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  • 1
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    Imaging the Global Distribution of Plasmaspheric Oxygen (2018)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-02-22
    Description: This paper investigates the potential for 83.4 nm imaging of the plasmaspheric dense oxygen torus, using simple models for core plasma density and composition to constrain a simulated image code. We derive the requirements for plasmaspheric O + imaging, and the expected performance of an imager based on a slightly modified version of the IMAGE EUV camera. We find that such an imager can achieve a sensitivity of 0.69(sRpixel) −1 , sufficient to capture the dense torus 83.4 nm signal with 25-min integration time. The background rejection ratios for this design are 1.5 × 10 −4 at 58.4 nm and 7.4 × 10 −8 for Lyman- α . We discuss the effects of ion temperature and motion, and O ++ glow. We compute simulated O + images of the formation and global distribution of the dense torus. We also examine the possibility of direct observation of oxygen outflow from the ionosphere.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 2
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    Morphology of the UV aurorae Jupiter during Juno's first perijove observations (2017)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2017-05-26
    Description: On 27 August 2016, the NASA Juno spacecraft performed its first close-up observations of Jupiter during its perijove. Here we present the UV images and color ratio maps from the Juno-UVS UV imaging spectrograph acquired at that time. Data were acquired during four sequences (three in the north, one in the south) from 5:00 UT to 13:00 UT. From these observations, we produced complete maps of the Jovian aurorae, including the nightside. The sequence shows the development of intense outer emission outside the main oval, first in a localized region (255°–295° System III longitude) and then all around the pole, followed by a large nightside protrusion of auroral emissions from the main emission into the polar region. Some localized features show signs of differential drift with energy, typical of plasma injections in the middle magnetosphere. Finally, the color-ratio map in the north shows a well-defined area in the polar region possibly linked to the polar cap.
    Print ISSN: 0094-8276
    Electronic ISSN: 1944-8007
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 3
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    Crustal structure of the British Isles and its epeirogenic consequences (2012)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-06-13
    Description: SUMMARY Crustal receiver functions have been calculated for a network of 51 three-component broadband seismometers distributed across the British Isles and NW Europe. Over 3200 receiver functions were assembled for 1055 events. For each station, preliminary estimates of crustal thickness and V p / V s ratio were obtained from H −κ plots. Stacked receiver functions were then inverted to determine shear wave velocity as a function of depth. Each result was checked by guided forward modelling and by Monte Carlo error analysis. In this way, the robustness of our final calculated velocity profiles was carefully tested. A set of depth migrated profiles was also constructed using an average of 50 events for each station over a range of backazimuths. These profiles agree well with legacy wide-angle crustal models. Our results show that crustal thickness varies between 24 and 36 km across the British Isles. Thicker crust is found beneath north Wales and beneath central Scotland. Thinner crust occurs beneath northwest Scotland and northwest Ireland. By combining our database with the results of controlled source, wide-angle experiments and with depth-converted reflection profiles, we have produced a detailed crustal thickness map for a region encompassing the British Isles. Our synthesis of crustal thickness and structure has important implications for the tectonic and magmatic histories of this region. Complex Moho structure with lower crustal P -wave velocities of 〉7 km s −1 occurs beneath regions of Cenozoic magmatism, which may be consistent with magmatic underplating. Thin crust beneath northern Britain suggests that present-day long wavelength topography is maintained by regional dynamic support, originating beneath the lithospheric plate.
    Print ISSN: 0956-540X
    Electronic ISSN: 1365-246X
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The Deutsche Geophysikalische Gesellschaft (DGG) and the Royal Astronomical Society (RAS).
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  • 4
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    Juno‐UVS observation of the Io footprint during solar eclipse (2019)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: Abstract The two main UV‐signatures resulting from the Io‐magnetosphere interaction are the local auroras on Io's atmosphere, and the Io footprints on Jupiter. We study here how Io's daily eclipses affect the footprint. Previous observations showed that its atmosphere collapses in eclipse. While remote observers can observe Io's local auroras briefly when Io disappears behind Jupiter, Juno is able to follow the Io footprint in the unlit hemisphere. Theoretical models of the variability of the energy flux fed into the Alfvén wings, ultimately powering the footprints, are not sufficiently constrained by observations. For the first time, we use observations of Io's footprint from the Ultraviolet Spectrograph on Juno recorded as Io went into eclipse. We benchmark the trend of the footprint brightness using observations by UVS taken over Io's complete orbit and find that the footprint emitted power variation with Jupiter's rotation shows fairly consistent trends with previous observations. Two exploitable datasets provided measurements when Io was simultaneously in eclipse. No statistically significant changes were recorded as Io left and moved into eclipse, respectively, suggesting either that (i) Io's atmospheric densities within and outside eclipse are large enough to produce a saturated plasma interaction, i.e., in the saturated state, changes in Io's atmospheric properties to first order do not control the total Alfvénic energy flux, (ii) the atmospheric collapse during the Juno observations was less than previously observed, or (iii) additional processes of the Alfvén wings in addition to the Poynting flux generated at Io control the footprint luminosity.
    Print ISSN: 2169-9380
    Electronic ISSN: 2169-9402
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 5
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    A mutation in the C. elegans EXP-2 potassium channel that alters feeding behavior (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-01-05
    Description: The nematode pharynx has a potassium channel with unusual properties, which allows the muscles to repolarize quickly and with the proper delay. Here, the Caenorhabditis elegans exp-2 gene is shown to encode this channel. EXP-2 is a Kv-type (voltage-activated) potassium channel that has inward-rectifying properties resembling those of the structurally dissimilar human ether-a-go-go-related gene (HERG) channel. Null and gain-of-function mutations affect pharyngeal muscle excitability in ways that are consistent with the electrophysiological behavior of the channel, and thereby demonstrate a direct link between the kinetics of this unusual channel and behavior.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3791429/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3791429/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Davis, M W -- Fleischhauer, R -- Dent, J A -- Joho, R H -- Avery, L -- HL46154/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- NS28407/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R01 HL046154/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Dec 24;286(5449):2501-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9148, USA. wdavis@biology.utah.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10617464" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Action Potentials ; Animals ; Caenorhabditis elegans/genetics/*physiology ; Feeding Behavior ; Genes, Helminth ; Genes, Reporter ; Ion Channel Gating ; Kinetics ; Membrane Potentials ; Models, Molecular ; Muscles/metabolism ; Mutation ; Neurons/metabolism ; Oocytes/metabolism ; Pharyngeal Muscles/physiology ; Potassium Channels/chemistry/genetics/*physiology ; Protein Conformation ; RNA, Complementary/genetics ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/biosynthesis ; Xenopus laevis
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 6
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    Io's atmospheric response to eclipse: UV aurorae observations (2007)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2007-10-13
    Description: The New Horizons (NH) spacecraft observed Io's aurora in eclipse on four occasions during spring 2007. NH Alice ultraviolet spectroscopy and concurrent Hubble Space Telescope ultraviolet imaging in eclipse investigate the relative contribution of volcanoes to Io's atmosphere and its interaction with Jupiter's magnetosphere. Auroral brightness and morphology variations after eclipse ingress and egress reveal changes in the relative contribution of sublimation and volcanic sources to the atmosphere. Brightnesses viewed at different geometries are best explained by a dramatic difference between the dayside and nightside atmospheric density. Far-ultraviolet aurora morphology reveals the influence of plumes on Io's electrodynamic interaction with Jupiter's magnetosphere. Comparisons to detailed simulations of Io's aurora indicate that volcanoes supply 1 to 3% of the dayside atmosphere.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Retherford, K D -- Spencer, J R -- Stern, S A -- Saur, J -- Strobel, D F -- Steffl, A J -- Gladstone, G R -- Weaver, H A -- Cheng, A F -- Parker, J Wm -- Slater, D C -- Versteeg, M H -- Davis, M W -- Bagenal, F -- Throop, H B -- Lopes, R M C -- Reuter, D C -- Lunsford, A -- Conard, S J -- Young, L A -- Moore, J M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Oct 12;318(5848):237-40.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78228, USA. KRetherford@swri.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17932289" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 7
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    Jupiter's nightside airglow and aurora (2007)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2007-10-13
    Description: Observations of Jupiter's nightside airglow (nightglow) and aurora obtained during the flyby of the New Horizons spacecraft show an unexpected lack of ultraviolet nightglow emissions, in contrast to the case during the Voyager flybys in 1979. The flux and average energy of precipitating electrons generally decrease with increasing local time across the nightside, consistent with a possible source region along the dusk flank of Jupiter's magnetosphere. Visible emissions associated with the interaction of Jupiter and its satellite Io extend to a surprisingly high altitude, indicating localized low-energy electron precipitation. These results indicate that the interaction between Jupiter's upper atmosphere and near-space environment is variable and poorly understood; extensive observations of the day side are no guide to what goes on at night.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gladstone, G Randall -- Stern, S Alan -- Slater, David C -- Versteeg, Maarten -- Davis, Michael W -- Retherford, Kurt D -- Young, Leslie A -- Steffl, Andrew J -- Throop, Henry -- Parker, Joel Wm -- Weaver, Harold A -- Cheng, Andrew F -- Orton, Glenn S -- Clarke, John T -- Nichols, Jonathan D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Oct 12;318(5848):229-31.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78238, USA. rgladstone@swri.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17932286" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Extraterrestrial Environment ; Hydrocarbons ; Hydrogen ; *Jupiter ; Magnetics ; Spacecraft
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 8
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    LRO-LAMP observations of the LCROSS impact plume (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-10-23
    Description: On 9 October 2009, the Lunar Crater Observation and Sensing Satellite (LCROSS) sent a kinetic impactor to strike Cabeus crater, on a mission to search for water ice and other volatiles expected to be trapped in lunar polar soils. The Lyman Alpha Mapping Project (LAMP) ultraviolet spectrograph onboard the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) observed the plume generated by the LCROSS impact as far-ultraviolet emissions from the fluorescence of sunlight by molecular hydrogen and carbon monoxide, plus resonantly scattered sunlight from atomic mercury, with contributions from calcium and magnesium. The observed light curve is well simulated by the expansion of a vapor cloud at a temperature of ~1000 kelvin, containing ~570 kilograms (kg) of carbon monoxide, ~140 kg of molecular hydrogen, ~160 kg of calcium, ~120 kg of mercury, and ~40 kg of magnesium.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gladstone, G Randall -- Hurley, Dana M -- Retherford, Kurt D -- Feldman, Paul D -- Pryor, Wayne R -- Chaufray, Jean-Yves -- Versteeg, Maarten -- Greathouse, Thomas K -- Steffl, Andrew J -- Throop, Henry -- Parker, Joel Wm -- Kaufmann, David E -- Egan, Anthony F -- Davis, Michael W -- Slater, David C -- Mukherjee, Joey -- Miles, Paul F -- Hendrix, Amanda R -- Colaprete, Anthony -- Stern, S Alan -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Oct 22;330(6003):472-6. doi: 10.1126/science.1186474.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78238, USA. rgladstone@swri.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20966244" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Carbon Monoxide ; Extraterrestrial Environment ; Hydrogen ; *Moon ; Spectrum Analysis
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 9
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    Ultrafast endocytosis at mouse hippocampal synapses (2013)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2013-12-07
    Description: To sustain neurotransmission, synaptic vesicles and their associated proteins must be recycled locally at synapses. Synaptic vesicles are thought to be regenerated approximately 20 s after fusion by the assembly of clathrin scaffolds or in approximately 1 s by the reversal of fusion pores via 'kiss-and-run' endocytosis. Here we use optogenetics to stimulate cultured hippocampal neurons with a single stimulus, rapidly freeze them after fixed intervals and examine the ultrastructure using electron microscopy--'flash-and-freeze' electron microscopy. Docked vesicles fuse and collapse into the membrane within 30 ms of the stimulus. Compensatory endocytosis occurs within 50 to 100 ms at sites flanking the active zone. Invagination is blocked by inhibition of actin polymerization, and scission is blocked by inhibiting dynamin. Because intact synaptic vesicles are not recovered, this form of recycling is not compatible with kiss-and-run endocytosis; moreover, it is 200-fold faster than clathrin-mediated endocytosis. It is likely that 'ultrafast endocytosis' is specialized to restore the surface area of the membrane rapidly.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3957339/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3957339/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Watanabe, Shigeki -- Rost, Benjamin R -- Camacho-Perez, Marcial -- Davis, M Wayne -- Sohl-Kielczynski, Berit -- Rosenmund, Christian -- Jorgensen, Erik M -- NS034307/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R01 NS034307/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- England -- Nature. 2013 Dec 12;504(7479):242-7. doi: 10.1038/nature12809. Epub 2013 Dec 4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City 84112, Utah, USA. ; 1] Neuroscience Research Centre, Charite Universitatsmedizin, 10117 Berlin, Germany [2] German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 10117 Berlin, Germany. [3]. ; 1] Neuroscience Research Centre, Charite Universitatsmedizin, 10117 Berlin, Germany [2]. ; Neuroscience Research Centre, Charite Universitatsmedizin, 10117 Berlin, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24305055" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Actins/metabolism/ultrastructure ; Action Potentials ; Animals ; Dynamins/metabolism/ultrastructure ; *Endocytosis ; Exocytosis ; Hippocampus/*cytology ; Membrane Fusion ; Mice ; Microscopy, Electron ; Rhodopsin/genetics/metabolism ; Synapses/*metabolism/ultrastructure ; Synaptic Transmission ; Synaptic Vesicles/metabolism/ultrastructure ; Time Factors
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 10
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    Clathrin regenerates synaptic vesicles from endosomes (2014)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2014-10-09
    Description: Ultrafast endocytosis can retrieve a single, large endocytic vesicle as fast as 50-100 ms after synaptic vesicle fusion. However, the fate of the large endocytic vesicles is not known. Here we demonstrate that these vesicles transition to a synaptic endosome about one second after stimulation. The endosome is resolved into coated vesicles after 3 s, which in turn become small-diameter synaptic vesicles 5-6 s after stimulation. We disrupted clathrin function using RNA interference (RNAi) and found that clathrin is not required for ultrafast endocytosis but is required to generate synaptic vesicles from the endosome. Ultrafast endocytosis fails when actin polymerization is disrupted, or when neurons are stimulated at room temperature instead of physiological temperature. In the absence of ultrafast endocytosis, synaptic vesicles are retrieved directly from the plasma membrane by clathrin-mediated endocytosis. These results may explain discrepancies among published experiments concerning the role of clathrin in synaptic vesicle endocytosis.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4291189/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4291189/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Watanabe, Shigeki -- Trimbuch, Thorsten -- Camacho-Perez, Marcial -- Rost, Benjamin R -- Brokowski, Bettina -- Sohl-Kielczynski, Berit -- Felies, Annegret -- Davis, M Wayne -- Rosenmund, Christian -- Jorgensen, Erik M -- NS034307/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R01 NS034307/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- England -- Nature. 2014 Nov 13;515(7526):228-33. doi: 10.1038/nature13846. Epub 2014 Oct 8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112-0840, USA. ; Neuroscience Research Center Charite Universitatsmedizin Berlin, Berlin 10117, Germany. ; 1] Neuroscience Research Center Charite Universitatsmedizin Berlin, Berlin 10117, Germany [2] German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 10117 Berlin, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25296249" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cell Membrane/metabolism ; Clathrin/*metabolism ; Endocytosis ; Endosomes/*metabolism ; Humans ; Mice ; Synaptic Vesicles/*metabolism ; Temperature
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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