light generated in the muscle fibres of live mice and humans. Using microendoscopes as small as 350 microm in diameter, we imaged individual sarcomeres in both passive and activated muscle. Our measurements permit in vivo characterization of sarcomere length changes that occur with alterations in body posture and visualization of local variations in sarcomere length not apparent in aggregate length determinations. High-speed data acquisition enabled observation of sarcomere contractile dynamics with millisecond-scale resolution. These experiments point the way to in vivo imaging studies demonstrating how sarcomere performance varies with physical conditioning and physiological state, as well as imaging diagnostics revealing how neuromuscular diseases affect contractile dynamics.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2826360/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2826360/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Llewellyn, Michael E -- Barretto, Robert P J -- Delp, Scott L -- Schnitzer, Mark J -- R01 NS050533/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R01 NS050533-01/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R01NS050533/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2008 Aug 7;454(7205):784-8. doi: 10.1038/nature07104. Epub 2008 Jul 6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Bio-X Program, James H. Clark Center for Biomedical Engineering & Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18600262" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Schlagwort(e): Animals ; Cell Survival ; Endoscopy/*methods ; Humans ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Movement/*physiology ; Muscle Contraction/*physiology ; Optics and Photonics ; Sarcomeres/*metabolism ; Time Factors
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    Myelomonocytic cell recruitment causes fatal CNS vascular injury during acute viral meningitis (2008)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2008-11-18
    Beschreibung: Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection of the mouse central nervous system (CNS) elicits fatal immunopathology through blood-brain barrier breakdown and convulsive seizures. Although lymphocytic-choriomeningitis-virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) are essential for disease, their mechanism of action is not known. To gain insights into disease pathogenesis, we observed the dynamics of immune cells in the meninges by two-photon microscopy. Here we report visualization of motile CTLs and massive secondary recruitment of pathogenic monocytes and neutrophils that were required for vascular leakage and acute lethality. CTLs expressed multiple chemoattractants capable of recruiting myelomonocytic cells. We conclude that a CD8(+) T-cell-dependent disorder can proceed in the absence of direct T-cell effector mechanisms and rely instead on CTL-recruited myelomonocytic cells.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2702264/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2702264/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kim, Jiyun V -- Kang, Silvia S -- Dustin, Michael L -- McGavern, Dorian B -- AI055037/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI070967-01/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- NS041219-06/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- NS061447-01/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI055037/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI055037-05/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2009 Jan 8;457(7226):191-5. doi: 10.1038/nature07591. Epub 2008 Nov 16.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Program in Molecular Pathogenesis, Helen L. and Martin S. Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine, Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19011611" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Schlagwort(e): Acute Disease ; Animals ; Blood-Brain Barrier/physiopathology ; Central Nervous System/*blood supply/immunology/*pathology/virology ; Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus/immunology/*pathogenicity ; Meninges/blood supply/immunology/pathology/virology ; Meningitis, Viral/*immunology/*pathology/physiopathology ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Monocytes/cytology/*immunology ; Neutrophil Infiltration ; Neutrophils/cytology/*immunology ; Seizures/immunology/pathology/physiopathology ; Stromal Cells/virology ; T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/cytology/immunology
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    Endochondral ossification is required for haematopoietic stem-cell niche formation (2008)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2008-12-17
    Beschreibung: Little is known about the formation of niches, local micro-environments required for stem-cell maintenance. Here we develop an in vivo assay for adult haematopoietic stem-cell (HSC) niche formation. With this assay, we identified a population of progenitor cells with surface markers CD45(-)Tie2(-)alpha(V)(+)CD105(+)Thy1.1(-) (CD105(+)Thy1(-)) that, when sorted from 15.5 days post-coitum fetal bones and transplanted under the adult mouse kidney capsule, could recruit host-derived blood vessels, produce donor-derived ectopic bones through a cartilage intermediate and generate a marrow cavity populated by host-derived long-term reconstituting HSC (LT-HSC). In contrast, CD45(-)Tie2(-)alpha(V)(+)CD105(+)Thy1(+) (CD105(+)Thy1(+)) fetal bone progenitors form bone that does not contain a marrow cavity. Suppressing expression of factors involved in endochondral ossification, such as osterix and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), inhibited niche generation. CD105(+)Thy1(-) progenitor populations derived from regions of the fetal mandible or calvaria that do not undergo endochondral ossification formed only bone without marrow in our assay. Collectively, our data implicate endochondral ossification, bone formation that proceeds through a cartilage intermediate, as a requirement for adult HSC niche formation.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2648141/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2648141/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Chan, Charles K F -- Chen, Ching-Cheng -- Luppen, Cynthia A -- Kim, Jae-Beom -- DeBoer, Anthony T -- Wei, Kevin -- Helms, Jill A -- Kuo, Calvin J -- Kraft, Daniel L -- Weissman, Irving L -- 1R01HL074267-01/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- 1R01NS052830-01/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- 2R01HL058770-08/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- 5K99HL087936-02/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- 5R01CA086065-09/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- K08-HL076335/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- K99 HL087936/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- K99 HL087936-01/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- K99 HL087936-02/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- R00 HL087936/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- R00 HL087936-03/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- R00 HL087936-04/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- R00 HL087936-05/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA086065/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA086065-09/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 HL058770/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- R01 HL058770-08/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2009 Jan 22;457(7228):490-4. doi: 10.1038/nature07547. Epub 2008 Dec 10.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Pathology, Developmental Biology and Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, California, USA. chazchan@stanford.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19078959" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Schlagwort(e): Animals ; Antigens, CD/metabolism ; Antigens, Thy-1/metabolism ; Cartilage/*cytology/embryology ; Choristoma ; Fetus/cytology ; Hematopoietic Stem Cells/*cytology/metabolism ; Mandible/cytology/embryology ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Osteogenesis/*physiology ; Skull/cytology/embryology ; Stem Cell Niche/*cytology/*physiology ; Transcription Factors/antagonists & inhibitors/metabolism ; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/antagonists & inhibitors/metabolism
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
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  • 47
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    Memory CD8 T-cell compartment grows in size with immunological experience (2008)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2008-11-14
    Beschreibung: Memory CD8 T cells, generated by natural pathogen exposure or intentional vaccination, protect the host against specific viral infections. It has long been proposed that the number of memory CD8 T cells in the host is inflexible, and that individual cells are constantly competing for limited space. Consequently, vaccines that introduce over-abundant quantities of memory CD8 T cells specific for an agent of interest could have catastrophic consequences for the host by displacing memory CD8 T cells specific for all previous infections. To test this paradigm, we developed a vaccination regimen in mice that introduced as many new long-lived memory CD8 T cells specific for a single vaccine antigen as there were memory CD8 T cells in the host before vaccination. Here we show that, in contrast to expectations, the size of the memory CD8 T-cell compartment doubled to accommodate these new cells, a change due solely to the addition of effector memory CD8 T cells. This increase did not affect the number of CD4 T cells, B cells or naive CD8 T cells, and pre-existing memory CD8 T cells specific for a previously encountered infection were largely preserved. Thus, the number of effector memory CD8 T cells in the mammalian host adapts according to immunological experience. Developing vaccines that abundantly introduce new memory CD8 T cells should not necessarily ablate pre-existing immunity to other infections.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Vezys, Vaiva -- Yates, Andrew -- Casey, Kerry A -- Lanier, Gibson -- Ahmed, Rafi -- Antia, Rustom -- Masopust, David -- AI30048/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2009 Jan 8;457(7226):196-9. doi: 10.1038/nature07486. Epub 2008 Nov 12.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Microbiology and Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19005468" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Schlagwort(e): Animals ; Antigens, CD44/metabolism ; B-Lymphocytes/cytology ; CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/cytology ; CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/*cytology/*immunology ; Cells, Cultured ; Immunodominant Epitopes/immunology ; Immunologic Memory/*immunology ; L-Selectin/metabolism ; *Lymphocyte Count ; Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus/immunology ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Vaccination ; Viral Vaccines/administration & dosage/immunology
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
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  • 48
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    Experience leaves a lasting structural trace in cortical circuits (2008)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2008-11-14
    Beschreibung: Sensory experiences exert a powerful influence on the function and future performance of neuronal circuits in the mammalian neocortex. Restructuring of synaptic connections is believed to be one mechanism by which cortical circuits store information about the sensory world. Excitatory synaptic structures, such as dendritic spines, are dynamic entities that remain sensitive to alteration of sensory input throughout life. It remains unclear, however, whether structural changes at the level of dendritic spines can outlast the original experience and thereby provide a morphological basis for long-term information storage. Here we follow spine dynamics on apical dendrites of pyramidal neurons in functionally defined regions of adult mouse visual cortex during plasticity of eye-specific responses induced by repeated closure of one eye (monocular deprivation). The first monocular deprivation episode doubled the rate of spine formation, thereby increasing spine density. This effect was specific to layer-5 cells located in binocular cortex, where most neurons increase their responsiveness to the non-deprived eye. Restoring binocular vision returned spine dynamics to baseline levels, but absolute spine density remained elevated and many monocular deprivation-induced spines persisted during this period of functional recovery. However, spine addition did not increase again when the same eye was closed for a second time. This absence of structural plasticity stands out against the robust changes of eye-specific responses that occur even faster after repeated deprivation. Thus, spines added during the first monocular deprivation experience may provide a structural basis for subsequent functional shifts. These results provide a strong link between functional plasticity and specific synaptic rearrangements, revealing a mechanism of how prior experiences could be stored in cortical circuits.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hofer, Sonja B -- Mrsic-Flogel, Thomas D -- Bonhoeffer, Tobias -- Hubener, Mark -- Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- England -- Nature. 2009 Jan 15;457(7227):313-7. doi: 10.1038/nature07487. Epub 2008 Nov 12.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19005470" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Schlagwort(e): Animals ; Dendrites/*physiology ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Models, Neurological ; Neural Pathways/*physiology ; Neuronal Plasticity/physiology ; Pyramidal Cells/*cytology ; Vision, Binocular/physiology ; Vision, Monocular/physiology ; Visual Cortex/*cytology/*physiology
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
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  • 49
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    Live-animal tracking of individual haematopoietic stem/progenitor cells in their niche (2008)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2008-12-05
    Beschreibung: Stem cells reside in a specialized, regulatory environment termed the niche that dictates how they generate, maintain and repair tissues. We have previously documented that transplanted haematopoietic stem and progenitor cell populations localize to subdomains of bone-marrow microvessels where the chemokine CXCL12 is particularly abundant. Using a combination of high-resolution confocal microscopy and two-photon video imaging of individual haematopoietic cells in the calvarium bone marrow of living mice over time, we examine the relationship of haematopoietic stem and progenitor cells to blood vessels, osteoblasts and endosteal surface as they home and engraft in irradiated and c-Kit-receptor-deficient recipient mice. Osteoblasts were enmeshed in microvessels and relative positioning of stem/progenitor cells within this complex tissue was nonrandom and dynamic. Both cell autonomous and non-autonomous factors influenced primitive cell localization. Different haematopoietic cell subsets localized to distinct locations according to the stage of differentiation. When physiological challenges drove either engraftment or expansion, bone-marrow stem/progenitor cells assumed positions in close proximity to bone and osteoblasts. Our analysis permits observing in real time, at a single cell level, processes that previously have been studied only by their long-term outcome at the organismal level.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2820276/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2820276/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lo Celso, Cristina -- Fleming, Heather E -- Wu, Juwell W -- Zhao, Cher X -- Miake-Lye, Sam -- Fujisaki, Joji -- Cote, Daniel -- Rowe, David W -- Lin, Charles P -- Scadden, David T -- R01 EY014106/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- R01 EY014106-05/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2009 Jan 1;457(7225):92-6. doi: 10.1038/nature07434. Epub 2008 Dec 3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19052546" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Schlagwort(e): Animals ; Blood Vessels/cytology ; Bone Marrow ; Cell Division ; Cell Separation ; Hematopoietic Stem Cells/*cytology ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Osteoblasts/cytology ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-kit/genetics/metabolism ; Skull/cytology ; Stem Cell Niche/*cytology
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 50
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    Myocardial infarction accelerates atherosclerosis (2012)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2012-07-06
    Beschreibung: During progression of atherosclerosis, myeloid cells destabilize lipid-rich plaques in the arterial wall and cause their rupture, thus triggering myocardial infarction and stroke. Survivors of acute coronary syndromes have a high risk of recurrent events for unknown reasons. Here we show that the systemic response to ischaemic injury aggravates chronic atherosclerosis. After myocardial infarction or stroke, Apoe-/- mice developed larger atherosclerotic lesions with a more advanced morphology. This disease acceleration persisted over many weeks and was associated with markedly increased monocyte recruitment. Seeking the source of surplus monocytes in plaques, we found that myocardial infarction liberated haematopoietic stem and progenitor cells from bone marrow niches via sympathetic nervous system signalling. The progenitors then seeded the spleen, yielding a sustained boost in monocyte production. These observations provide new mechanistic insight into atherogenesis and provide a novel therapeutic opportunity to mitigate disease progression.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3401326/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3401326/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Dutta, Partha -- Courties, Gabriel -- Wei, Ying -- Leuschner, Florian -- Gorbatov, Rostic -- Robbins, Clinton S -- Iwamoto, Yoshiko -- Thompson, Brian -- Carlson, Alicia L -- Heidt, Timo -- Majmudar, Maulik D -- Lasitschka, Felix -- Etzrodt, Martin -- Waterman, Peter -- Waring, Michael T -- Chicoine, Adam T -- van der Laan, Anja M -- Niessen, Hans W M -- Piek, Jan J -- Rubin, Barry B -- Butany, Jagdish -- Stone, James R -- Katus, Hugo A -- Murphy, Sabina A -- Morrow, David A -- Sabatine, Marc S -- Vinegoni, Claudio -- Moskowitz, Michael A -- Pittet, Mikael J -- Libby, Peter -- Lin, Charles P -- Swirski, Filip K -- Weissleder, Ralph -- Nahrendorf, Matthias -- P50-CA086355/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI084880/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 EB006432/EB/NIBIB NIH HHS/ -- R01 HL095612/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- R01 HL095629/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- R01 HL096576/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- R01-EB006432/EB/NIBIB NIH HHS/ -- R01-HL095629/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- R01-HL096576/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- T32 CA079443/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- T32-CA79443/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- England -- Nature. 2012 Jul 19;487(7407):325-9. doi: 10.1038/nature11260.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22763456" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Schlagwort(e): Animals ; Apolipoproteins E/genetics ; Atherosclerosis/*etiology/*pathology ; Hematopoietic Stem Cells/cytology ; Inflammation/complications ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Monocytes/cytology ; Myocardial Infarction/*complications/*pathology ; Spleen/cytology ; Stem Cells/cytology
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
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  • 51
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    IFITM3 restricts the morbidity and mortality associated with influenza (2012)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2012-03-27
    Beschreibung: The 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic showed the speed with which a novel respiratory virus can spread and the ability of a generally mild infection to induce severe morbidity and mortality in a subset of the population. Recent in vitro studies show that the interferon-inducible transmembrane (IFITM) protein family members potently restrict the replication of multiple pathogenic viruses. Both the magnitude and breadth of the IFITM proteins' in vitro effects suggest that they are critical for intrinsic resistance to such viruses, including influenza viruses. Using a knockout mouse model, we now test this hypothesis directly and find that IFITM3 is essential for defending the host against influenza A virus in vivo. Mice lacking Ifitm3 display fulminant viral pneumonia when challenged with a normally low-pathogenicity influenza virus, mirroring the destruction inflicted by the highly pathogenic 1918 'Spanish' influenza. Similar increased viral replication is seen in vitro, with protection rescued by the re-introduction of Ifitm3. To test the role of IFITM3 in human influenza virus infection, we assessed the IFITM3 alleles of individuals hospitalized with seasonal or pandemic influenza H1N1/09 viruses. We find that a statistically significant number of hospitalized subjects show enrichment for a minor IFITM3 allele (SNP rs12252-C) that alters a splice acceptor site, and functional assays show the minor CC genotype IFITM3 has reduced influenza virus restriction in vitro. Together these data reveal that the action of a single intrinsic immune effector, IFITM3, profoundly alters the course of influenza virus infection in mouse and humans.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3648786/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3648786/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Everitt, Aaron R -- Clare, Simon -- Pertel, Thomas -- John, Sinu P -- Wash, Rachael S -- Smith, Sarah E -- Chin, Christopher R -- Feeley, Eric M -- Sims, Jennifer S -- Adams, David J -- Wise, Helen M -- Kane, Leanne -- Goulding, David -- Digard, Paul -- Anttila, Verneri -- Baillie, J Kenneth -- Walsh, Tim S -- Hume, David A -- Palotie, Aarno -- Xue, Yali -- Colonna, Vincenza -- Tyler-Smith, Chris -- Dunning, Jake -- Gordon, Stephen B -- GenISIS Investigators -- MOSAIC Investigators -- Smyth, Rosalind L -- Openshaw, Peter J -- Dougan, Gordon -- Brass, Abraham L -- Kellam, Paul -- 090382/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 090382/Z/09/Z/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 090385/Z/09/Z/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 098051/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 13031/Cancer Research UK/United Kingdom -- DHCS/04/G121/68/Department of Health/United Kingdom -- G0600371/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- G0600511/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- G0800767/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- G0800777/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- G0802752/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- G0901697/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- G1000758/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- MC_G1001212/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- MC_U122785833/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- P30 DK043351/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI091786/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01AI091786/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- Chief Scientist Office/United Kingdom -- Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- England -- Nature. 2012 Mar 25;484(7395):519-23. doi: 10.1038/nature10921.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22446628" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Schlagwort(e): Alleles ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Cytokines/immunology ; England/epidemiology ; Gene Deletion ; Humans ; Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/classification/growth & development/pathogenicity ; Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/classification/growth & development/pathogenicity ; Influenza A virus/classification/growth & development/*pathogenicity ; Influenza B virus/classification/growth & development/pathogenicity ; Influenza, Human/complications/epidemiology/mortality/virology ; Leukocytes/immunology ; Lung/pathology/virology ; Membrane Proteins/chemistry/deficiency/genetics/*metabolism ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mice, Knockout ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Orthomyxoviridae Infections/complications/*mortality/pathology ; Pneumonia, Viral/etiology/pathology/prevention & control ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide/genetics ; RNA-Binding Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Scotland/epidemiology ; Virus Replication
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
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    Sustained translational repression by eIF2alpha-P mediates prion neurodegeneration (2012)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2012-05-25
    Beschreibung: The mechanisms leading to neuronal death in neurodegenerative disease are poorly understood. Many of these disorders, including Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and prion diseases, are associated with the accumulation of misfolded disease-specific proteins. The unfolded protein response is a protective cellular mechanism triggered by rising levels of misfolded proteins. One arm of this pathway results in the transient shutdown of protein translation, through phosphorylation of the alpha-subunit of eukaryotic translation initiation factor, eIF2. Activation of the unfolded protein response and/or increased eIF2alpha-P levels are seen in patients with Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and prion diseases, but how this links to neurodegeneration is unknown. Here we show that accumulation of prion protein during prion replication causes persistent translational repression of global protein synthesis by eIF2alpha-P, associated with synaptic failure and neuronal loss in prion-diseased mice. Further, we show that promoting translational recovery in hippocampi of prion-infected mice is neuroprotective. Overexpression of GADD34, a specific eIF2alpha-P phosphatase, as well as reduction of levels of prion protein by lentivirally mediated RNA interference, reduced eIF2alpha-P levels. As a result, both approaches restored vital translation rates during prion disease, rescuing synaptic deficits and neuronal loss, thereby significantly increasing survival. In contrast, salubrinal, an inhibitor of eIF2alpha-P dephosphorylation, increased eIF2alpha-P levels, exacerbating neurotoxicity and significantly reducing survival in prion-diseased mice. Given the prevalence of protein misfolding and activation of the unfolded protein response in several neurodegenerative diseases, our results suggest that manipulation of common pathways such as translational control, rather than disease-specific approaches, may lead to new therapies preventing synaptic failure and neuronal loss across the spectrum of these disorders.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3378208/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3378208/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Moreno, Julie A -- Radford, Helois -- Peretti, Diego -- Steinert, Joern R -- Verity, Nicholas -- Martin, Maria Guerra -- Halliday, Mark -- Morgan, Jason -- Dinsdale, David -- Ortori, Catherine A -- Barrett, David A -- Tsaytler, Pavel -- Bertolotti, Anne -- Willis, Anne E -- Bushell, Martin -- Mallucci, Giovanna R -- MC_U105185860/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- MC_U123160654/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- MC_U132692719/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- MC_UP_A600_1023/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- MC_UP_A600_1024/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- U.1051.02.011.00001.01 (85860)/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- England -- Nature. 2012 May 6;485(7399):507-11. doi: 10.1038/nature11058.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉MRC Toxicology Unit, Hodgkin Building, University of Leicester, Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22622579" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Schlagwort(e): Animals ; Cell Death/drug effects ; Cinnamates/pharmacology ; Eukaryotic Initiation Factor-2/analysis/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Hippocampus/cytology/metabolism/pathology ; Kaplan-Meier Estimate ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Neurodegenerative Diseases/etiology/*metabolism/pathology ; Neurons/drug effects/pathology ; Neuroprotective Agents ; Phosphoproteins/analysis/*metabolism ; Phosphorylation ; PrPSc Proteins/analysis/metabolism/toxicity ; Prion Diseases/pathology ; Prions/biosynthesis/genetics/*metabolism ; *Protein Biosynthesis/drug effects ; Protein Folding/drug effects ; Protein Phosphatase 1/genetics/metabolism ; Repressor Proteins/analysis/chemistry/*metabolism ; Synapses/drug effects/metabolism/pathology ; Synaptic Transmission/drug effects ; Thiourea/analogs & derivatives/pharmacology ; Unfolded Protein Response/physiology
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
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    Autistic-like social behaviour in Shank2-mutant mice improved by restoring NMDA receptor function (2012)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2012-06-16
    Beschreibung: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a group of conditions characterized by impaired social interaction and communication, and restricted and repetitive behaviours. ASD is a highly heritable disorder involving various genetic determinants. Shank2 (also known as ProSAP1) is a multi-domain scaffolding protein and signalling adaptor enriched at excitatory neuronal synapses, and mutations in the human SHANK2 gene have recently been associated with ASD and intellectual disability. Although ASD-associated genes are being increasingly identified and studied using various approaches, including mouse genetics, further efforts are required to delineate important causal mechanisms with the potential for therapeutic application. Here we show that Shank2-mutant (Shank2(-/-)) mice carrying a mutation identical to the ASD-associated microdeletion in the human SHANK2 gene exhibit ASD-like behaviours including reduced social interaction, reduced social communication by ultrasonic vocalizations, and repetitive jumping. These mice show a marked decrease in NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) glutamate receptor (NMDAR) function. Direct stimulation of NMDARs with D-cycloserine, a partial agonist of NMDARs, normalizes NMDAR function and improves social interaction in Shank2(-/-) mice. Furthermore, treatment of Shank2(-/-) mice with a positive allosteric modulator of metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5), which enhances NMDAR function via mGluR5 activation, also normalizes NMDAR function and markedly enhances social interaction. These results suggest that reduced NMDAR function may contribute to the development of ASD-like phenotypes in Shank2(-/-) mice, and mGluR modulation of NMDARs offers a potential strategy to treat ASD.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Won, Hyejung -- Lee, Hye-Ryeon -- Gee, Heon Yung -- Mah, Won -- Kim, Jae-Ick -- Lee, Jiseok -- Ha, Seungmin -- Chung, Changuk -- Jung, Eun Suk -- Cho, Yi Sul -- Park, Sae-Geun -- Lee, Jung-Soo -- Lee, Kyungmin -- Kim, Daesoo -- Bae, Yong Chul -- Kaang, Bong-Kiun -- Lee, Min Goo -- Kim, Eunjoon -- England -- Nature. 2012 Jun 13;486(7402):261-5. doi: 10.1038/nature11208.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, Daejeon 305-701, Korea.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22699620" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Schlagwort(e): Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/*genetics ; Animals ; Antimetabolites/pharmacology ; *Autistic Disorder/genetics/metabolism ; Behavior, Animal/*drug effects/physiology ; Benzamides/*pharmacology ; Cycloserine/*pharmacology ; Disease Models, Animal ; Female ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Nerve Tissue Proteins/*genetics ; Pyrazoles/*pharmacology ; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate/*agonists/*metabolism
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 54
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    The aged niche disrupts muscle stem cell quiescence (2012)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2012-10-02
    Beschreibung: The niche is a conserved regulator of stem cell quiescence and function. During ageing, stem cell function declines. To what extent and by what means age-related changes within the niche contribute to this phenomenon are unknown. Here we demonstrate that the aged muscle stem cell niche, the muscle fibre, expresses Fgf2 under homeostatic conditions, driving a subset of satellite cells to break quiescence and lose their self-renewing capacity. We show in mice that relatively dormant aged satellite cells robustly express sprouty 1 (Spry1), an inhibitor of fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signalling. Increasing FGF signalling in aged satellite cells under homeostatic conditions by removing Spry1 results in the loss of quiescence, satellite cell depletion and diminished regenerative capacity. Conversely, reducing niche-derived FGF activity through inhibition of Fgfr1 signalling or overexpression of Spry1 in satellite cells prevents their depletion. These experiments identify an age-dependent change in the stem cell niche that directly influences stem cell quiescence and function.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3605795/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3605795/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Chakkalakal, Joe V -- Jones, Kieran M -- Basson, M Albert -- Brack, Andrew S -- 091475/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- BB/F017626/1/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom -- R01 AR060868/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 AR061002/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ -- WT091475/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- England -- Nature. 2012 Oct 18;490(7420):355-60. doi: 10.1038/nature11438. Epub 2012 Sep 26.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center of Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23023126" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Schlagwort(e): Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing ; Aging/*physiology ; Animals ; Cell Aging ; Cell Count ; *Cell Cycle ; Cell Differentiation ; Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p27/metabolism ; Fibroblast Growth Factor 2/genetics/metabolism ; Flow Cytometry ; Homeostasis ; Membrane Proteins/metabolism ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Muscle Cells/*cytology ; Muscle, Skeletal/cytology ; PAX7 Transcription Factor/metabolism ; Phosphoproteins/metabolism ; Satellite Cells, Skeletal Muscle/*cytology/metabolism/transplantation ; Signal Transduction ; Stem Cell Niche/*physiology ; Time Factors
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Melanomas resist T-cell therapy through inflammation-induced reversible dedifferentiation (2012)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2012-10-12
    Beschreibung: Adoptive cell transfer therapies (ACTs) with cytotoxic T cells that target melanocytic antigens can achieve remissions in patients with metastatic melanomas, but tumours frequently relapse. Hypotheses explaining the acquired resistance to ACTs include the selection of antigen-deficient tumour cell variants and the induction of T-cell tolerance. However, the lack of appropriate experimental melanoma models has so far impeded clear insights into the underlying mechanisms. Here we establish an effective ACT protocol in a genetically engineered mouse melanoma model that recapitulates tumour regression, remission and relapse as seen in patients. We report the unexpected observation that melanomas acquire ACT resistance through an inflammation-induced reversible loss of melanocytic antigens. In serial transplantation experiments, melanoma cells switch between a differentiated and a dedifferentiated phenotype in response to T-cell-driven inflammatory stimuli. We identified the proinflammatory cytokine tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha as a crucial factor that directly caused reversible dedifferentiation of mouse and human melanoma cells. Tumour cells exposed to TNF-alpha were poorly recognized by T cells specific for melanocytic antigens, whereas recognition by T cells specific for non-melanocytic antigens was unaffected or even increased. Our results demonstrate that the phenotypic plasticity of melanoma cells in an inflammatory microenvironment contributes to tumour relapse after initially successful T-cell immunotherapy. On the basis of our work, we propose that future ACT protocols should simultaneously target melanocytic and non-melanocytic antigens to ensure broad recognition of both differentiated and dedifferentiated melanoma cells, and include strategies to sustain T-cell effector functions by blocking immune-inhibitory mechanisms in the tumour microenvironment.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Landsberg, Jennifer -- Kohlmeyer, Judith -- Renn, Marcel -- Bald, Tobias -- Rogava, Meri -- Cron, Mira -- Fatho, Martina -- Lennerz, Volker -- Wolfel, Thomas -- Holzel, Michael -- Tuting, Thomas -- England -- Nature. 2012 Oct 18;490(7420):412-6. doi: 10.1038/nature11538. Epub 2012 Oct 10.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory of Experimental Dermatology, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, University of Bonn, D-53105 Bonn, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23051752" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Schlagwort(e): Adoptive Transfer ; Animals ; *Cell Dedifferentiation ; Cell Differentiation ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Cell Proliferation/drug effects ; Disease Models, Animal ; Humans ; *Immunotherapy ; Inflammation/immunology/*pathology ; Melanoma/immunology/metabolism/*pathology/*therapy ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Neoplasm Transplantation ; T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/*immunology/*transplantation ; Tumor Microenvironment/immunology ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/immunology/pharmacology ; gp100 Melanoma Antigen/metabolism
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Nonlinear dendritic integration of sensory and motor input during an active sensing task (2012)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2012-11-13
    Beschreibung: Active dendrites provide neurons with powerful processing capabilities. However, little is known about the role of neuronal dendrites in behaviourally related circuit computations. Here we report that a novel global dendritic nonlinearity is involved in the integration of sensory and motor information within layer 5 pyramidal neurons during an active sensing behaviour. Layer 5 pyramidal neurons possess elaborate dendritic arborizations that receive functionally distinct inputs, each targeted to spatially separate regions. At the cellular level, coincident input from these segregated pathways initiates regenerative dendritic electrical events that produce bursts of action potential output and circuits featuring this powerful dendritic nonlinearity can implement computations based on input correlation. To examine this in vivo we recorded dendritic activity in layer 5 pyramidal neurons in the barrel cortex using two-photon calcium imaging in mice performing an object-localization task. Large-amplitude, global calcium signals were observed throughout the apical tuft dendrites when active touch occurred at particular object locations or whisker angles. Such global calcium signals are produced by dendritic plateau potentials that require both vibrissal sensory input and primary motor cortex activity. These data provide direct evidence of nonlinear dendritic processing of correlated sensory and motor information in the mammalian neocortex during active sensation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Xu, Ning-long -- Harnett, Mark T -- Williams, Stephen R -- Huber, Daniel -- O'Connor, Daniel H -- Svoboda, Karel -- Magee, Jeffrey C -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- England -- Nature. 2012 Dec 13;492(7428):247-51. doi: 10.1038/nature11601. Epub 2012 Nov 11.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Janelia Farm Research Campus, Ashburn, Virginia 20147, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23143335" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Schlagwort(e): Animals ; Behavior, Animal/*physiology ; Calcium/metabolism ; Dendrites/*physiology ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Motor Activity/*physiology ; Patch-Clamp Techniques ; Pyramidal Cells/physiology ; Sensation/*physiology ; Signal Transduction
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Resurrection of endogenous retroviruses in antibody-deficient mice (2012)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2012-10-30
    Beschreibung: The mammalian host has developed a long-standing symbiotic relationship with a considerable number of microbial species. These include the microbiota on environmental surfaces, such as the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts, and also endogenous retroviruses (ERVs), comprising a substantial fraction of the mammalian genome. The long-term consequences for the host of interactions with these microbial species can range from mutualism to parasitism and are not always completely understood. The potential effect of one microbial symbiont on another is even less clear. Here we study the control of ERVs in the commonly used C57BL/6 (B6) mouse strain, which lacks endogenous murine leukaemia viruses (MLVs) able to replicate in murine cells. We demonstrate the spontaneous emergence of fully infectious ecotropic MLV in B6 mice with a range of distinct immune deficiencies affecting antibody production. These recombinant retroviruses establish infection of immunodeficient mouse colonies, and ultimately result in retrovirus-induced lymphomas. Notably, ERV activation in immunodeficient mice is prevented in husbandry conditions associated with reduced or absent intestinal microbiota. Our results shed light onto a previously unappreciated role for immunity in the control of ERVs and provide a potential mechanistic link between immune activation by microbial triggers and a range of pathologies associated with ERVs, including cancer.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3511586/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3511586/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Young, George R -- Eksmond, Urszula -- Salcedo, Rosalba -- Alexopoulou, Lena -- Stoye, Jonathan P -- Kassiotis, George -- MC_U117512710/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- MC_U117581330/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- U.1175.02.005.00005(60891)/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- U.1175.02.006.00007(81330)/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- U117512710/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- U117581330/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- England -- Nature. 2012 Nov 29;491(7426):774-8. doi: 10.1038/nature11599. Epub 2012 Oct 24.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Immunoregulation, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, London NW7 1AA, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23103862" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Schlagwort(e): Animal Husbandry ; Animals ; Antibodies, Viral/*biosynthesis/immunology ; Cell Transformation, Viral ; Endogenous Retroviruses/genetics/growth & development/immunology/*physiology ; Female ; Immunocompromised Host/*immunology ; Leukemia/virology ; Leukemia Virus, Murine/genetics/growth & development/immunology/physiology ; Lymphoma/virology ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/deficiency/genetics ; Recombination, Genetic ; Viremia/immunology/virology ; *Virus Activation
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    PPAR-gamma is a major driver of the accumulation and phenotype of adipose tissue Treg cells (2012)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2012-06-23
    Beschreibung: Obesity and type-2 diabetes have increased markedly over the past few decades, in parallel. One of the major links between these two disorders is chronic, low-grade inflammation. Prolonged nutrient excess promotes the accumulation and activation of leukocytes in visceral adipose tissue (VAT) and ultimately other tissues, leading to metabolic abnormalities such as insulin resistance, type-2 diabetes and fatty-liver disease. Although invasion of VAT by pro-inflammatory macrophages is considered to be a key event driving adipose-tissue inflammation and insulin resistance, little is known about the roles of other immune system cell types in these processes. A unique population of VAT-resident regulatory T (Treg) cells was recently implicated in control of the inflammatory state of adipose tissue and, thereby, insulin sensitivity. Here we identify peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-gamma, the 'master regulator' of adipocyte differentiation, as a crucial molecular orchestrator of VAT Treg cell accumulation, phenotype and function. Unexpectedly, PPAR-gamma expression by VAT Treg cells was necessary for complete restoration of insulin sensitivity in obese mice by the thiazolidinedione drug pioglitazone. These findings suggest a previously unknown cellular mechanism for this important class of thiazolidinedione drugs, and provide proof-of-principle that discrete populations of Treg cells with unique functions can be precisely targeted to therapeutic ends.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3387339/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3387339/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cipolletta, Daniela -- Feuerer, Markus -- Li, Amy -- Kamei, Nozomu -- Lee, Jongsoon -- Shoelson, Steven E -- Benoist, Christophe -- Mathis, Diane -- DK092541/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- DK51729/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- P30DK36836/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R01 DK051729/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R01 DK092541/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R01 DK092541-02/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R37 DK051729/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- T32 GM007753/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2012 Jun 28;486(7404):549-53. doi: 10.1038/nature11132.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22722857" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Schlagwort(e): Adipose Tissue/*cytology/immunology/pathology ; Animals ; Cell Differentiation ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/drug therapy/metabolism/pathology ; Epididymis/cytology/immunology ; Forkhead Transcription Factors/metabolism ; Gene Expression ; Hypoglycemic Agents/pharmacology ; Inflammation/immunology/metabolism/pathology ; Insulin Resistance/physiology ; Lymphocyte Count ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mice, Obese ; Obesity/metabolism/pathology ; PPAR gamma/*metabolism ; Phenotype ; RNA, Messenger/genetics/metabolism ; T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/*cytology/drug effects/*metabolism ; Thiazolidinediones/pharmacology ; Transcription, Genetic
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
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    Autistic-like behaviour and cerebellar dysfunction in Purkinje cell Tsc1 mutant mice (2012)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2012-07-06
    Beschreibung: Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) are highly prevalent neurodevelopmental disorders, but the underlying pathogenesis remains poorly understood. Recent studies have implicated the cerebellum in these disorders, with post-mortem studies in ASD patients showing cerebellar Purkinje cell (PC) loss, and isolated cerebellar injury has been associated with a higher incidence of ASDs. However, the extent of cerebellar contribution to the pathogenesis of ASDs remains unclear. Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is a genetic disorder with high rates of comorbid ASDs that result from mutation of either TSC1 or TSC2, whose protein products dimerize and negatively regulate mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signalling. TSC is an intriguing model to investigate the cerebellar contribution to the underlying pathogenesis of ASDs, as recent studies in TSC patients demonstrate cerebellar pathology and correlate cerebellar pathology with increased ASD symptomatology. Functional imaging also shows that TSC patients with ASDs display hypermetabolism in deep cerebellar structures, compared to TSC patients without ASDs. However, the roles of Tsc1 and the sequelae of Tsc1 dysfunction in the cerebellum have not been investigated so far. Here we show that both heterozygous and homozygous loss of Tsc1 in mouse cerebellar PCs results in autistic-like behaviours, including abnormal social interaction, repetitive behaviour and vocalizations, in addition to decreased PC excitability. Treatment of mutant mice with the mTOR inhibitor, rapamycin, prevented the pathological and behavioural deficits. These findings demonstrate new roles for Tsc1 in PC function and define a molecular basis for a cerebellar contribution to cognitive disorders such as autism.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3615424/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3615424/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Tsai, Peter T -- Hull, Court -- Chu, YunXiang -- Greene-Colozzi, Emily -- Sadowski, Abbey R -- Leech, Jarrett M -- Steinberg, Jason -- Crawley, Jacqueline N -- Regehr, Wade G -- Sahin, Mustafa -- K12 NS079414/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- P30HD18655/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- R01 NS032405/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R01NS032405/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R01NS58956/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- T32 MH020017/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- T32 NS007473/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- Intramural NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2012 Aug 30;488(7413):647-51. doi: 10.1038/nature11310.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉The F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. peter.tsai@childrens.harvard.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22763451" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Schlagwort(e): Animals ; Autistic Disorder/complications/genetics/pathology/*physiopathology ; Behavior, Animal/drug effects ; Cell Count ; Cell Shape/drug effects ; Cerebellum/drug effects/pathology/*physiopathology ; Grooming/drug effects/physiology ; Heterozygote ; Maze Learning/drug effects/physiology ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mutation/genetics ; Purkinje Cells/drug effects/*metabolism ; Rotarod Performance Test ; Sirolimus/pharmacology ; Synapses/metabolism ; TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors/metabolism ; Tuberous Sclerosis/complications/genetics ; Tumor Suppressor Proteins/deficiency/*genetics/*metabolism ; Vocalization, Animal/drug effects/physiology
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
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    A FOXO3-IRF7 gene regulatory circuit limits inflammatory sequelae of antiviral responses (2012)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2012-09-18
    Beschreibung: Antiviral responses must be tightly regulated to defend rapidly against infection while minimizing inflammatory damage. Type 1 interferons (IFN-I) are crucial mediators of antiviral responses and their transcription is regulated by a variety of transcription factors; principal among these is the family of interferon regulatory factors (IRFs). The IRF gene regulatory networks are complex and contain multiple feedback loops. The tools of systems biology are well suited to elucidate the complex interactions that give rise to precise coordination of the interferon response. Here we have used an unbiased systems approach to predict that a member of the forkhead family of transcription factors, FOXO3, is a negative regulator of a subset of antiviral genes. This prediction was validated using macrophages isolated from Foxo3-null mice. Genome-wide location analysis combined with gene deletion studies identified the Irf7 gene as a critical target of FOXO3. FOXO3 was identified as a negative regulator of Irf7 transcription and we have further demonstrated that FOXO3, IRF7 and IFN-I form a coherent feed-forward regulatory circuit. Our data suggest that the FOXO3-IRF7 regulatory circuit represents a novel mechanism for establishing the requisite set points in the interferon pathway that balances the beneficial effects and deleterious sequelae of the antiviral response.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3556990/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3556990/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Litvak, Vladimir -- Ratushny, Alexander V -- Lampano, Aaron E -- Schmitz, Frank -- Huang, Albert C -- Raman, Ayush -- Rust, Alistair G -- Bergthaler, Andreas -- Aitchison, John D -- Aderem, Alan -- HHSN272200700038C/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- HHSN272200700038C/PHS HHS/ -- HHSN272200800058C/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- HSN272200800058C/PHS HHS/ -- R01 AI025032/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI032972/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01AI025032/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01AI032972/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- U19 AI100627/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- U54 GM103511/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- U54 RR022220/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- U54GM103511/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2012 Oct 18;490(7420):421-5. doi: 10.1038/nature11428. Epub 2012 Sep 16.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22982991" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Schlagwort(e): Animals ; Female ; Forkhead Transcription Factors/deficiency/genetics/*metabolism ; Gene Deletion ; Gene Expression Regulation/*immunology ; Inflammation/genetics/*immunology/*pathology ; Interferon Regulatory Factor-7/deficiency/genetics/*metabolism ; Interferon Type I/immunology ; Lung/immunology/pathology/virology ; Macrophages/immunology ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Reproducibility of Results ; Vesiculovirus/*immunology
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
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    Novel Foxo1-dependent transcriptional programs control T(reg) cell function (2012)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2012-11-09
    Beschreibung: Regulatory T (T(reg)) cells, characterized by expression of the transcription factor forkhead box P3 (Foxp3), maintain immune homeostasis by suppressing self-destructive immune responses. Foxp3 operates as a late-acting differentiation factor controlling T(reg) cell homeostasis and function, whereas the early T(reg)-cell-lineage commitment is regulated by the Akt kinase and the forkhead box O (Foxo) family of transcription factors. However, whether Foxo proteins act beyond the T(reg)-cell-commitment stage to control T(reg) cell homeostasis and function remains largely unexplored. Here we show that Foxo1 is a pivotal regulator of T(reg )cell function. T(reg) cells express high amounts of Foxo1 and display reduced T-cell-receptor-induced Akt activation, Foxo1 phosphorylation and Foxo1 nuclear exclusion. Mice with T(reg)-cell-specific deletion of Foxo1 develop a fatal inflammatory disorder similar in severity to that seen in Foxp3-deficient mice, but without the loss of T(reg) cells. Genome-wide analysis of Foxo1 binding sites reveals ~300 Foxo1-bound target genes, including the pro-inflammatory cytokine Ifng, that do not seem to be directly regulated by Foxp3. These findings show that the evolutionarily ancient Akt-Foxo1 signalling module controls a novel genetic program indispensable for T(reg) cell function.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3771531/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3771531/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ouyang, Weiming -- Liao, Will -- Luo, Chong T -- Yin, Na -- Huse, Morgan -- Kim, Myoungjoo V -- Peng, Min -- Chan, Pamela -- Ma, Qian -- Mo, Yifan -- Meijer, Dies -- Zhao, Keji -- Rudensky, Alexander Y -- Atwal, Gurinder -- Zhang, Michael Q -- Li, Ming O -- HG001696/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- R01 HG001696/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- England -- Nature. 2012 Nov 22;491(7425):554-9. doi: 10.1038/nature11581. Epub 2012 Nov 7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23135404" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Schlagwort(e): Animals ; Binding Sites ; Cell Nucleus/metabolism/pathology ; Female ; Forkhead Transcription Factors/*metabolism ; Gene Expression Regulation/genetics ; Genome/genetics ; Immune Tolerance/genetics/immunology ; Interferon-gamma/deficiency/genetics ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/metabolism ; Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology/metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/*immunology/*metabolism/pathology ; *Transcription, Genetic
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Multi-isotope imaging mass spectrometry reveals slow protein turnover in hair-cell stereocilia (2012)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2012-01-17
    Beschreibung: Hair cells of the inner ear are not normally replaced during an animal's life, and must continually renew components of their various organelles. Among these are the stereocilia, each with a core of several hundred actin filaments that arise from their apical surfaces and that bear the mechanotransduction apparatus at their tips. Actin turnover in stereocilia has previously been studied by transfecting neonatal rat hair cells in culture with a beta-actin-GFP fusion, and evidence was found that actin is replaced, from the top down, in 2-3 days. Overexpression of the actin-binding protein espin causes elongation of stereocilia within 12-24 hours, also suggesting rapid regulation of stereocilia lengths. Similarly, the mechanosensory 'tip links' are replaced in 5-10 hours after cleavage in chicken and mammalian hair cells. In contrast, turnover in chick stereocilia in vivo is much slower. It might be that only certain components of stereocilia turn over quickly, that rapid turnover occurs only in neonatal animals, only in culture, or only in response to a challenge like breakage or actin overexpression. Here we quantify protein turnover by feeding animals with a (15)N-labelled precursor amino acid and using multi-isotope imaging mass spectrometry to measure appearance of new protein. Surprisingly, in adult frogs and mice and in neonatal mice, in vivo and in vitro, the stereocilia were remarkably stable, incorporating newly synthesized protein at 〈10% per day. Only stereocilia tips had rapid turnover and no treadmilling was observed. Other methods confirmed this: in hair cells expressing beta-actin-GFP we bleached fiducial lines across hair bundles, but they did not move in 6 days. When we stopped expression of beta- or gamma-actin with tamoxifen-inducible recombination, neither actin isoform left the stereocilia, except at the tips. Thus, rapid turnover in stereocilia occurs only at the tips and not by a treadmilling process.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3267870/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3267870/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zhang, Duan-Sun -- Piazza, Valeria -- Perrin, Benjamin J -- Rzadzinska, Agnieszka K -- Poczatek, J Collin -- Wang, Mei -- Prosser, Haydn M -- Ervasti, James M -- Corey, David P -- Lechene, Claude P -- 2P41RR0112553-12/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- F32DC009539/DC/NIDCD NIH HHS/ -- P41EB001974/EB/NIBIB NIH HHS/ -- P41RR14579/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- R01 AR042423/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 AR042423-08/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 AR049899/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 DC000033/DC/NIDCD NIH HHS/ -- R01 DC002281/DC/NIDCD NIH HHS/ -- R01AR049899/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ -- R01D K58762/PHS HHS/ -- R01DC00033/DC/NIDCD NIH HHS/ -- R01DC02281/DC/NIDCD NIH HHS/ -- R01DC03463/DC/NIDCD NIH HHS/ -- R01DC04179/DC/NIDCD NIH HHS/ -- R01EY12963/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- R01GM47214/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R37DK39773/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- WT079643/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- England -- Nature. 2012 Jan 15;481(7382):520-4. doi: 10.1038/nature10745.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22246323" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Schlagwort(e): Actins/metabolism ; Animals ; Animals, Newborn ; Bleaching Agents ; Chickens ; Epithelium/drug effects/metabolism ; Fiducial Markers ; Hair Cells, Auditory, Inner/*cytology ; Homologous Recombination/drug effects ; Mass Spectrometry/*methods ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Proteins/*metabolism ; Rana catesbeiana ; Stereocilia/*metabolism ; Tamoxifen/pharmacology
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    The translational landscape of mTOR signalling steers cancer initiation and metastasis (2012)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2012-03-01
    Beschreibung: The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) kinase is a master regulator of protein synthesis that couples nutrient sensing to cell growth and cancer. However, the downstream translationally regulated nodes of gene expression that may direct cancer development are poorly characterized. Using ribosome profiling, we uncover specialized translation of the prostate cancer genome by oncogenic mTOR signalling, revealing a remarkably specific repertoire of genes involved in cell proliferation, metabolism and invasion. We extend these findings by functionally characterizing a class of translationally controlled pro-invasion messenger RNAs that we show direct prostate cancer invasion and metastasis downstream of oncogenic mTOR signalling. Furthermore, we develop a clinically relevant ATP site inhibitor of mTOR, INK128, which reprograms this gene expression signature with therapeutic benefit for prostate cancer metastasis, for which there is presently no cure. Together, these findings extend our understanding of how the 'cancerous' translation machinery steers specific cancer cell behaviours, including metastasis, and may be therapeutically targeted.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3663483/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3663483/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hsieh, Andrew C -- Liu, Yi -- Edlind, Merritt P -- Ingolia, Nicholas T -- Janes, Matthew R -- Sher, Annie -- Shi, Evan Y -- Stumpf, Craig R -- Christensen, Carly -- Bonham, Michael J -- Wang, Shunyou -- Ren, Pingda -- Martin, Michael -- Jessen, Katti -- Feldman, Morris E -- Weissman, Jonathan S -- Shokat, Kevan M -- Rommel, Christian -- Ruggero, Davide -- R01 CA140456/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA154916/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- England -- Nature. 2012 Feb 22;485(7396):55-61. doi: 10.1038/nature10912.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉School of Medicine and Department of Urology, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22367541" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Schlagwort(e): Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/metabolism ; Animals ; Benzoxazoles/pharmacology ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Cell Movement/drug effects/genetics ; Eukaryotic Initiation Factor-4E/metabolism ; Eukaryotic Initiation Factors/metabolism ; Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/drug effects/genetics ; Genome/genetics ; Humans ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Neoplasm Invasiveness/genetics ; *Neoplasm Metastasis/drug therapy/genetics ; Phosphoproteins/metabolism ; Prostatic Neoplasms/drug therapy/genetics/*pathology ; *Protein Biosynthesis ; Pyrimidines/pharmacology ; RNA, Messenger/genetics/metabolism ; Repressor Proteins/metabolism ; *Signal Transduction ; TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors/*metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Digitale ISSN: 1476-4687
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Automated design of ligands to polypharmacological profiles (2012)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2012-12-14
    Beschreibung: The clinical efficacy and safety of a drug is determined by its activity profile across many proteins in the proteome. However, designing drugs with a specific multi-target profile is both complex and difficult. Therefore methods to design drugs rationally a priori against profiles of several proteins would have immense value in drug discovery. Here we describe a new approach for the automated design of ligands against profiles of multiple drug targets. The method is demonstrated by the evolution of an approved acetylcholinesterase inhibitor drug into brain-penetrable ligands with either specific polypharmacology or exquisite selectivity profiles for G-protein-coupled receptors. Overall, 800 ligand-target predictions of prospectively designed ligands were tested experimentally, of which 75% were confirmed to be correct. We also demonstrate target engagement in vivo. The approach can be a useful source of drug leads when multi-target profiles are required to achieve either selectivity over other drug targets or a desired polypharmacology.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3653568/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3653568/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Besnard, Jeremy -- Ruda, Gian Filippo -- Setola, Vincent -- Abecassis, Keren -- Rodriguiz, Ramona M -- Huang, Xi-Ping -- Norval, Suzanne -- Sassano, Maria F -- Shin, Antony I -- Webster, Lauren A -- Simeons, Frederick R C -- Stojanovski, Laste -- Prat, Annik -- Seidah, Nabil G -- Constam, Daniel B -- Bickerton, G Richard -- Read, Kevin D -- Wetsel, William C -- Gilbert, Ian H -- Roth, Bryan L -- Hopkins, Andrew L -- 083481/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- BB/FOF/PF/15/09/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom -- BB/J010510/1/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom -- MH082441/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- R01 DA017204/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- R01 MH061887/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- U19 MH082441/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- WT 083481/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- England -- Nature. 2012 Dec 13;492(7428):215-20. doi: 10.1038/nature11691.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23235874" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Schlagwort(e): Animals ; Automation ; Drug Delivery Systems ; *Drug Design ; Female ; *Ligands ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Models, Theoretical ; Pharmacological Phenomena ; Reproducibility of Results
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Novel role of PKR in inflammasome activation and HMGB1 release (2012)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2012-07-18
    Beschreibung: The inflammasome regulates the release of caspase activation-dependent cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-18 and high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1). By studying HMGB1 release mechanisms, here we identify a role for double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase (PKR, also known as EIF2AK2) in inflammasome activation. Exposure of macrophages to inflammasome agonists induced PKR autophosphorylation. PKR inactivation by genetic deletion or pharmacological inhibition severely impaired inflammasome activation in response to double-stranded RNA, ATP, monosodium urate, adjuvant aluminium, rotenone, live Escherichia coli, anthrax lethal toxin, DNA transfection and Salmonella typhimurium infection. PKR deficiency significantly inhibited the secretion of IL-1beta, IL-18 and HMGB1 in E. coli-induced peritonitis. PKR physically interacts with several inflammasome components, including NOD-like receptor (NLR) family pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3), NLRP1, NLR family CARD domain-containing protein 4 (NLRC4), absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2), and broadly regulates inflammasome activation. PKR autophosphorylation in a cell-free system with recombinant NLRP3, apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD (ASC, also known as PYCARD) and pro-caspase-1 reconstitutes inflammasome activity. These results show a crucial role for PKR in inflammasome activation, and indicate that it should be possible to pharmacologically target this molecule to treat inflammation.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4163918/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4163918/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lu, Ben -- Nakamura, Takahisa -- Inouye, Karen -- Li, Jianhua -- Tang, Yiting -- Lundback, Peter -- Valdes-Ferrer, Sergio I -- Olofsson, Peder S -- Kalb, Thomas -- Roth, Jesse -- Zou, Yongrui -- Erlandsson-Harris, Helena -- Yang, Huan -- Ting, Jenny P-Y -- Wang, Haichao -- Andersson, Ulf -- Antoine, Daniel J -- Chavan, Sangeeta S -- Hotamisligil, Gokhan S -- Tracey, Kevin J -- DK052539/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- G0700654/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- R01 DK052539/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM057226/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM062508/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM62508/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2012 Aug 30;488(7413):670-4. doi: 10.1038/nature11290.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory of Biomedical Science, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, New York 11030, USA. blu@nshs.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22801494" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Schlagwort(e): Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/metabolism ; Adenosine Triphosphate/pharmacology ; Animals ; Antigens, Bacterial/pharmacology ; Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins/metabolism ; Bacterial Toxins/pharmacology ; CARD Signaling Adaptor Proteins/metabolism ; Calcium-Binding Proteins/metabolism ; Carrier Proteins/metabolism ; Cell Line ; Cells, Cultured ; Crystallins/metabolism ; Escherichia coli/immunology/physiology ; Escherichia coli Infections/immunology/metabolism ; Female ; HMGB1 Protein/blood/*secretion ; Humans ; Inflammasomes/agonists/*metabolism ; Interleukin-18/blood ; Interleukin-1beta/blood ; Interleukin-6/analysis/blood ; Macrophages, Peritoneal/drug effects/metabolism ; Male ; Membrane Proteins/metabolism ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Peritonitis/metabolism ; Phosphorylation ; RNA, Double-Stranded/immunology/pharmacology ; Rotenone/pharmacology ; Salmonella Infections/immunology/metabolism ; Salmonella typhimurium/immunology/physiology ; Transfection ; Uric Acid/pharmacology ; eIF-2 Kinase/antagonists & inhibitors/deficiency/genetics/*metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    APJ acts as a dual receptor in cardiac hypertrophy (2012)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2012-07-20
    Beschreibung: Cardiac hypertrophy is initiated as an adaptive response to sustained overload but progresses pathologically as heart failure ensues. Here we report that genetic loss of APJ, a G-protein-coupled receptor, confers resistance to chronic pressure overload by markedly reducing myocardial hypertrophy and heart failure. In contrast, mice lacking apelin (the endogenous APJ ligand) remain sensitive, suggesting an apelin-independent function of APJ. Freshly isolated APJ-null cardiomyocytes exhibit an attenuated response to stretch, indicating that APJ is a mechanosensor. Activation of APJ by stretch increases cardiomyocyte cell size and induces molecular markers of hypertrophy. Whereas apelin stimulates APJ to activate Galphai and elicits a protective response, stretch signals in an APJ-dependent, G-protein-independent fashion to induce hypertrophy. Stretch-mediated hypertrophy is prevented by knockdown of beta-arrestins or by pharmacological doses of apelin acting through Galphai. Taken together, our data indicate that APJ is a bifunctional receptor for both mechanical stretch and the endogenous peptide apelin. By sensing the balance between these stimuli, APJ occupies a pivotal point linking sustained overload to cardiomyocyte hypertrophy.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3422434/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3422434/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Scimia, Maria Cecilia -- Hurtado, Cecilia -- Ray, Saugata -- Metzler, Scott -- Wei, Ke -- Wang, Jianming -- Woods, Chris E -- Purcell, Nicole H -- Catalucci, Daniele -- Akasaka, Takeshi -- Bueno, Orlando F -- Vlasuk, George P -- Kaliman, Perla -- Bodmer, Rolf -- Smith, Layton H -- Ashley, Euan -- Mercola, Mark -- Brown, Joan Heller -- Ruiz-Lozano, Pilar -- NS05422/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- P01 HL085577/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- R01 HL054732/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- R01 HL086879/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- R01HL054732/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- R01HL083463/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- R01HL086879/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- R01HL28143/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- R37 HL028143/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- R37HL059502/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2012 Aug 16;488(7411):394-8. doi: 10.1038/nature11263.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22810587" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Schlagwort(e): Adipokines ; Animals ; Aorta/pathology ; Arrestins/deficiency/genetics/metabolism ; Blood Pressure ; Cardiomegaly/*metabolism/pathology/physiopathology/prevention & control ; Female ; GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, Gi-Go/metabolism ; Intercellular Signaling Peptides and ; Proteins/deficiency/genetics/metabolism/pharmacology ; Male ; Mechanoreceptors/metabolism ; Mechanotransduction, Cellular/drug effects/physiology ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mice, Knockout ; Myocytes, Cardiac/drug effects/pathology ; Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/agonists/deficiency/genetics/*metabolism ; Signal Transduction/drug effects
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
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    HVEM signalling at mucosal barriers provides host defence against pathogenic bacteria (2012)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2012-07-18
    Beschreibung: The herpes virus entry mediator (HVEM), a member of the tumour-necrosis factor receptor family, has diverse functions, augmenting or inhibiting the immune response. HVEM was recently reported as a colitis risk locus in patients, and in a mouse model of colitis we demonstrated an anti-inflammatory role for HVEM, but its mechanism of action in the mucosal immune system was unknown. Here we report an important role for epithelial HVEM in innate mucosal defence against pathogenic bacteria. HVEM enhances immune responses by NF-kappaB-inducing kinase-dependent Stat3 activation, which promotes the epithelial expression of genes important for immunity. During intestinal Citrobacter rodentium infection, a mouse model for enteropathogenic Escherichia coli infection, Hvem-/- mice showed decreased Stat3 activation, impaired responses in the colon, higher bacterial burdens and increased mortality. We identified the immunoglobulin superfamily molecule CD160 (refs 7 and 8), expressed predominantly by innate-like intraepithelial lymphocytes, as the ligand engaging epithelial HVEM for host protection. Likewise, in pulmonary Streptococcus pneumoniae infection, HVEM is also required for host defence. Our results pinpoint HVEM as an important orchestrator of mucosal immunity, integrating signals from innate lymphocytes to induce optimal epithelial Stat3 activation, which indicates that targeting HVEM with agonists could improve host defence.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3477500/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3477500/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Shui, Jr-Wen -- Larange, Alexandre -- Kim, Gisen -- Vela, Jose Luis -- Zahner, Sonja -- Cheroutre, Hilde -- Kronenberg, Mitchell -- F32 AI083029/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- F32 DK082249/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- F32-AI083029/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- F32-DK082249/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- P01 DK046763/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- P01 DK46763/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI050265/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI061516/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI064584/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01-AI061516/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2012 Aug 9;488(7410):222-5. doi: 10.1038/nature11242.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22801499" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Schlagwort(e): Animals ; Antigens, CD/immunology/metabolism ; Bacterial Load ; Cell Line ; Citrobacter rodentium/*immunology/*pathogenicity ; Disease Models, Animal ; Enterobacteriaceae Infections/immunology/microbiology ; Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli ; Epithelial Cells/immunology/metabolism ; Escherichia coli Infections ; GPI-Linked Proteins/immunology/metabolism ; Immunity, Mucosal/*immunology ; Intestines/immunology/microbiology ; Ligands ; Lung/immunology/microbiology ; Lymphocytes/immunology/metabolism ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mucous Membrane/*immunology/metabolism/*microbiology ; Pneumococcal Infections/immunology/microbiology ; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism ; Receptors, Immunologic/immunology/metabolism ; Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Member ; 14/deficiency/genetics/immunology/*metabolism ; STAT3 Transcription Factor/metabolism ; *Signal Transduction ; Streptococcus pneumoniae/immunology ; Survival Rate
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
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    Retinal waves coordinate patterned activity throughout the developing visual system (2012)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2012-10-13
    Beschreibung: The morphological and functional development of the vertebrate nervous system is initially governed by genetic factors and subsequently refined by neuronal activity. However, fundamental features of the nervous system emerge before sensory experience is possible. Thus, activity-dependent development occurring before the onset of experience must be driven by spontaneous activity, but the origin and nature of activity in vivo remains largely untested. Here we use optical methods to show in live neonatal mice that waves of spontaneous retinal activity are present and propagate throughout the entire visual system before eye opening. This patterned activity encompassed the visual field, relied on cholinergic neurotransmission, preferentially initiated in the binocular retina and exhibited spatiotemporal correlations between the two hemispheres. Retinal waves were the primary source of activity in the midbrain and primary visual cortex, but only modulated ongoing activity in secondary visual areas. Thus, spontaneous retinal activity is transmitted through the entire visual system and carries patterned information capable of guiding the activity-dependent development of complex intra- and inter-hemispheric circuits before the onset of vision.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3962269/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3962269/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ackman, James B -- Burbridge, Timothy J -- Crair, Michael C -- P30 EY000785/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- R01 EY015788/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- R01 EY023105/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- T15LM070506/LM/NLM NIH HHS/ -- T32 EY017353/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- T32 EY022312/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- T32 NS007224/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- T32NS007224/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2012 Oct 11;490(7419):219-25. doi: 10.1038/nature11529.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23060192" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Schlagwort(e): Animals ; Animals, Newborn ; Bicyclo Compounds, Heterocyclic/pharmacology ; Calcium/metabolism ; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental/drug effects ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Nicotinic Agonists/pharmacology ; Pyridines/pharmacology ; Retina/drug effects/growth & development ; Retinal Neurons/cytology/drug effects ; Visual Cortex/cytology/drug effects/*growth & development
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
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  • 69
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    Adenoma-linked barrier defects and microbial products drive IL-23/IL-17-mediated tumour growth (2012)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2012-10-05
    Beschreibung: Approximately 2% of colorectal cancer is linked to pre-existing inflammation known as colitis-associated cancer, but most develops in patients without underlying inflammatory bowel disease. Colorectal cancer often follows a genetic pathway whereby loss of the adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) tumour suppressor and activation of beta-catenin are followed by mutations in K-Ras, PIK3CA and TP53, as the tumour emerges and progresses. Curiously, however, 'inflammatory signature' genes characteristic of colitis-associated cancer are also upregulated in colorectal cancer. Further, like most solid tumours, colorectal cancer exhibits immune/inflammatory infiltrates, referred to as 'tumour-elicited inflammation'. Although infiltrating CD4(+) T(H)1 cells and CD8(+) cytotoxic T cells constitute a positive prognostic sign in colorectal cancer, myeloid cells and T-helper interleukin (IL)-17-producing (T(H)17) cells promote tumorigenesis, and a 'T(H)17 expression signature' in stage I/II colorectal cancer is associated with a drastic decrease in disease-free survival. Despite its pathogenic importance, the mechanisms responsible for the appearance of tumour-elicited inflammation are poorly understood. Many epithelial cancers develop proximally to microbial communities, which are physically separated from immune cells by an epithelial barrier. We investigated mechanisms responsible for tumour-elicited inflammation in a mouse model of colorectal tumorigenesis, which, like human colorectal cancer, exhibits upregulation of IL-23 and IL-17. Here we show that IL-23 signalling promotes tumour growth and progression, and development of a tumoural IL-17 response. IL-23 is mainly produced by tumour-associated myeloid cells that are likely to be activated by microbial products, which penetrate the tumours but not adjacent tissue. Both early and late colorectal neoplasms exhibit defective expression of several barrier proteins. We propose that barrier deterioration induced by colorectal-cancer-initiating genetic lesions results in adenoma invasion by microbial products that trigger tumour-elicited inflammation, which in turn drives tumour growth.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3601659/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3601659/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Grivennikov, Sergei I -- Wang, Kepeng -- Mucida, Daniel -- Stewart, C Andrew -- Schnabl, Bernd -- Jauch, Dominik -- Taniguchi, Koji -- Yu, Guann-Yi -- Osterreicher, Christoph H -- Hung, Kenneth E -- Datz, Christian -- Feng, Ying -- Fearon, Eric R -- Oukka, Mohamed -- Tessarollo, Lino -- Coppola, Vincenzo -- Yarovinsky, Felix -- Cheroutre, Hilde -- Eckmann, Lars -- Trinchieri, Giorgio -- Karin, Michael -- AI043477/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- DK035108/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- DK080506/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- K08 DK081830/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- K99 DK088589/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- K99-DK088589/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R01 AA020703/AA/NIAAA NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI043477/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI050265/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA082223/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01CA082223/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2012 Nov 8;491(7423):254-8. doi: 10.1038/nature11465.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0723, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23034650" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Schlagwort(e): Adenoma/genetics/immunology/*microbiology/*pathology ; Animals ; Bacteria/metabolism/pathogenicity ; Cell Division ; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/*pathology ; Colitis/complications ; Colorectal Neoplasms/genetics/immunology/*microbiology/*pathology ; Disease Models, Animal ; Disease-Free Survival ; Genes, APC ; Humans ; Inflammation/genetics/immunology/microbiology/pathology ; Interleukin-17/genetics/*immunology ; Interleukin-23/deficiency/genetics/*immunology ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Myeloid Cells/immunology/metabolism ; Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88/immunology/metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; Toll-Like Receptors/immunology/metabolism ; Tumor Microenvironment ; beta Catenin/metabolism
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
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  • 70
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    MEGF10 and MEGF11 mediate homotypic interactions required for mosaic spacing of retinal neurons (2012)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2012-03-13
    Beschreibung: In many parts of the nervous system, neuronal somata display orderly spatial arrangements. In the retina, neurons of numerous individual subtypes form regular arrays called mosaics: they are less likely to be near neighbours of the same subtype than would occur by chance, resulting in 'exclusion zones' that separate them. Mosaic arrangements provide a mechanism to distribute each cell type evenly across the retina, ensuring that all parts of the visual field have access to a full set of processing elements. Remarkably, mosaics are independent of each other: although a neuron of one subtype is unlikely to be adjacent to another of the same subtype, there is no restriction on its spatial relationship to neighbouring neurons of other subtypes. This independence has led to the hypothesis that molecular cues expressed by specific subtypes pattern mosaics by mediating homotypic (within-subtype) short-range repulsive interactions. So far, however, no molecules have been identified that show such activity, so this hypothesis remains untested. Here we demonstrate in mouse that two related transmembrane proteins, MEGF10 and MEGF11, have critical roles in the formation of mosaics by two retinal interneuron subtypes, starburst amacrine cells and horizontal cells. MEGF10 and 11 and their invertebrate relatives Caenorhabditis elegans CED-1 and Drosophila Draper have hitherto been studied primarily as receptors necessary for engulfment of debris following apoptosis or axonal injury. Our results demonstrate that members of this gene family can also serve as subtype-specific ligands that pattern neuronal arrays.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3310952/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3310952/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kay, Jeremy N -- Chu, Monica W -- Sanes, Joshua R -- EY022073/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- NS029169/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R01 EY022073/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- R01 NS029169/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R01 NS029169-20/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R01 NS029169-21/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R01 NS029169-22/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R37 NS029169/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2012 Mar 11;483(7390):465-9. doi: 10.1038/nature10877.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center for Brain Science and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, 52 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22407321" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Schlagwort(e): Amacrine Cells/*cytology/metabolism ; Animals ; Cell Adhesion ; Gene Expression Regulation ; HEK293 Cells ; Humans ; Ligands ; Membrane Proteins/deficiency/genetics/*metabolism ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mutation ; Photoreceptor Cells, Vertebrate/metabolism ; Retinal Horizontal Cells/*cytology/metabolism
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
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    An epigenetic silencing pathway controlling T helper 2 cell lineage commitment (2012)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2012-07-06
    Beschreibung: During immune responses, naive CD4+ T cells differentiate into several T helper (TH) cell subsets under the control of lineage-specifying genes. These subsets (TH1, TH2 and TH17 cells and regulatory T cells) secrete distinct cytokines and are involved in protection against different types of infection. Epigenetic mechanisms are involved in the regulation of these developmental programs, and correlations have been drawn between the levels of particular epigenetic marks and the activity or silencing of specifying genes during differentiation. Nevertheless, the functional relevance of the epigenetic pathways involved in TH cell subset differentiation and commitment is still unclear. Here we explore the role of the SUV39H1-H3K9me3-HP1alpha silencing pathway in the control of TH2 lineage stability. This pathway involves the histone methylase SUV39H1, which participates in the trimethylation of histone H3 on lysine 9 (H3K9me3), a modification that provides binding sites for heterochromatin protein 1alpha (HP1alpha) and promotes transcriptional silencing. This pathway was initially associated with heterochromatin formation and maintenance but can also contribute to the regulation of euchromatic genes. We now propose that the SUV39H1-H3K9me3-HP1alpha pathway participates in maintaining the silencing of TH1 loci, ensuring TH2 lineage stability. In TH2 cells that are deficient in SUV39H1, the ratio between trimethylated and acetylated H3K9 is impaired, and the binding of HP1alpha at the promoters of silenced TH1 genes is reduced. Despite showing normal differentiation, both SUV39H1-deficient TH2 cells and HP1alpha-deficient TH2 cells, in contrast to wild-type cells, expressed TH1 genes when recultured under conditions that drive differentiation into TH1 cells. In a mouse model of TH2-driven allergic asthma, the chemical inhibition or loss of SUV39H1 skewed T-cell responses towards TH1 responses and decreased the lung pathology. These results establish a link between the SUV39H1-H3K9me3-HP1alpha pathway and the stability of TH2 cells, and they identify potential targets for therapeutic intervention in TH2-cell-mediated inflammatory diseases.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Allan, Rhys S -- Zueva, Elina -- Cammas, Florence -- Schreiber, Heidi A -- Masson, Vanessa -- Belz, Gabrielle T -- Roche, Daniele -- Maison, Christele -- Quivy, Jean-Pierre -- Almouzni, Genevieve -- Amigorena, Sebastian -- England -- Nature. 2012 Jul 12;487(7406):249-53. doi: 10.1038/nature11173.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institut Curie Research Center, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75248 Paris Cedex 05, France.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22763435" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Schlagwort(e): Animals ; Asthma/enzymology/immunology/pathology ; Cell Differentiation/genetics/immunology ; Cell Lineage/genetics/immunology ; Chromosomal Proteins, Non-Histone/metabolism ; Disease Models, Animal ; *Epigenesis, Genetic ; Female ; Gene Expression Regulation ; Gene Silencing ; Histones/metabolism ; Male ; Methyltransferases/deficiency/metabolism ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Promoter Regions, Genetic ; Repressor Proteins/deficiency/metabolism ; Th1 Cells/metabolism ; Th2 Cells/*cytology/enzymology/*immunology
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
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    Visualization of splenic marginal zone B-cell shuttling and follicular B-cell egress (2012)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2012-12-25
    Beschreibung: The splenic marginal zone is a unique microenvironment where resident immune cells are exposed to the open blood circulation. Even though it has an important role in responses against blood-borne antigens, lymphocyte migration in the marginal zone has not been intravitally visualized due to challenges associated with achieving adequate imaging depth in this abdominal organ. Here we develop a two-photon microscopy procedure to study marginal zone and follicular B-cell movement in the live mouse spleen. We show that marginal zone B cells are highly motile and exhibit long membrane extensions. Marginal zone B cells shuttle between the marginal zone and follicles with at least one-fifth of the cells exchanging between compartments per hour, a behaviour that explains their ability to deliver antigens rapidly from the open blood circulation to the secluded follicles. Follicular B cells also transit from follicles to the marginal zone, but unlike marginal zone B cells, they fail to undergo integrin-mediated adhesion, become caught in fluid flow and are carried into the red pulp. Follicular B-cell egress via the marginal zone is sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor-1 (S1PR1)-dependent. This study shows that marginal zone B cells migrate continually between marginal zone and follicles and establishes the marginal zone as a site of S1PR1-dependent B-cell exit from follicles. The results also show how adhesive differences of similar cells critically influence their behaviour in the same microenvironment.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3561487/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3561487/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Arnon, Tal I -- Horton, Robert M -- Grigorova, Irina L -- Cyster, Jason G -- AI74847/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- P30 DK063720/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI074847/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- England -- Nature. 2013 Jan 31;493(7434):684-8. doi: 10.1038/nature11738. Epub 2012 Dec 23.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23263181" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Schlagwort(e): Animals ; B-Lymphocytes/*cytology/drug effects/immunology ; Cell Adhesion/immunology ; Cell Movement/drug effects/immunology ; Dendritic Cells, Follicular/cytology/immunology ; Fingolimod Hydrochloride ; Immunosuppressive Agents/pharmacology ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Microscopy, Confocal ; Propylene Glycols/pharmacology ; Sphingosine/analogs & derivatives/pharmacology ; Spleen/*cytology/immunology
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
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  • 73
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    Suppression of neuroinflammation by astrocytic dopamine D2 receptors via alphaB-crystallin (2012)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2012-12-18
    Beschreibung: Chronic neuroinflammation is a common feature of the ageing brain and some neurodegenerative disorders. However, the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the regulation of innate immunity in the central nervous system remain elusive. Here we show that the astrocytic dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2) modulates innate immunity through alphaB-crystallin (CRYAB), which is known to suppress neuroinflammation. We demonstrate that knockout mice lacking Drd2 showed remarkable inflammatory response in multiple central nervous system regions and increased the vulnerability of nigral dopaminergic neurons to neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced neurotoxicity. Astrocytes null for Drd2 became hyper-responsive to immune stimuli with a marked reduction in the level of CRYAB. Preferential ablation of Drd2 in astrocytes robustly activated astrocytes in the substantia nigra. Gain- or loss-of-function studies showed that CRYAB is critical for DRD2-mediated modulation of innate immune response in astrocytes. Furthermore, treatment of wild-type mice with the selective DRD2 agonist quinpirole increased resistance of the nigral dopaminergic neurons to MPTP through partial suppression of inflammation. Our study indicates that astrocytic DRD2 activation normally suppresses neuroinflammation in the central nervous system through a CRYAB-dependent mechanism, and provides a new strategy for targeting the astrocyte-mediated innate immune response in the central nervous system during ageing and disease.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Shao, Wei -- Zhang, Shu-zhen -- Tang, Mi -- Zhang, Xin-hua -- Zhou, Zheng -- Yin, Yan-qing -- Zhou, Qin-bo -- Huang, Yuan-yuan -- Liu, Ying-jun -- Wawrousek, Eric -- Chen, Teng -- Li, Sheng-bin -- Xu, Ming -- Zhou, Jiang-ning -- Hu, Gang -- Zhou, Jia-wei -- England -- Nature. 2013 Feb 7;494(7435):90-4. doi: 10.1038/nature11748. Epub 2012 Dec 16.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23242137" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Schlagwort(e): 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine/pharmacology ; Animals ; Astrocytes/drug effects/*immunology/*metabolism ; Dopaminergic Neurons/drug effects ; Immunity, Innate/drug effects ; Inflammation/chemically induced/genetics/*immunology/pathology ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Microglia/cytology/immunology ; Neuroprotective Agents/metabolism ; Quinpirole/pharmacology ; Receptors, Dopamine D2/agonists/deficiency/genetics/*metabolism ; Substantia Nigra/cytology/drug effects ; alpha-Crystallin B Chain/genetics/*metabolism
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
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  • 74
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    Inhibition dominates sensory responses in the awake cortex (2012)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2012-11-23
    Beschreibung: The activity of the cerebral cortex is thought to depend on the precise relationship between synaptic excitation and inhibition. In the visual cortex, in particular, intracellular measurements have related response selectivity to coordinated increases in excitation and inhibition. These measurements, however, have all been made during anaesthesia, which strongly influences cortical state and therefore sensory processing. The synaptic activity that is evoked by visual stimulation during wakefulness is unknown. Here we measured visually evoked responses--and the underlying synaptic conductances--in the visual cortex of anaesthetized and awake mice. Under anaesthesia, responses could be elicited from a large region of visual space and were prolonged. During wakefulness, responses were more spatially selective and much briefer. Whole-cell patch-clamp recordings of synaptic conductances showed a difference in synaptic inhibition between the two conditions. Under anaesthesia, inhibition tracked excitation in amplitude and spatial selectivity. By contrast, during wakefulness, inhibition was much stronger than excitation and had extremely broad spatial selectivity. We conclude that during wakefulness, cortical responses to visual stimulation are dominated by synaptic inhibition, restricting the spatial spread and temporal persistence of neural activity. These results provide a direct glimpse of synaptic mechanisms that control sensory responses in the awake cortex.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3537822/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3537822/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Haider, Bilal -- Hausser, Michael -- Carandini, Matteo -- 094077/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 095669/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- G0800791/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- England -- Nature. 2013 Jan 3;493(7430):97-100. doi: 10.1038/nature11665. Epub 2012 Nov 21.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK. b.haider@ucl.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23172139" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Schlagwort(e): Anesthesia ; Animals ; Female ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Models, Neurological ; Neural Inhibition/*physiology ; Patch-Clamp Techniques ; Photic Stimulation ; Synapses/metabolism ; Synaptic Transmission ; Time Factors ; Visual Cortex/*physiology ; Wakefulness/*physiology
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Digitale ISSN: 1476-4687
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
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    Regulation of circadian behaviour and metabolism by synthetic REV-ERB agonists (2012)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2012-03-31
    Beschreibung: Synchronizing rhythms of behaviour and metabolic processes is important for cardiovascular health and preventing metabolic diseases. The nuclear receptors REV-ERB-alpha and REV-ERB-beta have an integral role in regulating the expression of core clock proteins driving rhythms in activity and metabolism. Here we describe the identification of potent synthetic REV-ERB agonists with in vivo activity. Administration of synthetic REV-ERB ligands alters circadian behaviour and the circadian pattern of core clock gene expression in the hypothalami of mice. The circadian pattern of expression of an array of metabolic genes in the liver, skeletal muscle and adipose tissue was also altered, resulting in increased energy expenditure. Treatment of diet-induced obese mice with a REV-ERB agonist decreased obesity by reducing fat mass and markedly improving dyslipidaemia and hyperglycaemia. These results indicate that synthetic REV-ERB ligands that pharmacologically target the circadian rhythm may be beneficial in the treatment of sleep disorders as well as metabolic diseases.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3343186/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3343186/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Solt, Laura A -- Wang, Yongjun -- Banerjee, Subhashis -- Hughes, Travis -- Kojetin, Douglas J -- Lundasen, Thomas -- Shin, Youseung -- Liu, Jin -- Cameron, Michael D -- Noel, Romain -- Yoo, Seung-Hee -- Takahashi, Joseph S -- Butler, Andrew A -- Kamenecka, Theodore M -- Burris, Thomas P -- DK080201/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- DK088499/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- DK089984/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- MH092769/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- R01 DK073189/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R01 DK080201/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R01 DK080201-05/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R01 MH092769/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- R01 MH092769-02/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- R01 MH093429/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- R01 MH093429-01A1/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- England -- Nature. 2012 Mar 29;485(7396):62-8. doi: 10.1038/nature11030.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22460951" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Schlagwort(e): Adipose Tissue/drug effects/metabolism ; Animals ; Biological Clocks/drug effects/genetics/physiology ; Circadian Rhythm/*drug effects/genetics/*physiology ; Disease Models, Animal ; Energy Metabolism/*drug effects ; HEK293 Cells ; Humans ; Hypothalamus/drug effects/metabolism ; Liver/drug effects/metabolism ; Metabolome/drug effects ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Muscle, Skeletal/drug effects/metabolism ; Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group D, Member 1/*antagonists & ; inhibitors/metabolism ; Obesity/chemically induced/drug therapy/metabolism ; Pyrrolidines/*pharmacology ; Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/*antagonists & inhibitors/metabolism ; Repressor Proteins/*antagonists & inhibitors/metabolism ; Thiophenes/*pharmacology
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
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    A biophysical signature of network affiliation and sensory processing in mitral cells (2012)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2012-07-24
    Beschreibung: One defining characteristic of the mammalian brain is its neuronal diversity. For a given region, substructure, layer or even cell type, variability in neuronal morphology and connectivity persists. Although it is well known that such cellular properties vary considerably according to neuronal type, the substantial biophysical diversity of neurons of the same morphological class is typically averaged out and ignored. Here we show that the amplitude of hyperpolarization-evoked sag of membrane potential recorded in olfactory bulb mitral cells is an emergent, homotypic property of local networks and sensory information processing. Simultaneous whole-cell recordings from pairs of cells show that the amount of hyperpolarization-evoked sag potential and current (Ih) is stereotypic for mitral cells belonging to the same glomerular circuit. This is corroborated by a mosaic, glomerulus-based pattern of expression of the HCN2 (hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated channel 2) subunit of the Ih channel. Furthermore, inter-glomerular differences in both membrane potential sag and HCN2 protein are diminished when sensory input to glomeruli is genetically and globally altered so that only one type of odorant receptor is universally expressed. Population diversity in this intrinsic property therefore reflects differential expression between local mitral cell networks processing distinct odour-related information.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3442227/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3442227/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Angelo, Kamilla -- Rancz, Ede A -- Pimentel, Diogo -- Hundahl, Christian -- Hannibal, Jens -- Fleischmann, Alexander -- Pichler, Bruno -- Margrie, Troy W -- 085509/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- MC_U117597156/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- MC_U1175975156/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- U.9500(97156)/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- England -- Nature. 2012 Aug 16;488(7411):375-8. doi: 10.1038/nature11291.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22820253" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Schlagwort(e): Animals ; Female ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Hyperpolarization-Activated Cyclic Nucleotide-Gated Channels ; Ion Channels/metabolism ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mice, Transgenic ; Models, Neurological ; Nerve Net/*physiology ; Olfactory Bulb/*cytology/*physiology ; Potassium Channels ; Receptors, Odorant/metabolism ; Smell/*physiology
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Targeting nuclear RNA for in vivo correction of myotonic dystrophy (2012)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2012-08-04
    Beschreibung: Antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) hold promise for gene-specific knockdown in diseases that involve RNA or protein gain-of-function effects. In the hereditary degenerative disease myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1), transcripts from the mutant allele contain an expanded CUG repeat and are retained in the nucleus. The mutant RNA exerts a toxic gain-of-function effect, making it an appropriate target for therapeutic ASOs. However, despite improvements in ASO chemistry and design, systemic use of ASOs is limited because uptake in many tissues, including skeletal and cardiac muscle, is not sufficient to silence target messenger RNAs. Here we show that nuclear-retained transcripts containing expanded CUG (CUG(exp)) repeats are unusually sensitive to antisense silencing. In a transgenic mouse model of DM1, systemic administration of ASOs caused a rapid knockdown of CUG(exp) RNA in skeletal muscle, correcting the physiological, histopathologic and transcriptomic features of the disease. The effect was sustained for up to 1 year after treatment was discontinued. Systemically administered ASOs were also effective for muscle knockdown of Malat1, a long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) that is retained in the nucleus. These results provide a general strategy to correct RNA gain-of-function effects and to modulate the expression of expanded repeats, lncRNAs and other transcripts with prolonged nuclear residence.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4221572/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4221572/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wheeler, Thurman M -- Leger, Andrew J -- Pandey, Sanjay K -- MacLeod, A Robert -- Nakamori, Masayuki -- Cheng, Seng H -- Wentworth, Bruce M -- Bennett, C Frank -- Thornton, Charles A -- AR/NS48143/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ -- AR049077/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ -- K08 NS064293/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- K08NS064293/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- U01NS072323/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- U54 NS048843/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- U54NS48843/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2012 Aug 2;488(7409):111-5. doi: 10.1038/nature11362.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Neurology, University of Rochester, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, New York 14642, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22859208" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Schlagwort(e): Alleles ; Animals ; Base Sequence ; Cell Nucleus/drug effects/*genetics ; Disease Models, Animal ; Gene Knockdown Techniques ; *Gene Silencing ; Humans ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mice, Inbred mdx ; Mice, Transgenic ; Muscle, Skeletal/drug effects/metabolism ; Myotonic Dystrophy/*genetics/pathology/physiopathology/*therapy ; Myotonin-Protein Kinase ; Oligonucleotides, Antisense/genetics/pharmacology/therapeutic use ; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases/genetics ; RNA/*antagonists & inhibitors/*genetics/metabolism ; RNA, Long Noncoding ; RNA, Messenger/antagonists & inhibitors/genetics/metabolism ; RNA, Untranslated/genetics ; Ribonuclease H/metabolism ; Transcriptome/drug effects/genetics ; Trinucleotide Repeat Expansion/genetics
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
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    An ultraviolet-radiation-independent pathway to melanoma carcinogenesis in the red hair/fair skin background (2012)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2012-11-06
    Beschreibung: People with pale skin, red hair, freckles and an inability to tan--the 'red hair/fair skin' phenotype--are at highest risk of developing melanoma, compared to all other pigmentation types. Genetically, this phenotype is frequently the product of inactivating polymorphisms in the melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) gene. MC1R encodes a cyclic AMP-stimulating G-protein-coupled receptor that controls pigment production. Minimal receptor activity, as in red hair/fair skin polymorphisms, produces the red/yellow pheomelanin pigment, whereas increasing MC1R activity stimulates the production of black/brown eumelanin. Pheomelanin has weak shielding capacity against ultraviolet radiation relative to eumelanin, and has been shown to amplify ultraviolet-A-induced reactive oxygen species. Several observations, however, complicate the assumption that melanoma risk is completely ultraviolet-radiation-dependent. For example, unlike non-melanoma skin cancers, melanoma is not restricted to sun-exposed skin and ultraviolet radiation signature mutations are infrequently oncogenic drivers. Although linkage of melanoma risk to ultraviolet radiation exposure is beyond doubt, ultraviolet-radiation-independent events are likely to have a significant role. Here we introduce a conditional, melanocyte-targeted allele of the most common melanoma oncoprotein, BRAF(V600E), into mice carrying an inactivating mutation in the Mc1r gene (these mice have a phenotype analogous to red hair/fair skin humans). We observed a high incidence of invasive melanomas without providing additional gene aberrations or ultraviolet radiation exposure. To investigate the mechanism of ultraviolet-radiation-independent carcinogenesis, we introduced an albino allele, which ablates all pigment production on the Mc1r(e/e) background. Selective absence of pheomelanin synthesis was protective against melanoma development. In addition, normal Mc1r(e/e) mouse skin was found to have significantly greater oxidative DNA and lipid damage than albino-Mc1r(e/e) mouse skin. These data suggest that the pheomelanin pigment pathway produces ultraviolet-radiation-independent carcinogenic contributions to melanomagenesis by a mechanism of oxidative damage. Although protection from ultraviolet radiation remains important, additional strategies may be required for optimal melanoma prevention.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3521494/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3521494/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mitra, Devarati -- Luo, Xi -- Morgan, Ann -- Wang, Jin -- Hoang, Mai P -- Lo, Jennifer -- Guerrero, Candace R -- Lennerz, Jochen K -- Mihm, Martin C -- Wargo, Jennifer A -- Robinson, Kathleen C -- Devi, Suprabha P -- Vanover, Jillian C -- D'Orazio, John A -- McMahon, Martin -- Bosenberg, Marcus W -- Haigis, Kevin M -- Haber, Daniel A -- Wang, Yinsheng -- Fisher, David E -- 5R01 AR043369-16/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ -- F30 ES020663-01/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/ -- R01 AR043369/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA101864/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA129933/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA131075/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA176839/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01-CA101864/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- T32 GM007753/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2012 Nov 15;491(7424):449-53. doi: 10.1038/nature11624. Epub 2012 Oct 31.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23123854" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Schlagwort(e): Animals ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Cell Proliferation/drug effects ; Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects ; Hair Color/*genetics ; Indoles/pharmacology ; Melanins/metabolism ; Melanoma/*genetics ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Monophenol Monooxygenase/genetics ; Peroxidases/metabolism ; Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacology ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins B-raf/genetics ; Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 1/genetics ; Skin Pigmentation/*genetics ; Sulfonamides/pharmacology ; Survival Analysis ; Tumor Cells, Cultured ; *Ultraviolet Rays
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
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    Generalized Levy walks and the role of chemokines in migration of effector CD8+ T cells (2012)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2012-06-23
    Beschreibung: Chemokines have a central role in regulating processes essential to the immune function of T cells, such as their migration within lymphoid tissues and targeting of pathogens in sites of inflammation. Here we track T cells using multi-photon microscopy to demonstrate that the chemokine CXCL10 enhances the ability of CD8+ T cells to control the pathogen Toxoplasma gondii in the brains of chronically infected mice. This chemokine boosts T-cell function in two different ways: it maintains the effector T-cell population in the brain and speeds up the average migration speed without changing the nature of the walk statistics. Notably, these statistics are not Brownian; rather, CD8+ T-cell motility in the brain is well described by a generalized Levy walk. According to our model, this unexpected feature enables T cells to find rare targets with more than an order of magnitude more efficiency than Brownian random walkers. Thus, CD8+ T-cell behaviour is similar to Levy strategies reported in organisms ranging from mussels to marine predators and monkeys, and CXCL10 aids T cells in shortening the average time taken to find rare targets.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3387349/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3387349/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Harris, Tajie H -- Banigan, Edward J -- Christian, David A -- Konradt, Christoph -- Tait Wojno, Elia D -- Norose, Kazumi -- Wilson, Emma H -- John, Beena -- Weninger, Wolfgang -- Luster, Andrew D -- Liu, Andrea J -- Hunter, Christopher A -- AI-081478/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI-090234/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI-41158/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI-42334/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- CA-069212/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- EY-021314/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- F32 AI098374/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- F32 AI098374-01/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI041158/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI041158-14/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA069212/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 NS072298/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R21 EY021314/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- R21 EY021314-02/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- T32 AI007532/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- T32 AI007532-15/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- T32 AR007442/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ -- T32 AR007442-25/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ -- T32-AI-055400/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2012 Jun 28;486(7404):545-8. doi: 10.1038/nature11098.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 380 South University Avenue, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22722867" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Schlagwort(e): Animals ; Brain/immunology/microbiology ; CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/*cytology/*immunology ; *Cell Movement ; Chemokine CXCL10/antagonists & inhibitors/genetics/*immunology ; Female ; Ligands ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Models, Immunological ; Receptors, CXCR3/genetics/metabolism ; Time Factors ; Toxoplasma/growth & development/immunology
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
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    Input-specific control of reward and aversion in the ventral tegmental area (2012)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2012-10-16
    Beschreibung: Ventral tegmental area (VTA) dopamine neurons have important roles in adaptive and pathological brain functions related to reward and motivation. However, it is unknown whether subpopulations of VTA dopamine neurons participate in distinct circuits that encode different motivational signatures, and whether inputs to the VTA differentially modulate such circuits. Here we show that, because of differences in synaptic connectivity, activation of inputs to the VTA from the laterodorsal tegmentum and the lateral habenula elicit reward and aversion in mice, respectively. Laterodorsal tegmentum neurons preferentially synapse on dopamine neurons projecting to the nucleus accumbens lateral shell, whereas lateral habenula neurons synapse primarily on dopamine neurons projecting to the medial prefrontal cortex as well as on GABAergic (gamma-aminobutyric-acid-containing) neurons in the rostromedial tegmental nucleus. These results establish that distinct VTA circuits generate reward and aversion, and thereby provide a new framework for understanding the circuit basis of adaptive and pathological motivated behaviours.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3493743/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3493743/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lammel, Stephan -- Lim, Byung Kook -- Ran, Chen -- Huang, Kee Wui -- Betley, Michael J -- Tye, Kay M -- Deisseroth, Karl -- Malenka, Robert C -- NS069375/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- P50 MH086403/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2012 Nov 8;491(7423):212-7. doi: 10.1038/nature11527. Epub 2012 Oct 14.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Nancy Pritzker Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, 265 Campus Drive, Stanford, California 94305, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23064228" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Schlagwort(e): Animals ; Avoidance Learning/drug effects/*physiology ; Axons/metabolism ; Dopamine/metabolism ; Dopamine Antagonists/pharmacology ; Dopaminergic Neurons/metabolism ; GABAergic Neurons/metabolism ; Habenula/cytology/physiology ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Models, Neurological ; Neural Pathways/*physiology ; Receptors, Dopamine/metabolism ; *Reward ; Synapses/metabolism ; Ventral Tegmental Area/cytology/*physiology
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
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    Deciphering a neuronal circuit that mediates appetite (2012)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2012-03-16
    Beschreibung: Hypothalamic neurons that co-express agouti-related protein (AgRP), neuropeptide Y and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) are known to promote feeding and weight gain by integration of various nutritional, hormonal, and neuronal signals. Ablation of these neurons in mice leads to cessation of feeding that is accompanied by activation of Fos in most regions where they project. Previous experiments have indicated that the ensuing starvation is due to aberrant activation of the parabrachial nucleus (PBN) and it could be prevented by facilitating GABA(A) receptor signalling in the PBN within a critical adaptation period. We speculated that loss of GABA signalling from AgRP-expressing neurons (AgRP neurons) within the PBN results in unopposed excitation of the PBN, which in turn inhibits feeding. However, the source of the excitatory inputs to the PBN was unknown. Here we show that glutamatergic neurons in the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) and caudal serotonergic neurons control the excitability of PBN neurons and inhibit feeding. Blockade of serotonin (5-HT(3)) receptor signalling in the NTS by either the chronic administration of ondansetron or the genetic inactivation of Tph2 in caudal serotonergic neurons that project to the NTS protects against starvation when AgRP neurons are ablated. Likewise, genetic inactivation of glutamatergic signalling by the NTS onto N-methyl D-aspartate-type glutamate receptors in the PBN prevents starvation. We also show that suppressing glutamatergic output of the PBN reinstates normal appetite after AgRP neuron ablation, whereas it promotes weight gain without AgRP neuron ablation. Thus we identify the PBN as a hub that integrates signals from several brain regions to bidirectionally modulate feeding and body weight.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4000532/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4000532/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wu, Qi -- Clark, Michael S -- Palmiter, Richard D -- DA024908/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- R01 DA024908/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- England -- Nature. 2012 Mar 14;483(7391):594-7. doi: 10.1038/nature10899.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22419158" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Schlagwort(e): Agouti-Related Protein/metabolism ; Animals ; Appetite/drug effects/*physiology ; Body Weight/drug effects ; Feeding Behavior/drug effects/physiology ; Female ; Glutamic Acid/metabolism ; Hypothalamus/*cytology/drug effects/*physiology ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Neurons/drug effects/*physiology ; Ondansetron/pharmacology ; Receptors, GABA-A/metabolism ; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate/metabolism ; Serotonergic Neurons/drug effects/metabolism ; Solitary Nucleus/cytology ; Starvation/drug therapy/physiopathology/prevention & control ; Weight Gain/drug effects/physiology ; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid/metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Digitale ISSN: 1476-4687
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    'Slings' enable neutrophil rolling at high shear (2012)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2012-07-06
    Beschreibung: Most leukocytes can roll along the walls of venules at low shear stress (1 dyn cm-2), but neutrophils have the ability to roll at tenfold higher shear stress in microvessels in vivo. The mechanisms involved in this shear-resistant rolling are known to involve cell flattening and pulling of long membrane tethers at the rear. Here we show that these long tethers do not retract as postulated, but instead persist and appear as 'slings' at the front of rolling cells. We demonstrate slings in a model of acute inflammation in vivo and on P-selectin in vitro, where P-selectin-glycoprotein-ligand-1 (PSGL-1) is found in discrete sticky patches whereas LFA-1 is expressed over the entire length on slings. As neutrophils roll forward, slings wrap around the rolling cells and undergo a step-wise peeling from the P-selectin substrate enabled by the failure of PSGL-1 patches under hydrodynamic forces. The 'step-wise peeling of slings' is distinct from the 'pulling of tethers' reported previously. Each sling effectively lays out a cell-autonomous adhesive substrate in front of neutrophils rolling at high shear stress during inflammation.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3433404/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3433404/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sundd, Prithu -- Gutierrez, Edgar -- Koltsova, Ekaterina K -- Kuwano, Yoshihiro -- Fukuda, Satoru -- Pospieszalska, Maria K -- Groisman, Alex -- Ley, Klaus -- EB02185/EB/NIBIB NIH HHS/ -- R01 EB002185/EB/NIBIB NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2012 Aug 16;488(7411):399-403. doi: 10.1038/nature11248.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22763437" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Schlagwort(e): Adhesiveness ; Animals ; Antigens, CD/metabolism ; Cell Adhesion ; Cell Adhesion Molecules/metabolism ; E-Selectin/metabolism ; Inflammation/immunology/metabolism/pathology ; Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1/metabolism ; *Leukocyte Rolling ; Lymphocyte Function-Associated Antigen-1/metabolism ; Membrane Glycoproteins/metabolism ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Microvessels/metabolism ; Neutrophils/*cytology/immunology/*metabolism ; P-Selectin/metabolism ; *Shear Strength ; Th1 Cells/cytology/immunology ; Venules/metabolism
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
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  • 83
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    Infection regulates pro-resolving mediators that lower antibiotic requirements (2012)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2012-04-28
    Beschreibung: Underlying mechanisms for how bacterial infections contribute to active resolution of acute inflammation are unknown. Here, we performed exudate leukocyte trafficking and mediator-metabololipidomics of murine peritoneal Escherichia coli infections with temporal identification of pro-inflammatory (prostaglandins and leukotrienes) and specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs). In self-resolving E. coli exudates (10(5) colony forming units, c.f.u.), the dominant SPMs identified were resolvin (Rv) D5 and protectin D1 (PD1), which at 12 h were at significantly greater levels than in exudates from higher titre E. coli (10(7) c.f.u.)-challenged mice. Germ-free mice had endogenous RvD1 and PD1 levels higher than in conventional mice. RvD1 and RvD5 (nanograms per mouse) each reduced bacterial titres in blood and exudates, E. coli-induced hypothermia and increased survival, demonstrating the first actions of RvD5. With human polymorphonuclear neutrophils and macrophages, RvD1, RvD5 and PD1 each directly enhanced phagocytosis of E. coli, and RvD5 counter-regulated a panel of pro-inflammatory genes, including NF-kappaB and TNF-alpha. RvD5 activated the RvD1 receptor, GPR32, to enhance phagocytosis. With self-limited E. coli infections, RvD1 and the antibiotic ciprofloxacin accelerated resolution, each shortening resolution intervals (R(i)). Host-directed RvD1 actions enhanced ciprofloxacin's therapeutic actions. In 10(7) c.f.u. E. coli infections, SPMs (RvD1, RvD5, PD1) together with ciprofloxacin also heightened host antimicrobial responses. In skin infections, SPMs enhanced vancomycin clearance of Staphylococcus aureus. These results demonstrate that specific SPMs are temporally and differentially regulated during infections and that they are anti-phlogistic, enhance containment and lower antibiotic requirements for bacterial clearance.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3340015/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3340015/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Chiang, Nan -- Fredman, Gabrielle -- Backhed, Fredrik -- Oh, Sungwhan F -- Vickery, Thad -- Schmidt, Birgitta A -- Serhan, Charles N -- P01 GM095467/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- P01 GM095467-01/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- P01 GM095467-02/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- P01GM095467/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM038765/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM038765-24/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM038765-25/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM038765-26/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01GM38765/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2012 Apr 25;484(7395):524-8. doi: 10.1038/nature11042.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22538616" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Schlagwort(e): Animals ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/*pharmacology/therapeutic use ; Docosahexaenoic Acids/*metabolism ; Escherichia coli/*drug effects/immunology ; Escherichia coli Infections/drug therapy/*metabolism/microbiology ; Humans ; Hypothermia/prevention & control ; Macrophages/immunology ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Microbial Viability/drug effects ; Neutrophils/immunology ; Peritonitis/drug therapy/metabolism/microbiology ; Phagocytosis ; Skin Diseases/drug therapy/metabolism/microbiology ; Staphylococcal Infections/drug therapy/*metabolism/microbiology ; Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects/immunology ; Vancomycin/pharmacology/therapeutic use
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
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    Pregnancy imprints regulatory memory that sustains anergy to fetal antigen (2012)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2012-10-02
    Beschreibung: Pregnancy is an intricately orchestrated process where immune effector cells with fetal specificity are selectively silenced. This requires the sustained expansion of immune-suppressive maternal FOXP3(+) regulatory T cells (T(reg) cells), because even transient partial ablation triggers fetal-specific effector T-cell activation and pregnancy loss. In turn, many idiopathic pregnancy complications proposed to originate from disrupted fetal tolerance are associated with blunted maternal T(reg) expansion. Importantly, however, the antigen specificity and cellular origin of maternal T(reg) cells that accumulate during gestation remain incompletely defined. Here we show that pregnancy selectively stimulates the accumulation of maternal FOXP3(+) CD4 cells with fetal specificity using tetramer-based enrichment that allows the identification of rare endogenous T cells. Interestingly, after delivery, fetal-specific T(reg) cells persist at elevated levels, maintain tolerance to pre-existing fetal antigen, and rapidly re-accumulate during subsequent pregnancy. The accelerated expansion of T(reg) cells during secondary pregnancy was driven almost exclusively by proliferation of fetal-specific FOXP3(+) cells retained from prior pregnancy, whereas induced FOXP3 expression and proliferation of pre-existing FOXP3(+) cells each contribute to T(reg) expansion during primary pregnancy. Furthermore, fetal resorption in secondary compared with primary pregnancy becomes more resilient to partial maternal FOXP3(+) cell ablation. Thus, pregnancy imprints FOXP3(+) CD4 cells that sustain protective regulatory memory to fetal antigen. We anticipate that these findings will spark further investigation on maternal regulatory T-cell specificity that unlocks new strategies for improving pregnancy outcomes and novel approaches for therapeutically exploiting T(reg) cell memory.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3465465/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3465465/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Rowe, Jared H -- Ertelt, James M -- Xin, Lijun -- Way, Sing Sing -- F30 DK084674/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- F30DK084674/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI087830/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI100934/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01AI087830/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01AI100934/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2012 Oct 4;490(7418):102-6. doi: 10.1038/nature11462. Epub 2012 Sep 26.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉University of Minnesota School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23023128" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Schlagwort(e): Adoptive Transfer ; Animals ; Antigens/*immunology ; CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/cytology/immunology/metabolism/transplantation ; Clonal Anergy/*immunology ; Female ; Fetal Proteins/*immunology ; Fetus/immunology ; Forkhead Transcription Factors/metabolism ; Immunologic Memory/genetics/*immunology ; Interferon-gamma/immunology ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Postpartum Period/immunology ; Pregnancy ; T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/cytology/immunology/metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Regulatory B cells control T-cell autoimmunity through IL-21-dependent cognate interactions (2012)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2012-10-16
    Beschreibung: B cells regulate immune responses by producing antigen-specific antibodies. However, specific B-cell subsets can also negatively regulate T-cell immune responses, and have been termed regulatory B cells. Human and mouse regulatory B cells (B10 cells) with the ability to express the inhibitory cytokine interleukin-10 (IL-10) have been identified. Although rare, B10 cells are potent negative regulators of antigen-specific inflammation and T-cell-dependent autoimmune diseases in mice. How B10-cell IL-10 production and regulation of antigen-specific immune responses are controlled in vivo without inducing systemic immunosuppression is unknown. Using a mouse model for multiple sclerosis, here we show that B10-cell maturation into functional IL-10-secreting effector cells that inhibit in vivo autoimmune disease requires IL-21 and CD40-dependent cognate interactions with T cells. Moreover, the ex vivo provision of CD40 and IL-21 receptor signals can drive B10-cell development and expansion by four-million-fold, and generate B10 effector cells producing IL-10 that markedly inhibit disease symptoms when transferred into mice with established autoimmune disease. The ex vivo expansion and reinfusion of autologous B10 cells may provide a novel and effective in vivo treatment for severe autoimmune diseases that are resistant to current therapies.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3493692/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3493692/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Yoshizaki, Ayumi -- Miyagaki, Tomomitsu -- DiLillo, David J -- Matsushita, Takashi -- Horikawa, Mayuka -- Kountikov, Evgueni I -- Spolski, Rosanne -- Poe, Jonathan C -- Leonard, Warren J -- Tedder, Thomas F -- AI057157/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI56363/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- U19 AI056363/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- U54 AI057157/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- Intramural NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2012 Nov 8;491(7423):264-8. doi: 10.1038/nature11501. Epub 2012 Oct 14.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23064231" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Schlagwort(e): Animals ; Antigens, CD19/genetics/metabolism ; Antigens, CD40/immunology/metabolism ; Antigens, CD5/metabolism ; Autoimmunity/*immunology ; B-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/cytology/*immunology/metabolism/secretion ; Cell Division ; Disease Models, Animal ; Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology/pathology ; Female ; Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/immunology ; Humans ; Interleukin-10/biosynthesis/immunology/secretion ; Interleukins/*immunology ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Multiple Sclerosis/immunology/pathology ; Receptors, Interleukin-21/immunology/metabolism ; T-Lymphocytes/*immunology
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Antibiotics in early life alter the murine colonic microbiome and adiposity (2012)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2012-08-24
    Beschreibung: Antibiotics administered in low doses have been widely used as growth promoters in the agricultural industry since the 1950s, yet the mechanisms for this effect are unclear. Because antimicrobial agents of different classes and varying activity are effective across several vertebrate species, we proposed that such subtherapeutic administration alters the population structure of the gut microbiome as well as its metabolic capabilities. We generated a model of adiposity by giving subtherapeutic antibiotic therapy to young mice and evaluated changes in the composition and capabilities of the gut microbiome. Administration of subtherapeutic antibiotic therapy increased adiposity in young mice and increased hormone levels related to metabolism. We observed substantial taxonomic changes in the microbiome, changes in copies of key genes involved in the metabolism of carbohydrates to short-chain fatty acids, increases in colonic short-chain fatty acid levels, and alterations in the regulation of hepatic metabolism of lipids and cholesterol. In this model, we demonstrate the alteration of early-life murine metabolic homeostasis through antibiotic manipulation.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3553221/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3553221/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cho, Ilseung -- Yamanishi, Shingo -- Cox, Laura -- Methe, Barbara A -- Zavadil, Jiri -- Li, Kelvin -- Gao, Zhan -- Mahana, Douglas -- Raju, Kartik -- Teitler, Isabel -- Li, Huilin -- Alekseyenko, Alexander V -- Blaser, Martin J -- 1UL1-RR029893/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- R01 DK090989/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- T-R01-DK090989/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- UL1 RR029893/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- UL1 TR000038/TR/NCATS NIH HHS/ -- UL1-TR000038/TR/NCATS NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2012 Aug 30;488(7413):621-6. doi: 10.1038/nature11400.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22914093" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Schlagwort(e): Adiposity/*drug effects/physiology ; Age Factors ; Animals ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/*administration & dosage/*pharmacology ; Body Composition/drug effects ; Body Weight/drug effects ; Bone Density/drug effects ; Bone Development/drug effects ; Cecum/drug effects/metabolism ; Cholesterol/metabolism ; Colon/*drug effects/*microbiology ; Fatty Acids, Volatile/metabolism ; Feces/microbiology ; Female ; Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide/blood/metabolism ; Lipid Metabolism/drug effects ; Liver/drug effects/metabolism ; Male ; Metagenome/*drug effects ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Weaning
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
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    Neuron-type-specific signals for reward and punishment in the ventral tegmental area (2012)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2012-01-20
    Beschreibung: Dopamine has a central role in motivation and reward. Dopaminergic neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) signal the discrepancy between expected and actual rewards (that is, reward prediction error), but how they compute such signals is unknown. We recorded the activity of VTA neurons while mice associated different odour cues with appetitive and aversive outcomes. We found three types of neuron based on responses to odours and outcomes: approximately half of the neurons (type I, 52%) showed phasic excitation after reward-predicting odours and rewards in a manner consistent with reward prediction error coding; the other half of neurons showed persistent activity during the delay between odour and outcome that was modulated positively (type II, 31%) or negatively (type III, 18%) by the value of outcomes. Whereas the activity of type I neurons was sensitive to actual outcomes (that is, when the reward was delivered as expected compared to when it was unexpectedly omitted), the activity of type II and type III neurons was determined predominantly by reward-predicting odours. We 'tagged' dopaminergic and GABAergic neurons with the light-sensitive protein channelrhodopsin-2 and identified them based on their responses to optical stimulation while recording. All identified dopaminergic neurons were of type I and all GABAergic neurons were of type II. These results show that VTA GABAergic neurons signal expected reward, a key variable for dopaminergic neurons to calculate reward prediction error.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3271183/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3271183/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cohen, Jeremiah Y -- Haesler, Sebastian -- Vong, Linh -- Lowell, Bradford B -- Uchida, Naoshige -- F32 DK078478/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- F32 DK078478-01/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- P30 DK046200/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- P30 DK046200-08/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- P30 DK057521/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- P30 DK057521-01/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R01 DK075632/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R01 DK075632-01/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R01 DK075632-02/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R01 DK075632-03/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R01 DK075632-04/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R01 DK075632-05/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R01 DK075632-06/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R01 DK075632-07/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R01 DK089044/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R01 DK089044-01/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- England -- Nature. 2012 Jan 18;482(7383):85-8. doi: 10.1038/nature10754.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22258508" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Schlagwort(e): Animals ; Cues ; Dopamine/metabolism ; Dopaminergic Neurons/*metabolism ; GABAergic Neurons/*metabolism ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Odors/analysis ; Principal Component Analysis ; *Punishment ; *Reward ; Rhodopsin/metabolism ; Ventral Tegmental Area/*cytology/*physiology ; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid/metabolism
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
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    A tumour suppressor network relying on the polyamine-hypusine axis (2012)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2012-06-23
    Beschreibung: Tumour suppressor genes encode a broad class of molecules whose mutational attenuation contributes to malignant progression. In the canonical situation, the tumour suppressor is completely inactivated through a two-hit process involving a point mutation in one allele and chromosomal deletion of the other. Here, to identify tumour suppressor genes in lymphoma, we screen a short hairpin RNA library targeting genes deleted in human lymphomas. We functionally identify those genes whose suppression promotes tumorigenesis in a mouse lymphoma model. Of the nine tumour suppressors we identified, eight correspond to genes occurring in three physically linked 'clusters', suggesting that the common occurrence of large chromosomal deletions in human tumours reflects selective pressure to attenuate multiple genes. Among the new tumour suppressors are adenosylmethionine decarboxylase 1 (AMD1) and eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A (eIF5A), two genes associated with hypusine, a unique amino acid produced as a product of polyamine metabolism through a highly conserved pathway. Through a secondary screen surveying the impact of all polyamine enzymes on tumorigenesis, we establish the polyamine-hypusine axis as a new tumour suppressor network regulating apoptosis. Unexpectedly, heterozygous deletions encompassing AMD1 and eIF5A often occur together in human lymphomas and co-suppression of both genes promotes lymphomagenesis in mice. Thus, some tumour suppressor functions can be disabled through a two-step process targeting different genes acting in the same pathway.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3530829/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3530829/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Scuoppo, Claudio -- Miething, Cornelius -- Lindqvist, Lisa -- Reyes, Jose -- Ruse, Cristian -- Appelmann, Iris -- Yoon, Seungtai -- Krasnitz, Alexander -- Teruya-Feldstein, Julie -- Pappin, Darryl -- Pelletier, Jerry -- Lowe, Scott W -- CA087497/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- CA148532/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- MOP-106530/Canadian Institutes of Health Research/Canada -- P01 CA013106/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- P01 CA087497/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- England -- Nature. 2012 Jul 12;487(7406):244-8. doi: 10.1038/nature11126.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Watson School of Biological Sciences, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, New York 11724, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22722845" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Schlagwort(e): Animals ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Disease Models, Animal ; Female ; Gene Deletion ; Gene Regulatory Networks ; Genetic Testing ; Humans ; Lymphoma, B-Cell/*genetics/physiopathology ; Lysine/*analogs & derivatives/chemistry ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Polyamines/*chemistry ; RNA, Small Interfering/genetics/metabolism ; Reproducibility of Results ; Tumor Suppressor Proteins/*genetics
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
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    Rapid induction of inflammatory lipid mediators by the inflammasome in vivo (2012)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2012-08-21
    Beschreibung: Detection of microbial products by host inflammasomes is an important mechanism of innate immune surveillance. Inflammasomes activate the caspase-1 (CASP1) protease, which processes the cytokines interleukin (IL)-1beta and IL-18, and initiates a lytic host cell death called pyroptosis. To identify novel CASP1 functions in vivo, we devised a strategy for cytosolic delivery of bacterial flagellin, a specific ligand for the NAIP5 (NLR family, apoptosis inhibitory protein 5)/NLRC4 (NLR family, CARD-domain-containing 4) inflammasome. Here we show that systemic inflammasome activation by flagellin leads to a loss of vascular fluid into the intestine and peritoneal cavity, resulting in rapid (less than 30 min) death in mice. This unexpected response depends on the inflammasome components NAIP5, NLRC4 and CASP1, but is independent of the production of IL-1beta or IL-18. Instead, inflammasome activation results, within minutes, in an 'eicosanoid storm'--a pathological release of signalling lipids, including prostaglandins and leukotrienes, that rapidly initiate inflammation and vascular fluid loss. Mice deficient in cyclooxygenase-1, a critical enzyme in prostaglandin biosynthesis, are resistant to these rapid pathological effects of systemic inflammasome activation by either flagellin or anthrax lethal toxin. Inflammasome-dependent biosynthesis of eicosanoids is mediated by the activation of cytosolic phospholipase A(2) in resident peritoneal macrophages, which are specifically primed for the production of eicosanoids by high expression of eicosanoid biosynthetic enzymes. Our results therefore identify eicosanoids as a previously unrecognized cell-type-specific signalling output of the inflammasome with marked physiological consequences in vivo.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3465483/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3465483/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉von Moltke, Jakob -- Trinidad, Norver J -- Moayeri, Mahtab -- Kintzer, Alexander F -- Wang, Samantha B -- van Rooijen, Nico -- Brown, Charles R -- Krantz, Bryan A -- Leppla, Stephen H -- Gronert, Karsten -- Vance, Russell E -- AI063302/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI075039/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI080749/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- EY016136/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- EY022208/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- R01 EY016136/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- R01 EY022208/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2012 Oct 4;490(7418):107-11. doi: 10.1038/nature11351. Epub 2012 Aug 19.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Division of Immunology and Pathogenesis, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22902502" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Schlagwort(e): Animals ; Antigens, Bacterial/chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins/deficiency/metabolism ; Bacterial Toxins/chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; Body Fluids/metabolism ; Body Temperature ; Calcium Signaling ; Calcium-Binding Proteins/deficiency/metabolism ; Capillary Permeability ; Caspase 1/deficiency/metabolism ; Cyclooxygenase 1/deficiency ; Cytosol/metabolism ; Death ; Eicosanoids/*biosynthesis/metabolism ; Female ; Flagellin/genetics/immunology/metabolism ; Fluid Shifts ; Hematocrit ; Immunity, Innate/immunology ; Inflammasomes/*metabolism ; Inflammation/immunology/metabolism/pathology ; Interleukin-18 ; Interleukin-1beta ; Intestines/metabolism ; Legionella pneumophila ; Macrophages, Peritoneal/immunology ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Neuronal Apoptosis-Inhibitory Protein/deficiency/metabolism ; Peritoneal Cavity ; Peritoneal Lavage ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Salmonella Infections/immunology ; Salmonella typhimurium/immunology ; Time Factors
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
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    Targeting VEGF-B as a novel treatment for insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes (2012)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2012-10-02
    Beschreibung: The prevalence of type 2 diabetes is rapidly increasing, with severe socioeconomic impacts. Excess lipid deposition in peripheral tissues impairs insulin sensitivity and glucose uptake, and has been proposed to contribute to the pathology of type 2 diabetes. However, few treatment options exist that directly target ectopic lipid accumulation. Recently it was found that vascular endothelial growth factor B (VEGF-B) controls endothelial uptake and transport of fatty acids in heart and skeletal muscle. Here we show that decreased VEGF-B signalling in rodent models of type 2 diabetes restores insulin sensitivity and improves glucose tolerance. Genetic deletion of Vegfb in diabetic db/db mice prevented ectopic lipid deposition, increased muscle glucose uptake and maintained normoglycaemia. Pharmacological inhibition of VEGF-B signalling by antibody administration to db/db mice enhanced glucose tolerance, preserved pancreatic islet architecture, improved beta-cell function and ameliorated dyslipidaemia, key elements of type 2 diabetes and the metabolic syndrome. The potential use of VEGF-B neutralization in type 2 diabetes was further elucidated in rats fed a high-fat diet, in which it normalized insulin sensitivity and increased glucose uptake in skeletal muscle and heart. Our results demonstrate that the vascular endothelium can function as an efficient barrier to excess muscle lipid uptake even under conditions of severe obesity and type 2 diabetes, and that this barrier can be maintained by inhibition of VEGF-B signalling. We propose VEGF-B antagonism as a novel pharmacological approach for type 2 diabetes, targeting the lipid-transport properties of the endothelium to improve muscle insulin sensitivity and glucose disposal.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hagberg, Carolina E -- Mehlem, Annika -- Falkevall, Annelie -- Muhl, Lars -- Fam, Barbara C -- Ortsater, Henrik -- Scotney, Pierre -- Nyqvist, Daniel -- Samen, Erik -- Lu, Li -- Stone-Elander, Sharon -- Proietto, Joseph -- Andrikopoulos, Sofianos -- Sjoholm, Ake -- Nash, Andrew -- Eriksson, Ulf -- England -- Nature. 2012 Oct 18;490(7420):426-30. doi: 10.1038/nature11464. Epub 2012 Sep 26.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Tissue Biology Group, Division of Vascular Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23023133" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Schlagwort(e): Animals ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/*drug therapy/*metabolism ; Diet, High-Fat ; Disease Models, Animal ; Dyslipidemias/drug therapy/metabolism ; Endothelium, Vascular/metabolism ; Female ; Glucose/metabolism ; Glucose Tolerance Test ; *Insulin Resistance ; Islets of Langerhans/anatomy & histology/cytology/pathology ; Lipid Metabolism ; Male ; Metabolic Syndrome X/drug therapy/metabolism ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; *Molecular Targeted Therapy ; Muscles/metabolism ; Obesity/metabolism/pathology ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar ; Signal Transduction/drug effects/immunology ; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor B/*antagonists & ; inhibitors/deficiency/genetics/*metabolism
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    Astrocyte glypicans 4 and 6 promote formation of excitatory synapses via GluA1 AMPA receptors (2012)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2012-06-23
    Beschreibung: In the developing central nervous system (CNS), the control of synapse number and function is critical to the formation of neural circuits. We previously demonstrated that astrocyte-secreted factors powerfully induce the formation of functional excitatory synapses between CNS neurons. Astrocyte-secreted thrombospondins induce the formation of structural synapses, but these synapses are postsynaptically silent. Here we use biochemical fractionation of astrocyte-conditioned medium to identify glypican 4 (Gpc4) and glypican 6 (Gpc6) as astrocyte-secreted signals sufficient to induce functional synapses between purified retinal ganglion cell neurons, and show that depletion of these molecules from astrocyte-conditioned medium significantly reduces its ability to induce postsynaptic activity. Application of Gpc4 to purified neurons is sufficient to increase the frequency and amplitude of glutamatergic synaptic events. This is achieved by increasing the surface level and clustering, but not overall cellular protein level, of the GluA1 subunit of the AMPA (alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid) glutamate receptor (AMPAR). Gpc4 and Gpc6 are expressed by astrocytes in vivo in the developing CNS, with Gpc4 expression enriched in the hippocampus and Gpc6 enriched in the cerebellum. Finally, we demonstrate that Gpc4-deficient mice have defective synapse formation, with decreased amplitude of excitatory synaptic currents in the developing hippocampus and reduced recruitment of AMPARs to synapses. These data identify glypicans as a family of novel astrocyte-derived molecules that are necessary and sufficient to promote glutamate receptor clustering and receptivity and to induce the formation of postsynaptically functioning CNS synapses.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3383085/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3383085/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Allen, Nicola J -- Bennett, Mariko L -- Foo, Lynette C -- Wang, Gordon X -- Chakraborty, Chandrani -- Smith, Stephen J -- Barres, Ben A -- R01 DA015043/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- R01 DA015043-09/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- R01 NS075252/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R01 NS075252-01/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R01 NS077601/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R01 NS077601-01/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R01DA015043/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- R01NS0725252/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R01NS077601/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2012 May 27;486(7403):410-4. doi: 10.1038/nature11059.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Stanford University School of Medicine, Department of Neurobiology, 299 Campus Drive, Fairchild Science Building D231, Stanford, California 94305-5125, USA. nallen@salk.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22722203" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Schlagwort(e): Animals ; Astrocytes/cytology/*metabolism/secretion ; Cerebellum/cytology/metabolism ; Culture Media, Conditioned/metabolism/pharmacology ; Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials/*physiology ; Female ; Glypicans/deficiency/*metabolism/pharmacology ; Hippocampus/cytology/metabolism ; Humans ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Receptors, AMPA/*metabolism ; Retinal Ganglion Cells/cytology/drug effects/metabolism ; Synapses/drug effects/*metabolism/pathology
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
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    NLRP3 is activated in Alzheimer's disease and contributes to pathology in APP/PS1 mice (2012)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2012-12-21
    Beschreibung: Alzheimer's disease is the world's most common dementing illness. Deposition of amyloid-beta peptide drives cerebral neuroinflammation by activating microglia. Indeed, amyloid-beta activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome in microglia is fundamental for interleukin-1beta maturation and subsequent inflammatory events. However, it remains unknown whether NLRP3 activation contributes to Alzheimer's disease in vivo. Here we demonstrate strongly enhanced active caspase-1 expression in human mild cognitive impairment and brains with Alzheimer's disease, suggesting a role for the inflammasome in this neurodegenerative disease. Nlrp3(-/-) or Casp1(-/-) mice carrying mutations associated with familial Alzheimer's disease were largely protected from loss of spatial memory and other sequelae associated with Alzheimer's disease, and demonstrated reduced brain caspase-1 and interleukin-1beta activation as well as enhanced amyloid-beta clearance. Furthermore, NLRP3 inflammasome deficiency skewed microglial cells to an M2 phenotype and resulted in the decreased deposition of amyloid-beta in the APP/PS1 model of Alzheimer's disease. These results show an important role for the NLRP3/caspase-1 axis in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease, and suggest that NLRP3 inflammasome inhibition represents a new therapeutic intervention for the disease.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3812809/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3812809/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Heneka, Michael T -- Kummer, Markus P -- Stutz, Andrea -- Delekate, Andrea -- Schwartz, Stephanie -- Vieira-Saecker, Ana -- Griep, Angelika -- Axt, Daisy -- Remus, Anita -- Tzeng, Te-Chen -- Gelpi, Ellen -- Halle, Annett -- Korte, Martin -- Latz, Eicke -- Golenbock, Douglas T -- R01 AI083713/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM054060/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 HL093262/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- U19 AI084048/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2013 Jan 31;493(7434):674-8. doi: 10.1038/nature11729. Epub 2012 Dec 19.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Clinical Neuroscience Unit, Department of Neurology, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany. michael.Heneka@ukb.uni-bonn.de〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23254930" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Schlagwort(e): Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Alzheimer Disease/enzymology/genetics/*pathology ; Amyloid beta-Peptides/metabolism ; Animals ; Behavior, Animal ; Brain/enzymology/*pathology ; Carrier Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Caspase 1/genetics/metabolism ; Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic ; Humans ; Inflammasomes/metabolism ; Interleukin-1beta/metabolism ; Memory ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mice, Transgenic ; Mild Cognitive Impairment/enzymology/physiopathology ; Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II/metabolism ; Phagocytosis/genetics
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
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    Neuronal circuitry mechanism regulating adult quiescent neural stem-cell fate decision (2012)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2012-07-31
    Beschreibung: Adult neurogenesis arises from neural stem cells within specialized niches. Neuronal activity and experience, presumably acting on this local niche, regulate multiple stages of adult neurogenesis, from neural progenitor proliferation to new neuron maturation, synaptic integration and survival. It is unknown whether local neuronal circuitry has a direct impact on adult neural stem cells. Here we show that, in the adult mouse hippocampus, nestin-expressing radial glia-like quiescent neural stem cells (RGLs) respond tonically to the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) by means of gamma2-subunit-containing GABAA receptors. Clonal analysis of individual RGLs revealed a rapid exit from quiescence and enhanced symmetrical self-renewal after conditional deletion of gamma2. RGLs are in close proximity to terminals expressing 67-kDa glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD67) of parvalbumin-expressing (PV+) interneurons and respond tonically to GABA released from these neurons. Functionally, optogenetic control of the activity of dentate PV+ interneurons, but not that of somatostatin-expressing or vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP)-expressing interneurons, can dictate the RGL choice between quiescence and activation. Furthermore, PV+ interneuron activation restores RGL quiescence after social isolation, an experience that induces RGL activation and symmetrical division. Our study identifies a niche cell-signal-receptor trio and a local circuitry mechanism that control the activation and self-renewal mode of quiescent adult neural stem cells in response to neuronal activity and experience.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3438284/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3438284/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Song, Juan -- Zhong, Chun -- Bonaguidi, Michael A -- Sun, Gerald J -- Hsu, Derek -- Gu, Yan -- Meletis, Konstantinos -- Huang, Z Josh -- Ge, Shaoyu -- Enikolopov, Grigori -- Deisseroth, Karl -- Luscher, Bernhard -- Christian, Kimberly M -- Ming, Guo-li -- Song, Hongjun -- AG040209/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- HD069184/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- MH089111/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- NS048271/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R01 AG040209/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- R01 HD069184/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- R01 NS047344/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R01 NS048271/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R01 NS065915/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R21 ES021957/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/ -- R56 NS047344/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2012 Sep 6;489(7414):150-4. doi: 10.1038/nature11306.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22842902" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Schlagwort(e): Animals ; *Cell Lineage/drug effects ; Cell Proliferation/drug effects ; Dentate Gyrus/cytology/drug effects/metabolism ; Female ; GABA Modulators/pharmacology ; GABA-A Receptor Agonists/pharmacology ; GABA-A Receptor Antagonists/pharmacology ; Interneurons/cytology/drug effects/metabolism ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Neural Pathways/drug effects/*physiology ; Neural Stem Cells/*cytology/drug effects/metabolism ; *Neurogenesis/drug effects ; Neuroglia/cytology/drug effects/metabolism ; Parvalbumins/metabolism ; Receptors, GABA-A/metabolism ; Signal Transduction/drug effects ; Somatostatin/metabolism ; Stem Cell Niche/drug effects/physiology ; Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide/metabolism ; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid/metabolism
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
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    Intrinsically determined cell death of developing cortical interneurons (2012)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2012-10-09
    Beschreibung: Cortical inhibitory circuits are formed by gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-secreting interneurons, a cell population that originates far from the cerebral cortex in the embryonic ventral forebrain. Given their distant developmental origins, it is intriguing how the number of cortical interneurons is ultimately determined. One possibility, suggested by the neurotrophic hypothesis, is that cortical interneurons are overproduced, and then after their migration into cortex the excess interneurons are eliminated through a competition for extrinsically derived trophic signals. Here we characterize the developmental cell death of mouse cortical interneurons in vivo, in vitro and after transplantation. We found that 40% of developing cortical interneurons were eliminated through Bax (Bcl-2-associated X)-dependent apoptosis during postnatal life. When cultured in vitro or transplanted into the cortex, interneuron precursors died at a cellular age similar to that at which endogenous interneurons died during normal development. Over transplant sizes that varied 200-fold, a constant fraction of the transplanted population underwent cell death. The death of transplanted neurons was not affected by the cell-autonomous disruption of TrkB (tropomyosin kinase receptor B), the main neurotrophin receptor expressed by neurons of the central nervous system. Transplantation expanded the cortical interneuron population by up to 35%, but the frequency of inhibitory synaptic events did not scale with the number of transplanted interneurons. Taken together, our findings indicate that interneuron cell death is determined intrinsically, either cell-autonomously or through a population-autonomous competition for survival signals derived from other interneurons.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3726009/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3726009/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Southwell, Derek G -- Paredes, Mercedes F -- Galvao, Rui P -- Jones, Daniel L -- Froemke, Robert C -- Sebe, Joy Y -- Alfaro-Cervello, Clara -- Tang, Yunshuo -- Garcia-Verdugo, Jose M -- Rubenstein, John L -- Baraban, Scott C -- Alvarez-Buylla, Arturo -- F32NS061497/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R01 NS048528/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R01 NS071785/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- T32 GM007618/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2012 Nov 1;491(7422):109-13. doi: 10.1038/nature11523. Epub 2012 Oct 7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, USA. dereksouthwell@gmail.com〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23041929" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Schlagwort(e): Animals ; Animals, Newborn ; *Apoptosis ; Caspase 3/metabolism ; Cell Aging/physiology ; Cell Count ; Cell Survival ; Female ; Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potentials ; Interneurons/*cytology/metabolism/transplantation ; Male ; Membrane Glycoproteins/deficiency/genetics/metabolism ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Neocortex/*cytology/growth & development ; Neural Stem Cells/cytology/metabolism/transplantation ; Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/deficiency/genetics/metabolism ; Pyramidal Cells/cytology/metabolism ; bcl-2-Associated X Protein/deficiency/genetics/metabolism
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Control of ground-state pluripotency by allelic regulation of Nanog (2012)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2012-02-14
    Beschreibung: Pluripotency is established through genome-wide reprogramming during mammalian pre-implantation development, resulting in the formation of the naive epiblast. Reprogramming involves both the resetting of epigenetic marks and the activation of pluripotent-cell-specific genes such as Nanog and Oct4 (also known as Pou5f1). The tight regulation of these genes is crucial for reprogramming, but the mechanisms that regulate their expression in vivo have not been uncovered. Here we show that Nanog--but not Oct4--is monoallelically expressed in early pre-implantation embryos. Nanog then undergoes a progressive switch to biallelic expression during the transition towards ground-state pluripotency in the naive epiblast of the late blastocyst. Embryonic stem (ES) cells grown in leukaemia inhibitory factor (LIF) and serum express Nanog mainly monoallelically and show asynchronous replication of the Nanog locus, a feature of monoallelically expressed genes, but ES cells activate both alleles when cultured under 2i conditions, which mimic the pluripotent ground state in vitro. Live-cell imaging with reporter ES cells confirmed the allelic expression of Nanog and revealed allelic switching. The allelic expression of Nanog is regulated through the fibroblast growth factor-extracellular signal-regulated kinase signalling pathway, and it is accompanied by chromatin changes at the proximal promoter but occurs independently of DNA methylation. Nanog-heterozygous blastocysts have fewer inner-cell-mass derivatives and delayed primitive endoderm formation, indicating a role for the biallelic expression of Nanog in the timely maturation of the inner cell mass into a fully reprogrammed pluripotent epiblast. We suggest that the tight regulation of Nanog dose at the chromosome level is necessary for the acquisition of ground-state pluripotency during development. Our data highlight an unexpected role for allelic expression in controlling the dose of pluripotency factors in vivo, adding an extra level to the regulation of reprogramming.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Miyanari, Yusuke -- Torres-Padilla, Maria-Elena -- England -- Nature. 2012 Feb 12;483(7390):470-3. doi: 10.1038/nature10807.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institut de Genetique et de Biologie Moleculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS/INSERM U964, Universite de Strasbourg, F-67404 Illkirch, Cite Universitaire de Strasbourg, France.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22327294" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Schlagwort(e): *Alleles ; Animals ; Blastocyst/cytology/*metabolism ; Blastocyst Inner Cell Mass/cytology/metabolism ; Cell Cycle Proteins/metabolism ; Cellular Reprogramming/*genetics ; Chromosomal Proteins, Non-Histone/metabolism ; DNA Replication ; Embryonic Stem Cells/drug effects/metabolism ; Female ; *Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental ; Genomic Imprinting ; Germ Layers/cytology/metabolism ; Homeodomain Proteins/*genetics/*metabolism ; In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence ; Leukemia Inhibitory Factor/pharmacology ; Male ; Mediator Complex/metabolism ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mice, Inbred CBA ; Octamer Transcription Factor-3 ; Pluripotent Stem Cells/cytology/*metabolism ; Time Factors
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Digitale ISSN: 1476-4687
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Deleted in colorectal carcinoma suppresses metastasis in p53-deficient mammary tumours (2012)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2012-02-24
    Beschreibung: Since its discovery in the early 1990s the deleted in colorectal cancer (DCC) gene, located on chromosome 18q21, has been proposed as a tumour suppressor gene as its loss is implicated in the majority of advanced colorectal and many other cancers. DCC belongs to the family of netrin 1 receptors, which function as dependence receptors as they control survival or apoptosis depending on ligand binding. However, the role of DCC as a tumour suppressor remains controversial because of the rarity of DCC-specific mutations and the presence of other tumour suppressor genes in the same chromosomal region. Here we show that in a mouse model of mammary carcinoma based on somatic inactivation of p53, additional loss of DCC promotes metastasis formation without affecting the primary tumour phenotype. Furthermore, we demonstrate that in cell cultures derived from p53-deficient mouse mammary tumours DCC expression controls netrin-1-dependent cell survival, providing a mechanistic basis for the enhanced metastatic capacity of tumour cells lacking DCC. Consistent with this idea, in vivo tumour-cell survival is enhanced by DCC loss. Together, our data support the function of DCC as a context-dependent tumour suppressor that limits survival of disseminated tumour cells.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Krimpenfort, Paul -- Song, Ji-Ying -- Proost, Natalie -- Zevenhoven, John -- Jonkers, Jos -- Berns, Anton -- England -- Nature. 2012 Feb 22;482(7386):538-41. doi: 10.1038/nature10790.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Molecular Genetics, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22358843" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Schlagwort(e): Animals ; Apoptosis/genetics ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Cell Survival/genetics ; Disease Models, Animal ; Female ; Genes, p53/*genetics ; Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/*genetics/metabolism/*pathology ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Neoplasm Metastasis/*genetics/*pathology ; Nerve Growth Factors/deficiency/genetics/metabolism ; Receptors, Cell Surface/deficiency/genetics/*metabolism ; Tumor Suppressor Proteins/deficiency/genetics/*metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Digitale ISSN: 1476-4687
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 97
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    Choice-specific sequences in parietal cortex during a virtual-navigation decision task (2012)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2012-03-16
    Beschreibung: The posterior parietal cortex (PPC) has an important role in many cognitive behaviours; however, the neural circuit dynamics underlying PPC function are not well understood. Here we optically imaged the spatial and temporal activity patterns of neuronal populations in mice performing a PPC-dependent task that combined a perceptual decision and memory-guided navigation in a virtual environment. Individual neurons had transient activation staggered relative to one another in time, forming a sequence of neuronal activation spanning the entire length of a task trial. Distinct sequences of neurons were triggered on trials with opposite behavioural choices and defined divergent, choice-specific trajectories through a state space of neuronal population activity. Cells participating in the different sequences and at distinct time points in the task were anatomically intermixed over microcircuit length scales (〈100 micrometres). During working memory decision tasks, the PPC may therefore perform computations through sequence-based circuit dynamics, rather than long-lived stable states, implemented using anatomically intermingled microcircuits.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3321074/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3321074/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Harvey, Christopher D -- Coen, Philip -- Tank, David W -- R01 MH083686/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- R01 MH083686-05/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- R01-MH083686/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- RC1 NS068148/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- RC1 NS068148-02/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- RC1-NS068148/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2012 Mar 14;484(7392):62-8. doi: 10.1038/nature10918.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA. christopher_harvey@hms.harvard.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22419153" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Schlagwort(e): Action Potentials/physiology ; Animals ; Decision Making/*physiology ; Male ; Maze Learning/*physiology ; Memory/*physiology ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Models, Neurological ; Parietal Lobe/cytology/*physiology ; Photic Stimulation ; *User-Computer Interface
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 98
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    Multi-isotope imaging mass spectrometry quantifies stem cell division and metabolism (2012)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2012-01-17
    Beschreibung: Mass spectrometry with stable isotope labels has been seminal in discovering the dynamic state of living matter, but is limited to bulk tissues or cells. We developed multi-isotope imaging mass spectrometry (MIMS) that allowed us to view and measure stable isotope incorporation with submicrometre resolution. Here we apply MIMS to diverse organisms, including Drosophila, mice and humans. We test the 'immortal strand hypothesis', which predicts that during asymmetric stem cell division chromosomes containing older template DNA are segregated to the daughter destined to remain a stem cell, thus insuring lifetime genetic stability. After labelling mice with (15)N-thymidine from gestation until post-natal week 8, we find no (15)N label retention by dividing small intestinal crypt cells after a four-week chase. In adult mice administered (15)N-thymidine pulse-chase, we find that proliferating crypt cells dilute the (15)N label, consistent with random strand segregation. We demonstrate the broad utility of MIMS with proof-of-principle studies of lipid turnover in Drosophila and translation to the human haematopoietic system. These studies show that MIMS provides high-resolution quantification of stable isotope labels that cannot be obtained using other techniques and that is broadly applicable to biological and medical research.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3267887/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3267887/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Steinhauser, Matthew L -- Bailey, Andrew P -- Senyo, Samuel E -- Guillermier, Christelle -- Perlstein, Todd S -- Gould, Alex P -- Lee, Richard T -- Lechene, Claude P -- AG032977/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- AG034641/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- EB001974/EB/NIBIB NIH HHS/ -- K08 DK090147/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- MC_U117584237/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- R01 AG032977/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- R01 AG032977-04/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- R01 AG040019/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- R01 AG040019-02/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- U117584237/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- England -- Nature. 2012 Jan 15;481(7382):516-9. doi: 10.1038/nature10734.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22246326" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Schlagwort(e): Animals ; Animals, Newborn ; *Cell Division ; DNA/biosynthesis/genetics/metabolism ; Drosophila melanogaster/cytology ; Enterocytes/cytology ; Fibroblasts/cytology ; Humans ; Intestine, Small/cytology ; Isotope Labeling ; Isotopes ; Leukocytes/cytology ; Lipid Metabolism ; Lymphopoiesis ; Mass Spectrometry/*methods ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Models, Biological ; Stem Cells/*cytology/*metabolism/pathology ; Templates, Genetic ; Thymidine/metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Opposite effects of fear conditioning and extinction on dendritic spine remodelling (2012)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2012-02-22
    Beschreibung: It is generally believed that fear extinction is a form of new learning that inhibits rather than erases previously acquired fear memories. Although this view has gained much support from behavioural and electrophysiological studies, the hypothesis that extinction causes the partial erasure of fear memories remains viable. Using transcranial two-photon microscopy, we investigated how neural circuits are modified by fear learning and extinction by examining the formation and elimination of postsynaptic dendritic spines of layer-V pyramidal neurons in the mouse frontal association cortex. Here we show that fear conditioning by pairing an auditory cue with a footshock increases the rate of spine elimination. By contrast, fear extinction by repeated presentation of the same auditory cue without a footshock increases the rate of spine formation. The degrees of spine remodelling induced by fear conditioning and extinction strongly correlate with the expression and extinction of conditioned fear responses, respectively. Notably, spine elimination and formation induced by fear conditioning and extinction occur on the same dendritic branches in a cue- and location-specific manner: cue-specific extinction causes formation of dendritic spines within a distance of two micrometres from spines that were eliminated after fear conditioning. Furthermore, reconditioning preferentially induces elimination of dendritic spines that were formed after extinction. Thus, within vastly complex neuronal networks, fear conditioning, extinction and reconditioning lead to opposing changes at the level of individual synapses. These findings also suggest that fear memory traces are partially erased after extinction.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lai, Cora Sau Wan -- Franke, Thomas F -- Gan, Wen-Biao -- NS047325/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2012 Feb 19;483(7387):87-91. doi: 10.1038/nature10792.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Molecular Neurobiology Program, Skirball Institute, Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, New York University School of Medicine, 540 First Avenue, New York, New York 10016, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22343895" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Schlagwort(e): Acoustic Stimulation ; Animals ; Conditioning, Classical/*physiology ; Cues ; Dendritic Spines/*physiology ; Electric Stimulation ; Extinction, Psychological/*physiology ; Extremities ; Fear/*physiology ; Frontal Lobe/cytology/physiology ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mice, Transgenic ; Models, Neurological ; Neuronal Plasticity/*physiology ; Pyramidal Cells/cytology/physiology
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Inflammasome-mediated dysbiosis regulates progression of NAFLD and obesity (2012)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2012-02-03
    Beschreibung: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the hepatic manifestation of metabolic syndrome and the leading cause of chronic liver disease in the Western world. Twenty per cent of NAFLD individuals develop chronic hepatic inflammation (non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, NASH) associated with cirrhosis, portal hypertension and hepatocellular carcinoma, yet the causes of progression from NAFLD to NASH remain obscure. Here, we show that the NLRP6 and NLRP3 inflammasomes and the effector protein IL-18 negatively regulate NAFLD/NASH progression, as well as multiple aspects of metabolic syndrome via modulation of the gut microbiota. Different mouse models reveal that inflammasome-deficiency-associated changes in the configuration of the gut microbiota are associated with exacerbated hepatic steatosis and inflammation through influx of TLR4 and TLR9 agonists into the portal circulation, leading to enhanced hepatic tumour-necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha expression that drives NASH progression. Furthermore, co-housing of inflammasome-deficient mice with wild-type mice results in exacerbation of hepatic steatosis and obesity. Thus, altered interactions between the gut microbiota and the host, produced by defective NLRP3 and NLRP6 inflammasome sensing, may govern the rate of progression of multiple metabolic syndrome-associated abnormalities, highlighting the central role of the microbiota in the pathogenesis of heretofore seemingly unrelated systemic auto-inflammatory and metabolic disorders.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3276682/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3276682/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Henao-Mejia, Jorge -- Elinav, Eran -- Jin, Chengcheng -- Hao, Liming -- Mehal, Wajahat Z -- Strowig, Till -- Thaiss, Christoph A -- Kau, Andrew L -- Eisenbarth, Stephanie C -- Jurczak, Michael J -- Camporez, Joao-Paulo -- Shulman, Gerald I -- Gordon, Jeffrey I -- Hoffman, Hal M -- Flavell, Richard A -- K08A1085038/PHS HHS/ -- P30 DK-45735/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- P30 DK045735/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- P30 DK045735-14/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R01 DK-40936/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R01 DK040936/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R01DK076674-01/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R24 DK-085638/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- T32HL007974/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- U24 DK-059635/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- U24 DK059635/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- England -- Nature. 2012 Feb 1;482(7384):179-85. doi: 10.1038/nature10809.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22297845" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Schlagwort(e): Animals ; Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins ; Carrier Proteins/metabolism ; Choline ; Colon/microbiology ; Cytoskeletal Proteins/deficiency ; Disease Models, Animal ; *Disease Progression ; Fatty Liver/genetics/*metabolism/*pathology ; Inflammasomes/*metabolism ; Inflammation/metabolism/pathology ; Interleukin-18/deficiency ; Male ; Metagenome ; Methionine/deficiency ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease ; Obesity/*metabolism/*pathology ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; Receptors, Cell Surface/metabolism ; Toll-Like Receptor 4/deficiency/metabolism ; Toll-Like Receptor 9/deficiency/metabolism ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/deficiency/metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Digitale ISSN: 1476-4687
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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