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  • 1
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    Lunar atmospheric helium detections by the LAMP UV spectrograph on the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (2012)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-06-27
    Description: The LAMP far ultraviolet spectrograph aboard the NASA Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter has been used in 2011 to search for helium, the lightest noble gas in the tenuous lunar atmosphere. Based on that search, we report here the first detection of lunar atmospheric He by remote sensing, and point to future observations that can address questions about its source; we also discuss a search for lunar atmospheric argon.
    Print ISSN: 0094-8276
    Electronic ISSN: 1944-8007
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 2
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    HST and VLT investigations of the fragments of comet C/1999 S4 (LINEAR) (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-05-19
    Description: At least 16 fragments were detected in images of comet C/1999 S4 (LINEAR) taken on 5 August 2000 with the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) and on 6 August with the Very Large Telescope (VLT). Photometric analysis of the fragments indicates that the largest ones have effective spherical diameters of about 100 meters, which implies that the total mass in the observed fragments was about 2 x 10(9) kilograms. The comet's dust tail, which was the most prominent optical feature in August, was produced during a major fragmentation event, whose activity peaked on UT 22.8 +/- 0.2 July 2000. The mass of small particles (diameters less than about 230 micrometers) in the tail was about 4 x 10(8) kilograms, which is comparable to the mass contained in a large fragment and to the total mass lost from water sublimation after 21 July 2000 (about 3 x 10(8) kilograms). HST spectroscopic observations during 5 and 6 July 2000 demonstrate that the nucleus contained little carbon monoxide ice (ratio of carbon monoxide to water is less than or equal to 0.4%), which suggests that this volatile species did not play a role in the fragmentation of C/1999 S4 (LINEAR).〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Weaver, H A -- Sekanina, Z -- Toth, I -- Delahodde, C E -- Hainaut, O R -- Lamy, P L -- Bauer, J M -- A'Hearn, M F -- Arpigny, C -- Combi, M R -- Davies, J K -- Feldman, P D -- Festou, M C -- Hook, R -- Jorda, L -- Keesey, M S -- Lisse, C M -- Marsden, B G -- Meech, K J -- Tozzi, G P -- West, R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 May 18;292(5520):1329-33.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Physics and Astronomy, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218-2686, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11359001" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 3
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    Detection of molecular hydrogen in the atmosphere of Mars (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-12-01
    Description: Four hydrogen (H2) lines have been detected in a spectrum of Mars observed with the Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer. Three of those lines are excited by the solar Lyman beta photons. The line intensities correspond to a column H2 abundance of 1.17 (+/-0.13) x 10(13) per square centimeter above 140 kilometers on Mars. A photochemical model for the upper atmosphere that simulates the observed H2 abundance results in an H2 mixing ratio of 15 +/- 5 parts per million in the lower atmosphere. The H2 and HD mixing ratios agree with photochemical fractionation of D (deuterium) between H2O and H2. Analysis of D fractionation among a few reservoirs of ice, water vapor, and molecular hydrogen on Mars implies that a global ocean more than 30 meters deep was lost since the end of hydrodynamic escape. Only 4% of the initially accreted water remained on the planet at the end of hydrodynamic escape, and initially Mars could have had even more water (as a proportion of mass) than Earth.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Krasnopolsky, V A -- Feldman, P D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Nov 30;294(5548):1914-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Physics, Catholic University of America, Washington, DC 20064, USA. vkrasn@altavista.com〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11729314" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 4
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    Far-ultraviolet imaging spectroscopy of Io's atmosphere with HST/STIS (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-01-15
    Description: Well-resolved far-ultraviolet spectroscopic images of O I, S I, and previously undetected H ILyman-alpha emission from Io were obtained with the Hubble space telescope imaging spectrograph (STIS). Detected O I and S I lines (1250 to 1500 angstroms) have bright equatorial spots (up to 2.5 kilorayleighs) that shift position with jovian magnetic field orientation; limb glow that is brighter on the hemisphere facing the jovian magnetic equator; and faint diffuse emission extending to approximately 20 Io radii. All O I and S I features brightened by approximately 50 percent in the last two images, concurrently with a ground-based observation of increased iogenic [O I] 6300-angstrom emission. The H ILyman-alpha emission, consisting of a small, approximately 2-kilorayleigh patch near each pole, has a different morphology and time variation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Roesler, F L -- Moos, H W -- Oliversen, R J -- Woodward, R C Jr -- Retherford, K D -- Scherb, F -- McGrath, M A -- Smyth, W H -- Feldman, P D -- Strobel, D F -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Jan 15;283(5400):353-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Physics Department, University of Wisconsin, 1150 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9888844" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Atmosphere ; *Extraterrestrial Environment ; *Hydrogen ; *Jupiter ; Magnetics ; *Oxygen ; Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet ; *Sulfur
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 5
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    The activity and size of the nucleus of comet Hale-Bopp (C/1995 O1) [see comment] (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-03-28
    Description: Analysis of Hubble Space Telescope (HST) images of comet Hale-Bopp (C/1995 O1) suggests that the effective diameter of the nucleus is between 27 to 42 kilometers, which is at least three times larger than that of comet P/Halley. The International Ultraviolet Explorer and HST spectra showed emissions from OH (a tracer of H2O) and CS (a tracer of CS2) starting in April 1996, and from the CO Cameron system (which primarily traces CO2) starting in June 1996. The variation of the H2O production rate with heliocentric distance was consistent with sublimation of an icy body near its subsolar point. The heliocentric variation in the production rates of CS2 and dust was different from that of H2O, which implies that H2O sublimation did not control the CS2 or dust production during these observations.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Weaver, H A -- Feldman, P D -- A'Hearn, M F -- Arpigny, C -- Brandt, J C -- Festou, M C -- Haken, M -- McPhate, J B -- Stern, S A -- Tozzi, G P -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Mar 28;275(5308):1900-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Physics and Astronomy, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9072959" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Carbon Dioxide/analysis ; Carbon Disulfide/analysis ; Cosmic Dust ; *Meteoroids ; Spectrum Analysis ; Water
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 6
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    Detection of soft X-rays and a sensitive search for noble gases in comet Hale-Bopp (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-09-05
    Description: An image of comet Hale-Bopp (C/1995 O1) in soft x-rays reveals a central emission offset from the nucleus, as well as an extended emission feature that does not correlate with the dust jets seen at optical wavelengths. Neon was found to be depleted in the cometary ice by more than a factor of 25 relative to solar abundance, which suggests that ices in Hale-Bopp formed at (or later experienced) temperatures higher than 25 kelvin. A helium line emission at a wavelength of 584 angstroms was detected and may be attributable to charge transfer of solar wind alpha particles in the cometary coma. Ionized oxygen and another helium line contribute to an emission observed at 538 angstroms.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Krasnopolsky, V A -- Mumma, M J -- Abbott, M -- Flynn, B C -- Meech, K J -- Yeomans, D K -- Feldman, P D -- Cosmovici, C B -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Sep 5;277(5331):1488-91.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Catholic University of America, Washington, DC 20064, USA. ys2VK@lepvax.gsfc.nasa.gov 20771, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9278508" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Cosmic Dust ; Helium/*analysis ; Ice ; *Meteoroids ; Neon/*analysis ; Oxygen/*analysis ; Temperature ; X-Rays
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 7
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    LRO-LAMP observations of the LCROSS impact plume (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-10-23
    Description: On 9 October 2009, the Lunar Crater Observation and Sensing Satellite (LCROSS) sent a kinetic impactor to strike Cabeus crater, on a mission to search for water ice and other volatiles expected to be trapped in lunar polar soils. The Lyman Alpha Mapping Project (LAMP) ultraviolet spectrograph onboard the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) observed the plume generated by the LCROSS impact as far-ultraviolet emissions from the fluorescence of sunlight by molecular hydrogen and carbon monoxide, plus resonantly scattered sunlight from atomic mercury, with contributions from calcium and magnesium. The observed light curve is well simulated by the expansion of a vapor cloud at a temperature of ~1000 kelvin, containing ~570 kilograms (kg) of carbon monoxide, ~140 kg of molecular hydrogen, ~160 kg of calcium, ~120 kg of mercury, and ~40 kg of magnesium.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gladstone, G Randall -- Hurley, Dana M -- Retherford, Kurt D -- Feldman, Paul D -- Pryor, Wayne R -- Chaufray, Jean-Yves -- Versteeg, Maarten -- Greathouse, Thomas K -- Steffl, Andrew J -- Throop, Henry -- Parker, Joel Wm -- Kaufmann, David E -- Egan, Anthony F -- Davis, Michael W -- Slater, David C -- Mukherjee, Joey -- Miles, Paul F -- Hendrix, Amanda R -- Colaprete, Anthony -- Stern, S Alan -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Oct 22;330(6003):472-6. doi: 10.1126/science.1186474.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78238, USA. rgladstone@swri.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20966244" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Carbon Monoxide ; Extraterrestrial Environment ; Hydrogen ; *Moon ; Spectrum Analysis
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 8
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    Doubly ionized carbon observed in the plasma tail of comet Kudo-Fujikawa (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-12-13
    Description: Comet C/2002 X5 (Kudo-Fujikawa) was observed near its perihelion of 0.19 astronomical unit by the Ultraviolet Coronagraph Spectrometer aboard the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory spacecraft. Images of the comet reconstructed from high-resolution spectra reveal a quasi-spherical cloud of neutral hydrogen and a variable tail of C+ and C2+ that disconnects from the comet and subsequently regenerates. The high abundance of C2+ and C+, at least 24% relative to water, cannot be explained by photodissociation of carbon monoxide and is instead attributed to the evaporation and subsequent photoionization of atomic carbon from organic refractory compounds present in the cometary dust grains. This result serves to strengthen the connection between comets and the material from which the Solar System formed.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Povich, Matthew S -- Raymond, John C -- Jones, Geraint H -- Uzzo, Michael -- Ko, Yuan-Kuen -- Feldman, Paul D -- Smith, Peter L -- Marsden, Brian G -- Woods, Thomas N -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Dec 12;302(5652):1949-52.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA. mpovich@cfa.harvard.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14671299" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Carbon ; Hydrogen ; Ions ; *Meteoroids ; Spectrum Analysis ; Water
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 9
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    Transient water vapor at Europa's south pole (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-12-18
    Description: In November and December 2012, the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) imaged Europa's ultraviolet emissions in the search for vapor plume activity. We report statistically significant coincident surpluses of hydrogen Lyman-alpha and oxygen OI 130.4-nanometer emissions above the southern hemisphere in December 2012. These emissions were persistently found in the same area over the 7 hours of the observation, suggesting atmospheric inhomogeneity; they are consistent with two 200-km-high plumes of water vapor with line-of-sight column densities of about 10(20) per square meter. Nondetection in November 2012 and in previous HST images from 1999 suggests varying plume activity that might depend on changing surface stresses based on Europa's orbital phases. The plume was present when Europa was near apocenter and was not detected close to its pericenter, in agreement with tidal modeling predictions.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Roth, Lorenz -- Saur, Joachim -- Retherford, Kurt D -- Strobel, Darrell F -- Feldman, Paul D -- McGrath, Melissa A -- Nimmo, Francis -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Jan 10;343(6167):171-4. doi: 10.1126/science.1247051. Epub 2013 Dec 12.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24336567" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 10
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    The Hubble Space Telescope (HST) observing campaign on comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 (1995)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1995-03-03
    Description: The Hubble Space Telescope made systematic observations of the split comet P/Shoemaker-Levy 9 (SL9) (P designates a periodic comet) starting in July 1993 and continuing through mid-July 1994 when the fragments plunged into Jupiter's atmosphere. Deconvolutions of Wide Field Planetary Camera images indicate that the diameters of some fragments may have been as large as approximately 2 to 4 kilometers, assuming a geometric albedo of 4 percent, but significantly smaller values (that is, 〈 1 kilometer) cannot be ruled out. Most of the fragments (or nuclei) were embedded in circularly symmetric inner comae from July 1993 until late June 1994, implying that there was continuous, but weak, cometary activity. At least a few nuclei fragmented into separate, condensed objects well after the breakup of the SL9 parent body, which argues against the hypothesis that the SL9 fragments were swarms of debris with no dominant, central bodies. Spectroscopic observations taken on 14 July 1994 showed an outburst in magnesium ion emission that was followed closely by a threefold increase in continuum emission, which may have been caused by the electrostatic charging and subsequent explosion of dust as the comet passed from interplanetary space into the jovian magnetosphere. No OH emission was detected, but the derived upper limit on the H2O production rate of approximately 10(27) molecules per second does not necessarily imply that the object was water-poor.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Weaver, H A -- A'Hearn, M F -- Arpigny, C -- Boice, D C -- Feldman, P D -- Larson, S M -- Lamy, P -- Levy, D H -- Marsden, B G -- Meech, K J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1995 Mar 3;267(5202):1282-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Space Telescope Science Institute, Baltimore, MD 21218.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7871424" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Atmosphere ; *Extraterrestrial Environment ; Hydroxyl Radical/analysis ; *Jupiter ; Magnesium/analysis ; *Solar System ; Spectrum Analysis ; Water/analysis
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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