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  • Articles  (2,573)
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  • American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)  (2,573)
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  • 1
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    Enzymology. A moving story (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-02-23
    Description: 〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3907122/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3907122/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Falke, Joseph J -- R01 GM040731/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Feb 22;295(5559):1480-1.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Molecular Biophysics Program and the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA. falke@colorado.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11859184" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Arginine/chemistry ; Binding Sites ; Catalysis ; Cyclophilin A/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Hydrogen Bonding ; Models, Molecular ; Nitrogen/chemistry ; Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Biomolecular ; Protein Binding ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Folding ; Protein Structure, Secondary ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Thermodynamics
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 2
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    Cancer. BRCA2 enters the fray (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-09-14
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wilson, John H -- Elledge, Stephen J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Sep 13;297(5588):1822-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12228708" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; BRCA1 Protein/metabolism ; BRCA2 Protein/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Binding Sites ; Breast Neoplasms/genetics ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; DNA/*metabolism ; DNA Damage ; *DNA Repair ; DNA, Single-Stranded/metabolism ; DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism ; Female ; Genes, BRCA1 ; Genes, BRCA2 ; Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; Humans ; Mice ; Ovarian Neoplasms/genetics ; Protein Folding ; Protein Structure, Secondary ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Rad51 Recombinase ; Rats ; Recombination, Genetic ; Replication Protein A
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 3
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    Direct recognition of cytomegalovirus by activating and inhibitory NK cell receptors (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-04-16
    Description: Natural killer (NK) cells express inhibitory receptors for major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I antigens, preventing attack against healthy cells. Mouse cytomegalovirus (MCMV) encodes an MHC-like protein (m157) that binds to an inhibitory NK cell receptor in certain MCMV-susceptible mice. In MCMV-resistant mice, this viral protein engages a related activating receptor (Ly49H) and confers host protection. These activating and inhibitory receptors are highly homologous, suggesting the possibility that one evolved from the other in response to selective pressure imposed by the pathogen.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Arase, Hisashi -- Mocarski, Edward S -- Campbell, Ann E -- Hill, Ann B -- Lanier, Lewis L -- AI30363/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- CA89294/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 May 17;296(5571):1323-6. Epub 2002 Apr 11.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Microbiology and Immunology and the Cancer Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11950999" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: 3T3 Cells ; Animals ; Antigens, Ly/chemistry/genetics/*immunology/metabolism ; Cell Line ; Coculture Techniques ; Disease Susceptibility ; Evolution, Molecular ; Herpesviridae Infections/*immunology ; Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/immunology ; Hybridomas ; Immunity, Innate ; Interferon-gamma/biosynthesis ; Killer Cells, Natural/*immunology ; Lectins, C-Type ; Ligands ; Lymphocyte Activation ; Membrane Glycoproteins/chemistry/genetics/*immunology/metabolism ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mice, Inbred Strains ; Muromegalovirus/genetics/*immunology/metabolism ; NK Cell Lectin-Like Receptor Subfamily A ; Protein Binding ; Receptors, Immunologic/chemistry/genetics/*immunology/metabolism ; Receptors, NK Cell Lectin-Like ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; Transfection ; Viral Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*immunology/metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 4
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    Genetics. Please don't call it cloning! (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-02-16
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Vogelstein, Bert -- Alberts, Bruce -- Shine, Kenneth -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Feb 15;295(5558):1237.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Kimmel Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA. vogelbe@welch.jhu.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11847324" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Bioethical Issues ; Cell Line ; *Cloning, Organism/legislation & jurisprudence ; Embryo Research ; Embryo, Mammalian/*cytology ; Humans ; *Nuclear Transfer Techniques ; *Stem Cells ; *Terminology as Topic ; United States
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 5
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    Control of synaptic strength by glial TNFalpha (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-03-23
    Description: Activity-dependent modulation of synaptic efficacy in the brain contributes to neural circuit development and experience-dependent plasticity. Although glia are affected by activity and ensheathe synapses, their influence on synaptic strength has largely been ignored. Here, we show that a protein produced by glia, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha), enhances synaptic efficacy by increasing surface expression of AMPA receptors. Preventing the actions of endogenous TNFalpha has the opposite effects. Thus, the continual presence of TNFalpha is required for preservation of synaptic strength at excitatory synapses. Through its effects on AMPA receptor trafficking, TNFalpha may play roles in synaptic plasticity and modulating responses to neural injury.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Beattie, Eric C -- Stellwagen, David -- Morishita, Wade -- Bresnahan, Jacqueline C -- Ha, Byeong Keun -- Von Zastrow, Mark -- Beattie, Michael S -- Malenka, Robert C -- DA00439/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- MH063394/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- NS 31193/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- NS38079/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Mar 22;295(5563):2282-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Nancy Pritzker Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA. beattie.2@osu.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11910117" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antigens, CD/pharmacology ; Astrocytes/*metabolism ; Cells, Cultured ; Culture Media, Conditioned/pharmacology ; Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects ; Hippocampus/cytology/metabolism ; Neuronal Plasticity/drug effects ; Neurons/drug effects/metabolism ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Receptors, AMPA/metabolism ; Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor ; Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I ; Synapses/drug effects/*metabolism ; Synaptic Transmission/drug effects ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/antagonists & inhibitors/*metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 6
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    Visualization and functional analysis of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase lattices (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-06-22
    Description: Positive-strand RNA viruses such as poliovirus replicate their genomes on intracellular membranes of their eukaryotic hosts. Electron microscopy has revealed that purified poliovirus RNA-dependent RNA polymerase forms planar and tubular oligomeric arrays. The structural integrity of these arrays correlates with cooperative RNA binding and RNA elongation and is sensitive to mutations that disrupt intermolecular contacts predicted by the polymerase structure. Membranous vesicles isolated from poliovirus-infected cells contain structures consistent with the presence of two-dimensional polymerase arrays on their surfaces during infection. Therefore, host cytoplasmic membranes may function as physical foundations for two-dimensional polymerase arrays, conferring the advantages of surface catalysis to viral RNA replication.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lyle, John M -- Bullitt, Esther -- Bienz, Kurt -- Kirkegaard, Karla -- AI-42119/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Jun 21;296(5576):2218-22.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12077417" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Base Sequence ; Binding Sites ; Catalysis ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; HeLa Cells ; Humans ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Inclusion Bodies, Viral/metabolism/ultrastructure ; Microscopy, Electron ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Nucleic Acid Conformation ; Poliovirus/*enzymology/physiology ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Structure, Quaternary ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; RNA Replicase/*chemistry/isolation & purification/*metabolism/ultrastructure ; RNA, Viral/biosynthesis/*metabolism ; Viral Core Proteins/metabolism ; Virus Replication
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 7
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    Climate change and latitudinal patterns of intertidal thermal stress (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-11-02
    Description: The interaction of climate and the timing of low tides along the West Coast of the United States creates a complex mosaic of thermal environments, in which northern sites can be more thermally stressful than southern sites. Thus, climate change may not lead to a poleward shift in the distribution of intertidal organisms, as has been proposed, but instead will likely cause localized extinctions at a series of "hot spots." Patterns of exposure to extreme climatic conditions are temporally variable, and tidal predictions suggest that in the next 3 to 5 years "hot spots" are likely to appear at several northern sites.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Helmuth, Brian -- Harley, Christopher D G -- Halpin, Patricia M -- O'Donnell, Michael -- Hofmann, Gretchen E -- Blanchette, Carol A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Nov 1;298(5595):1015-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉University of South Carolina, Department of Biological Sciences and Marine Sciences Program, Columbia, SC 29208, USA. helmuth@biol.sc.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12411702" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Bivalvia/*physiology ; *Body Temperature ; *Climate ; *Ecosystem ; Environment ; Geography ; Pacific Ocean ; Pacific States ; Seasons ; *Seawater ; Temperature ; *Water Movements
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 8
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    Hybridization and the evolution of reef coral diversity (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-06-18
    Description: Hundreds of coral species coexist sympatrically on reefs, reproducing in mass-spawning events where hybridization appears common. In the Caribbean, DNA sequence data from all three sympatric Acropora corals show that mass spawning does not erode species barriers. Species A. cervicornis and A. palmata are distinct at two nuclear loci or share ancestral alleles. Morphotypes historically given the name Acropora prolifera are entirely F(1) hybrids of these two species, showing morphologies that depend on which species provides the egg for hybridization. Although selection limits the evolutionary potential of hybrids, F(1) individuals can reproduce asexually and form long-lived, potentially immortal hybrids with unique morphologies.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Vollmer, Steven V -- Palumbi, Stephen R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Jun 14;296(5575):2023-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 16 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA. svollmer@oeb.harvard.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12065836" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Bayes Theorem ; *Biological Evolution ; Calmodulin/genetics ; Caribbean Region ; Cnidaria/anatomy & histology/*classification/*genetics/physiology ; Collagen/genetics ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; *Ecosystem ; Environment ; *Genetic Variation ; Haplotypes ; *Hybridization, Genetic ; Introns ; Likelihood Functions ; Polymorphism, Genetic ; Reproduction ; Reproduction, Asexual ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Species Specificity
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 9
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    Disrupted timing of discontinuous but not continuous movements by cerebellar lesions (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-05-31
    Description: Patients with cerebellar damage are known to exhibit deficits in the temporal control of movements. We report that these deficits are restricted to discontinuous movements. Cerebellar patients exhibited no deficit in temporal variability when producing continuous, rhythmic movements. We hypothesize that the temporal properties of continuous movements are emergent and reflect the operation of other control parameters not associated with the cerebellum. In contrast, discontinuous movements require an explicit representation of the temporal goal, a function of the cerebellum. The requirement for explicit temporal representation provides a parsimonious account of cerebellar involvement in a range of tasks.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Spencer, Rebecca M C -- Zelaznik, Howard N -- Diedrichsen, Jorn -- Ivry, Richard B -- NS17778/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- NS30256/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- NS40813/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 May 30;300(5624):1437-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, 3210 Tolman Hall #1650, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. rspencer@socrates.berkeley.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12775842" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Cerebellar Diseases/*physiopathology ; Cerebellum/physiology/*physiopathology ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; *Motor Activity ; Movement ; *Psychomotor Performance ; Spinocerebellar Degenerations/*physiopathology ; Time Factors
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 10
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    Taxonomists' requiem? (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-01-16
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Samyn, Yves -- Massin, Claude -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Jan 11;295(5553):276-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11789538" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Classification ; *Ecosystem ; Invertebrates/classification ; Plants/classification ; *Publishing
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 11
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    Ecology. Soil fertility and hunger in Africa (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-03-16
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sanchez, Pedro A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Mar 15;295(5562):2019-20.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉International Center for Research in Agroforestry, Post Office Box 30677, Nairobi, Kenya. P.sanchez@cgiar.org〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11896257" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Africa South of the Sahara ; Agriculture/*methods ; Biomass ; Crops, Agricultural/*growth & development ; *Ecosystem ; Fertilizers ; *Food Supply ; Forestry ; Humans ; Hunger ; Nitrogen ; Nitrogen Fixation ; Phosphates ; Plant Development ; Public Policy ; *Soil ; Trees/growth & development ; United Nations ; Zea mays/growth & development
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 12
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    Sustaining fisheries yields over evolutionary time scales (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-07-06
    Description: Fishery management plans ignore the potential for evolutionary change in harvestable biomass. We subjected populations of an exploited fish (Menidia menidia) to large, small, or random size-selective harvest of adults over four generations. Harvested biomass evolved rapidly in directions counter to the size-dependent force of fishing mortality. Large-harvested populations initially produced the highest catch but quickly evolved a lower yield than controls. Small-harvested populations did the reverse. These shifts were caused by selection of genotypes with slower or faster rates of growth. Management tools that preserve natural genetic variation are necessary for long-term sustainable yield.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Conover, David O -- Munch, Stephan B -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Jul 5;297(5578):94-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Marine Sciences Research Center, State University of New York, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5000, USA. dconover@notes.cc.sunysb.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12098697" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Biomass ; Body Constitution ; Body Weight ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Fisheries ; Fishes/anatomy & histology/*genetics/*growth & development ; Genetic Variation ; Population Dynamics ; Regression Analysis ; *Selection, Genetic ; Time Factors
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 13
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    Casting metal nanowires within discrete self-assembled peptide nanotubes (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-04-26
    Description: Tubular nanostructures are suggested to have a wide range of applications in nanotechnology. We report our observation of the self-assembly of a very short peptide, the Alzheimer's beta-amyloid diphenylalanine structural motif, into discrete and stiff nanotubes. Reduction of ionic silver within the nanotubes, followed by enzymatic degradation of the peptide backbone, resulted in the production of discrete nanowires with a long persistence length. The same dipeptide building block, made of D-phenylalanine, resulted in the production of enzymatically stable nanotubes.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Reches, Meital -- Gazit, Ehud -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Apr 25;300(5619):625-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12714741" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Motifs ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Amyloid beta-Peptides/chemistry ; Biosensing Techniques ; Birefringence ; Dipeptides/*chemistry ; Microscopy, Electron ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ; Molecular Sequence Data ; *Nanotechnology ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Protein Conformation ; Silver ; Solubility ; Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 14
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    Common structure of soluble amyloid oligomers implies common mechanism of pathogenesis (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-04-19
    Description: Soluble oligomers are common to most amyloids and may represent the primary toxic species of amyloids, like the Abeta peptide in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Here we show that all of the soluble oligomers tested display a common conformation-dependent structure that is unique to soluble oligomers regardless of sequence. The in vitro toxicity of soluble oligomers is inhibited by oligomer-specific antibody. Soluble oligomers have a unique distribution in human AD brain that is distinct from fibrillar amyloid. These results indicate that different types of soluble amyloid oligomers have a common structure and suggest they share a common mechanism of toxicity.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kayed, Rakez -- Head, Elizabeth -- Thompson, Jennifer L -- McIntire, Theresa M -- Milton, Saskia C -- Cotman, Carl W -- Glabe, Charles G -- AG00538/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- AG16573/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- NS31230/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Apr 18;300(5618):486-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-3900, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12702875" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Alzheimer Disease/metabolism/pathology ; Amyloid/chemistry/toxicity ; Amyloid beta-Peptides/analysis/*chemistry/immunology/toxicity ; Animals ; Antibodies/immunology ; Antibody Specificity ; Biopolymers/analysis/chemistry/toxicity ; Brain/pathology ; Brain Chemistry ; Cell Survival ; Humans ; Microscopy, Confocal ; Microscopy, Electron ; Molecular Mimicry ; Neurofibrillary Tangles/chemistry ; Peptide Fragments/chemistry/immunology ; Protein Conformation ; Rabbits ; Solubility ; Tumor Cells, Cultured
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  • 15
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    Inhibition of excess nodal signaling during mouse gastrulation by the transcriptional corepressor DRAP1 (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-12-10
    Description: The formation and patterning of mesoderm during mammalian gastrulation require the activity of Nodal, a secreted mesoderm-inducing factor of the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) family. Here we show that the transcriptional corepressor DRAP1 has a very specific role in regulation of Nodal activity during mouse embryogenesis. We find that loss of Drap1 leads to severe gastrulation defects that are consistent with increased expression of Nodal and can be partially suppressed by Nodal heterozygosity. Biochemical studies indicate that DRAP1 interacts with and inhibits DNA binding by the winged-helix transcription factor FoxH1 (FAST), a critical component of a positive feedback loop for Nodal activity. We propose that DRAP1 limits the spread of a morphogenetic signal by down-modulating the response to the Nodal autoregulatory loop.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Iratni, Rabah -- Yan, Yu-Ting -- Chen, Canhe -- Ding, Jixiang -- Zhang, Yi -- Price, Sandy M -- Reinberg, Danny -- Shen, Michael M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Dec 6;298(5600):1996-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Biochemistry, Division of Nucleic Acids Enzymology, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12471260" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alleles ; Animals ; Cell Line ; Crosses, Genetic ; DNA/metabolism ; DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism ; *Embryonic and Fetal Development ; Female ; Forkhead Transcription Factors ; Gastrula/*physiology ; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental ; Gene Targeting ; Heterozygote ; In Situ Hybridization ; Left-Right Determination Factors ; Male ; Mesoderm/cytology/physiology ; Mice ; Morphogenesis ; Mutation ; Nodal Protein ; Phenotype ; Protein Binding ; RNA Interference ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; Repressor Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction ; *Signal Transduction ; Transcription Factors/metabolism ; Transforming Growth Factor beta/genetics/*metabolism
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    Parkinson's disease. Coincidence or connection? (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-04-20
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stone, Richard -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Apr 19;296(5567):451-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11964452" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Canada/epidemiology ; Cluster Analysis ; Environmental Exposure/adverse effects ; *Famous Persons ; Female ; History, 21st Century ; Humans ; Male ; Parkinson Disease/*epidemiology/etiology ; *Television ; Time Factors ; Virus Diseases/complications/epidemiology
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    Historical essay. The early years of HIV/AIDS (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-12-03
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gallo, Robert C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Nov 29;298(5599):1728-30.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute of Human Virology and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12459576" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: AIDS Serodiagnosis/history ; Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/diagnosis/*history/immunology/virology ; CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/virology ; Cell Line ; Cells, Cultured ; France ; *HIV/classification/isolation & purification/physiology ; History, 20th Century ; Human T-lymphotropic virus 1/isolation & purification/physiology ; Human T-lymphotropic virus 2/isolation & purification/physiology ; Humans ; Interleukin-2/history/isolation & purification/physiology ; Patents as Topic/history ; RNA-Directed DNA Polymerase/history/isolation & purification/metabolism ; United States ; Virus Cultivation
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    Assessing environmental changes in grasslands (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-03-22
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mitchell, Charles E -- Reich, Peter B -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Mar 21;299(5614):1844-5; author reply 1844-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12649464" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Atmosphere ; Biomass ; California ; *Carbon Dioxide ; Climate ; *Ecosystem ; Fungi/pathogenicity ; Nitrogen ; *Plant Diseases ; Plant Roots/growth & development ; Poaceae/*growth & development/*microbiology ; Temperature
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Caspian Sea. Scientists deplore OK for sturgeon catch (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-03-23
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stone, Richard -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Mar 22;295(5563):2191.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11910078" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Commerce/economics ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; *Fishes/physiology ; *Food Supply/economics/standards ; Marine Biology ; Oceans and Seas ; Russia
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Invasive species. California tries to rub out the monster of the lagoon (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-03-23
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Withgott, Jay -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Mar 22;295(5563):2201-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11910088" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Australia ; Biomass ; California ; *Ecosystem ; Environment ; Food Chain ; Herbicides/administration & dosage/pharmacology ; Mediterranean Region ; Seawater/*parasitology ; Seaweed/drug effects/*physiology
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    Ecology. Out of the vault, into the forest (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-09-28
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Malakoff, David -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Sep 27;297(5590):2196.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12351768" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Arizona ; *Ecosystem ; Maps as Topic ; *Pinus ; *Trees
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  • 22
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    Coordinated reactivation of distributed memory traces in primate neocortex (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-09-21
    Description: Conversion of new memories into a lasting form may involve the gradual refinement and linking together of neural representations stored widely throughout neocortex. This consolidation process may require coordinated reactivation of distributed components of memory traces while the cortex is "offline," i.e., not engaged in processing external stimuli. Simultaneous neural ensemble recordings from four sites in the macaque neocortex revealed such coordinated reactivation. In motor, somatosensory, and parietal cortex (but not prefrontal cortex), the behaviorally induced correlation structure and temporal patterning of neural ensembles within and between regions were preserved, confirming a major tenet of the trace-reactivation theory of memory consolidation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hoffman, K L -- McNaughton, B L -- MH01565/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Sep 20;297(5589):2070-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Neural Systems, Memory, and Aging, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12242447" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Action Potentials ; Animals ; Brain Mapping ; Cues ; Electrodes, Implanted ; Macaca mulatta ; Male ; Memory/*physiology ; Mental Recall/*physiology ; Motor Cortex/physiology ; Neocortex/*physiology ; Neurons/*physiology ; Parietal Lobe/physiology ; Prefrontal Cortex/physiology ; Somatosensory Cortex/physiology ; Time Factors
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  • 23
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    Crystal structure of the GpIbalpha-thrombin complex essential for platelet aggregation (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-07-12
    Description: Direct interaction between platelet receptor glycoprotein Ibalpha (GpIbalpha) and thrombin is required for platelet aggregation and activation at sites of vascular injury. Abnormal GpIbalpha-thrombin binding is associated with many pathological conditions,including occlusive arterial thrombosis and bleeding disorders. The crystal structure of the GpIbalpha-thrombin complex at 2.6 angstrom resolution reveals simultaneous interactions of GpIbalpha with exosite I of one thrombin molecule,and with exosite II of a second thrombin molecule. In the crystal lattice,the periodic arrangement of GpIbalpha-thrombin complexes mirrors a scaffold that could serve as a driving force for tight platelet adhesion. The details of these interactions reconcile GpIbalpha-thrombin binding modes that are presently controversial,highlighting two distinct interfaces that are potential targets for development of novel antithrombotic drugs.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Dumas, John J -- Kumar, Ravindra -- Seehra, Jasbir -- Somers, William S -- Mosyak, Lidia -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Jul 11;301(5630):222-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Chemical and Screening Sciences, Wyeth, 200 Cambridge Park Drive, Cambridge, MA 02140, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12855811" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Binding Sites ; Blood Platelets/chemistry/physiology ; Crystallization ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Humans ; Hydrogen Bonding ; Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions ; Models, Molecular ; Platelet Adhesiveness ; *Platelet Aggregation ; Platelet Glycoprotein GPIb-IX Complex/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Protein Binding ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Structure, Secondary ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Thrombin/*chemistry/*metabolism
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  • 24
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    Ecology. New count of old whales adds up to big debate (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-07-26
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lubick, Naomi -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Jul 25;301(5632):451.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12881542" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Atlantic Ocean ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; *Ecosystem ; Female ; Genetic Variation ; Genetics, Population ; Male ; Mutation ; Population Density ; Population Dynamics ; Time Factors ; *Whales/genetics
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  • 25
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    Reversing the inactivation of peroxiredoxins caused by cysteine sulfinic acid formation (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-04-26
    Description: The active-site cysteine of peroxiredoxins is selectively oxidized to cysteine sulfinic acid during catalysis, which leads to inactivation of peroxidase activity. This oxidation was thought to be irreversible. However, by metabolic labeling of mammalian cells with 35S, we show that the sulfinic form of peroxiredoxin I, produced during the exposure of cells to H2O2, is rapidly reduced to the catalytically active thiol form. The mammalian cells' ability to reduce protein sulfinic acid might serve as a mechanism to repair oxidatively damaged proteins or represent a new type of cyclic modification by which the function of various proteins is regulated.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Woo, Hyun Ae -- Chae, Ho Zoon -- Hwang, Sung Chul -- Yang, Kap-Seok -- Kang, Sang Won -- Kim, Kanghwa -- Rhee, Sue Goo -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Apr 25;300(5619):653-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center for Cell Signaling Research and Division of Molecular Life Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Korea.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12714748" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Catalysis ; Cell Line ; Cycloheximide/pharmacology ; Cysteine/*analogs & derivatives/*metabolism ; Dimerization ; HeLa Cells ; Humans ; Hydrogen Peroxide/*metabolism ; Methionine/metabolism ; Mice ; Neurotransmitter Agents ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Peroxidases/chemistry/*metabolism ; Peroxiredoxins ; Protein Synthesis Inhibitors/pharmacology ; Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization ; Sulfhydryl Compounds/metabolism ; Sulfinic Acids/metabolism ; Tumor Cells, Cultured
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  • 26
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    Cylindrical channels from concave helices (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-02-04
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Calladine, C R -- Pratap, V -- Chandran, V -- Mizuguchi, K -- Luisi, B F -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Jan 31;299(5607):661-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12561825" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Escherichia coli Proteins/*chemistry ; Glycine/chemistry ; Ion Channels/*chemistry ; *Models, Molecular ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Structure, Secondary
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  • 27
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    Closing of the nucleotide pocket of kinesin-family motors upon binding to microtubules (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-05-06
    Description: We have used adenosine diphosphate analogs containing electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spin moieties and EPR spectroscopy to show that the nucleotide-binding site of kinesin-family motors closes when the motor.diphosphate complex binds to microtubules. Structural analyses demonstrate that a domain movement in the switch 1 region at the nucleotide site, homologous to domain movements in the switch 1 region in the G proteins [heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide-binding proteins], explains the EPR data. The switch movement primes the motor both for the free energy-yielding nucleotide hydrolysis reaction and for subsequent conformational changes that are crucial for the generation of force and directed motion along the microtubule.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Naber, Nariman -- Minehardt, Todd J -- Rice, Sarah -- Chen, Xiaoru -- Grammer, Jean -- Matuska, Marija -- Vale, Ronald D -- Kollman, Peter A -- Car, Roberto -- Yount, Ralph G -- Cooke, Roger -- Pate, Edward -- AR39643/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ -- AR42895/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ -- DK05915/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- GM29072/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- RR1081/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 May 2;300(5620):798-801.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biochemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA. naber@itsa.ucsf.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12730601" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenine Nucleotides/*metabolism ; Adenosine Diphosphate/analogs & derivatives/metabolism ; Adenosine Triphosphate/analogs & derivatives/metabolism ; Animals ; Binding Sites ; Computer Simulation ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; *Drosophila Proteins ; Drosophila melanogaster ; Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy ; Humans ; Hydrogen Bonding ; Hydrolysis ; Kinesin/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Microtubules/*metabolism ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Motor Proteins/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Molecular Probes/metabolism ; Protein Conformation ; Spin Labels
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  • 28
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    Whales before whaling in the North Atlantic (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2003-07-26
    Description: It is well known that hunting dramatically reduced all baleen whale populations, yet reliable estimates of former whale abundances are elusive. Based on coalescent models for mitochondrial DNA sequence variation, the genetic diversity of North Atlantic whales suggests population sizes of approximately 240,000 humpback, 360,000 fin, and 265,000 minke whales. Estimates for fin and humpback whales are far greater than those previously calculated for prewhaling populations and 6 to 20 times higher than present-day population estimates. Such discrepancies suggest the need for a quantitative reevaluation of historical whale populations and a fundamental revision in our conception of the natural state of the oceans.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Roman, Joe -- Palumbi, Stephen R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Jul 25;301(5632):508-10.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 16 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12881568" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Atlantic Ocean ; Base Sequence ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; *Ecosystem ; Female ; Genetic Variation ; Genetics, Population ; Male ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Population Density ; Population Dynamics ; Time Factors ; *Whales/classification/genetics
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  • 29
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    Arctic ecology. For precarious populations, pollutants present new perils (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-03-15
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Webster, Paul -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Mar 14;299(5613):1642.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12637710" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Arctic Regions ; Canada ; *Ecosystem ; Environmental Exposure/*adverse effects ; Environmental Pollutants/*analysis ; Female ; Humans ; Infant ; Infection/epidemiology/etiology ; *Inuits ; Memory ; Risk Factors
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  • 30
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    Structural biology. Complex II is complex too (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-02-01
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hederstedt, Lars -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Jan 31;299(5607):671-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Cell and Organism Biology, Lund University, SE-22362 Lund, Sweden. lars.hederstedt@cob.lu.se〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12560540" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Aerobiosis ; Anaerobiosis ; Binding Sites ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Electron Transport ; Electron Transport Complex II ; Escherichia coli/*enzymology ; Flavin-Adenine Dinucleotide/metabolism ; Heme/chemistry/metabolism ; Models, Molecular ; Multienzyme Complexes/antagonists & inhibitors/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Oxidoreductases/antagonists & inhibitors/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Protein Subunits/chemistry ; Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism ; Succinate Dehydrogenase/antagonists & inhibitors/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Succinic Acid/metabolism ; Ubiquinone/chemistry/metabolism
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    Agrobiotechnology. Mixed message could prove costly for GM crops (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-10-25
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stokstad, Erik -- Vogel, Gretchen -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Oct 24;302(5645):542-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14576384" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Beta vulgaris/genetics/growth & development ; Biotechnology ; Brassica napus/genetics/growth & development ; Crops, Agricultural/*genetics/growth & development ; *Ecosystem ; *Environment ; Great Britain ; Herbicides ; *Plants, Genetically Modified/growth & development ; Zea mays/genetics/growth & development
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Insulin staining of ES cell progeny from insulin uptake (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-01-18
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Rajagopal, Jayaraj -- Anderson, William J -- Kume, Shoen -- Martinez, Olga I -- Melton, Douglas A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Jan 17;299(5605):363.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard University, 7 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12532008" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antibodies/immunology ; Apoptosis ; Cell Differentiation ; Cell Line ; Embryo, Mammalian/*cytology ; Humans ; Insulin/*analysis/genetics/immunology/*metabolism ; Islets of Langerhans/*cytology/metabolism ; Mice ; Microscopy, Confocal ; RNA, Messenger/genetics/metabolism ; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Stem Cells/*cytology/metabolism
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Response of a deciduous forest to the Mount Pinatubo eruption: enhanced photosynthesis (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-03-29
    Description: Volcanic aerosols from the 1991 Mount Pinatubo eruption greatly increased diffuse radiation worldwide for the following 2 years. We estimated that this increase in diffuse radiation alone enhanced noontime photosynthesis of a deciduous forest by 23% in 1992 and 8% in 1993 under cloudless conditions. This finding indicates that the aerosol-induced increase in diffuse radiation by the volcano enhanced the terrestrial carbon sink and contributed to the temporary decline in the growth rate of atmospheric carbon dioxide after the eruption.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gu, Lianhong -- Baldocchi, Dennis D -- Wofsy, Steve C -- Munger, J William -- Michalsky, Joseph J -- Urbanski, Shawn P -- Boden, Thomas A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Mar 28;299(5615):2035-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Environmental Sciences Division, Building 1509, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6335, USA. lianhong-gu@ornl.gov〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12663919" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Aerosols ; *Atmosphere ; *Carbon Dioxide/metabolism ; Climate ; *Ecosystem ; Mathematics ; Models, Statistical ; Nonlinear Dynamics ; Philippines ; *Photosynthesis ; Regression Analysis ; Scattering, Radiation ; Seasons ; Sunlight ; Temperature ; Trees/*metabolism ; *Volcanic Eruptions
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Planetary Science. A-roving we will go, slowly (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-09-27
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kerr, Richard A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Sep 26;301(5641):1834.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14512597" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Extraterrestrial Environment ; *Mars ; Space Flight ; *Spacecraft ; Time Factors
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    Genomics. Molecular prodigality (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-02-22
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bray, Dennis -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Feb 21;299(5610):1189-90.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK. d.bray@zoo.cam.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12595679" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Substitution ; Animals ; Antibody Diversity ; Escherichia coli Proteins/chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; Evolution, Molecular ; Genetic Variation ; Genomics ; Histones/chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; Humans ; Methylation ; Phenotype ; Potassium Channels/chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Isoforms/chemistry/metabolism ; Protein Processing, Post-Translational ; Proteins/*chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Proteomics ; RNA Splicing ; Receptors, Cell Surface/chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; Selection, Genetic ; Troponin T/chemistry/genetics/metabolism
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    Coral reef death during the 1997 Indian Ocean Dipole linked to Indonesian wildfires (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-08-16
    Description: Geochemical anomalies and growth discontinuities in Porites corals from western Sumatra, Indonesia, record unanticipated reef mortality during anomalous Indian Ocean Dipole upwelling and a giant red tide in 1997. Sea surface temperature reconstructions show that although some past upwelling events have been stronger, there were no analogous episodes of coral mortality during the past 7000 years, indicating that the 1997 red tide was highly unusual. We show that iron fertilization by the 1997 Indonesian wildfires was sufficient to produce the extraordinary red tide, leading to reef death by asphyxiation. These findings highlight tropical wildfires as an escalating threat to coastal marine ecosystems.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Abram, Nerilie J -- Gagan, Michael K -- McCulloch, Malcolm T -- Chappell, John -- Hantoro, Wahyoe S -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Aug 15;301(5635):952-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Research School of Earth Sciences, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia. nerilie.abram@anu.edu.au〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12920295" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Anthozoa/*growth & development ; Atmosphere ; Biomass ; Dinoflagellida/growth & development ; *Ecosystem ; *Eutrophication ; *Fires ; Indian Ocean ; Indonesia ; Iron ; Phytoplankton/growth & development ; Population Dynamics ; Temperature
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    Evolution. Climb every mountain? (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-12-20
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Elena, Santiago F -- Sanjuan, Rafael -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Dec 19;302(5653):2074-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Instituto de Biologia Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas-UPV, 46022 Valencia, Spain. sfelena@ibmcp.upv.es〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14684807" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Adaptation, Physiological ; Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Chlamydomonas/physiology ; Darkness ; *Ecosystem ; Environment ; *Genetic Variation ; Genotype ; Light ; Mutation ; Phenotype ; Pseudomonas fluorescens/genetics/*physiology ; RNA Viruses/physiology ; Selection, Genetic
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    Demography of dietary restriction and death in Drosophila (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-09-23
    Description: Dietary restriction (DR) increases life-span in organisms from yeast to mammals, presumably by slowing the accumulation of aging-related damage. Here we show that in Drosophila, DR extends life-span entirely by reducing the short-term risk of death. Two days after the application of DR at any age for the first time, previously fully fed flies are no more likely to die than flies of the same age that have been subjected to long-term DR. DR of mammals may also reduce short-term risk of death, and hence DR instigated at any age could generate a full reversal of mortality.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mair, William -- Goymer, Patrick -- Pletcher, Scott D -- Partridge, Linda -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Sep 19;301(5640):1731-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, University College London, Darwin Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14500985" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Aging ; Animals ; *Caloric Restriction ; Demography ; *Diet ; Drosophila/*physiology ; Female ; *Longevity ; Male ; Mortality ; Reproduction ; Risk ; Temperature ; Time Factors
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    Carbon in Amazon forests: unexpected seasonal fluxes and disturbance-induced losses (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-12-04
    Description: The net ecosystem exchange of carbon dioxide was measured by eddy covariance methods for 3 years in two old-growth forest sites near Santarem, Brazil. Carbon was lost in the wet season and gained in the dry season, which was opposite to the seasonal cycles of both tree growth and model predictions. The 3-year average carbon loss was 1.3 (confidence interval: 0.0 to 2.0) megagrams of carbon per hectare per year. Biometric observations confirmed the net loss but imply that it is a transient effect of recent disturbance superimposed on long-term balance. Given that episodic disturbances are characteristic of old-growth forests, it is likely that carbon sequestration is lower than has been inferred from recent eddy covariance studies at undisturbed sites.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Saleska, Scott R -- Miller, Scott D -- Matross, Daniel M -- Goulden, Michael L -- Wofsy, Steven C -- da Rocha, Humberto R -- de Camargo, Plinio B -- Crill, Patrick -- Daube, Bruce C -- de Freitas, Helber C -- Hutyra, Lucy -- Keller, Michael -- Kirchhoff, Volker -- Menton, Mary -- Munger, J William -- Pyle, Elizabeth Hammond -- Rice, Amy H -- Silva, Hudson -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Nov 28;302(5650):1554-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA. saleska@fas.harvard.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14645845" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Brazil ; Carbon/*analysis/metabolism ; Carbon Dioxide/*analysis/metabolism ; Confidence Intervals ; *Ecosystem ; Oxygen Consumption ; Photosynthesis ; Rain ; *Seasons ; *Trees/growth & development/metabolism ; Wood
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    Paleobiology. Megafauna died from big kill, not big chill (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-05-10
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kerr, Richard A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 May 9;300(5621):885.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12738825" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Ascomycota ; Charcoal ; Climate ; *Ecosystem ; Feces/microbiology ; Geologic Sediments ; Humans ; Madagascar ; *Mammals ; New York ; *Paleontology ; Pollen ; Population Dynamics ; *Spores, Fungal
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    From anchovies to sardines and back: multidecadal change in the Pacific Ocean (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-01-11
    Description: In the Pacific Ocean, air and ocean temperatures, atmospheric carbon dioxide, landings of anchovies and sardines, and the productivity of coastal and open ocean ecosystems have varied over periods of about 50 years. In the mid-1970s, the Pacific changed from a cool "anchovy regime" to a warm "sardine regime." A shift back to an anchovy regime occurred in the middle to late 1990s. These large-scale, naturally occurring variations must be taken into account when considering human-induced climate change and the management of ocean living resources.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Chavez, Francisco P -- Ryan, John -- Lluch-Cota, Salvador E -- Niquen C, Miguel -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Jan 10;299(5604):217-21.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, 7700 Sandholdt Road, Moss Landing, CA 95039, USA. chfr@mbari.org〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12522241" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Atmosphere ; Birds ; Carbon Dioxide ; *Climate ; *Ecosystem ; *Fishes ; Pacific Ocean ; *Seawater ; Temperature ; Time Factors
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    Structural basis of multiple drug-binding capacity of the AcrB multidrug efflux pump (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-05-10
    Description: Multidrug efflux pumps cause serious problems in cancer chemotherapy and treatment of bacterial infections. Yet high-resolution structures of ligand transporter complexes have previously been unavailable. We obtained x-ray crystallographic structures of the trimeric AcrB pump from Escherichia coli with four structurally diverse ligands. The structures show that three molecules of ligands bind simultaneously to the extremely large central cavity of 5000 cubic angstroms, primarily by hydrophobic, aromatic stacking and van der Waals interactions. Each ligand uses a slightly different subset of AcrB residues for binding. The bound ligand molecules often interact with each other, stabilizing the binding.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Yu, Edward W -- McDermott, Gerry -- Zgurskaya, Helen I -- Nikaido, Hiroshi -- Koshland, Daniel E Jr -- AI 09644/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 May 9;300(5621):976-80.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3202, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12738864" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Anti-Infective Agents/chemistry/metabolism ; Anti-Infective Agents, Local/chemistry/metabolism ; Binding Sites ; Carrier Proteins/*chemistry/isolation & purification/*metabolism ; Cell Membrane/chemistry ; Chemistry, Physical ; Ciprofloxacin/chemistry/metabolism ; Crystallization ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Dequalinium/chemistry/metabolism ; Escherichia coli Proteins/*chemistry/isolation & purification/*metabolism ; Ethidium/chemistry/metabolism ; Hydrogen Bonding ; Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions ; Ligands ; Membrane Proteins/*chemistry/isolation & purification/*metabolism ; Models, Molecular ; Multidrug Resistance-Associated Proteins ; Physicochemical Phenomena ; Protein Binding ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Structure, Quaternary ; Protein Structure, Secondary ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Rhodamines/chemistry/metabolism ; Static Electricity
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    Facilitation of spinal NMDA receptor currents by spillover of synaptically released glycine (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-06-28
    Description: In the mammalian CNS, N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors serve prominent roles in many physiological and pathophysiological processes including pain transmission. For full activation, NMDA receptors require the binding of glycine. It is not known whether the brain uses changes in extracellular glycine to modulate synaptic NMDA responses. Here, we show that synaptically released glycine facilitates NMDA receptor currents in the superficial dorsal horn, an area critically involved in pain processing. During high presynaptic activity, glycine released from inhibitory interneurons escapes the synaptic cleft and reaches nearby NMDA receptors by so-called spillover. In vivo, this process may contribute to the development of inflammatory hyperalgesia.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ahmadi, Seifollah -- Muth-Selbach, Uta -- Lauterbach, Andreas -- Lipfert, Peter -- Neuhuber, Winfried L -- Zeilhofer, Hanns Ulrich -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Jun 27;300(5628):2094-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institut fur Experimentelle und Klinische Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Universitat Erlangen-Nurnberg, Fahrstrasse 17, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12829784" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Analgesics/pharmacology ; Animals ; Anterior Horn Cells/drug effects/metabolism ; Diffusion ; Electric Stimulation ; Evoked Potentials/drug effects ; Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials/drug effects ; Glycine/*metabolism/pharmacology ; In Vitro Techniques ; Interneurons/metabolism ; Neural Inhibition/drug effects ; Opioid Peptides/pharmacology ; Pain Measurement ; Patch-Clamp Techniques ; Posterior Horn Cells/drug effects/*metabolism ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate/*metabolism ; Serine/pharmacology ; Spinal Cord/drug effects/metabolism ; Synapses/*metabolism ; *Synaptic Transmission/drug effects ; Temperature
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    Ocean exploration. Deep-sea mountaineering (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-08-23
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Malakoff, David -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Aug 22;301(5636):1034-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12933987" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Anthozoa ; Atlantic Ocean ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Environment ; Fisheries ; *Fishes ; Geologic Sediments ; *Marine Biology ; Pacific Ocean ; *Seawater
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    Seasonal dynamics of previously unknown fungal lineages in tundra soils (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-09-06
    Description: The finding that microbial communities are active under snow has changed the estimated global rates of biogeochemical processes beneath seasonal snow packs. We used microbiological and molecular techniques to elucidate the phylogenetic composition of undersnow microbial communities in Colorado, the United States. Here, we show that tundra soil microbial biomass reaches its annual peak under snow, and that fungi account for most of the biomass. Phylogenetic analysis of tundra soil fungi revealed a high diversity of fungi and three novel clades that constitute major new groups of fungi (divergent at the subphylum or class level). An abundance of previously unknown fungi that are active beneath the snow substantially broadens our understanding of both the diversity and biogeochemical functioning of fungi in cold environments.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Schadt, Christopher W -- Martin, Andrew P -- Lipson, David A -- Schmidt, Steven K -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Sep 5;301(5638):1359-61.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309-0334, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12958355" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Ascomycota/classification/genetics/growth & development/isolation & purification ; Basidiomycota/classification/genetics/growth & development/isolation & ; purification ; Bayes Theorem ; Biomass ; *Cold Climate ; Colorado ; DNA, Fungal/analysis/genetics ; *Ecosystem ; Fungi/*classification/genetics/*growth & development/isolation & purification ; Phylogeny ; *Seasons ; Snow ; *Soil Microbiology
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    Derepression of BDNF transcription involves calcium-dependent phosphorylation of MeCP2 (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-11-01
    Description: Mutations in MeCP2, which encodes a protein that has been proposed to function as a global transcriptional repressor, are the cause of Rett syndrome (RT T), an X-linked progressive neurological disorder. Although the selective inactivation of MeCP2 in neurons is sufficient to confer a Rett-like phenotype in mice, the specific functions of MeCP2 in postmitotic neurons are not known. We find that MeCP2 binds selectively to BDNF promoter III and functions to repress expression of the BDNF gene. Membrane depolarization triggers the calcium-dependent phosphorylation and release of MeCP2 from BDNF promoter III, thereby facilitating transcription. These studies indicate that MeCP2 plays a key role in the control of neuronal activity-dependent gene regulation and suggest that the deregulation of this process may underlie the pathology of RT T.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Chen, Wen G -- Chang, Qiang -- Lin, Yingxi -- Meissner, Alexander -- West, Anne E -- Griffith, Eric C -- Jaenisch, Rudolf -- Greenberg, Michael E -- HD 18655/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- NS28829/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Oct 31;302(5646):885-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Neuroscience, Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14593183" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor/*genetics ; Calcium/*metabolism ; Cell Membrane/physiology ; Cells, Cultured ; *Chromosomal Proteins, Non-Histone ; Cloning, Molecular ; CpG Islands ; DNA Methylation ; DNA-Binding Proteins/*metabolism ; Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay ; *Gene Expression Regulation ; Gene Silencing ; Histones/metabolism ; Methyl-CpG-Binding Protein 2 ; Methylation ; Mice ; Mice, Knockout ; Neurons/metabolism/physiology ; Phosphorylation ; Potassium Chloride/pharmacology ; Precipitin Tests ; Promoter Regions, Genetic ; Rats ; *Repressor Proteins ; Rett Syndrome/genetics ; *Transcription, Genetic
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    First black carp captured in U.S (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-06-21
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Chick, John H -- Maher, Robert J -- Burr, Brooks M -- Thomas, Matthew R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Jun 20;300(5627):1876-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12817125" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Aquaculture ; Bivalvia ; *Carps/classification ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Fresh Water ; Illinois
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    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Will direct payments help biodiversity? (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-03-29
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Swart, Jac A A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Mar 28;299(5615):1981-2; author reply 1981-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12663896" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Conservation of Natural Resources/*economics ; Cost-Benefit Analysis ; *Ecosystem ; Financial Management
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Bidirectional transmembrane signaling by cytoplasmic domain separation in integrins (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-09-23
    Description: Although critical for development, immunity, wound healing, and metastasis, integrins represent one of the few classes of plasma membrane receptors for which the basic signaling mechanism remains a mystery. We investigated cytoplasmic conformational changes in the integrin LFA-1 (alphaLbeta2) in living cells by measuring fluorescence resonance energy transfer between cyan fluorescent protein-fused and yellow fluorescent protein-fused alphaL and beta2 cytoplasmic domains. In the resting state these domains were close to each other, but underwent significant spatial separation upon either intracellular activation of integrin adhesiveness (inside-out signaling) or ligand binding (outside-in signaling). Thus, bidirectional integrin signaling is accomplished by coupling extracellular conformational changes to an unclasping and separation of the alpha and beta cytoplasmic domains, a distinctive mechanism for transmitting information across the plasma membrane.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kim, Minsoo -- Carman, Christopher V -- Springer, Timothy A -- CA31798/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Sep 19;301(5640):1720-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉CBR Institute for Biomedical Research, Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14500982" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Antibodies, Monoclonal ; Antigens, CD11a/*chemistry ; Antigens, CD18/*chemistry ; Bacterial Proteins ; Cell Adhesion ; Cell Membrane/*metabolism ; Chemokine CXCL12 ; Chemokines, CXC/metabolism ; Cytoplasm/*chemistry ; Dimerization ; Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer ; Green Fluorescent Proteins ; Humans ; Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1/metabolism ; Ligands ; Luminescent Proteins ; Lymphocyte Function-Associated Antigen-1/chemistry/*metabolism ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Receptors, CXCR4/metabolism ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/chemistry ; *Signal Transduction ; Talin/chemistry/metabolism ; Transfection ; Tumor Cells, Cultured
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Experience strengthening transmission by driving AMPA receptors into synapses (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-03-08
    Description: The mechanisms underlying experience-dependent plasticity in the brain may depend on the AMPA subclass of glutamate receptors (AMPA-Rs). We examined the trafficking of AMPA-Rs into synapses in the developing rat barrel cortex. In vivo gene delivery was combined with in vitro recordings to show that experience drives recombinant GluR1, an AMPA-R subunit, into synapses formed between layer 4 and layer 2/3 neurons. Moreover, expression of the GluR1 cytoplasmic tail, a construct that inhibits synaptic delivery of endogenous AMPA-Rs during long-term potentiation, blocked experience-driven synaptic potentiation. In general, synaptic incorporation of AMPA-Rs in vivo conforms to rules identified in vitro and contributes to plasticity driven by natural stimuli in the mammalian brain.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Takahashi, Takuya -- Svoboda, Karel -- Malinow, Roberto -- NS032827/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- NS038259/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Mar 7;299(5612):1585-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Jones Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12624270" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Electrophysiology ; Gene Transfer Techniques ; Long-Term Potentiation ; *Neuronal Plasticity ; Neurons/*metabolism/virology ; Patch-Clamp Techniques ; Rats ; Receptors, AMPA/genetics/*metabolism ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; Sindbis Virus/genetics ; Somatosensory Cortex/*metabolism/virology ; Synapses/*metabolism ; *Synaptic Transmission ; Touch ; Vibrissae/physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    The threat to cone snails (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-10-18
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Chivian, Eric -- Roberts, Callum M -- Bernstein, Aaron S -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Oct 17;302(5644):391.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14563988" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Anthozoa ; Biomedical Research ; Conotoxins ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Environment ; *Snails
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    Single molecule profiling of alternative pre-mRNA splicing (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-08-09
    Description: Alternative pre-messenger RNA splicing is an important mechanism for generating protein diversity and may explain in part how mammalian complexity arises from a surprisingly small complement of genes. Here, we describe "digital polony exon profiling,"a single molecule-based technology for studying complex alternative pre-messenger RNA splicing. This technology allows researchers to monitor the combinatorial diversity of exon inclusion in individual transcripts. A minisequencing strategy provides single nucleotide resolution, and the digital nature of the technology allows quantitation of individual splicing variants. Digital polony exon profiling can be used to investigate the physiological and pathological roles of alternately spliced messenger RNAs, as well as the mechanisms by which these messenger RNAs are produced.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zhu, Jun -- Shendure, Jay -- Mitra, Robi D -- Church, George M -- 5U54GM62119/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Aug 8;301(5634):836-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12907803" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acrylamide ; *Alternative Splicing ; Animals ; Antigens, CD44/genetics ; Brain/metabolism ; Cell Line ; Cell Line, Transformed ; Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein ; *Exons ; Humans ; Mice ; Microtubule-Associated Proteins/genetics ; Nerve Tissue Proteins/genetics ; Polymerase Chain Reaction/*methods ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Protein Isoforms ; RNA Precursors/*genetics/metabolism ; RNA-Binding Proteins ; SMN Complex Proteins
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    A mutation in the C. elegans EXP-2 potassium channel that alters feeding behavior (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-01-05
    Description: The nematode pharynx has a potassium channel with unusual properties, which allows the muscles to repolarize quickly and with the proper delay. Here, the Caenorhabditis elegans exp-2 gene is shown to encode this channel. EXP-2 is a Kv-type (voltage-activated) potassium channel that has inward-rectifying properties resembling those of the structurally dissimilar human ether-a-go-go-related gene (HERG) channel. Null and gain-of-function mutations affect pharyngeal muscle excitability in ways that are consistent with the electrophysiological behavior of the channel, and thereby demonstrate a direct link between the kinetics of this unusual channel and behavior.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3791429/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3791429/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Davis, M W -- Fleischhauer, R -- Dent, J A -- Joho, R H -- Avery, L -- HL46154/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- NS28407/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R01 HL046154/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Dec 24;286(5449):2501-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9148, USA. wdavis@biology.utah.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10617464" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Action Potentials ; Animals ; Caenorhabditis elegans/genetics/*physiology ; Feeding Behavior ; Genes, Helminth ; Genes, Reporter ; Ion Channel Gating ; Kinetics ; Membrane Potentials ; Models, Molecular ; Muscles/metabolism ; Mutation ; Neurons/metabolism ; Oocytes/metabolism ; Pharyngeal Muscles/physiology ; Potassium Channels/chemistry/genetics/*physiology ; Protein Conformation ; RNA, Complementary/genetics ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/biosynthesis ; Xenopus laevis
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Molecular biology. Cancer fighter's modus operandi revealed (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-09-30
    Description: Researchers have deciphered how a promising cancer drug acts like a smart bomb, homing in on only a very narrow range of its potential targets in the cell. The compound, known as STI-571, has shown remarkable success in early clinical trials on patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia. Now, in work reported on page 1938, scientists reveal just how the compound works--information that could aid in the design of similar cancer therapies.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Marx, J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Sep 15;289(5486):1857-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11012350" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Antineoplastic Agents/chemistry/*therapeutic use ; Benzamides ; Catalytic Domain/drug effects ; Clinical Trials as Topic ; Enzyme Activation/drug effects ; Enzyme Inhibitors/therapeutic use ; Humans ; Imatinib Mesylate ; Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/*drug therapy/enzymology ; *Piperazines ; Protein Conformation ; Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors/chemistry ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-abl/*antagonists & inhibitors ; Pyrimidines/chemistry/*therapeutic use
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Conservation in the real world (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-09-30
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sinclair, A R -- Ludwig, D -- Clark, C W -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Sep 15;289(5486):1875.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11012354" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Conservation of Natural Resources/methods ; *Ecosystem ; Humans ; Residence Characteristics
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    A structural model of transcription elongation (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-08-01
    Description: The path of the nucleic acids through a transcription elongation complex was tracked by mapping cross-links between bacterial RNA polymerase (RNAP) and transcript RNA or template DNA onto the x-ray crystal structure. In the resulting model, the downstream duplex DNA is nestled in a trough formed by the beta' subunit and enclosed on top by the beta subunit. In the RNAP channel, the RNA/DNA hybrid extends from the enzyme active site, along a region of the beta subunit harboring rifampicin resistance mutations, to the beta' subunit "rudder." The single-stranded RNA is then extruded through another channel formed by the beta-subunit flap domain. The model provides insight into the functional properties of the transcription complex.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Korzheva, N -- Mustaev, A -- Kozlov, M -- Malhotra, A -- Nikiforov, V -- Goldfarb, A -- Darst, S A -- GM30717/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM49242/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM53759/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Jul 28;289(5479):619-25.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Public Health Research Institute, 455 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10915625" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Binding Sites ; Cross-Linking Reagents ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; DNA/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; DNA Primers ; DNA-Directed RNA Polymerases/*chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; Models, Molecular ; Mutation ; Nucleic Acid Conformation ; Nucleic Acid Hybridization ; Oligodeoxyribonucleotides/chemistry/metabolism ; Oligoribonucleotides/chemistry/metabolism ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; RNA, Messenger/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Templates, Genetic ; Thermus/enzymology ; *Transcription, Genetic
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    Economic incentives for rain forest conservation across scales (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-06-10
    Description: Globally, tropical deforestation releases 20 to 30% of anthropogenic greenhouse gases. Conserving forests could reduce emissions, but the cost-effectiveness of this mechanism for mitigation depends on the associated opportunity costs. We estimated these costs from local, national, and global perspectives using a case study from Madagascar. Conservation generated significant benefits over logging and agriculture locally and globally. Nationally, however, financial benefits from industrial logging were larger than conservation benefits. Such differing economic signals across scales may exacerbate tropical deforestation. The Kyoto Protocol could potentially overcome this obstacle to conservation by creating markets for protection of tropical forests to mitigate climate change.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kremen, C -- Niles, J O -- Dalton, M G -- Daily, G C -- Ehrlich, P R -- Fay, J P -- Grewal, D -- Guillery, R P -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Jun 9;288(5472):1828-32.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center for Conservation Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. ckremen@stanford.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10846165" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Carbon ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*economics ; Cost-Benefit Analysis ; Developed Countries ; Developing Countries ; *Ecosystem ; Greenhouse Effect ; Industry ; Madagascar ; *Trees
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    Conservation conundrum (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2000-08-05
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Brownell, R L Jr -- Curry, B E -- Van Bonn, W -- Ridgway, S H -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Jun 30;288(5475):2319-20.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10917829" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Animals, Wild ; California ; Communicable Diseases/transmission/*veterinary ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; *Seals, Earless
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    Cloning: pathways to a pluripotent future (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2000-07-06
    Description: In this month's essay, Anne McLaren traces the winding and pitted pathways that connect the early days of the cell theory of biology in the 1830s to the new and unfolding era of cloning science and technology that came to worldwide attention in 1997 with the announcement of the birth of Dolly, the Scottish cloned sheep. The possibilities, including the potential for new medical treatments and perhaps even human cloning, are fantastic ... and ethically charged.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉McLaren, A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Jun 9;288(5472):1775-80.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Wellcome/CRC Institute, Cambridge, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10877698" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Animals, Domestic/embryology/genetics ; Bioethics ; Cell Differentiation ; Cell Line ; Cell Nucleus/physiology ; *Cloning, Organism/history/trends ; Cytoplasm/physiology ; Embryo, Mammalian/cytology ; Embryo, Nonmammalian/cytology ; History, 19th Century ; History, 20th Century ; Humans ; Nuclear Transfer Techniques ; Stem Cells/cytology/physiology ; Therapeutics
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    Still havens for coral reefs (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2000-09-23
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Starck, W -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Sep 8;289(5485):1691.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11001734" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Australia ; *Cnidaria ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Disasters ; *Ecosystem ; Humans
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    Neuroscience. Early insult rewires pain circuits (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2000-08-12
    Description: On page 628, neuroscientists report that painful stimuli delivered to rats shortly after birth permanently rewire the spinal cord circuits that respond to pain. Not only do the circuits contain more axons, but the axons extend to more areas of the spinal cord than they normally would. The results should help convince skeptics of the importance of managing pain in human infants.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Helmuth, L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Jul 28;289(5479):521-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10939955" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Afferent Pathways ; Aging ; Animals ; Animals, Newborn ; Axons/*physiology ; Hindlimb/innervation ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Inflammation/physiopathology ; *Pain ; Pain Threshold ; Rats ; Sciatic Nerve/*anatomy & histology/physiology ; Spinal Cord/*cytology
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    Crystal structure of a gammadelta T cell receptor ligand T22: a truncated MHC-like fold (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-01-15
    Description: Murine T10 and T22 are highly related nonclassical major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class Ib proteins that bind to certain gammadelta T cell receptors (TCRs) in the absence of other components. The crystal structure of T22b at 3.1 angstroms reveals similarities to MHC class I molecules, but one side of the normal peptide-binding groove is severely truncated, which allows direct access to the beta-sheet floor. Potential gammadelta TCR-binding sites can be inferred from functional mapping of T10 and T22 point mutants and allelic variants. Thus, T22 represents an unusual variant of the MHC-like fold and indicates that gammadelta and alphabeta TCRs interact differently with their respective MHC ligands.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wingren, C -- Crowley, M P -- Degano, M -- Chien, Y -- Wilson, I A -- AI33431/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- CA58896/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Jan 14;287(5451):310-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular Biology and the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10634787" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alleles ; Amino Acid Substitution ; Animals ; Binding Sites ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Glycosylation ; Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/*chemistry ; Hydrogen Bonding ; Ligands ; Mice ; Models, Molecular ; Point Mutation ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Folding ; Protein Structure, Quaternary ; Protein Structure, Secondary ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Proteins/*chemistry/immunology/metabolism ; Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/immunology/*metabolism ; Surface Properties ; beta 2-Microglobulin/chemistry
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    Hierarchical self-assembly of F-actin and cationic lipid complexes: stacked three-layer tubule networks (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-06-17
    Description: We describe a distinct type of spontaneous hierarchical self-assembly of cytoskeletal filamentous actin (F-actin), a highly charged polyelectrolyte, and cationic lipid membranes. On the mesoscopic length scale, confocal microscopy reveals ribbonlike tubule structures that connect to form a network of tubules on the macroscopic scale (more than 100 micrometers). Within the tubules, on the 0.5- to 50-nanometer length scale, x-ray diffraction reveals an unusual structure consisting of osmotically swollen stacks of composite membranes with no direct analog in simple amphiphilic systems. The composite membrane is composed of three layers, a lipid bilayer sandwiched between two layers of actin, and is reminiscent of multilayered bacterial cell walls that exist far from equilibrium. Electron microscopy reveals that the actin layer consists of laterally locked F-actin filaments forming an anisotropic two-dimensional tethered crystal that appears to be the origin of the tubule formation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wong, G C -- Tang, J X -- Lin, A -- Li, Y -- Janmey, P A -- Safinya, C R -- AR38910/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ -- GM59288/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Jun 16;288(5473):2035-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10856215" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Actins/*chemistry/ultrastructure ; Anisotropy ; Cations ; Crystallization ; Electrochemistry ; Electrolytes ; Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated/chemistry ; Freeze Fracturing ; Lipid Bilayers/*chemistry ; Microscopy, Confocal ; Microscopy, Electron ; Molecular Conformation ; Protein Conformation ; Quaternary Ammonium Compounds/chemistry ; X-Ray Diffraction
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Ecology. When fire ants move in, others leave (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-08-05
    Description: Researchers have uncovered new evidence about the long-range, and potentially long-term, ecological damage being wrought by an invasive species of fire ant. The red imported fire ant Solenopsis invicta displaces other ant species and upsets the structures of native communities of ants--disruptions that appear to be permanent, they report in the July issue of Ecology Letters. The drop in biodiversity could represent a significant loss, experts note, because of the critical role ants play in recycling nutrients and other biological material.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pennisi, E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Jul 14;289(5477):231.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10917841" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Ants/physiology ; *Ecosystem ; United States
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    Reversal of antipsychotic-induced working memory deficits by short-term dopamine D1 receptor stimulation (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-03-17
    Description: Chronic blockade of dopamine D2 receptors, a common mechanism of action for antipsychotic drugs, down-regulates D1 receptors in the prefrontal cortex and, as shown here, produces severe impairments in working memory. These deficits were reversed in monkeys by short-term coadministration of a D1 agonist, ABT 431, and this improvement was sustained for more than a year after cessation of D1 treatment. These findings indicate that pharmacological modulation of the D1 signaling pathway can produce long-lasting changes in functional circuits underlying working memory. Resetting this pathway by brief exposure to the agonist may provide a valuable strategy for therapeutic intervention in schizophrenia and other dopamine dysfunctional states.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Castner, S A -- Williams, G V -- Goldman-Rakic, P S -- P01DA10160/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- P50MH44866/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Mar 17;287(5460):2020-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Section of Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10720329" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antipsychotic Agents/*pharmacology ; Cyclic AMP/metabolism ; Dopamine/metabolism ; Dopamine Agonists/*pharmacology ; Dopamine Antagonists/pharmacology ; Down-Regulation ; Female ; Haloperidol/*pharmacology ; Haplorhini ; Memory/*drug effects ; Prefrontal Cortex/drug effects/metabolism ; Psychomotor Performance/drug effects ; Pyridines/*pharmacology ; Receptors, Dopamine D1/agonists/*metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; Tetrahydronaphthalenes/*pharmacology ; Time Factors
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    Neuroimaging evidence for dissociable forms of repetition priming (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-02-26
    Description: Repetition priming has been characterized neurophysiologically as a decreased response following stimulus repetition. The present study used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to investigate whether this repetition-related response is sensitive to stimulus familiarity. A right fusiform region exhibited an attenuated response to the repetition of familiar stimuli, both faces and symbols, but exhibited an enhanced response to the repetition of unfamiliar stimuli. Moreover, both repetition effects were modulated by lag between successive presentations. Further experiments replicated the interactions between repetition, familiarity, and lag and demonstrated the persistence of these effects over multiple repetitions. Priming-related responses are therefore not unitary but depend on the presence or absence of preexisting stimulus representations.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Henson, R -- Shallice, T -- Dolan, R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Feb 18;287(5456):1269-72.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Wellcome Department of Cognitive Neurology, Institute of Neurology, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Department of Psychology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK. r.henson@ucl.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10678834" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Brain Mapping ; Face ; Female ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Memory/*physiology ; *Pattern Recognition, Visual ; Regression Analysis ; Temporal Lobe/*physiology ; Time Factors
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    Role for rapid dendritic protein synthesis in hippocampal mGluR-dependent long-term depression (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-05-20
    Description: A hippocampal pyramidal neuron receives more than 10(4) excitatory glutamatergic synapses. Many of these synapses contain the molecular machinery for messenger RNA translation, suggesting that the protein complement (and thus function) of each synapse can be regulated on the basis of activity. Here, local postsynaptic protein synthesis, triggered by synaptic activation of metabotropic glutamate receptors, was found to modify synaptic transmission within minutes.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Huber, K M -- Kayser, M S -- Bear, M F -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 May 19;288(5469):1254-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10818003" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acids/pharmacology ; Animals ; Anisomycin/pharmacology ; Dendrites/drug effects/*metabolism ; Electric Stimulation ; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists/pharmacology ; Hippocampus/*metabolism/physiology ; Methoxyhydroxyphenylglycol/analogs & derivatives/pharmacology ; Nerve Tissue Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors/*biosynthesis/genetics ; Neural Inhibition/drug effects/*physiology ; Protein Biosynthesis/drug effects ; Protein Synthesis Inhibitors/pharmacology ; RNA, Messenger/metabolism ; Rats ; Receptors, Metabotropic Glutamate/*physiology ; Synaptic Transmission/drug effects/physiology ; Xanthenes/pharmacology
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    Environmental policy. Counting the cost of deforestation (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-07-06
    Description: To halt the dramatic alteration in our climate, there must be a reduction in the emission of greenhouse gases. As Bonnie and colleagues discuss in their Perspective, conservation of forests will increase carbon sequestration and decrease greenhouse gas emissions. In this issue, a cost-benefit analysis by Kremen et al. demonstrates the benefits of forest conservation on a local and global scale.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bonnie, R -- Schwartzman, S -- Oppenheimer, M -- Bloomfield, J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Jun 9;288(5472):1763-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Environmental Defense, 1875 Connecticut Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20009, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10877697" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Carbon ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*economics ; Cost-Benefit Analysis ; Developing Countries ; *Ecosystem ; Greenhouse Effect ; Industry ; *Trees
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    Atomic structure of PDE4: insights into phosphodiesterase mechanism and specificity (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-06-10
    Description: Cyclic nucleotides are second messengers that are essential in vision, muscle contraction, neurotransmission, exocytosis, cell growth, and differentiation. These molecules are degraded by a family of enzymes known as phosphodiesterases, which serve a critical function by regulating the intracellular concentration of cyclic nucleotides. We have determined the three-dimensional structure of the catalytic domain of phosphodiesterase 4B2B to 1.77 angstrom resolution. The active site has been identified and contains a cluster of two metal atoms. The structure suggests the mechanism of action and basis for specificity and will provide a framework for structure-assisted drug design for members of the phosphodiesterase family.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Xu, R X -- Hassell, A M -- Vanderwall, D -- Lambert, M H -- Holmes, W D -- Luther, M A -- Rocque, W J -- Milburn, M V -- Zhao, Y -- Ke, H -- Nolte, R T -- AI33072/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Jun 9;288(5472):1822-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Structural Chemistry, Department of Molecular Sciences, Glaxo Wellcome Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10846163" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: 3',5'-Cyclic-AMP Phosphodiesterases/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Binding Sites ; Catalytic Domain ; Crystallization ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Cyclic AMP/chemistry/*metabolism ; Cyclic GMP/chemistry/metabolism ; Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases, Type 4 ; Hydrogen Bonding ; Hydrolysis ; Metals/metabolism ; Models, Molecular ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Folding ; Protein Structure, Secondary ; Substrate Specificity
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    Learning-induced LTP in neocortex (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-10-20
    Description: The hypothesis that learning occurs through long-term potentiation (LTP)- and long-term depression (LTD)-like mechanisms is widely held but unproven. This hypothesis makes three assumptions: Synapses are modifiable, they modify with learning, and they strengthen through an LTP-like mechanism. We previously established the ability for synaptic modification and a synaptic strengthening with motor skill learning in horizontal connections of the rat motor cortex (MI). Here we investigated whether learning strengthened these connections through LTP. We demonstrated that synapses in the trained MI were near the ceiling of their modification range, compared with the untrained MI, but the range of synaptic modification was not affected by learning. In the trained MI, LTP was markedly reduced and LTD was enhanced. These results are consistent with the use of LTP to strengthen synapses during learning.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Rioult-Pedotti, M S -- Friedman, D -- Donoghue, J P -- NS27164/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Oct 20;290(5491):533-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA. mengia_rioult@brown.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11039938" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Electric Stimulation ; Female ; Learning/*physiology ; Long-Term Potentiation/*physiology ; Models, Neurological ; Motor Cortex/*physiology ; Motor Skills ; Neuronal Plasticity ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Synapses/*physiology ; Synaptic Transmission
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    Neurobiology. Receptors as kissing cousins (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-04-15
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Milligan, G -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Apr 7;288(5463):65-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Scotland.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10766637" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenylyl Cyclase Inhibitors ; Adenylyl Cyclases/metabolism ; Animals ; Cell Line ; Cerebral Cortex/metabolism ; Corpus Striatum/metabolism ; Dimerization ; Energy Transfer ; Fluorescence ; GTP-Binding Proteins/*metabolism ; Ligands ; Rats ; Receptor Cross-Talk ; Receptors, Dopamine D1/metabolism ; Receptors, Dopamine D2/agonists/*metabolism ; Receptors, Dopamine D5 ; Receptors, GABA-A/metabolism ; Receptors, Somatostatin/agonists/*metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; Somatostatin/metabolism
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    A domain in TNF receptors that mediates ligand-independent receptor assembly and signaling (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2000-07-06
    Description: A conserved domain in the extracellular region of the 60- and 80-kilodalton tumor necrosis factor receptors (TNFRs) was identified that mediates specific ligand-independent assembly of receptor trimers. This pre-ligand-binding assembly domain (PLAD) is physically distinct from the domain that forms the major contacts with ligand, but is necessary and sufficient for the assembly of TNFR complexes that bind TNF-alpha and mediate signaling. Other members of the TNFR superfamily, including TRAIL receptor 1 and CD40, show similar homotypic association. Thus, TNFRs and related receptors appear to function as preformed complexes rather than as individual receptor subunits that oligomerize after ligand binding.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Chan, F K -- Chun, H J -- Zheng, L -- Siegel, R M -- Bui, K L -- Lenardo, M J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Jun 30;288(5475):2351-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10875917" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Substitution ; Antigens, CD/chemistry/metabolism ; Apoptosis ; Binding Sites ; Cross-Linking Reagents ; Dimerization ; Energy Transfer ; Fluorescence ; Humans ; Ligands ; Macromolecular Substances ; Mutation ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I ; Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type II ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/chemistry/metabolism ; *Signal Transduction ; Succinimides ; Tumor Cells, Cultured ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/*metabolism
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    An empirical assessment of taxic paleobiology (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2000-07-07
    Description: The analysis of major changes in faunal diversity through time is a central theme of analytical paleobiology. The most important sources of data are literature-based compilations of stratigraphic ranges of fossil taxa. The levels of error in these compilations and the possible effects of such error have often been discussed but never directly assessed. We compared our comprehensive database of trilobites to the equivalent portion of J. J. Sepkoski Jr.'s widely used global genus database. More than 70% of entries in the global database are inaccurate; however, as predicted, the error is randomly distributed and does not introduce bias.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Adrain, J M -- Westrop, S R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Jul 7;289(5476):110-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Geoscience, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA. jonathan-adrain@uiowa.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10884223" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Arthropods/anatomy & histology/*classification ; *Classification ; *Databases, Factual ; *Ecosystem ; *Fossils ; Paleontology/*methods ; Reproducibility of Results
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    Two-amino acid molecular switch in an epithelial morphogen that regulates binding to two distinct receptors (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-10-20
    Description: Ectodysplasin, a member of the tumor necrosis factor family, is encoded by the anhidrotic ectodermal dysplasia (EDA) gene. Mutations in EDA give rise to a clinical syndrome characterized by loss of hair, sweat glands, and teeth. EDA-A1 and EDA-A2 are two isoforms of ectodysplasin that differ only by an insertion of two amino acids. This insertion functions to determine receptor binding specificity, such that EDA-A1 binds only the receptor EDAR, whereas EDA-A2 binds only the related, but distinct, X-linked ectodysplasin-A2 receptor (XEDAR). In situ binding and organ culture studies indicate that EDA-A1 and EDA-A2 are differentially expressed and play a role in epidermal morphogenesis.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Yan, M -- Wang, L C -- Hymowitz, S G -- Schilbach, S -- Lee, J -- Goddard, A -- de Vos, A M -- Gao, W Q -- Dixit, V M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Oct 20;290(5491):523-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular Oncology, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11039935" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Amino Acid Substitution ; Animals ; Binding Sites ; Cell Line ; DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism ; Ectodermal Dysplasia/genetics ; Ectodysplasins ; Epidermis/embryology/*metabolism ; Humans ; *I-kappa B Proteins ; In Situ Hybridization ; Ligands ; Membrane Proteins/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Mice ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Morphogenesis ; NF-kappa B/metabolism ; Phosphorylation ; Point Mutation ; Protein Conformation ; Proteins/metabolism ; Receptors, Cell Surface/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; TNF Receptor-Associated Factor 6 ; Transfection
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    Twists in catalysis: alternating conformations of Escherichia coli thioredoxin reductase (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-08-19
    Description: In thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) from Escherichia coli, cycles of reduction and reoxidation of the flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) cofactor depend on rate-limiting rearrangements of the FAD and NADPH (reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) domains. We describe the structure of the flavin-reducing conformation of E. coli TrxR at a resolution of 3.0 angstroms. The orientation of the two domains permits reduction of FAD by NADPH and oxidation of the enzyme dithiol by the protein substrate, thioredoxin. The alternate conformation, described by Kuriyan and co-workers, permits internal transfer of reducing equivalents from reduced FAD to the active-site disulfide. Comparison of these structures demonstrates that switching between the two conformations involves a "ball-and-socket" motion in which the pyridine nucleotide-binding domain rotates by 67 degrees.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lennon, B W -- Williams, C H Jr -- Ludwig, M L -- GM16429/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM18723/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM21444/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Aug 18;289(5482):1190-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Biophysics Research Division, Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10947986" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Binding Sites ; Catalysis ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Escherichia coli/*enzymology ; Flavin-Adenine Dinucleotide/metabolism ; Hydrogen Bonding ; Models, Molecular ; NADP/metabolism ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Thioredoxin-Disulfide Reductase/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Thioredoxins/metabolism
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    Dynamically controlled protein tunneling paths in photosynthetic reaction centers (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-10-06
    Description: Marcus theory has explained how thermal nuclear motions modulate the energy gap between donor and acceptor sites in protein electron transfer reactions. Thermal motions, however, may also modulate electron tunneling between these reactions. Here we identify a new mechanism of nuclear dynamics amplification that plays a central role when interference among the dominant tunneling pathway tubes is destructive. In these cases, tunneling takes place in protein conformations far from equilibrium that minimize destructive interference. As an example, we demonstrate how this dynamical amplification mechanism affects certain reaction rates in the photosynthetic reaction center and therefore may be critical for biological function.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Balabin, I A -- Onuchic, J N -- GM48043/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Oct 6;290(5489):114-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Physics, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0319, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11021791" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Chemistry, Physical ; Computer Simulation ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Darkness ; *Electrons ; Hydrogen Bonding ; Light ; Pheophytins/chemistry/metabolism ; Photosynthetic Reaction Center Complex Proteins/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Physicochemical Phenomena ; Protein Conformation ; Quinones/chemistry/metabolism ; Thermodynamics
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Perspectives: drug delivery. Regulating export of ER cargo (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-02-26
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Aridor, M -- Balch, W E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Feb 4;287(5454):816-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10691557" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biological Transport ; Cell Line ; Drug Delivery Systems ; Endoplasmic Reticulum/*metabolism/secretion ; Golgi Apparatus/metabolism ; Growth Hormone/chemistry/metabolism/secretion ; Immunophilins/chemistry/metabolism ; Insulin/chemistry/metabolism/secretion ; Ligands ; Mice ; Models, Biological ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Engineering ; Protein Folding ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/*chemistry/*metabolism/secretion ; Tacrolimus Binding Proteins
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    China's forest policy for the 21st century (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-07-15
    Description: A half-century policy of forest exploitation and monoculture in China has led to disastrous consequences, including degradation of forests and landscapes, loss of biodiversity, unacceptable levels of soil erosion, and catastrophic flooding. A new forest policy had been adopted in China called the Natural Forest conservation Program (NFCP), which emphasizes expansion of natural forests and increasing the productivity of forest plantations. Through locally focused management strategies, biodiversity and forest resources will be sustained, and downstream regions will be better protected from flooding. This new policy is being implemented with a new combination of policy tools, including technical training and education, land management planning, mandatory conversion of marginal farmlands to forest, resettlement and retaining of forest dwellers, share in private ownership, and expanded research. These policy tools may have wider relevance for other countries, particularly developing countries.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zhang, P -- Shao, G -- Zhao, G -- Le Master, D C -- Parker, G R -- Dunning, J B Jr -- Li, Q -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Jun 23;288(5474):2135-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center for Natural Forest Conservation and Management, State Forestry Administration (SFA), Beijing 100714, P. R. China.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10896587" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Agriculture ; China ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; *Forestry/education ; *Public Policy ; Research ; *Trees
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    Kentucky 31, far from home (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-02-07
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Saikkonen, K -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Mar 17;287(5460):1887.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, University of Turku, Finland. karisaik@utu.fi〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10755931" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Ecosystem ; Fungi/*physiology ; Poaceae/growth & development/*microbiology ; Symbiosis
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    "Fluorescent timer": protein that changes color with time (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-11-25
    Description: We generated a mutant of the red fluorescent protein drFP583. The mutant (E5) changes its fluorescence from green to red over time. The rate of color conversion is independent of protein concentration and therefore can be used to trace time-dependent expression. We used in vivo labeling with E5 to measure expression from the heat shock-dependent promoter in Caenorhabditis elegans and from the Otx-2 promoter in developing Xenopus embryos. Thus, E5 is a "fluorescent timer" that can be used to monitor both activation and down-regulation of target promoters on the whole-organism scale.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Terskikh, A -- Fradkov, A -- Ermakova, G -- Zaraisky, A -- Tan, P -- Kajava, A V -- Zhao, X -- Lukyanov, S -- Matz, M -- Kim, S -- Weissman, I -- Siebert, P -- 1 RO3 TW01362-01/TW/FIC NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Nov 24;290(5496):1585-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. Alexey.Terskikh@Stanford.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11090358" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Brain/embryology/metabolism ; Caenorhabditis elegans/embryology/genetics ; Cell Line ; Color ; Fluorescence ; Gene Expression Profiling/*methods ; *Gene Expression Regulation ; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental ; Heat-Shock Proteins/genetics ; *Homeodomain Proteins ; Humans ; Luminescent Proteins/*chemistry/*genetics/metabolism ; Mutation ; Nerve Tissue Proteins/genetics ; Otx Transcription Factors ; *Promoter Regions, Genetic ; Temperature ; Time Factors ; Trans-Activators/genetics ; Xenopus laevis/embryology
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Waiting for organ transplantation. Institute of Medicine Committee on Organ Transplantation (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-02-05
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gibbons, R D -- Meltzer, D -- Duan, N -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Jan 14;287(5451):237-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA. rdgib@uic.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10660422" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Government Regulation ; Health Policy ; Humans ; Institute of Medicine (U.S.) ; *Liver Transplantation/mortality ; *Organ Transplantation/mortality ; *Patient Selection ; *Resource Allocation ; Time Factors ; *Tissue and Organ Procurement/legislation & jurisprudence/standards ; United States
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    Seeing the herpesvirus capsid at 8.5 A (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-05-08
    Description: Human herpesviruses are large and structurally complex viruses that cause a variety of diseases. The three-dimensional structure of the herpesvirus capsid has been determined at 8.5 angstrom resolution by electron cryomicroscopy. More than 30 putative alpha helices were identified in the four proteins that make up the 0.2 billion-dalton shell. Some of these helices are located at domains that undergo conformational changes during capsid assembly and DNA packaging. The unique spatial arrangement of the heterotrimer at the local threefold positions accounts for the asymmetric interactions with adjacent capsid components and the unusual co-dependent folding of its subunits.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zhou, Z H -- Dougherty, M -- Jakana, J -- He, J -- Rixon, F J -- Chiu, W -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 May 5;288(5467):877-80.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas-Houston Medical School, Houston, TX 77030, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10797014" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Capsid/*chemistry/*ultrastructure ; Capsid Proteins ; Cryoelectron Microscopy ; Herpesvirus 1, Human/chemistry/*ultrastructure ; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Weight ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Folding ; Protein Structure, Quaternary ; Protein Structure, Secondary ; Protein Structure, Tertiary
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    Ecology. Mount St. Helens, revisited (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-06-17
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lovett, R A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Jun 2;288(5471):1578-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10858135" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amphibians ; Animals ; *Ecosystem ; Geological Phenomena ; Geology ; Mammals ; Plant Development ; Urodela ; *Volcanic Eruptions ; Washington
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    Recovery and management options for spring/summer chinook salmon in the Columbia River basin (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-11-04
    Description: Construction of four dams on the lower Snake River (in northwestern United States) between 1961 and 1975 altered salmon spawning habitat, elevated smolt and adult migration mortality, and contributed to severe declines of Snake River salmon populations. By applying a matrix model to long-term population data, we found that (i) dam passage improvements have dramatically mitigated direct mortality associated with dams; (ii) even if main stem survival were elevated to 100%, Snake River spring/summer chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) would probably continue to decline toward extinction; and (iii) modest reductions in first-year mortality or estuarine mortality would reverse current population declines.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kareiva, P -- Marvier, M -- McClure, M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Nov 3;290(5493):977-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉National Marine Fisheries Service, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, 2725 Montlake Boulevard East, Seattle, WA 98112, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11062128" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Female ; Fresh Water ; Male ; Models, Biological ; Models, Statistical ; Northwestern United States ; Population Dynamics ; *Salmon/growth & development/physiology ; Survival Rate
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    Ecology. Does biodiversity help fend off invaders? (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-05-16
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kaiser, J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 May 5;288(5467):785-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10809640" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; California ; *Ecosystem ; *Plant Development ; Poaceae/*growth & development ; Seeds/growth & development
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    Requirement of the inositol trisphosphate receptor for activation of store-operated Ca2+ channels (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-03-04
    Description: The coupling mechanism between endoplasmic reticulum (ER) calcium ion (Ca2+) stores and plasma membrane (PM) store-operated channels (SOCs) is crucial to Ca2+ signaling but has eluded detection. SOCs may be functionally related to the TRP family of receptor-operated channels. Direct comparison of endogenous SOCs with stably expressed TRP3 channels in human embryonic kidney (HEK293) cells revealed that TRP3 channels differ in being store independent. However, condensed cortical F-actin prevented activation of both SOC and TRP3 channels, which suggests that ER-PM interactions underlie coupling of both channels. A cell-permeant inhibitor of inositol trisphosphate receptor (InsP3R) function, 2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate, prevented both receptor-induced TRP3 activation and store-induced SOC activation. It is concluded that InsP3Rs mediate both SOC and TRP channel opening and that the InsP3R is essential for maintaining coupling between store emptying and physiological activation of SOCs.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ma, H T -- Patterson, R L -- van Rossum, D B -- Birnbaumer, L -- Mikoshiba, K -- Gill, D L -- AR07592/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ -- HL55426/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Mar 3;287(5458):1647-51.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10698739" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Actins/metabolism ; Boron Compounds/pharmacology ; Calcium/*metabolism ; Calcium Channels/chemistry/*metabolism ; *Calcium Signaling ; Carbachol/pharmacology ; Cell Line ; Cell Membrane/metabolism ; Diglycerides/metabolism/pharmacology ; Endoplasmic Reticulum/*metabolism ; Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology ; Humans ; Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate Receptors ; Ionomycin/pharmacology ; Macrocyclic Compounds ; Oxazoles/pharmacology ; Phosphoprotein Phosphatases/antagonists & inhibitors ; Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/chemistry/*metabolism ; Strontium/metabolism ; TRPC Cation Channels ; Thapsigargin/pharmacology ; Transfection ; Type C Phospholipases/metabolism
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    Evolution. Parasites make scaredy-rats foolhardy (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-08-12
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zimmer, C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Jul 28;289(5479):525-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10939959" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Behavior, Animal ; Biological Evolution ; *Fear ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; *Personality ; Rats ; Toxoplasma/*physiology ; Toxoplasmosis, Animal/parasitology/*psychology ; Toxoplasmosis, Cerebral/parasitology/*psychology
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    CD95/CD95 ligand interactions on epithelial cells in host defense to Pseudomonas aeruginosa (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-10-20
    Description: Pseudomonas aeruginosa causes severe infections, particularly of the lung, that are life threatening. Here, we show that P. aeruginosa infection induces apoptosis of lung epithelial cells by activation of the endogenous CD95/CD95 ligand system. Deficiency of CD95 or CD95 ligand on epithelial cells prevented apoptosis of lung epithelial cells in vivo as well as in vitro. The importance of CD95/CD95 ligand-mediated lung epithelial cell apoptosis was demonstrated by the rapid development of sepsis in CD95- or CD95 ligand-deficient mice, but not in normal mice, after P. aeruginosa infection.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Grassme, H -- Kirschnek, S -- Riethmueller, J -- Riehle, A -- von Kurthy, G -- Lang, F -- Weller, M -- Gulbins, E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Oct 20;290(5491):527-30.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Physiology, University of Tuebingen, Gmelinstrasse 5, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11039936" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antigens, CD95/genetics/*metabolism ; *Apoptosis ; Bone Marrow Transplantation ; Cell Line ; Epithelial Cells/*immunology/microbiology/pathology ; Fas Ligand Protein ; Humans ; In Situ Nick-End Labeling ; Lung/*immunology/microbiology/pathology ; Lung Diseases/*immunology/microbiology/pathology ; Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C3H ; Pseudomonas Infections/*immunology/microbiology/pathology ; Pseudomonas aeruginosa/immunology/*pathogenicity ; Sepsis/microbiology ; Spleen/microbiology
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    The structural basis of ribosome activity in peptide bond synthesis (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-08-11
    Description: Using the atomic structures of the large ribosomal subunit from Haloarcula marismortui and its complexes with two substrate analogs, we establish that the ribosome is a ribozyme and address the catalytic properties of its all-RNA active site. Both substrate analogs are contacted exclusively by conserved ribosomal RNA (rRNA) residues from domain V of 23S rRNA; there are no protein side-chain atoms closer than about 18 angstroms to the peptide bond being synthesized. The mechanism of peptide bond synthesis appears to resemble the reverse of the acylation step in serine proteases, with the base of A2486 (A2451 in Escherichia coli) playing the same general base role as histidine-57 in chymotrypsin. The unusual pK(a) (where K(a) is the acid dissociation constant) required for A2486 to perform this function may derive in part from its hydrogen bonding to G2482 (G2447 in E. coli), which also interacts with a buried phosphate that could stabilize unusual tautomers of these two bases. The polypeptide exit tunnel is largely formed by RNA but has significant contributions from proteins L4, L22, and L39e, and its exit is encircled by proteins L19, L22, L23, L24, L29, and L31e.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Nissen, P -- Hansen, J -- Ban, N -- Moore, P B -- Steitz, T A -- GM22778/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM54216/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Aug 11;289(5481):920-30.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry and Department of Chemistry, Yale University, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New Haven, CT 06520-8114, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10937990" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Archaeal Proteins/chemistry/metabolism ; Base Pairing ; Base Sequence ; Binding Sites ; Catalysis ; Crystallization ; Evolution, Molecular ; Haloarcula marismortui/chemistry/metabolism/ultrastructure ; Hydrogen Bonding ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Nucleic Acid Conformation ; Oligonucleotides/metabolism ; *Peptide Biosynthesis ; Peptides/metabolism ; Peptidyl Transferases/antagonists & inhibitors/chemistry/*metabolism ; Phosphates/chemistry/metabolism ; Protein Conformation ; Puromycin/metabolism ; RNA, Archaeal/chemistry/metabolism ; RNA, Catalytic/*chemistry/*metabolism ; RNA, Ribosomal, 23S/*chemistry/*metabolism ; RNA, Transfer/metabolism ; RNA, Transfer, Amino Acyl/metabolism ; Ribosomal Proteins/chemistry/metabolism ; Ribosomes/chemistry/*metabolism
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    Surface expression of HLA-E, an inhibitor of natural killer cells, enhanced by human cytomegalovirus gpUL40 (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-02-11
    Description: The nonclassical major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecule HLA-E inhibits natural killer (NK) cell-mediated lysis by interacting with CD94/NKG2A receptors. Surface expression of HLA-E depends on binding of conserved peptides derived from MHC class I molecules. The same peptide is present in the leader sequence of the human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) glycoprotein UL40 (gpUL40). It is shown that, independently of the transporter associated with antigen processing, gpUL40 can up-regulate expression of HLA-E, which protects targets from NK cell lysis. While classical MHC class I molecules are down-regulated, HLA-E is up-regulated by HCMV. Induction of HLA-E surface expression by gpUL40 may represent an escape route for HCMV.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Tomasec, P -- Braud, V M -- Rickards, C -- Powell, M B -- McSharry, B P -- Gadola, S -- Cerundolo, V -- Borysiewicz, L K -- McMichael, A J -- Wilkinson, G W -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Feb 11;287(5455):1031.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Medicine, University of Wales College of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10669413" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Amino Acid Substitution ; *Antigens, CD ; Cell Line ; Cell Membrane/immunology ; Cells, Cultured ; Conserved Sequence ; Cytomegalovirus/genetics/immunology/*metabolism ; Cytotoxicity, Immunologic ; Down-Regulation ; HLA Antigens/immunology/*metabolism ; Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/immunology/*metabolism ; Humans ; Killer Cells, Natural/*immunology ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Open Reading Frames ; Protein Sorting Signals/chemistry/*metabolism ; Receptors, Immunologic/metabolism ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/chemistry/metabolism ; Transfection ; Up-Regulation ; Viral Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism
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  • 91
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    Marine ecology. Warmer waters more deadly to coral reefs than pollution (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-02-24
    Description: Contrary to conventional wisdom, warmer ocean waters are a greater threat to coral reefs than local environmental insults. That assessment comes from a new scientific report released this week that documents a sudden and steep jump in damage stemming from the 1997-98 El Nino-La Nina event.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Normile, D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Oct 27;290(5492):682-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11184189" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Climate ; Cnidaria/*physiology ; *Ecosystem ; Fishes ; Industry ; Oceans and Seas ; Temperature ; Water Pollution
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 92
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    Structural mechanism for STI-571 inhibition of abelson tyrosine kinase (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-09-16
    Description: The inadvertent activation of the Abelson tyrosine kinase (Abl) causes chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML). A small-molecule inhibitor of Abl (STI-571) is effective in the treatment of CML. We report the crystal structure of the catalytic domain of Abl, complexed to a variant of STI-571. Critical to the binding of STI-571 is the adoption by the kinase of an inactive conformation, in which a centrally located "activation loop" is not phosphorylated. The conformation of this loop is distinct from that in active protein kinases, as well as in the inactive form of the closely related Src kinases. These results suggest that compounds that exploit the distinctive inactivation mechanisms of individual protein kinases can achieve both high affinity and high specificity.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Schindler, T -- Bornmann, W -- Pellicena, P -- Miller, W T -- Clarkson, B -- Kuriyan, J -- GM29362/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Sep 15;289(5486):1938-42.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratories of Molecular Biophysics and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10988075" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antineoplastic Agents/chemistry/*pharmacology ; Benzamides ; Catalytic Domain ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Enzyme Activation ; Enzyme Inhibitors/chemistry/*pharmacology ; Humans ; Imatinib Mesylate ; Mice ; Models, Molecular ; Phosphorylation ; *Piperazines ; Protein Conformation ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-abl/*antagonists & inhibitors/chemistry/metabolism ; Pyrimidines/chemistry/*pharmacology ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins ; Structure-Activity Relationship
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 93
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    A structural framework for deciphering the link between I-Ag7 and autoimmune diabetes (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-04-25
    Description: Susceptibility to murine and human insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus correlates strongly with major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II I-A or HLA-DQ alleles that lack an aspartic acid at position beta57. I-Ag7 lacks this aspartate and is the only class II allele expressed by the nonobese diabetic mouse. The crystal structure of I-Ag7 was determined at 2.6 angstrom resolution as a complex with a high-affinity peptide from the autoantigen glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) 65. I-Ag7 has a substantially wider peptide-binding groove around beta57, which accounts for distinct peptide preferences compared with other MHC class II alleles. Loss of Asp(beta57) leads to an oxyanion hole in I-Ag7 that can be filled by peptide carboxyl residues or, perhaps, through interaction with the T cell receptor.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Corper, A L -- Stratmann, T -- Apostolopoulos, V -- Scott, C A -- Garcia, K C -- Kang, A S -- Wilson, I A -- Teyton, L -- CA58896/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- DK55037/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Apr 21;288(5465):505-11.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular Biology and Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10775108" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alleles ; Amino Acid Motifs ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Aspartic Acid/chemistry ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/*immunology ; Drosophila melanogaster ; *Genes, MHC Class II ; Glutamate Decarboxylase/metabolism ; Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/*chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; Humans ; Hydrogen Bonding ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred NOD ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Peptide Library ; Protein Binding ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Structure, Secondary ; Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism ; Recombinant Proteins/chemistry/metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 94
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    Rapid destruction of human Cdc25A in response to DNA damage (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-05-29
    Description: To protect genome integrity and ensure survival, eukaryotic cells exposed to genotoxic stress cease proliferating to provide time for DNA repair. Human cells responded to ultraviolet light or ionizing radiation by rapid, ubiquitin- and proteasome-dependent protein degradation of Cdc25A, a phosphatase that is required for progression from G1 to S phase of the cell cycle. This response involved activated Chk1 protein kinase but not the p53 pathway, and the persisting inhibitory tyrosine phosphorylation of Cdk2 blocked entry into S phase and DNA replication. Overexpression of Cdc25A bypassed this mechanism, leading to enhanced DNA damage and decreased cell survival. These results identify specific degradation of Cdc25A as part of the DNA damage checkpoint mechanism and suggest how Cdc25A overexpression in human cancers might contribute to tumorigenesis.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mailand, N -- Falck, J -- Lukas, C -- Syljuasen, R G -- Welcker, M -- Bartek, J -- Lukas, J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 May 26;288(5470):1425-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute of Cancer Biology, Danish Cancer Society, Strandboulevarden 49, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10827953" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *CDC2-CDC28 Kinases ; Cell Line ; Cell Survival ; Cyclin E/metabolism ; Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 2 ; Cyclin-Dependent Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors/metabolism ; Cysteine Endopeptidases/metabolism ; *DNA Damage ; DNA Repair ; DNA Replication ; G1 Phase ; Humans ; Multienzyme Complexes/metabolism ; Phosphorylation ; Phosphotyrosine/metabolism ; Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex ; Protein Kinase Inhibitors ; Protein Kinases/metabolism ; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors/metabolism ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; S Phase ; Transfection ; Tumor Cells, Cultured ; Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/metabolism ; Ultraviolet Rays ; cdc25 Phosphatases/genetics/*metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 95
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    Structure of the RNA polymerase domain of E. coli primase (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-03-31
    Description: All cellular organisms use specialized RNA polymerases called "primases" to synthesize RNA primers for the initiation of DNA replication. The high-resolution crystal structure of a primase, comprising the catalytic core of the Escherichia coli DnaG protein, was determined. The core structure contains an active-site architecture that is unrelated to other DNA or RNA polymerase palm folds, but is instead related to the "toprim" fold. On the basis of the structure, it is likely that DnaG binds nucleic acid in a groove clustered with invariant residues and that DnaG is positioned within the replisome to accept single-stranded DNA directly from the replicative helicase.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Keck, J L -- Roche, D D -- Lynch, A S -- Berger, J M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Mar 31;287(5462):2482-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, 229 Stanley Hall, no. 3206, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10741967" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Motifs ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Binding Sites ; Catalytic Domain ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; DNA Helicases/chemistry/metabolism ; DNA Primase/*chemistry/*metabolism ; DNA Replication ; DNA, Bacterial/metabolism ; DNA, Single-Stranded/*metabolism ; DNA-Directed RNA Polymerases/*chemistry/metabolism ; Escherichia coli/*enzymology/metabolism ; Metals/metabolism ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Nucleic Acid Hybridization ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Folding ; Protein Structure, Secondary ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; RNA/biosynthesis ; Recombinant Proteins/chemistry/metabolism ; Templates, Genetic
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 96
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    Spatial patterns in the distribution of tropical tree species (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-05-29
    Description: Fully mapped tree census plots of large area, 25 to 52 hectares, have now been completed at six different sites in tropical forests, including dry deciduous to wet evergreen forest on two continents. One of the main goals of these plots has been to evaluate spatial patterns in tropical tree populations. Here the degree of aggregation in the distribution of 1768 tree species is examined based on the average density of conspecific trees in circular neighborhoods around each tree. When all individuals larger than 1 centimeter in stem diameter were included, nearly every species was more aggregated than a random distribution. Considering only larger trees (〉/= 10 centimeters in diameter), the pattern persisted, with most species being more aggregated than random. Rare species were more aggregated than common species. All six forests were very similar in all the particulars of these results.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Condit, R -- Ashton, P S -- Baker, P -- Bunyavejchewin, S -- Gunatilleke, S -- Gunatilleke, N -- Hubbell, S P -- Foster, R B -- Itoh, A -- LaFrankie, J V -- Lee, H S -- Losos, E -- Manokaran, N -- Sukumar, R -- Yamakura, T -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 May 26;288(5470):1414-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center for Tropical Forest Science, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Unit 0948, APO AA 34002-0948, USA. ctfs@tivoli.si.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10827950" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Central America ; *Ecosystem ; India ; Malaysia ; Panama ; Sri Lanka ; Statistics as Topic ; Thailand ; *Trees ; Tropical Climate
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 97
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    Two cheers for new stem cell rules (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-09-19
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kennedy, D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Sep 1;289(5484):1469.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10991729" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Bioethics ; Cell Line ; Embryo, Mammalian/*cytology ; *Guidelines as Topic ; Humans ; *National Institutes of Health (U.S.) ; Politics ; *Research/legislation & jurisprudence ; Research Support as Topic ; *Stem Cells ; United States
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 98
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    Structure of yeast poly(A) polymerase alone and in complex with 3'-dATP (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-08-26
    Description: Polyadenylate [poly(A)] polymerase (PAP) catalyzes the addition of a polyadenosine tail to almost all eukaryotic messenger RNAs (mRNAs). The crystal structure of the PAP from Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Pap1) has been solved to 2.6 angstroms, both alone and in complex with 3'-deoxyadenosine triphosphate (3'-dATP). Like other nucleic acid polymerases, Pap1 is composed of three domains that encircle the active site. The arrangement of these domains, however, is quite different from that seen in polymerases that use a template to select and position their incoming nucleotides. The first two domains are functionally analogous to polymerase palm and fingers domains. The third domain is attached to the fingers domain and is known to interact with the single-stranded RNA primer. In the nucleotide complex, two molecules of 3'-dATP are bound to Pap1. One occupies the position of the incoming base, prior to its addition to the mRNA chain. The other is believed to occupy the position of the 3' end of the mRNA primer.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bard, J -- Zhelkovsky, A M -- Helmling, S -- Earnest, T N -- Moore, C L -- Bohm, A -- R01 GM57218-01A2/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Aug 25;289(5483):1346-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Boston Biomedical Research Institute, 64 Grove Street, Watertown, MA 02472, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10958780" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Binding Sites ; Catalytic Domain ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Deoxyadenine Nucleotides/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Hydrogen Bonding ; Manganese/metabolism ; Models, Molecular ; Mutation ; Polynucleotide Adenylyltransferase/*chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Structure, Secondary ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; RNA/metabolism ; RNA, Messenger/metabolism ; Ribosomal Protein S6 ; Ribosomal Proteins/chemistry/metabolism ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae/*enzymology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 99
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    Determining the 3D structure of HIV-1 protease (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-06-17
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kent, S -- Marshall, G R -- Wlodawer, A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Jun 2;288(5471):1590.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10858137" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Crystallography, X-Ray ; HIV Protease/chemical synthesis/*chemistry/metabolism ; Ligands ; Protein Conformation ; Recombinant Proteins/chemistry
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 100
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    Climate change. Managing forests after Kyoto (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-10-14
    Description: The Kyoto protocol aims to reduce carbon emissions into the atmosphere. Part of the strategy is the active management of terrestrial carbon sinks, principally through afforestation and reforestation. In their Perspective, Schulze et al. argue that the preservation of old-growth forests may have a larger positive effect on the carbon cycle than promotion of regrowth.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Schulze, D E -- Wirth, C -- Heimann, M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Sep 22;289(5487):2058-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Post Office Box 100164, 07701 Jena, Germany. Detlef.Schulze@bgc-jena.mpg.de〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11032555" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Carbon ; *Carbon Dioxide ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; *Trees
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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