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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    John H. Beynon
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    International Journal of Mass Spectrometry and Ion Processes 86 (1988), S. ix-xii 
    Details
    ISSN: 0168-1176
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0168-1176(88)80050-8
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 2
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    Repurposing lipoic acid changes electron flow in two important metabolic pathways of Escherichia coli [Microbiology] (2011)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-05-11
    Description: In bacteria, cysteines of cytoplasmic proteins, including the essential enzyme ribonucleotide reductase (RNR), are maintained in the reduced state by the thioredoxin and glutathione/glutaredoxin pathways. An Escherichia coli mutant lacking both glutathione reductase and thioredoxin reductase cannot grow because RNR is disulfide bonded and nonfunctional. Here we report that suppressor mutations in the lpdA gene, which encodes the oxidative enzyme lipoamide dehydrogenase required for tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle functioning, restore growth to this redox-defective mutant. The suppressor mutations reduce LpdA activity, causing the accumulation of dihydrolipoamide, the reduced protein-bound form of lipoic acid. Dihydrolipoamide can then provide electrons for the reactivation of RNR through reduction of glutaredoxins. Dihydrolipoamide is oxidized in the process, restoring function to the TCA cycle. Thus, two electron transfer pathways are rewired to meet both oxidative and reductive needs of the cell: dihydrolipoamide functionally replaces glutathione, and the glutaredoxins replace LpdA. Both lipoic acid and glutaredoxins act in the reverse manner from their normal cellular functions. Bioinformatic analysis suggests that such activities may also function in other bacteria.
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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  • 3
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    CHURNs: Freshness Assurance for Humans (2015)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-09-29
    Description: We present CHURNs, a method for providing freshness and authentication assurances to human users. In computer-to-computer protocols, it has long been accepted that assurances of freshness such as random nonces are required to prevent replay attacks. Typically, no such assurance of freshness is presented to a human in a human-and-computer protocol. A Computer–HUman Recognisable Nonce (CHURN) is a computer-aided random sequence that the human has a measure of control over and input into. Our approach overcomes limitations such as ‘humans cannot do random’ and that humans will follow the easiest path. Our findings show that CHURNs are significantly more random than values produced by unaided humans; that humans may be used as a second source of randomness, and we give measurements as to how much randomness can be gained from humans using our approach; and that our CHURN-generator makes the user feel more in control, thus removing the need for complete trust in devices and underlying protocols. We give an example of how a CHURN may be used to provide assurances of freshness and authentication for humans in a widely used protocol.
    Print ISSN: 0010-4620
    Electronic ISSN: 1460-2067
    Topics: Computer Science
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 4
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    Suppressors of cikA mutants rewire the clock [Genetics] (2014)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-11-26
    Description: The circadian input kinase of the cyanobacterium Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942 (CikA) is important both for synchronizing circadian rhythms with external environmental cycles and for transferring temporal information between the oscillator and the global transcriptional regulator RpaA (regulator of phycobilisome-associated A). KOs of cikA result in one of the most...
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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  • 5
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    Characterization of space weathering from Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Camera ultraviolet observations of the Moon (2014)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-04-23
    Description: We investigate the effects of space weathering at ultraviolet wavelengths using a near global seven-band (321–689 nm) mosaic from the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Camera (LROC) Wide Angle Camera (WAC). We confirm that for moderate- to high-iron compositions (〉 ~ 5 wt% FeO), the steeply positive UV slope at wavelengths 〈415 nm shallows with increasing exposure to space weathering. We measure these differences in LROC WAC data as variations in the 321/415 nm ratio, which has low values for fresh craters in the mare and moderate-iron highlands. For low-iron highland compositions, the break in slope occurs at shorter wavelengths, and it is instead the 321/360 nm ratio that increases with exposure to the space-weathering environment, whereas the 321/415 nm ratio appears to be largely controlled by the degree of shock experienced during the impact. The effects of shock may be more important at highland craters because modest shock pressures result in the solid-state transformation of plagioclase to its glass equivalent, maskelynite, and can help distinguish between primary shocked ejecta and locally exposed fresh material in rays. While all of the “fresh” craters we examined have UV spectral properties consistent with substantial alteration due to space weathering, the UV spectra of lunar swirls (magnetically shielded from the solar wind) are consistent with exposure of immature, crystalline material. Together these results suggest that lunar space weathering is dominated by the solar wind and “saturates” in the UV at I S /FeO values of ~40 (submature).
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 6
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    Resolved Hapke Parameter Maps of the Moon (2014)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-07-03
    Description: We derived spatially resolved near-global Hapke photometric parameter maps of the Moon from 21 months of Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Camera (LROC) Wide Angle Camera (WAC) multispectral observations using a novel " tile-by-tile" method (1° latitude by 1°longitude bins). The derived six parameters ( w , b , c , B S 0 , h S , ) for each tile were used to normalize the observed reflectance (standard angles i  =  g  = 60°, e  = 0° instead of the traditional angles i  =  g  = 30°, e = 0°) within each tile, resulting in accurate normalization optimized for the local photometric response. Each pixel in the seven-color near-global mosaic (70°S to 70°N and 0°E to 360°E) was computed by the median of normalized reflectance from large numbers of repeated observations (UV: ~50, visible: ~126 on average). The derived mosaic exhibits no significant artifacts with latitude or along the tile boundaries demonstrating the quality of the normalization procedure. The derived Hapke parameter maps reveal regional photometric response variations across the lunar surface. The b , c (Henyey-Greenstein double-lobed phase function parameters) maps demonstrate decreased backscattering in the maria relative to the highlands (except 321 nm band), probably due to the higher content of both SMFe (sub-micron iron) and ilmenite in the interiors of back scattering agglutinates in the maria. The h S (angular width of shadow hiding opposition effect) map exhibits relatively lower values in the maria than the highlands, and slightly higher values for immature highland crater ejecta, possibly related to the variation in a grain size distribution of regolith.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 7
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    Hax1-mediated processing of HtrA2 by Parl allows survival of lymphocytes and neurons (2008)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-02-22
    Description: Cytokines affect a variety of cellular functions, including regulation of cell numbers by suppression of programmed cell death. Suppression of apoptosis requires receptor signalling through the activation of Janus kinases and the subsequent regulation of members of the B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) family. Here we demonstrate that a Bcl-2-family-related protein, Hax1, is required to suppress apoptosis in lymphocytes and neurons. Suppression requires the interaction of Hax1 with the mitochondrial proteases Parl (presenilin-associated, rhomboid-like) and HtrA2 (high-temperature-regulated A2, also known as Omi). These interactions allow Hax1 to present HtrA2 to Parl, and thereby facilitates the processing of HtrA2 to the active protease localized in the mitochondrial intermembrane space. In mouse lymphocytes, the presence of processed HtrA2 prevents the accumulation of mitochondrial-outer-membrane-associated activated Bax, an event that initiates apoptosis. Together, the results identify a previously unknown sequence of interactions involving a Bcl-2-family-related protein and mitochondrial proteases in the ability to resist the induction of apoptosis when cytokines are limiting.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Chao, Jyh-Rong -- Parganas, Evan -- Boyd, Kelli -- Hong, Cheol Yi -- Opferman, Joseph T -- Ihle, James N -- England -- Nature. 2008 Mar 6;452(7183):98-102. doi: 10.1038/nature06604. Epub 2008 Feb 20.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biochemistry, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18288109" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Apoptosis ; Cell Survival ; Genes, Lethal ; Lymphocytes/cytology/metabolism ; Metalloproteases/deficiency/*metabolism ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mice, Knockout ; Mitochondrial Proteins/chemistry/deficiency/*metabolism ; Neurons/cytology/metabolism ; Protein Binding ; *Protein Processing, Post-Translational ; Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Serine Endopeptidases/chemistry/*metabolism ; bcl-2-Associated X Protein/metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 8
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    Getting an inside look at cells' chemistry (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-04-16
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Boyd, K -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Mar 20;279(5358):1856.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9537903" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biolistics ; *Biosensing Techniques ; Brain/cytology ; Brain Chemistry ; Cells/*chemistry ; *Ionophores ; *Ions ; Mice ; Ovum/chemistry
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 9
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    A phase II study of capecitabine and oxaliplatin combination chemotherapy in patients with inoperable adenocarcinoma of the gall bladder or biliary tract (2016)
    BioMed Central
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-03-13
    Description: Advanced biliary tract carcinomas are associated with a poor prognosis, and palliative chemotherapy has only modest benefit. This multi-centre phase II study was conducted to determine the efficacy of capecita...
    Electronic ISSN: 1756-0500
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Published by BioMed Central
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  • 10
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    Crystal structure of a TAPBPR-MHC I complex reveals the mechanism of peptide editing in antigen presentation (2017)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-11-24
    Description: Central to CD8 + T cell–mediated immunity is the recognition of peptide–major histocompatibility complex class I (p–MHC I) proteins displayed by antigen-presenting cells. Chaperone-mediated loading of high-affinity peptides onto MHC I is a key step in the MHC I antigen presentation pathway. However, the structure of MHC I with a chaperone that facilitates peptide loading has not been determined. We report the crystal structure of MHC I in complex with the peptide editor TAPBPR (TAP-binding protein–related), a tapasin homolog. TAPBPR remodels the peptide-binding groove of MHC I, resulting in the release of low-affinity peptide. Changes include groove relaxation, modifications of key binding pockets, and domain adjustments. This structure captures a peptide-receptive state of MHC I and provides insights into the mechanism of peptide editing by TAPBPR and, by analogy, tapasin.
    Keywords: Biochemistry, Immunology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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