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  • Climate
  • 2020-2023  (7)
  • 2005-2009  (138)
  • 1985-1989  (16)
  • 1980-1984  (5)
  • 1955-1959
  • 1
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    SINTA - SImulations of climate chaNge in the mediTerranean Area - Final scientific report (2008)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-12-21
    Description: This SINTA Project establish a scientific cooperation between the Italian Scientific Institution INGV (National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology) and the Serbian Scientific Institutions such as the Republic HydroMeteorological Service (RHMSS) and the University of Belgrade (UB). INGV contributes the global models, University of Belgrade and RHMSS contribute their expertise on regional models, parameterization ofphysical processes and numerical schemes. In particular, the main objectives of this Project are: 1) Perform a set of global simulations with a Global Climate Model (GCM) available at INGV; 2) Perform a set of regional simulations with the UB Regional Climate Model (RCM) forced by boundary conditions from the GCM simulations; 3) Test the convection parameterization developed at UB in the INGV global model; 4) Training and visit exchanges of Serbian scientists in Italy.
    Description: INGV
    Description: Unpublished
    Description: 3.7. Dinamica del clima e dell'oceano
    Description: open
    Keywords: Climate ; Mediterranean Area ; 01. Atmosphere::01.01. Atmosphere::01.01.02. Climate
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: report
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  • 2
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    Changes in Tropical Cyclone Activity due to Global Warming: Results from a High-Resolution Coupled General Circulation Model. (2008)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: This study investigates the possible changes that greenhouse global warming might generate in the characteristics of tropical cyclones (TCs). The analysis has been performed using scenario climate simulations carried out with a fully coupled high-resolution global general circulation model. The capability of the model to reproduce a reasonably realistic TC climatology has been assessed by comparing the model results from a simulation of the twentieth century with observations. The model appears to be able to simulate tropical cyclone–like vortices with many features similar to the observed TCs. The simulated TC activity exhibits realistic geographical distribution, seasonal modulation, and interannual variability, suggesting that the model is able to reproduce the major basic mechanisms that link TC occurrence with large-scale circulation. The results from the climate scenarios reveal a substantial general reduction of TC frequency when the atmospheric CO2 concentration is doubled and quadrupled. The reduction appears particularly evident for the tropical western North Pacific (WNP) and North Atlantic (ATL). In the NWP the weaker TC activity seems to be associated with reduced convective instabilities. In the ATL region the weaker TC activity seems to be due to both the increased stability of the atmosphere and a stronger vertical wind shear. Despite the generally reduced TC activity, there is evidence of increased rainfall associated with the simulated cyclones. Finally, the action of the TCs remains well confined to the tropical region and the peak of TC number remains equatorward of 20° latitude in both hemispheres, notwithstanding the overall warming of the tropical upper ocean and the expansion poleward of warm SSTs.
    Description: Euro-Mediterranean Centre for Climate Change. European Community project ENSEMBLES, Contract GOCE-CT-2003-505539.
    Description: Published
    Description: 5204-5228
    Description: 3.7. Dinamica del clima e dell'oceano
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Tropical Cyclone ; Climate ; 01. Atmosphere::01.01. Atmosphere::01.01.02. Climate
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 3
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    Il programma di monitoraggio C6: Climatic Changes and Carbon Cycle in Canyons and Caves (2008)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: L'acronimo C6 sta per "Climatic Changes and Carbon Cycle in Canyons and Caves". E' un progetto di monitoraggio dei parametri climatici e dell'anidride carbonica, nato come tale nel 2005, ma che ha raggruppato al proprio interno attività di monitoraggio ambientale promosse da gestori di aree protette ed associazioni sportivo-ambientali sin dal 1999. Allo stato attuale sono attivi 6 siti di misura, disposti lungo un transetto Sud-Nord nell'areale mediterraneo, dalla Giordania sino all’Appennino Settentrionale. Un settimo sito sarà attivato entro l'estate 2006 in una cavità carsica in prossimità di Sarajevo (Bosnia Herzegovina). Il progetto si propone di monitorare parametri climatici ed ambientali all'interno di gole e grotte, con particolare riferimento alle concentrazioni di anidride carbonica in atmosfera, a temperatura ed umidità atmosferiche ed alle intensità di pioggia e stillicidio.Il progetto C6 assume rilevanza ai fini della conservazione della biodiversità in quanto le gole, specialmente in ambienti aridi e semi-aridi, rappresentano spesso l'unico luogo della superficie dove è presente acqua, costituendo quindi un rifugio preferenziale per tutte quelle specie viventi per le quali la disponibilità costante di acqua è fondamentale per il proprio ciclo vitale. Attraverso la rete C6 ci si propone di valutare la criticità dei parametri monitorati ai fini della conservazione degli ecosistemi presenti ed i possibili effetti derivanti da processi di cambiamento climatico
    Description: Published
    Description: Viterbo/Civitavecchia (Italia)
    Description: 3.7. Dinamica del clima e dell'oceano
    Description: open
    Keywords: Climate ; Canyon ; Cave ; Infiltration ; Air temperature ; 01. Atmosphere::01.01. Atmosphere::01.01.02. Climate
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: Oral presentation
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  • 4
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    Monitoring climatic changes and carbon cycle in canyons and caves: the C6 project. (2008)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: The acronym C6 means "Climatic Changes and Carbon Cycle in Canyons and Caves". It is a monitoring project, for the evaluation of climate change signals, based on measuring sites located inside canyons and caves; it merged in the year 2005, under the scientific supervision of the Palermo Branch of the Italian National Institute for Geophysics and Volcanology (I.N.G.V.), two different monitoring programs active since 1999. The choice of these environments is based on their morphological structure: being them more or less segregated respect the outer atmosphere, they act as low-pass filters respect the variations of the monitored parameters, which are rainfall and dropping water amounts and rates, air temperatures and relative humidity and carbon dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere. On the basis of the preliminary data, reported and discussed in the paper, the C6 network seems to be capable to give useful information on the local effects of global changes, even if at the moment the monitored parameters concern only the abiotic components of the studied ecosystems.
    Description: Published
    Description: Malta
    Description: 3.7. Dinamica del clima e dell'oceano
    Description: open
    Keywords: Climate ; Carbon Dioxide ; Cave ; Canyon ; 01. Atmosphere::01.01. Atmosphere::01.01.02. Climate
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: Conference paper
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  • 5
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    Filling the North European Early/Middle Eocene (Ypresian/Lutetian) boundary gap: Insights from the Pyrenean continental to deep-marine record (2009)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: The Early/Middle Eocene (Ypresian/Lutetian) transition is represented by a hiatus in many North European sections, including those in which the classic stratotypes were originally defined. However, the Global Stratotype Section and Point of the Lutetian Stage, which is still pending definition, should be placed at a globally correlatable event included within that unrepresented interval. The Pyrenean Eocene outcrops display sedimentary successions that offer the rare opportunity to analyse the Ypresian/Lutetian boundary interval in almost continuous sections and in very different settings. Seven reference stratigraphic sections were selected on the basis of their quality and correlated by means of biomagnetostratigraphic data. This correlation framework casts light on the sequence of chronostratigraphic events that characterize the Ypresian/Lutetian boundary interval, which may prove useful in defining the main correlation criterion of the base of the Lutetian. All of the Pyrenean sections show a similar sedimentary evolution, despite being up to 350 km apart from each other, containing deposits of different origins (intrabasinal carbonate sediments, siliciclastic sediments sourced from the Iberian plate, and terrigenous sediments sourced from the uplifting Pyrenees) and despite having been accumulated in different sedimentary environments (from continental to deep marine) and in different geodynamic settings (piggy-back basin, foreland basin and cratonic margin). This common evolution can be readily interpreted in terms of a sea-level driven depositional sequence whose lowstand and transgressive systems tracts are included within the Ypresian/Lutetian boundary interval. The Pyrenean Ypresian/Lutetian depositional sequence can reasonably be correlated with depositional sequences from classic North European areas, shedding light on the palaeoenvironmental history which in those areas has not been recorded. Furthermore, these depositional sequences may possibly correlate with others from the Antarctic Ocean and from New Jersey, as well as with oceanic temperature variations, suggesting that they might be the result of climatically-driven glacioeustatic sea-level changes. Should this hypothesis prove correct, it would confirm previous suggestions that the onset of Antarctic glaciations needs to be backshifted to the late Ypresian at least.
    Description: Published
    Description: 313-332
    Description: 2.2. Laboratorio di paleomagnetismo
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Eocene ; Lutetian ; Chronostratigraphy ; Sequence stratigraphy ; Climate ; Pyrenees ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.01. General::03.01.06. Paleoceanography and paleoclimatology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.10. Stratigraphy ; 04. Solid Earth::04.05. Geomagnetism::04.05.02. Geomagnetic field variations and reversals ; 04. Solid Earth::04.05. Geomagnetism::04.05.06. Paleomagnetism
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 6
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    West African Monsoon And Satellite Observations Of Water Vapor. (2005)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: The atmospheric water vapor, a main climatic parameter, remains also one of the less well known in the inter tropical area. Different space programs have been carried out to improve its measure: the data provided by these experimental or operational programs, give an alternate and complementary information the model’s analysis. Moreover, the time series available today, are long enough to allow studies of variability of different climatic parameters. The following contribution, dedicated to the climate of the Western Africa, analyses the atmospheric humidity as retrieved by NOAA8/TOVS12 dated over the last 20 years. The climatology of the upper tropospheric humidity (UTH13), retrieved from HIRS-121, evidences the importance of the position and the "strength" of dynamic component such as convergence zone, subtropical high: the relative position and the intensity of the subsidence linked to the St-Helena anticyclone appear as a key parameters for the quality of the sahelian rainfall season. Moreover, the integrated water vapor content over the Gulf of Guinea, as extracted from the NVAP9 data base (blended satellite and radiosondes observations) indicates that water vapor changes slowly; its inertia may be used for trend analysis : excess or deficit of water vapor coincides with wet or dry rainy season over the Sahel. Computations of water vapor fluxes for the lower levels (coupling the TOVS humidity to NCEP7 winds), precise the localization of the monsoon fluxes entry over the western Africa .
    Description: Published
    Keywords: Climate ; Noaa/Tovs ; Intertropical convergence zone ; Subsidence ; Satellites ; SSM/I ; Evaporation ; Monsoons
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Report , Non-Refereed
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  • 7
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    Global climate patterns explain range-wide synchronicity in survival of a migratory seabird (2009)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © The Authors, 2008. This is the author's version of the work. It is posted here by permission of John Wiley & Sons, for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Global Change Biology 15 (2009): 268-279, doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01715.x.
    Description: To predict the impact of climate change over the whole species distribution range, comparison of adult survival variations over large spatial scale is of primary concern for long-lived species populations that are particularly susceptible to decline if adult survival is reduced. In this study, we estimated and compared adult survival rates between 1989 and 1997 of six populations of Cory’s shearwater (Calonectris diomedea) spread across 4600 km using capture-recapture models. We showed that mean annual adult survival rates are different among populations along a longitudinal gradient and between sexes. Variation in adult survival is synchronized among populations, with three distinct groups: (1) both females and males of Corsica, Tremiti and Selvagem (annual survival range 0.88-0.96); (2) both females and males of Frioul and females from Crete (0.82-0.92); and (3) both females and males of Malta and males from Crete (0.74-0.88). The total variation accounted for by the common pattern of variation is on average 71%, suggesting strong environmental forcing. At least 61% of the variation in survival is explained by the Southern Oscillation Index fluctuations. We suggested that Atlantic hurricanes and storms during La Niña years may increase adult mortality for Cory’s shearwater during winter months. For long-lived seabird species, variation in adult survival is buffered against environmental variability, although extreme climate conditions such as storms significantly affect adult survival. The effect of climate at large spatial scales on adult survival during the non-breeding period may lead to synchronization of variation in adult survival over the species’ range and have large effects on the meta-population trends. One can thus worry about the future of such long-lived seabirds species under the predictions of higher frequency of extreme large scale climatic events.
    Keywords: Adult survival ; Capture-recapture models ; Synchrony ; Climate ; Southern Oscillation ; Cory’s shearwater ; Calonectris diomedea
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Preprint
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  • 8
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    Role of carbon cycle observations and knowledge in carbon management (2005)
    Annual Reviews
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © Annual Reviews, 2003. This article is posted here by permission of Annual Reviews for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Annual Review of Environment and Resources 28 (2003): 521-558, doi:10.1146/annurev.energy.28.011503.163443.
    Description: Agriculture and industrial development have led to inadvertent changes in the natural carbon cycle. As a consequence, concentrations of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases have increased in the atmosphere and may lead to changes in climate. The current challenge facing society is to develop options for future management of the carbon cycle. A variety of approaches has been suggested: direct reduction of emissions, deliberate manipulation of the natural carbon cycle to enhance sequestration, and capture and isolation of carbon from fossil fuel use. Policy development to date has laid out some of the general principles to which carbon management should adhere. These are summarized as: how much carbon is stored, by what means, and for how long. To successfully manage carbon for climate purposes requires increased understanding of carbon cycle dynamics and improvement in the scientific capabilities available for measurement as well as for policy needs. The specific needs for scientific information to underpin carbon cycle management decisions are not yet broadly known. A stronger dialogue between decision makers and scientists must be developed to foster improved application of scientific knowledge to decisions. This review focuses on the current knowledge of the carbon cycle, carbon measurement capabilities (with an emphasis on the continental scale) and the relevance of carbon cycle science to carbon sequestration goals.
    Description: The National Center for Atmospheric Research is supported by the National Science Foundation.
    Keywords: Carbon sequestration ; Measurement techniques ; Climate ; Kyoto protocol
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 9
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    Sedimentary evidence of hurricane strikes in western Long Island, New York (2007)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2007. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems 8 (2007): Q06011, doi:10.1029/2006GC001463.
    Description: Evidence of historical landfalling hurricanes and prehistoric storms has been recovered from backbarrier environments in the New York City area. Overwash deposits correlate with landfalls of the most intense documented hurricanes in the area, including the hurricanes of 1893, 1821, 1788, and 1693 A.D. There is little evidence of intense hurricane landfalls in the region for several hundred years prior to the late 17th century A.D. The apparent increase in intense hurricane landfalls around 300 years ago occurs during the latter half of the Little Ice Age, a time of lower tropical sea surface temperatures. Multiple washovers laid down between ~2200 and 900 cal yr B.P. suggest an interval of frequent intense hurricane landfalls in the region. Our results provide preliminary evidence that fluctuations in intense hurricane landfall in the northeastern United States were roughly synchronous with hurricane landfall fluctuations observed for the Caribbean and Gulf Coast, suggesting North Atlantic–wide changes in hurricane activity.
    Description: Grants from the National Science Foundation (EAR 0519118), Risk Prediction Initiative at the Bermuda Biological Station for Research, and the Coastal Ocean Institute of Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution supported this research.
    Keywords: Hurricane ; Climate ; Coastal geology ; Salt marsh ; Sedimentation ; New York
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 10
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    Climate variability of southern Chile since the Last Glacial Maximum : a continuous sedimentological record from Lago Puyehue (40°S) (2008)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © Springer, 2007. This is the author's version of the work. It is posted here by permission of Springer for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Paleolimnology 39 (2008): 179-195, doi:10.1007/s10933-007-9117-y.
    Description: This paper presents a multi-proxy climate record of an 11 m long core collected in Lago Puyehue (southern Chile, 40°S) and extending back to 18,000 cal yr BP. The multi-proxy analyses include sedimentology, mineralogy, grain size, geochemistry, loss-on-ignition, magnetic susceptibility and radiocarbon datings. Results demonstrate that sediment grain size is positively correlated with the biogenic sediment content and can be used as a proxy for lake paleoproductivity. On the other hand, the magnetic susceptibility signal is correlated with the aluminium and titanium concentrations and can be used as a proxy for the terrigenous supply. Temporal variations of sediment composition evidence that, since the last glacial maximum, the Chilean Lake District was characterized by 3 abrupt climate changes superimposed on a long-term climate evolution. These rapid climate changes are: (1) an abrupt warming at the end of the last glacial maximum at 17,300 cal yr BP; (2) a 13,100-12,300 cal yr BP cold event, ending rapidly and interpreted as the local counter part of the Younger Dryas cold period, and (3) a 3400-2900 cal yr BP climatic instability synchronous with a period of low solar activity. The timing of the 13,100-12,300 cold event is compared with similar records in both hemispheres and demonstrates that this southern hemisphere climate change lags behind the northern hemisphere Younger Dryas cold period by 500 to 1000 years.
    Description: This research is supported by the Belgian OSTC project EV/12/10B "A continuous Holocene record of ENSO variability in southern Chile".
    Keywords: Sediment ; Lake ; Grain size ; Magnetic susceptibility ; Climate ; Younger Dryas ; South America
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Preprint
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  • 11
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    Report of the Regional Co-ordinator for the El Niño Region (2007)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: Supported by IOC/IODE
    Description: Sixteenth Session
    Keywords: Oceanography ; Climate
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Non-Refereed , Paper
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  • 12
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    Stratus Ocean Reference Station (20˚S, 85˚W), mooring recovery and deployment cruise R/V Ronald H. Brown cruise 05-05, September 26, 2005–October 21, 2005 (2006)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: The Ocean Reference Station at 20°S, 85°W under the stratus clouds west of northern Chile is being maintained to provide ongoing, climate-quality records of surface meteorology, of air-sea fluxes of heat, freshwater, and momentum, and of upper ocean temperature, salinity, and velocity variability. The Stratus Ocean Reference Station (ORS Stratus) is supported by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s (NOAA) Climate Observation Program. It is recovered and redeployed annually, with cruises that have come between October and December. During the October 2005 cruise of NOAA’s R/V Ronald H. Brown to the ORS Stratus site, the primary activities were recovery of the WHOI surface mooring that had been deployed in December 2004, deployment of a new WHOI surface mooring at that site, in-situ calibration of the buoy meteorological sensors by comparison with instrumentation put on board by staff of the NOAA Environmental Technology Laboratory (ETL), and observations of the stratus clouds and lower atmosphere by NOAA ETL. The ORS Stratus buoys are equipped with two Improved Meteorological (IMET) systems, which provide surface wind speed and direction, air temperature, relative humidity, barometric pressure, incoming shortwave radiation, incoming longwave radiation, precipitation rate, and sea surface temperature. The IMET data are made available in near real time using satellite telemetry. The mooring line carries instruments to measure ocean salinity, temperature, and currents. The ETL instrumentation used during the 2005 cruise included cloud radar, radiosonde ballons, and sensors for mean and turbulent surface meteorology. In addition, two technicians from the University of Concepcion collected water samples for chemical analysis. Finally, the cruise hosted a teacher participating in NOAA’s Teacher at Sea Program.
    Description: Funding was provided by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration under Grant No. NA17RJ1223 and the Cooperative Institute for Climate and Ocean Research (CICOR).
    Keywords: STRATUS ; Ocean ; Climate ; Ronald H. Brown (Ship) Cruise RB05-05
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Technical Report
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  • 13
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    Updated Cariaco Basin C-14 calibration dataset from 0-60 cal kyr BP (2020)
    Cambridge University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-10-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2020. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Hughen, K. A., & Heaton, T. J. Updated Cariaco Basin C-14 calibration dataset from 0-60 cal kyr BP. Radiocarbon, 62(4), (2020): 1001-1043, doi:10.1017/RDC.2020.53.
    Description: We present new updates to the calendar and radiocarbon (14C) chronologies for the Cariaco Basin, Venezuela. Calendar ages were generated by tuning abrupt climate shifts in Cariaco Basin sediments to those in speleothems from Hulu Cave. After the original Cariaco-Hulu calendar age model was published, Hulu Cave δ18O records have been augmented with increased temporal resolution and a greater number of U/Th dates. These updated Hulu Cave records provide increased accuracy as well as precision in the final Cariaco calendar age model. The depth scale for the Ocean Drilling Program Site 1002D sediment core, the primary source of samples for 14C dating, has been corrected to account for missing sediment from a core break, eliminating age-depth anomalies that afflicted the earlier calendar age models. Individual 14C dates for the Cariaco Basin remain unchanged from previous papers, although detailed comparisons of the Cariaco calibration dataset to those from Hulu Cave and Lake Suigetsu suggest that the Cariaco marine reservoir age may have shifted systematically during the past. We describe these recent changes to the Cariaco datasets and provide the data in a comprehensive format that will facilitate use by the community.
    Description: K.A. Hughen was supported by funds from U.S. NSF grant #OCE-1657191, and by the Investment in Science Fund at WHOI. T.J. Heaton is supported by a Leverhulme Trust Fellowship RF-2019-140\9, “Improving the Measurement of Time Using Radiocarbon”.
    Keywords: Calibration ; Climate ; Radiocarbon
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  • 14
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    Coral reefs in the Anthropocene Ocean: novel insights from skeletal proxies of climate change, impacts, and resilience (2021)
    Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-10-20
    Description: Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Oceanography at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution February 2021.
    Description: Anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases are driving rapid changes in ocean conditions. Shallow-water coral reefs are experiencing the brunt of these changes, including intensifying marine heatwaves (MHWs) and rapid ocean acidification (OA). Consequently, coral reefs are in broad-scale decline, threatening the livelihoods of hundreds of millions of people. Ensuring survival of coral reefs in the 21st century will thus require a new management approach that incorporates robust understanding of reef-scale climate change, the mechanisms by which these changes impact corals, and their potential for adaptation. In this thesis, I extract information from within coral skeletons to 1) Quantify the climate changes occurring on coral reefs and the effects on coral growth, 2) Identify differences in the sensitivity of coral reefs to these changes, and 3) Evaluate the adaptation potential of the keystone reef-building coral, Porites. First, I develop a mechanistic Porites growth model and reveal the physicochemical link between OA and skeletal formation. I show that the thickening (densification) of coral skeletal framework is most vulnerable to OA and that, under 21st century climate model projections, OA will reduce Porites skeletal density globally, with greatest impact in the Coral Triangle. Second, I develop an improved metric of thermal stress, and use a skeletal bleaching proxy to quantify coral responses to intensifying heatwaves in the central equatorial Pacific (CEP) since 1982. My work reveals a long history of bleaching in the CEP, and reef-specific differences in thermal tolerance linked to past heatwave exposure implying that, over time, reef communities have adapted to tolerate their unique thermal regimes. Third, I refine the Sr-U paleo-thermometer to enable monthly-resolved sea surface temperatures (SST) generation using laser ablation ICPMS. I show that laser Sr-U accurately captures CEP SST, including the frequency and amplitude of MHWs. Finally, I apply laser Sr-U to reconstruct the past 100 years of SST at Jarvis Island in the CEP, and evaluate my proxy record of bleaching severity in this context. I determine that Porites coral populations on Jarvis Island have not yet adapted to the pace of anthropogenic climate change.
    Description: This research was supported by US National Science Foundation Awards OCE-1220529, ANT-1246387, OCE-1737311, CE-1601365, OCE-1805618, OCE-1537338, OCE-2016133, and from the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution through the Ocean Life Institute, the Ocean Ventures Fund, the Grassle Fellowship Fund, and the MIT-WHOI Academic Programs Office. Additional funding was provided by the Taiwan MOST Grant 104-2628-M-001-007-MY3, the Robertson Foundation, the Leverhulme Trust in UK, the Atlantic Donor Advised Fund, The Prince Albert 2 of Monaco Foundation, the Akiko Shiraki Dynner Fund, the New England Aquarium, the Martin Family Society Fellowship for Sustainability, the Gates Millenium Scholarship, the Arthur Vining Davis Foundation, the NOAA Coral Reef Conservation Program, and from the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution through Investment in Science Fund, the Early Career Award, and the Access to the Sea Award.
    Keywords: Coral reef ; Climate ; Proxy
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Thesis
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  • 15
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    A preindustrial sea-level rise hotspot along the Atlantic Coast of North America (2020)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-10-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2020. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Gehrels, W. R., Dangendorf, S., Barlow, N. L. M., Saher, M. H., Long, A. J., Woodworth, P. L., Piecuch, C. G., & Berk, K. A preindustrial sea-level rise hotspot along the Atlantic Coast of North America. Geophysical Research Letters, 47(4), (2020): e2019GL085814, doi:10.1029/2019GL085814.
    Description: The Atlantic coast of North America north of Cape Hatteras has been proposed as a “hotspot” of late 20th century sea‐level rise. Here we test, using salt‐marsh proxy sea‐level records, if this coast experienced enhanced sea‐level rise over earlier multidecadal‐centennial periods. While we find in agreement with previous studies that 20th century rates of sea‐level change were higher compared to rates during preceding centuries, rates of 18th century sea‐level rise were only slightly lower, suggesting that the “hotspot” is a reoccurring feature for at least three centuries. Proxy sea‐level records from North America (Iceland) are negatively (positively) correlated with centennial changes in the North Atlantic Oscillation. They are consistent with sea‐level “fingerprints” of Arctic ice melt, and we therefore hypothesize that sea‐level fluctuations are related to changes in Arctic land‐ice mass. Predictions of future sea‐level rise should take into account these long‐term fluctuating rates of natural sea‐level change.
    Description: This work is funded by the Natural Environment Research Council (grant NE/G003440/1). All radiocarbon dating was supported by the Natural Environment Research Council Radiocarbon Facility (allocations 1490.0810, 1566.0511, 1604.0112). Mark Wood assisted with fieldwork. Rob Scaife analyzed pollen data for core SN‐3.3. Sönke Dangendorf and Kevin Berk acknowledge the University of Siegen for their support within the PEPSEA project. Christopher Piecuch was supported by National Science Foundation awards OCE‐1558966 and OCE‐1834739. We thank project members Miguel Ángel Morales Maqueda, Chris Hughes, Vassil Roussenov and Ric Williams for valuable discussions. We are grateful to the International Space Science Institute (ISSI; Bern, Switzerland) for support of the International Team “Towards a unified Sea Level Record”. Data used in this paper are freely available online (https://www.doi.org/10/dgvq).
    Keywords: Sea level ; Late Holocene ; Common Era ; Climate ; Ocean
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    Trends in physical properties at the southern New England shelf break (2020)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-10-26
    Description: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2020. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 125(2), (2020): e2019JC015784, doi:10.1029/2019JC015784.
    Description: We analyze 11 years (2003–2013) of repeat temperature and salinity sections from across the New England shelf break south of Cape Cod during early summer (June–July). The mean sections resolved the shelf break front which supports the Shelf Break Jet, a vital component of the regional circulation. Individual sections showed a great deal of variability associated with meanders in the shelf break front consistent with previous studies in the region. Over the 11 year record, the shelf region (inshore of the 100 m isobath) warmed by 0.26 °C yr -1, with the majority of this warming occurring shallower than 20 m (0.58 °C yr -1). The full‐depth trend agrees well with previous studies of shelf warming to the north and the south of our study region. The temperature and salinity of the offshore edge of the Cold Pool Water on the shelf did not change significantly during this period. The surface warming on the shelf resulted in a decrease in near‐surface density of 0.12 kg m -3 yr -1 and an increase in stratification between 10 and 15 m of 6.7 X 10(-5) S -2 yr -1 . Offshore of the shelf break, the Slope Water also warmed and became more saline by 0.21 °C yr -1 and 0.04 yr -1 respectively, resulting in a maximal reduction in density of 0.01 kg m -3 yr -1. In the Shelf Break Front, there is some evidence of freshening and a reduction in density, which may have resulted from an offshore shift in the Cold Pool but the statistical significance is small.
    Description: We wish to thank the Sea Education Association and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution for maintaining this collaboration. We also extend our warmest thanks to the numerous chief scientists, crew members, and student participants who collected the data and made this work possible. This work was supported by NSF Grants OCE‐1657853 and OCE‐1851261. G. G. was also supported by a Senior Scientist Chair from the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. The Jake Peirson Summer Cruises were supported using funds provided by a WHOI‐MIT Joint Program alumnus and by the WHOI Academic Programs Office. M. I. was supported by The Woods Hole Partnership Education Program, the Sea Education Association, and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution for her summer research work. We thank Jacob Forsyth for discussions on the seasonal variability of warming over the New Jersey shelf and warming rates for different time frames. Data used in this paper are available from the WHOI‐MBL Library (https://darchive.mblwhoilibrary.org/handle/1912/25158, doi:10.26025/dz4w‐kk13).
    Keywords: Temperature and salinity trends ; Stratification ; New England ; Shelf Break Jet ; Climate
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    Evidence for massive and recurrent toxic blooms of Alexandrium catenella in the Alaskan Arctic (2021)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-10-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2021. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Anderson, D. M., Fachon, E., Pickart, R. S., Lin, P., Fischer, A. D., Richlen, M. L., Uva, V., Brosnahan, M. L., McRaven, L., Bahr, F., Lefebvre, K., Grebmeier, J. M., Danielson, S. L., Lyu, Y., & Fukai, Y. Evidence for massive and recurrent toxic blooms of Alexandrium catenella in the Alaskan Arctic. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 118(41) (2021): e2107387118, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2107387118.
    Description: Among the organisms that spread into and flourish in Arctic waters with rising temperatures and sea ice loss are toxic algae, a group of harmful algal bloom species that produce potent biotoxins. Alexandrium catenella, a cyst-forming dinoflagellate that causes paralytic shellfish poisoning worldwide, has been a significant threat to human health in southeastern Alaska for centuries. It is known to be transported into Arctic regions in waters transiting northward through the Bering Strait, yet there is little recognition of this organism as a human health concern north of the Strait. Here, we describe an exceptionally large A. catenella benthic cyst bed and hydrographic conditions across the Chukchi Sea that support germination and development of recurrent, locally originating and self-seeding blooms. Two prominent cyst accumulation zones result from deposition promoted by weak circulation. Cyst concentrations are among the highest reported globally for this species, and the cyst bed is at least 6× larger in area than any other. These extraordinary accumulations are attributed to repeated inputs from advected southern blooms and to localized cyst formation and deposition. Over the past two decades, warming has likely increased the magnitude of the germination flux twofold and advanced the timing of cell inoculation into the euphotic zone by 20 d. Conditions are also now favorable for bloom development in surface waters. The region is poised to support annually recurrent A. catenella blooms that are massive in scale, posing a significant and worrisome threat to public and ecosystem health in Alaskan Arctic communities where economies are subsistence based.
    Description: Funding for D.M.A., R.S.P., E.F., P.L., A.D.F., V.U., M.L.B., L.M., F.B., and M.L.R. was provided by grants from the NSF Office of Polar Programs (Grants OPP-1823002 and OPP-1733564) and the National Ocanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Arctic Research program (through the Cooperative Institute for the North Atlantic Region [CINAR; Grants NA14OAR4320158 and NA19OAR4320074]), for J.M.G. through CINAR 22309.07 UMCES (University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science), and for D.M.A. and K.L. through NOAA’s Center for Coastal and Ocean Studies Ecology and Oceanography of Harmful Algal Blooms (ECOHAB) Program (NA20NOS4780195). Funding for D.M.A., M.L.R., M.L.B., E.F., V.U., and A.D.F. was also provided by NSF (Grant OCE-1840381) and NIH (Grant 1P01-ES028938-01) through the Woods Hole Center for Oceans and Human Health. S.L.D. was supported by North Pacific Research Board IERP Grants A91-99a and A91-00a. This is IERP publication ArcticIERP-41 and ECOHAB Contribution No. ECO983.
    Keywords: Harmful algal bloom ; HAB ; Alexandrium ; Alaskan Arctic ; Climate
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    Strong margin influence on the Arctic Ocean Barium Cycle revealed by pan‐Arctic synthesis (2022)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-10-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2022. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Whitmore, L., Shiller, A., Horner, T., Xiang, Y., Auro, M., Bauch, D., Dehairs, F., Lam, P., Li, J., Maldonado, M., Mears, C., Newton, R., Pasqualini, A., Planquette, H., Rember, R., & Thomas, H. Strong margin influence on the Arctic Ocean Barium Cycle revealed by pan‐Arctic synthesis. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 127(4), (2022): e2021JC017417, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021jc017417.
    Description: Early studies revealed relationships between barium (Ba), particulate organic carbon and silicate, suggesting applications for Ba as a paleoproductivity tracer and as a tracer of modern ocean circulation. But, what controls the distribution of barium (Ba) in the oceans? Here, we investigated the Arctic Ocean Ba cycle through a one-of-a-kind data set containing dissolved (dBa), particulate (pBa), and stable isotope Ba ratio (δ138Ba) data from four Arctic GEOTRACES expeditions conducted in 2015. We hypothesized that margins would be a substantial source of Ba to the Arctic Ocean water column. The dBa, pBa, and δ138Ba distributions all suggest significant modification of inflowing Pacific seawater over the shelves, and the dBa mass balance implies that ∼50% of the dBa inventory (upper 500 m of the Arctic water column) was supplied by nonconservative inputs. Calculated areal dBa fluxes are up to 10 μmol m−2 day−1 on the margin, which is comparable to fluxes described in other regions. Applying this approach to dBa data from the 1994 Arctic Ocean Survey yields similar results. The Canadian Arctic Archipelago did not appear to have a similar margin source; rather, the dBa distribution in this section is consistent with mixing of Arctic Ocean-derived waters and Baffin Bay-derived waters. Although we lack enough information to identify the specifics of the shelf sediment Ba source, we suspect that a sedimentary remineralization and terrigenous sources (e.g., submarine groundwater discharge or fluvial particles) are contributors.
    Description: This research was supported by the National Science Foundation [OCE-1434312 (AMS), OCE-1436666 (RN), OCE-1535854 (PL), OCE-1736949, OCE-2023456 (TJH), and OCE-1829563 (R. Anderson for open access support)], Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC)-Climate Change and Atmospheric Research (CCAR) Program (MTM), and LEFE-CYBER EXPATE (HP). HT acknowledges support by the Canadian GEOTRACES via NSERC-CCAR and the German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD): MOPGA-GRI (Make Our Planet Great Again—Research Initiative) sponsored by BMBF (Federal German Ministry of Education and Research; Grant No. 57429828).
    Keywords: GEOTRACES ; Barium isotopes ; Geochemical cycles ; Climate ; Continental shelves
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    The ocean twilight zone’s role in climate change (2022)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-27
    Description: Buesseler, K., Jin, D., Kourantidou, M., Levin, D., Ramakrishna, K., Renaud, P., Ausubel, J., Baltes, K., Gjerde, K., Holland, M., Kostel, K., LaCapra, V., Martin, A., Sosik, H., Thorrold, S., Tierney, T., Joyce, K., Renier, N., Taylor, E. (2022). The Ocean Twilight Zone’s Role in Climate Change. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 32 pp.
    Description: The ocean twilight zone (more formally known as the mesopelagic zone) plays a fundamental role in global climate. It is the mid-ocean region roughly 100 to 1000 meters below the surface, encompassing a half-mile deep belt of water that spans more than two-thirds of our planet. The top of the ocean twilight zone only receives 1% of incident sunlight and the bottom level is void of sunlight. Life in the ocean twilight zone helps to transport billions of metric tons (gigatonnes) of carbon annually from the upper ocean into the deep sea, due in part to processes known as the biological carbon pump. Once carbon moves below roughly 1000 meters depth in the ocean, it can remain out of the atmosphere for centuries to millennia. Without the benefits of the biological carbon pump, the atmospheric CO 2 concentration would increase by approximately 200 ppm 1 which would significantly amplify the negative effects of climate change that the world is currently trying to curtail and reverse. Unfortunately, existing scientific knowledge about this vast zone of the ocean, such as how chemical elements flow through its living systems and the physical environment, is extremely limited, jeopardizing the efforts to improve climate predictions and to inform fisheries management and ocean policy development.
    Description: Funding is: The Audacious Project housed at TED
    Keywords: Climate ; Mesopelagic ; Twilight Zone ; Fisheries ; Carbon Dioxide Removal ; Ocean ; Biological Carbon Pump ; Solubility Pump ; Carbon ; Marine Snow
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    Type: Other
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    Late Pliocene Greenland glaciation controlled by a decline in atmospheric CO2 levels (2008)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-08-30
    Description: It is thought that the Northern Hemisphere experienced only ephemeral glaciations from the Late Eocene to the Early Pliocene epochs (about 38 to 4 million years ago), and that the onset of extensive glaciations did not occur until about 3 million years ago. Several hypotheses have been proposed to explain this increase in Northern Hemisphere glaciation during the Late Pliocene. Here we use a fully coupled atmosphere-ocean general circulation model and an ice-sheet model to assess the impact of the proposed driving mechanisms for glaciation and the influence of orbital variations on the development of the Greenland ice sheet in particular. We find that Greenland glaciation is mainly controlled by a decrease in atmospheric carbon dioxide during the Late Pliocene. By contrast, our model results suggest that climatic shifts associated with the tectonically driven closure of the Panama seaway, with the termination of a permanent El Nino state or with tectonic uplift are not large enough to contribute significantly to the growth of the Greenland ice sheet; moreover, we find that none of these processes acted as a priming mechanism for glacial inception triggered by variations in the Earth's orbit.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lunt, Daniel J -- Foster, Gavin L -- Haywood, Alan M -- Stone, Emma J -- England -- Nature. 2008 Aug 28;454(7208):1102-5. doi: 10.1038/nature07223.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉BRIDGE, School of Geographical Sciences, University of Bristol, University Road, Bristol BS8 1SS, UK. d.j.lunt@bristol.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18756254" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Atmosphere/*chemistry ; Carbon Dioxide/analysis/*metabolism ; Climate ; Greenland ; History, Ancient ; *Ice Cover ; North America ; Rain ; Time Factors
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Biogeochemistry: nitrous oxide in flux (2008)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2008-12-19
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Billings, Sharon A -- England -- Nature. 2008 Dec 18;456(7224):888-9. doi: 10.1038/456888a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19092923" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Atmosphere/chemistry ; Climate ; Droughts ; Europe ; Humidity ; Nitrous Oxide/*metabolism ; Picea/metabolism ; Rain ; Soil/*analysis ; Trees/*metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Megacity project seeks to gauge urban pollution (2008)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2008-09-12
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Butler, Declan -- England -- Nature. 2008 Sep 11;455(7210):142-3. doi: 10.1038/455142b.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18784680" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Air Pollution/*statistics & numerical data ; Cities/*statistics & numerical data ; City Planning/trends ; Climate ; Data Collection/economics ; Databases, Factual ; Europe ; Models, Theoretical ; Population Density
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Holocene oscillations in temperature and salinity of the surface subpolar North Atlantic (2009)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2009-02-06
    Description: The Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) transports warm salty surface waters to high latitudes, where they cool, sink and return southwards at depth. Through its attendant meridional heat transport, the AMOC helps maintain a warm northwestern European climate, and acts as a control on the global climate. Past climate fluctuations during the Holocene epoch ( approximately 11,700 years ago to the present) have been linked with changes in North Atlantic Ocean circulation. The behaviour of the surface flowing salty water that helped drive overturning during past climatic changes is, however, not well known. Here we investigate the temperature and salinity changes of a substantial surface inflow to a region of deep-water formation throughout the Holocene. We find that the inflow has undergone millennial-scale variations in temperature and salinity ( approximately 3.5 degrees C and approximately 1.5 practical salinity units, respectively) most probably controlled by subpolar gyre dynamics. The temperature and salinity variations correlate with previously reported periods of rapid climate change. The inflow becomes more saline during enhanced freshwater flux to the subpolar North Atlantic. Model studies predict a weakening of AMOC in response to enhanced Arctic freshwater fluxes, although the inflow can compensate on decadal timescales by becoming more saline. Our data suggest that such a negative feedback mechanism may have operated during past intervals of climate change.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Thornalley, David J R -- Elderfield, Harry -- McCave, I Nick -- England -- Nature. 2009 Feb 5;457(7230):711-4. doi: 10.1038/nature07717.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉The Godwin Laboratory for Palaeoclimate Research, Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EQ, UK. d.thornalley@cantab.net〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19194447" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Atlantic Ocean ; Calcium Carbonate/analysis ; Climate ; Feedback ; Fresh Water/analysis/chemistry ; History, Ancient ; Oxygen Isotopes ; Plankton/metabolism ; *Salinity ; Seawater/*chemistry ; *Temperature ; *Water Movements
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Archaeology: Maya, Khmer and Inca (2009)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-09-26
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Diamond, Jared -- England -- Nature. 2009 Sep 24;461(7263):479-80. doi: 10.1038/461479a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19779438" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Agriculture/history ; Animals ; Archaeology ; Cambodia ; Central America ; Civilization/*history ; Climate ; Droughts ; Forestry/*history ; History, 15th Century ; History, 16th Century ; History, 17th Century ; History, Medieval ; Population Density ; South America ; Trees/growth & development ; Wood/history
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Early-warning signals for critical transitions (2009)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2009-09-04
    Description: Complex dynamical systems, ranging from ecosystems to financial markets and the climate, can have tipping points at which a sudden shift to a contrasting dynamical regime may occur. Although predicting such critical points before they are reached is extremely difficult, work in different scientific fields is now suggesting the existence of generic early-warning signals that may indicate for a wide class of systems if a critical threshold is approaching.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Scheffer, Marten -- Bascompte, Jordi -- Brock, William A -- Brovkin, Victor -- Carpenter, Stephen R -- Dakos, Vasilis -- Held, Hermann -- van Nes, Egbert H -- Rietkerk, Max -- Sugihara, George -- England -- Nature. 2009 Sep 3;461(7260):53-9. doi: 10.1038/nature08227.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Environmental Sciences, Wageningen University, PO Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands. marten.scheffer@wur.nl〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19727193" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Asthma/physiopathology ; Climate ; *Ecosystem ; Eutrophication ; Extinction, Biological ; Humans ; *Models, Biological ; *Models, Economic ; Seizures/physiopathology ; Stochastic Processes
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Stable isotope constraints on Holocene carbon cycle changes from an Antarctic ice core (2009)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2009-09-26
    Description: Reconstructions of atmospheric CO(2) concentrations based on Antarctic ice cores reveal significant changes during the Holocene epoch, but the processes responsible for these changes in CO(2) concentrations have not been unambiguously identified. Distinct characteristics in the carbon isotope signatures of the major carbon reservoirs (ocean, biosphere, sediments and atmosphere) constrain variations in the CO(2) fluxes between those reservoirs. Here we present a highly resolved atmospheric delta(13)C record for the past 11,000 years from measurements on atmospheric CO(2) trapped in an Antarctic ice core. From mass-balance inverse model calculations performed with a simplified carbon cycle model, we show that the decrease in atmospheric CO(2) of about 5 parts per million by volume (p.p.m.v.). The increase in delta(13)C of about 0.25 per thousand during the early Holocene is most probably the result of a combination of carbon uptake of about 290 gigatonnes of carbon by the land biosphere and carbon release from the ocean in response to carbonate compensation of the terrestrial uptake during the termination of the last ice age. The 20 p.p.m.v. increase of atmospheric CO(2) and the small decrease in delta(13)C of about 0.05 per thousand during the later Holocene can mostly be explained by contributions from carbonate compensation of earlier land-biosphere uptake and coral reef formation, with only a minor contribution from a small decrease of the land-biosphere carbon inventory.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Elsig, Joachim -- Schmitt, Jochen -- Leuenberger, Daiana -- Schneider, Robert -- Eyer, Marc -- Leuenberger, Markus -- Joos, Fortunat -- Fischer, Hubertus -- Stocker, Thomas F -- England -- Nature. 2009 Sep 24;461(7263):507-10. doi: 10.1038/nature08393.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Climate and Environmental Physics, Physics Institute, University of Bern, Sidlerstrasse 5, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19779448" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Air/analysis ; Animals ; Antarctic Regions ; Anthozoa/growth & development/metabolism ; Atmosphere/chemistry ; Carbon/*analysis/*metabolism ; Carbon Dioxide/analysis/*metabolism ; Carbon Isotopes ; Climate ; Ecosystem ; History, Ancient ; Ice Cover/*chemistry ; Time Factors
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Observed variations of methane on Mars unexplained by known atmospheric chemistry and physics (2009)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2009-08-08
    Description: The detection of methane on Mars has revived the possibility of past or extant life on this planet, despite the fact that an abiogenic origin is thought to be equally plausible. An intriguing aspect of the recent observations of methane on Mars is that methane concentrations appear to be locally enhanced and change with the seasons. However, methane has a photochemical lifetime of several centuries, and is therefore expected to have a spatially uniform distribution on the planet. Here we use a global climate model of Mars with coupled chemistry to examine the implications of the recently observed variations of Martian methane for our understanding of the chemistry of methane. We find that photochemistry as currently understood does not produce measurable variations in methane concentrations, even in the case of a current, local and episodic methane release. In contrast, we find that the condensation-sublimation cycle of Mars' carbon dioxide atmosphere can generate large-scale methane variations differing from those observed. In order to reproduce local methane enhancements similar to those recently reported, we show that an atmospheric lifetime of less than 200 days is necessary, even if a local source of methane is only active around the time of the observation itself. This implies an unidentified methane loss process that is 600 times faster than predicted by standard photochemistry. The existence of such a fast loss in the Martian atmosphere is difficult to reconcile with the observed distribution of other trace gas species. In the case of a destruction mechanism only active at the surface of Mars, destruction of methane must occur with an even shorter timescale of the order of approximately 1 hour to explain the observations. If recent observations of spatial and temporal variations of methane are confirmed, this would suggest an extraordinarily harsh environment for the survival of organics on the planet.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lefevre, Franck -- Forget, Francois -- England -- Nature. 2009 Aug 6;460(7256):720-3. doi: 10.1038/nature08228.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉LATMOS, UPMC Universite Paris 06, CNRS, Paris 75005, France. franck.lefevre@upmc.fr〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19661912" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Atmosphere/chemistry ; Carbon Dioxide/analysis ; Climate ; Electrochemistry ; Exobiology ; Extraterrestrial Environment/*chemistry ; *Mars ; Methane/*analysis ; Models, Chemical ; Photochemistry ; Time Factors
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    The role of terrestrial plants in limiting atmospheric CO(2) decline over the past 24 million years (2009)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2009-07-03
    Description: Environmental conditions during the past 24 million years are thought to have been favourable for enhanced rates of atmospheric carbon dioxide drawdown by silicate chemical weathering. Proxy records indicate, however, that the Earth's atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations did not fall below about 200-250 parts per million during this period. The stabilization of atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations near this minimum value suggests that strong negative feedback mechanisms inhibited further drawdown of atmospheric carbon dioxide by high rates of global silicate rock weathering. Here we investigate one possible negative feedback mechanism, occurring under relatively low carbon dioxide concentrations and in warm climates, that is related to terrestrial plant productivity and its role in the decomposition of silicate minerals. We use simulations of terrestrial and geochemical carbon cycles and available experimental evidence to show that vegetation activity in upland regions of active orogens was severely limited by near-starvation of carbon dioxide in combination with global warmth over this period. These conditions diminished biotic-driven silicate rock weathering and thereby attenuated an important long-term carbon dioxide sink. Although our modelling results are semi-quantitative and do not capture the full range of biogeochemical feedbacks that could influence the climate, our analysis indicates that the dynamic equilibrium between plants, climate and the geosphere probably buffered the minimum atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations over the past 24 million years.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pagani, Mark -- Caldeira, Ken -- Berner, Robert -- Beerling, David J -- England -- Nature. 2009 Jul 2;460(7251):85-8. doi: 10.1038/nature08133.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Geology and Geophysics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA. mark.pagani@yale.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19571882" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Atmosphere/*chemistry ; Biomass ; Carbon Dioxide/*analysis ; Climate ; Eukaryota ; Geologic Sediments/*chemistry ; Geology ; History, Ancient ; Ice Cover ; Models, Biological ; Plant Leaves/metabolism ; Plant Roots/growth & development ; Plant Transpiration ; Plants/*metabolism ; Silicates/*chemistry
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Early Palaeogene temperature evolution of the southwest Pacific Ocean (2009)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2009-10-09
    Description: Relative to the present day, meridional temperature gradients in the Early Eocene age ( approximately 56-53 Myr ago) were unusually low, with slightly warmer equatorial regions but with much warmer subtropical Arctic and mid-latitude climates. By the end of the Eocene epoch ( approximately 34 Myr ago), the first major Antarctic ice sheets had appeared, suggesting that major cooling had taken place. Yet the global transition into this icehouse climate remains poorly constrained, as only a few temperature records are available portraying the Cenozoic climatic evolution of the high southern latitudes. Here we present a uniquely continuous and chronostratigraphically well-calibrated TEX(86) record of sea surface temperature (SST) from an ocean sediment core in the East Tasman Plateau (palaeolatitude approximately 65 degrees S). We show that southwest Pacific SSTs rose above present-day tropical values (to approximately 34 degrees C) during the Early Eocene age ( approximately 53 Myr ago) and had gradually decreased to about 21 degrees C by the early Late Eocene age ( approximately 36 Myr ago). Our results imply that there was almost no latitudinal SST gradient between subequatorial and subpolar regions during the Early Eocene age (55-50 Myr ago). Thereafter, the latitudinal gradient markedly increased. In theory, if Eocene cooling was largely driven by a decrease in atmospheric greenhouse gas concentration, additional processes are required to explain the relative stability of tropical SSTs given that there was more significant cooling at higher latitudes.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bijl, Peter K -- Schouten, Stefan -- Sluijs, Appy -- Reichart, Gert-Jan -- Zachos, James C -- Brinkhuis, Henk -- England -- Nature. 2009 Oct 8;461(7265):776-9. doi: 10.1038/nature08399.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Palaeoecology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Faculty of Science, Laboratory of Palaeobotany and Palynology, Utrecht University, Budapestlaan 4, 3584 CD Utrecht, The Netherlands. p.k.bijl@uu.nl〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19812670" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Antarctic Regions ; Biological Evolution ; Climate ; Geologic Sediments/analysis/chemistry ; History, Ancient ; Ice Cover ; Oxygen Isotopes ; Pacific Ocean ; Plankton/metabolism ; Seawater/*analysis ; *Temperature ; Water Movements
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
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    Biogeochemistry: Climatic plant power (2009)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-07-03
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Godderis, Yves -- Donnadieu, Yannick -- England -- Nature. 2009 Jul 2;460(7251):40-1. doi: 10.1038/460040a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19571871" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Atmosphere/*chemistry ; Carbon Dioxide/*analysis/chemistry ; Climate ; Geologic Sediments/*chemistry ; History, Ancient ; Plants/*metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Isotopic evidence for dietary variability in the early hominin Paranthropus robustus (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2006-11-11
    Description: Traditional methods of dietary reconstruction do not allow the investigation of dietary variability within the lifetimes of individual hominins. However, laser ablation stable isotope analysis reveals that the delta13C values of Paranthropus robustus individuals often changed seasonally and interannually. These data suggest that Paranthropus was not a dietary specialist and that by about 1.8 million years ago, savanna-based foods such as grasses or sedges or animals eating these foods made up an important but highly variable part of its diet.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sponheimer, Matt -- Passey, Benjamin H -- de Ruiter, Darryl J -- Guatelli-Steinberg, Debbie -- Cerling, Thure E -- Lee-Thorp, Julia A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Nov 10;314(5801):980-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Anthropology, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17095699" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Carbon Isotopes/*analysis ; Climate ; Dental Enamel/*chemistry ; *Diet ; Ecosystem ; *Fossils ; *Hominidae ; Lasers ; *Paleodontology ; Plants ; Poaceae ; Rain ; Seasons ; South Africa
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Ecology. Photosymbiosis and the evolution of modern coral reefs (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-05-13
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stanley, George D Jr -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 May 12;312(5775):857-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉University of Montana Paleontology Center, Missoula, MT 59812, USA. george.stanley@umontana.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16690848" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adaptation, Physiological ; Animals ; Anthozoa/growth & development/*physiology ; *Biological Evolution ; Calcification, Physiologic ; Calcium Carbonate/metabolism ; Carbon Dioxide/metabolism ; Climate ; *Ecosystem ; Eukaryota/growth & development/*physiology ; Fossils ; Photosynthesis ; Sunlight ; *Symbiosis
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Group competition, reproductive leveling, and the evolution of human altruism (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2006-12-13
    Description: Humans behave altruistically in natural settings and experiments. A possible explanation-that groups with more altruists survive when groups compete-has long been judged untenable on empirical grounds for most species. But there have been no empirical tests of this explanation for humans. My empirical estimates show that genetic differences between early human groups are likely to have been great enough so that lethal intergroup competition could account for the evolution of altruism. Crucial to this process were distinctive human practices such as sharing food beyond the immediate family, monogamy, and other forms of reproductive leveling. These culturally transmitted practices presuppose advanced cognitive and linguistic capacities, possibly accounting for the distinctive forms of altruism found in our species.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bowles, Samuel -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Dec 8;314(5805):1569-72.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Santa Fe Institute, 1399 Hyde Park Road, Santa Fe, NM 87501, USA, and Universita di Siena, 17 Piazza San Francesco, Siena, Italy. bowles@santafe.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17158320" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Altruism ; Archaeology ; *Biological Evolution ; Climate ; *Competitive Behavior ; Cultural Evolution ; Genetic Variation ; Genetics, Population ; *Group Processes ; Humans ; Mathematics ; Models, Theoretical ; Population Dynamics ; *Reproduction ; Selection, Genetic ; Violence ; Warfare
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Reefs of the deep: the biology and geology of cold-water coral ecosystems (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2006-04-29
    Description: Coral reefs are generally associated with shallow tropical seas; however, recent deep-ocean exploration using advanced acoustics and submersibles has revealed unexpectedly widespread and diverse coral ecosystems in deep waters on continental shelves, slopes, seamounts, and ridge systems around the world. Advances reviewed here include the use of corals as paleoclimatic archives and their biogeological functioning, biodiversity, and biogeography. Threats to these fragile, long-lived, and rich ecosystems are mounting: The impacts of deep-water trawling are already widespread, and effects of ocean acidification are potentially devastating.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Roberts, J Murray -- Wheeler, Andrew J -- Freiwald, Andre -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Apr 28;312(5773):543-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Scottish Association for Marine Science, Dunstaffnage Marine Laboratory, Oban, Argyll, PA37 1QA, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16645087" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Anthozoa/growth & development ; *Biodiversity ; Climate ; *Cold Temperature ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Environment ; Fishes ; Genetics, Population ; Geologic Sediments ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; *Seawater ; Time
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Back to the people (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-08-12
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kennedy, Donald -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Aug 11;313(5788):733.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16902092" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Climate ; Embryo Research/*legislation & jurisprudence ; Embryo, Mammalian/cytology ; Financing, Government ; Humans ; Politics ; Research Support as Topic/*legislation & jurisprudence ; *Stem Cells ; United States ; Vehicle Emissions/legislation & jurisprudence
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Hydroengineering. Going against the flow (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-08-26
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stone, Richard -- Jia, Hawk -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Aug 25;313(5790):1034-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16931733" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biodiversity ; China ; Climate ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Costs and Cost Analysis ; *Ecosystem ; *Engineering/economics ; Humans ; *Rivers ; Schistosomiasis/prevention & control ; Seasons ; Snails/parasitology ; Water Movements ; Water Pollution ; *Water Supply
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Global hydrological cycles and world water resources (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2006-08-26
    Description: Water is a naturally circulating resource that is constantly recharged. Therefore, even though the stocks of water in natural and artificial reservoirs are helpful to increase the available water resources for human society, the flow of water should be the main focus in water resources assessments. The climate system puts an upper limit on the circulation rate of available renewable freshwater resources (RFWR). Although current global withdrawals are well below the upper limit, more than two billion people live in highly water-stressed areas because of the uneven distribution of RFWR in time and space. Climate change is expected to accelerate water cycles and thereby increase the available RFWR. This would slow down the increase of people living under water stress; however, changes in seasonal patterns and increasing probability of extreme events may offset this effect. Reducing current vulnerability will be the first step to prepare for such anticipated changes.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Oki, Taikan -- Kanae, Shinjiro -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Aug 25;313(5790):1068-72.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute of Industrial Science, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan. taikan@iis.u-tokyo.ac.jp〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16931749" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Animals ; Climate ; *Fresh Water ; Humans ; Industry ; Rivers ; Water Purification ; *Water Supply ; Weather
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Climate science. U.S. Supreme Court gets arguments for EPA to regulate CO2 (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-09-09
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kintisch, Eli -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Sep 8;313(5792):1375.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16959983" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Air Pollution/*legislation & jurisprudence ; *Carbon Dioxide ; Climate ; *Greenhouse Effect ; Massachusetts ; United States ; United States Environmental Protection Agency/*legislation & jurisprudence
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Plant science. Seeking agriculture's ancient roots (2007)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2007-06-30
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Balter, Michael -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Jun 29;316(5833):1830-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17600193" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Agriculture/*history ; *Archaeology ; Climate ; Crops, Agricultural/genetics/*history ; History, Ancient ; Humans ; Plants/genetics ; Selection, Genetic ; Time
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    Global-scale similarities in nitrogen release patterns during long-term decomposition (2007)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2007-01-20
    Description: Litter decomposition provides the primary source of mineral nitrogen (N) for biological activity in most terrestrial ecosystems. A 10-year decomposition experiment in 21 sites from seven biomes found that net N release from leaf litter is dominantly driven by the initial tissue N concentration and mass remaining regardless of climate, edaphic conditions, or biota. Arid grasslands exposed to high ultraviolet radiation were an exception, where net N release was insensitive to initial N. Roots released N linearly with decomposition and exhibited little net N immobilization. We suggest that fundamental constraints on decomposer physiologies lead to predictable global-scale patterns in net N release during decomposition.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Parton, William -- Silver, Whendee L -- Burke, Ingrid C -- Grassens, Leo -- Harmon, Mark E -- Currie, William S -- King, Jennifer Y -- Adair, E Carol -- Brandt, Leslie A -- Hart, Stephen C -- Fasth, Becky -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Jan 19;315(5810):361-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory, Colorado State University, 200 West Lake, Campus Mail 1499, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1499, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17234944" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Biodegradation, Environmental ; Carbon/metabolism ; Climate ; *Ecosystem ; Humidity ; Mathematics ; Nitrogen/*metabolism ; Plant Leaves/metabolism ; Plant Roots/metabolism ; Plants/*metabolism ; Poaceae ; Regression Analysis ; Seasons ; Soil Microbiology ; Temperature ; Time Factors ; Trees
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Ancient biomolecules from deep ice cores reveal a forested southern Greenland (2007)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2007-07-07
    Description: It is difficult to obtain fossil data from the 10% of Earth's terrestrial surface that is covered by thick glaciers and ice sheets, and hence, knowledge of the paleoenvironments of these regions has remained limited. We show that DNA and amino acids from buried organisms can be recovered from the basal sections of deep ice cores, enabling reconstructions of past flora and fauna. We show that high-altitude southern Greenland, currently lying below more than 2 kilometers of ice, was inhabited by a diverse array of conifer trees and insects within the past million years. The results provide direct evidence in support of a forested southern Greenland and suggest that many deep ice cores may contain genetic records of paleoenvironments in their basal sections.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2694912/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2694912/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Willerslev, Eske -- Cappellini, Enrico -- Boomsma, Wouter -- Nielsen, Rasmus -- Hebsgaard, Martin B -- Brand, Tina B -- Hofreiter, Michael -- Bunce, Michael -- Poinar, Hendrik N -- Dahl-Jensen, Dorthe -- Johnsen, Sigfus -- Steffensen, Jorgen Peder -- Bennike, Ole -- Schwenninger, Jean-Luc -- Nathan, Roger -- Armitage, Simon -- de Hoog, Cees-Jan -- Alfimov, Vasily -- Christl, Marcus -- Beer, Juerg -- Muscheler, Raimund -- Barker, Joel -- Sharp, Martin -- Penkman, Kirsty E H -- Haile, James -- Taberlet, Pierre -- Gilbert, M Thomas P -- Casoli, Antonella -- Campani, Elisa -- Collins, Matthew J -- 076905/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Jul 6;317(5834):111-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Centre for Ancient Genetics, University of Copenhagen, Denmark. ewillerslev@bi.ku.dk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17615355" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acids/*analysis/history/isolation & purification ; Animals ; Bayes Theorem ; Climate ; DNA/*analysis/history/isolation & purification ; *Ecosystem ; Fossils ; Geography ; Greenland ; History, Ancient ; Ice Cover/*chemistry ; *Invertebrates/classification/genetics ; *Plants/classification/genetics ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Time ; *Trees
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    A sustainable future, if we pay up front (2007)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2007-02-10
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Clery, Daniel -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Feb 9;315(5813):782-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17289970" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Climate ; *Conservation of Energy Resources ; *Energy-Generating Resources ; Europe ; Fossil Fuels ; *Research ; United States
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Evolution and development of inflorescence architectures (2007)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2007-05-26
    Description: To understand the constraints on biological diversity, we analyzed how selection and development interact to control the evolution of inflorescences, the branching structures that bear flowers. We show that a single developmental model accounts for the restricted range of inflorescence types observed in nature and that this model is supported by molecular genetic studies. The model predicts associations between inflorescence architecture, climate, and life history, which we validated empirically. Paths, or evolutionary wormholes, link different architectures in a multidimensional fitness space, but the rate of evolution along these paths is constrained by genetic and environmental factors, which explains why some evolutionary transitions are rare between closely related plant taxa.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Prusinkiewicz, Przemyslaw -- Erasmus, Yvette -- Lane, Brendan -- Harder, Lawrence D -- Coen, Enrico -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Jun 8;316(5830):1452-6. Epub 2007 May 24.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Computer Science, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive N.W. Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17525303" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Arabidopsis/*anatomy & histology/genetics/*growth & development ; Arabidopsis Proteins/genetics/physiology ; *Biological Evolution ; Climate ; Computer Simulation ; Flowers/*anatomy & histology/genetics/*growth & development ; Gene Expression ; Genes, Plant ; Mathematics ; Meristem/growth & development ; *Models, Biological ; Selection, Genetic ; Transcription Factors/genetics/physiology
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Entomology. The case of the empty hives (2007)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2007-05-19
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stokstad, Erik -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 May 18;316(5827):970-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17510336" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena ; Animals ; Bacteria/isolation & purification ; *Bees/microbiology/parasitology/physiology ; Climate ; Diet ; Fungi/isolation & purification ; Mites ; Pesticides ; Population Dynamics ; United States ; United States Department of Agriculture ; Viruses/isolation & purification
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Climate change. Global warming is changing the world (2007)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2007-04-14
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kerr, Richard A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Apr 13;316(5822):188-90.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17431148" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Climate ; Disasters ; *Greenhouse Effect ; Humans ; United Nations
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Comment on "Carbon-negative biofuels from low-input high-diversity grassland biomass" (2007)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2007-06-16
    Description: Tilman et al. (Reports, 8 December 2006, p. 1598) argued that low-input high-diversity grasslands can provide a substantial proportion of global energy needs. We contend that their conclusions are not substantiated by their experimental protocol. The authors understated the management inputs required to establish prairies, extrapolated globally from site-specific results, and presented potentially misleading energy accounting.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Russelle, Michael P -- Morey, R Vance -- Baker, John M -- Porter, Paul M -- Jung, Hans-Joachim G -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Jun 15;316(5831):1567; author reply 1567.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA. michael.russelle@ars.usda.org〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17569846" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Agriculture ; *Biomass ; *Carbon/analysis ; Climate ; Ecosystem ; *Energy-Generating Resources ; Fabaceae/growth & development/metabolism ; Plant Development ; *Plants/metabolism ; *Poaceae/growth & development/metabolism ; Soil
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    A molecular basis for natural selection at the timeless locus in Drosophila melanogaster (2007)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2007-06-30
    Description: Diapause is a protective response to unfavorable environments that results in a suspension of insect development and is most often associated with the onset of winter. The ls-tim mutation in the Drosophila melanogaster clock gene timeless has spread in Europe over the past 10,000 years, possibly because it enhances diapause. We show that the mutant allele attenuates the photosensitivity of the circadian clock and causes decreased dimerization of the mutant TIMELESS protein isoform to CRYPTOCHROME, the circadian photoreceptor. This interaction results in a more stable TIMELESS product. These findings reveal a molecular link between diapause and circadian photoreception.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sandrelli, Federica -- Tauber, Eran -- Pegoraro, Mirko -- Mazzotta, Gabriella -- Cisotto, Paola -- Landskron, Johannes -- Stanewsky, Ralf -- Piccin, Alberto -- Rosato, Ezio -- Zordan, Mauro -- Costa, Rodolfo -- Kyriacou, Charalambos P -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Jun 29;316(5833):1898-900.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17600216" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alleles ; Animals ; *Circadian Rhythm/genetics ; Climate ; Cryptochromes ; Dimerization ; Drosophila Proteins/chemistry/*genetics/*metabolism ; Drosophila melanogaster/*genetics/metabolism/*physiology ; Europe ; Female ; Flavoproteins/*metabolism ; Light ; Motor Activity ; Mutation ; *Photoperiod ; Protein Isoforms/chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; Seasons ; *Selection, Genetic ; Temperature ; Transgenes ; Two-Hybrid System Techniques
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    The role of wheat awns in the seed dispersal unit (2007)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2007-05-15
    Description: The dispersal unit of wild wheat bears two pronounced awns that balance the unit as it falls. We discovered that the awns are also able to propel the seeds on and into the ground. The arrangement of cellulose fibrils causes bending of the awns with changes in humidity. Silicified hairs that cover the awns allow propulsion of the unit only in the direction of the seeds. This suggests that the dead tissue is analogous to a motor. Fueled by the daily humidity cycle, the awns induce the motility required for seed dispersal.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Elbaum, Rivka -- Zaltzman, Liron -- Burgert, Ingo -- Fratzl, Peter -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 May 11;316(5826):884-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Biomaterials Department, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Golm, Germany. elbaum@mpikg.mpg.de〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17495170" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Cellulose/analysis ; Climate ; Humidity ; Lignin/analysis/chemistry/*ultrastructure ; Microscopy, Acoustic ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ; Plant Epidermis/physiology/ultrastructure ; Seeds/chemistry/*physiology/*ultrastructure ; Silicon Dioxide/analysis ; Soil ; Stress, Mechanical ; Triticum/*physiology/ultrastructure
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Comment on "Why are there so many species of herbivorous insects in tropical rainforests?" (2007)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2007-03-24
    Description: Novotny et al. (Reports, 25 August 2006, p. 1115) argued that higher herbivore diversity in tropical forests results from greater phylogenetic diversity of host plants, not from higher host specificity. However, if host specificity is related to host abundance, differences in relative host abundance between tropical and temperate regions may limit any general conclusion that herbivore diversity scales directly with host-plant diversity.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Norton, David A -- Didham, Raphael K -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Mar 23;315(5819):1666; author reply 1666.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉School of Forestry, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17379792" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Climate ; *Insects ; Phylogeny ; Population Density ; *Trees ; *Tropical Climate
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Nuclear war. Consequences of regional-scale nuclear conflicts (2007)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2007-03-03
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Toon, Owen B -- Robock, Alan -- Turco, Richard P -- Bardeen, Charles -- Oman, Luke -- Stenchikov, Georgiy L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Mar 2;315(5816):1224-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA. toon@lasp.colorado.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17332396" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Atmosphere ; Climate ; Humans ; International Cooperation ; Mortality ; *Nuclear Warfare/prevention & control/statistics & numerical data ; Smoke
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    Evolution. Dynamics of body size evolution (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-09-13
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Roy, Kaustuv -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Sep 12;321(5895):1451-2. doi: 10.1126/science.1163097.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Section of Ecology, Behavior and Evolution, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA. kroy@ucsd.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18787156" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; *Body Size ; Climate ; Ecosystem ; Extinction, Biological ; Greenhouse Effect ; Models, Biological ; Population Dynamics ; Stochastic Processes ; Temperature
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Planetary science. Layers within layers hint at a wobbly Martian climate (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-05-20
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kerr, Richard A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 May 16;320(5878):867. doi: 10.1126/science.320.5878.867.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18487168" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Climate ; Extraterrestrial Environment ; Geologic Sediments ; Ice ; *Mars
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    A dynamic marine calcium cycle during the past 28 million years (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-12-17
    Description: Multiple lines of evidence have shown that the isotopic composition and concentration of calcium in seawater have changed over the past 28 million years. A high-resolution, continuous seawater calcium isotope ratio curve from marine (pelagic) barite reveals distinct features in the evolution of the seawater calcium isotopic ratio suggesting changes in seawater calcium concentrations. The most pronounced increase in the delta44/40Ca value of seawater (of 0.3 per mil) occurred over roughly 4 million years following a period of low values around 13 million years ago. The major change in marine calcium corresponds to a climatic transition and global change in the carbon cycle and suggests a reorganization of the global biogeochemical system.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Griffith, Elizabeth M -- Paytan, Adina -- Caldeira, Ken -- Bullen, Thomas D -- Thomas, Ellen -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Dec 12;322(5908):1671-4. doi: 10.1126/science.1163614.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Geological and Environmental Sciences, Stanford University, Building 320, Room 118, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. egriffith@ucsc.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19074345" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Barium Sulfate/chemistry ; Calcium/*analysis/metabolism ; Calcium Carbonate/analysis ; Calcium Isotopes/analysis ; Climate ; Geologic Sediments/chemistry ; Seawater/*chemistry ; Time
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    Lunar and Planetary Science Conference. What was a 'wet and warm' early Mars really like? (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-03-29
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kerr, Richard A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Mar 28;319(5871):1757. doi: 10.1126/science.319.5871.1757b.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18369121" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Climate ; Extraterrestrial Environment ; *Mars ; Time ; *Water
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    A global map of human impact on marine ecosystems (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-02-16
    Description: The management and conservation of the world's oceans require synthesis of spatial data on the distribution and intensity of human activities and the overlap of their impacts on marine ecosystems. We developed an ecosystem-specific, multiscale spatial model to synthesize 17 global data sets of anthropogenic drivers of ecological change for 20 marine ecosystems. Our analysis indicates that no area is unaffected by human influence and that a large fraction (41%) is strongly affected by multiple drivers. However, large areas of relatively little human impact remain, particularly near the poles. The analytical process and resulting maps provide flexible tools for regional and global efforts to allocate conservation resources; to implement ecosystem-based management; and to inform marine spatial planning, education, and basic research.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Halpern, Benjamin S -- Walbridge, Shaun -- Selkoe, Kimberly A -- Kappel, Carrie V -- Micheli, Fiorenza -- D'Agrosa, Caterina -- Bruno, John F -- Casey, Kenneth S -- Ebert, Colin -- Fox, Helen E -- Fujita, Rod -- Heinemann, Dennis -- Lenihan, Hunter S -- Madin, Elizabeth M P -- Perry, Matthew T -- Selig, Elizabeth R -- Spalding, Mark -- Steneck, Robert -- Watson, Reg -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Feb 15;319(5865):948-52. doi: 10.1126/science.1149345.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis, 735 State Street, Santa Barbara, CA 93101, USA. halpern@nceas.ucsb.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18276889" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Climate ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Fisheries ; *Human Activities ; Humans ; Mathematics ; Models, Theoretical ; Oceans and Seas
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    China's energy policy comes at a price (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-08-30
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wang, Qiang -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Aug 29;321(5893):1156-7; author reply 1156-7. doi: 10.1126/science.321.5893.1156.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18755956" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: China ; Climate ; Conservation of Energy Resources ; Energy-Generating Resources/*economics ; *Public Policy
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    Oceans. On phytoplankton trends (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-03-08
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Smetacek, Victor -- Cloern, James E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Mar 7;319(5868):1346-8. doi: 10.1126/science.1151330.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research of the Helmholtz Foundation, 27570 Bremerhaven, and the University of Bremen, FB 2, 28334 Bremen, Germany. Victor.Smetacek@awi.de〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18323440" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biomass ; Climate ; Diatoms/growth & development/physiology ; *Ecosystem ; Environment ; Food Chain ; Life Cycle Stages ; Oceans and Seas ; *Phytoplankton/growth & development/physiology ; Population Dynamics ; Seasons ; Temperature
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    John Beddington interview. U.K. science adviser makes his U.S. debut. Interview by Daniel Clery (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-09-27
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Beddington, John -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Sep 26;321(5897):1756-7. doi: 10.1126/science.321.5897.1756a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18818330" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Climate ; Energy-Generating Resources ; Food Supply ; *Government ; Great Britain ; Public Policy ; *Science/education ; United States
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    Virology. Coming out of Asia--year in, year out (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-04-19
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Enserink, Martin -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Apr 18;320(5874):311. doi: 10.1126/science.320.5874.311.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18420912" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Asia/epidemiology ; Climate ; Genes, Viral ; Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/genetics/immunology ; Humans ; *Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/immunology ; Influenza, Human/*epidemiology/transmission/virology ; Seasons
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Conservation with caveats (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-07-19
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Coetzee, Bernard W T -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Jul 18;321(5887):340-2; author reply 340-2. doi: 10.1126/science.321.5887.340b.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18635778" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Climate ; *Conservation of Natural Resources/economics ; Costs and Cost Analysis ; Madagascar
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    Hopping hotspots: global shifts in marine biodiversity (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-08-02
    Description: Hotspots of high species diversity are a prominent feature of modern global biodiversity patterns. Fossil and molecular evidence is starting to reveal the history of these hotspots. There have been at least three marine biodiversity hotspots during the past 50 million years. They have moved across almost half the globe, with their timing and locations coinciding with major tectonic events. The birth and death of successive hotspots highlights the link between environmental change and biodiversity patterns. The antiquity of the taxa in the modern Indo-Australian Archipelago hotspot emphasizes the role of pre-Pleistocene events in shaping modern diversity patterns.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Renema, W -- Bellwood, D R -- Braga, J C -- Bromfield, K -- Hall, R -- Johnson, K G -- Lunt, P -- Meyer, C P -- McMonagle, L B -- Morley, R J -- O'Dea, A -- Todd, J A -- Wesselingh, F P -- Wilson, M E J -- Pandolfi, J M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Aug 1;321(5889):654-7. doi: 10.1126/science.1155674.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Nationaal Natuurhistorisch Museum, Naturalis, 2300 RA, Leiden, Netherlands. Renema@naturalis.nl〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18669854" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Anthozoa/classification ; *Biodiversity ; Climate ; Ecosystem ; Fishes/classification ; *Fossils ; Geological Phenomena ; Geology ; *Marine Biology ; Mollusca/classification ; Phylogeny ; Rhizophoraceae/classification ; *Seawater ; Time
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Unmasking the Indus. Indus collapse: the end or the beginning of an Asian culture? (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-06-07
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lawler, Andrew -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Jun 6;320(5881):1281-3. doi: 10.1126/science.320.5881.1281.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18535222" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Archaeology ; Asia ; Cities/history ; Civilization/*history ; Climate ; *Culture ; History, Ancient ; Humans ; India ; Pakistan
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Animal versus wind dispersal and the robustness of tree species to deforestation (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-06-07
    Description: Studies suggest that populations of different species do not decline equally after habitat loss. However, empirical tests have been confined to fine spatiotemporal scales and have rarely included plants. Using data from 89,365 forest survey plots covering peninsular Spain, we explored, for each of 34 common tree species, the relationship between probability of occurrence and the local cover of remaining forest. Twenty-four species showed a significant negative response to forest loss, so that decreased forest cover had a negative effect on tree diversity, but the responses of individual species were highly variable. Animal-dispersed species were less vulnerable to forest loss, with six showing positive responses to decreased forest cover. The results imply that plant-animal interactions help prevent the collapse of forest communities that suffer habitat destruction.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Montoya, Daniel -- Zavala, Miguel A -- Rodriguez, Miguel A -- Purves, Drew W -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Jun 13;320(5882):1502-4. doi: 10.1126/science.1158404. Epub 2008 Jun 5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Departamento de Ecologia, Universidad de Alcala, 28871 Alcala de Henares, Madrid, Spain. daniel.montoya@alu.uah.es〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18535208" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biodiversity ; Climate ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Environment ; Logistic Models ; Phylogeny ; *Seeds ; Soil ; Spain ; Species Specificity ; *Trees/classification/growth & development ; *Wind
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Transformation of the nitrogen cycle: recent trends, questions, and potential solutions (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-05-20
    Description: Humans continue to transform the global nitrogen cycle at a record pace, reflecting an increased combustion of fossil fuels, growing demand for nitrogen in agriculture and industry, and pervasive inefficiencies in its use. Much anthropogenic nitrogen is lost to air, water, and land to cause a cascade of environmental and human health problems. Simultaneously, food production in some parts of the world is nitrogen-deficient, highlighting inequities in the distribution of nitrogen-containing fertilizers. Optimizing the need for a key human resource while minimizing its negative consequences requires an integrated interdisciplinary approach and the development of strategies to decrease nitrogen-containing waste.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Galloway, James N -- Townsend, Alan R -- Erisman, Jan Willem -- Bekunda, Mateete -- Cai, Zucong -- Freney, John R -- Martinelli, Luiz A -- Seitzinger, Sybil P -- Sutton, Mark A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 May 16;320(5878):889-92. doi: 10.1126/science.1136674.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Environmental Sciences Department, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA. jng@virginia.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18487183" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Agriculture/trends ; Animals ; Atmosphere ; Climate ; Commerce/trends ; Ecosystem ; *Environment ; Fossil Fuels ; Human Activities/trends ; Humans ; Industry/trends ; Interdisciplinary Communication ; *Nitrogen/analysis/metabolism ; Nitrogen Fixation ; *Reactive Nitrogen Species/analysis/chemistry/metabolism ; Tropical Climate
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    The future of forests (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-06-17
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sugden, Andrew -- Smith, Jesse -- Pennisi, Elizabeth -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Jun 13;320(5882):1435. doi: 10.1126/science.320.5882.1435.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18556541" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Biodiversity ; Climate ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Forecasting ; Forestry ; *Trees
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Polymorphic Y chromosomes harbor cryptic variation with manifold functional consequences (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-01-05
    Description: The paucity of polymorphisms in single-copy genes on the Y chromosome of Drosophila contrasts with data indicating that this chromosome has polymorphic phenotypic effects on sex ratio, temperature sensitivity, behavior, and fitness. We show that the Y chromosome of D. melanogaster harbors substantial genetic diversity in the form of polymorphisms for genetic elements that differentially affect the expression of hundreds of X-linked and autosomal genes. The affected genes are more highly expressed in males, more meagerly expressed in females, and more highly divergent between species. Functionally, they affect microtubule stability, lipid and mitochondrial metabolism, and the thermal sensitivity of spermatogenesis. Our findings provide a mechanism for adaptive phenotypic variation associated with the Y chromosome.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lemos, Bernardo -- Araripe, Luciana O -- Hartl, Daniel L -- GM065169/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM068465/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Jan 4;319(5859):91-3. doi: 10.1126/science.1148861.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 16 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA. blemos@oeb.harvard.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18174442" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Climate ; DNA Transposable Elements ; Drosophila/*genetics/physiology ; Drosophila melanogaster/*genetics/physiology ; Epigenesis, Genetic ; Female ; *Gene Expression Regulation ; Genes, Insect ; Genetic Linkage ; Genetic Variation ; Heterochromatin/genetics ; Male ; *Polymorphism, Genetic ; Spermatogenesis ; Temperature ; Y Chromosome/*genetics
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Basin-scale coherence in phenology of shrimps and phytoplankton in the North Atlantic Ocean (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-05-09
    Description: Climate change could lead to mismatches between the reproductive cycles of marine organisms and their planktonic food. We tested this hypothesis by comparing shrimp (Pandalus borealis) egg hatching times and satellite-derived phytoplankton bloom dynamics throughout the North Atlantic. At large spatial and long temporal (10 years or longer) scales, hatching was correlated with the timing of the spring phytoplankton bloom. Annual egg development and hatching times were determined locally by bottom water temperature. We conclude that different populations of P. borealis have adapted to local temperatures and bloom timing, matching egg hatching to food availability under average conditions. This strategy is vulnerable to interannual oceanographic variability and long-term climatic changes.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Koeller, P -- Fuentes-Yaco, C -- Platt, T -- Sathyendranath, S -- Richards, A -- Ouellet, P -- Orr, D -- Skuladottir, U -- Wieland, K -- Savard, L -- Aschan, M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 May 8;324(5928):791-3. doi: 10.1126/science.1170987.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Post Office Box 1006, Dartmouth, B2Y 4A2 Nova Scotia, Canada. koellerp@mar.dfo-mpo.gc.ca〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19423827" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Atlantic Ocean ; Climate ; *Cold Temperature ; *Ecosystem ; Female ; Ovum/growth & development/physiology ; Pandalidae/*physiology ; Phytoplankton/*physiology ; Population Dynamics ; Reproduction ; Seasons ; *Seawater
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    The transition. Can an ecologist push NOAA up the food chain? (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-01-20
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stokstad, Erik -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Jan 16;323(5912):321. doi: 10.1126/science.323.5912.321.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19150816" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Atmosphere ; Climate ; Ecology/history ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Oceans and Seas ; Politics ; *Public Policy ; United States ; United States Government Agencies/*organization & administration
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    History of science. Alexander von Humboldt and the general physics of the Earth (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-05-02
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Jackson, Stephen T -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 May 1;324(5927):596-7. doi: 10.1126/science.1171659.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Botany Department and Program in Ecology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA. jackson@uwyo.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19407186" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biology/history ; Climate ; Ecology/history ; Geography/history ; Geology/history ; Germany ; History, 19th Century ; Natural Science Disciplines/*history
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    Drought sensitivity of the Amazon rainforest (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-03-07
    Description: Amazon forests are a key but poorly understood component of the global carbon cycle. If, as anticipated, they dry this century, they might accelerate climate change through carbon losses and changed surface energy balances. We used records from multiple long-term monitoring plots across Amazonia to assess forest responses to the intense 2005 drought, a possible analog of future events. Affected forest lost biomass, reversing a large long-term carbon sink, with the greatest impacts observed where the dry season was unusually intense. Relative to pre-2005 conditions, forest subjected to a 100-millimeter increase in water deficit lost 5.3 megagrams of aboveground biomass of carbon per hectare. The drought had a total biomass carbon impact of 1.2 to 1.6 petagrams (1.2 x 10(15) to 1.6 x 10(15) grams). Amazon forests therefore appear vulnerable to increasing moisture stress, with the potential for large carbon losses to exert feedback on climate change.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Phillips, Oliver L -- Aragao, Luiz E O C -- Lewis, Simon L -- Fisher, Joshua B -- Lloyd, Jon -- Lopez-Gonzalez, Gabriela -- Malhi, Yadvinder -- Monteagudo, Abel -- Peacock, Julie -- Quesada, Carlos A -- van der Heijden, Geertje -- Almeida, Samuel -- Amaral, Ieda -- Arroyo, Luzmila -- Aymard, Gerardo -- Baker, Tim R -- Banki, Olaf -- Blanc, Lilian -- Bonal, Damien -- Brando, Paulo -- Chave, Jerome -- de Oliveira, Atila Cristina Alves -- Cardozo, Nallaret Davila -- Czimczik, Claudia I -- Feldpausch, Ted R -- Freitas, Maria Aparecida -- Gloor, Emanuel -- Higuchi, Niro -- Jimenez, Eliana -- Lloyd, Gareth -- Meir, Patrick -- Mendoza, Casimiro -- Morel, Alexandra -- Neill, David A -- Nepstad, Daniel -- Patino, Sandra -- Penuela, Maria Cristina -- Prieto, Adriana -- Ramirez, Fredy -- Schwarz, Michael -- Silva, Javier -- Silveira, Marcos -- Thomas, Anne Sota -- Steege, Hans Ter -- Stropp, Juliana -- Vasquez, Rodolfo -- Zelazowski, Przemyslaw -- Alvarez Davila, Esteban -- Andelman, Sandy -- Andrade, Ana -- Chao, Kuo-Jung -- Erwin, Terry -- Di Fiore, Anthony -- Honorio C, Euridice -- Keeling, Helen -- Killeen, Tim J -- Laurance, William F -- Pena Cruz, Antonio -- Pitman, Nigel C A -- Nunez Vargas, Percy -- Ramirez-Angulo, Hirma -- Rudas, Agustin -- Salamao, Rafael -- Silva, Natalino -- Terborgh, John -- Torres-Lezama, Armando -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Mar 6;323(5919):1344-7. doi: 10.1126/science.1164033.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Ecology and Global Change, School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK. o.phillips@leeds.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19265020" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Atmosphere ; *Biomass ; Brazil ; Carbon ; Carbon Dioxide ; Climate ; *Droughts ; *Ecosystem ; South America ; *Trees/growth & development ; Tropical Climate
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    The Red Queen and the Court Jester: species diversity and the role of biotic and abiotic factors through time (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-02-07
    Description: Evolution may be dominated by biotic factors, as in the Red Queen model, or abiotic factors, as in the Court Jester model, or a mixture of both. The two models appear to operate predominantly over different geographic and temporal scales: Competition, predation, and other biotic factors shape ecosystems locally and over short time spans, but extrinsic factors such as climate and oceanographic and tectonic events shape larger-scale patterns regionally and globally, and through thousands and millions of years. Paleobiological studies suggest that species diversity is driven largely by abiotic factors such as climate, landscape, or food supply, and comparative phylogenetic approaches offer new insights into clade dynamics.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Benton, Michael J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Feb 6;323(5915):728-32. doi: 10.1126/science.1157719.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1RJ, UK. mike.benton@bristol.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19197051" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biodiversity ; *Biological Evolution ; Climate ; Fossils ; *Genetic Speciation ; Geography ; Geological Phenomena ; Logistic Models ; Models, Biological ; Phylogeny ; Time
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    Fire in the Earth system (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-04-25
    Description: Fire is a worldwide phenomenon that appears in the geological record soon after the appearance of terrestrial plants. Fire influences global ecosystem patterns and processes, including vegetation distribution and structure, the carbon cycle, and climate. Although humans and fire have always coexisted, our capacity to manage fire remains imperfect and may become more difficult in the future as climate change alters fire regimes. This risk is difficult to assess, however, because fires are still poorly represented in global models. Here, we discuss some of the most important issues involved in developing a better understanding of the role of fire in the Earth system.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bowman, David M J S -- Balch, Jennifer K -- Artaxo, Paulo -- Bond, William J -- Carlson, Jean M -- Cochrane, Mark A -- D'Antonio, Carla M -- Defries, Ruth S -- Doyle, John C -- Harrison, Sandy P -- Johnston, Fay H -- Keeley, Jon E -- Krawchuk, Meg A -- Kull, Christian A -- Marston, J Brad -- Moritz, Max A -- Prentice, I Colin -- Roos, Christopher I -- Scott, Andrew C -- Swetnam, Thomas W -- van der Werf, Guido R -- Pyne, Stephen J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Apr 24;324(5926):481-4. doi: 10.1126/science.1163886.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19390038" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Carbon ; Climate ; Earth (Planet) ; *Ecosystem ; *Fires ; Humans ; Plants
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    Environmental science. Digital soil map of the world (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-08-08
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sanchez, Pedro A -- Ahamed, Sonya -- Carre, Florence -- Hartemink, Alfred E -- Hempel, Jonathan -- Huising, Jeroen -- Lagacherie, Philippe -- McBratney, Alex B -- McKenzie, Neil J -- Mendonca-Santos, Maria de Lourdes -- Minasny, Budiman -- Montanarella, Luca -- Okoth, Peter -- Palm, Cheryl A -- Sachs, Jeffrey D -- Shepherd, Keith D -- Vagen, Tor-Gunnar -- Vanlauwe, Bernard -- Walsh, Markus G -- Winowiecki, Leigh A -- Zhang, Gan-Lin -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Aug 7;325(5941):680-1. doi: 10.1126/science.1175084.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Earth Institute at Columbia University, 61 Route 9W, Palisades, NY 10964, USA. psanchez@ei.columbia.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19661405" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Climate ; *Databases, Factual ; *Ecology ; Ecosystem ; Environment ; Humans ; *Soil/analysis
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Good genes and good luck: ammonoid diversity and the end-Permian mass extinction (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-08-29
    Description: The end-Permian mass extinction removed more than 80% of marine genera. Ammonoid cephalopods were among the organisms most affected by this crisis. The analysis of a global diversity data set of ammonoid genera covering about 106 million years centered on the Permian-Triassic boundary (PTB) shows that Triassic ammonoids actually reached levels of diversity higher than in the Permian less than 2 million years after the PTB. The data favor a hierarchical rather than logistic model of diversification coupled with a niche incumbency hypothesis. This explosive and nondelayed diversification contrasts with the slow and delayed character of the Triassic biotic recovery as currently illustrated for other, mainly benthic groups such as bivalves and gastropods.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Brayard, Arnaud -- Escarguel, Gilles -- Bucher, Hugo -- Monnet, Claude -- Bruhwiler, Thomas -- Goudemand, Nicolas -- Galfetti, Thomas -- Guex, Jean -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Aug 28;325(5944):1118-21. doi: 10.1126/science.1174638.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉UMR-CNRS 5561 Biogeosciences, Universite de Bourgogne, 6 Boulevard Gabriel, F-21000, Dijon, France. arnaud.brayard@u-bourgogne.fr〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19713525" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Biological Evolution ; *Cephalopoda/classification/genetics ; Climate ; Databases, Factual ; *Ecosystem ; *Extinction, Biological ; Oceans and Seas ; Paleontology ; Population Dynamics ; Seawater
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    Global consequences of land use (2005)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-07-26
    Description: Land use has generally been considered a local environmental issue, but it is becoming a force of global importance. Worldwide changes to forests, farmlands, waterways, and air are being driven by the need to provide food, fiber, water, and shelter to more than six billion people. Global croplands, pastures, plantations, and urban areas have expanded in recent decades, accompanied by large increases in energy, water, and fertilizer consumption, along with considerable losses of biodiversity. Such changes in land use have enabled humans to appropriate an increasing share of the planet's resources, but they also potentially undermine the capacity of ecosystems to sustain food production, maintain freshwater and forest resources, regulate climate and air quality, and ameliorate infectious diseases. We face the challenge of managing trade-offs between immediate human needs and maintaining the capacity of the biosphere to provide goods and services in the long term.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Foley, Jonathan A -- Defries, Ruth -- Asner, Gregory P -- Barford, Carol -- Bonan, Gordon -- Carpenter, Stephen R -- Chapin, F Stuart -- Coe, Michael T -- Daily, Gretchen C -- Gibbs, Holly K -- Helkowski, Joseph H -- Holloway, Tracey -- Howard, Erica A -- Kucharik, Christopher J -- Monfreda, Chad -- Patz, Jonathan A -- Prentice, I Colin -- Ramankutty, Navin -- Snyder, Peter K -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2005 Jul 22;309(5734):570-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center for Sustainability and the Global Environment (SAGE), University of Wisconsin, 1710 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53726, USA. jfoley@wisc.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16040698" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Air Pollution ; Animals ; Animals, Wild ; Climate ; Communicable Diseases/epidemiology/transmission ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; *Environment ; Fresh Water ; Human Activities ; Humans ; Policy Making ; Trees
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Comment on "Ecosystem properties and forest decline in contrasting long-term chronosequences" (2005)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-04-30
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kitayama, Kanehiro -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2005 Apr 29;308(5722):633; author reply 633.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center for Ecological Research, Kyoto University, 509-3 Hirano 2-Chome, Otsu, Shiga 520-2113, Japan. kitayama@ecology.kyoto-u.ac.jp.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15860609" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Biodiversity ; *Biomass ; Climate ; *Ecosystem ; Nitrogen/analysis ; Phosphorus/analysis ; Soil/analysis ; Time ; *Trees ; Tropical Climate
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Ecosystem service supply and vulnerability to global change in Europe (2005)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-10-29
    Description: Global change will alter the supply of ecosystem services that are vital for human well-being. To investigate ecosystem service supply during the 21st century, we used a range of ecosystem models and scenarios of climate and land-use change to conduct a Europe-wide assessment. Large changes in climate and land use typically resulted in large changes in ecosystem service supply. Some of these trends may be positive (for example, increases in forest area and productivity) or offer opportunities (for example, "surplus land" for agricultural extensification and bioenergy production). However, many changes increase vulnerability as a result of a decreasing supply of ecosystem services (for example, declining soil fertility, declining water availability, increasing risk of forest fires), especially in the Mediterranean and mountain regions.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Schroter, Dagmar -- Cramer, Wolfgang -- Leemans, Rik -- Prentice, I Colin -- Araujo, Miguel B -- Arnell, Nigel W -- Bondeau, Alberte -- Bugmann, Harald -- Carter, Timothy R -- Gracia, Carlos A -- de la Vega-Leinert, Anne C -- Erhard, Markus -- Ewert, Frank -- Glendining, Margaret -- House, Joanna I -- Kankaanpaa, Susanna -- Klein, Richard J T -- Lavorel, Sandra -- Lindner, Marcus -- Metzger, Marc J -- Meyer, Jeannette -- Mitchell, Timothy D -- Reginster, Isabelle -- Rounsevell, Mark -- Sabate, Santi -- Sitch, Stephen -- Smith, Ben -- Smith, Jo -- Smith, Pete -- Sykes, Martin T -- Thonicke, Kirsten -- Thuiller, Wilfried -- Tuck, Gill -- Zaehle, Sonke -- Zierl, Barbel -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2005 Nov 25;310(5752):1333-7. Epub 2005 Oct 27.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, 14473 Potsdam, Germany. dagmar.schroeter@gmail.com〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16254151" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Biodiversity ; Carbon ; Climate ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Crops, Agricultural ; *Ecosystem ; Environment ; Europe ; Greenhouse Effect ; Humans ; Models, Statistical ; Models, Theoretical ; Socioeconomic Factors ; Trees/growth & development ; Urban Population ; Water Supply ; Wood
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Physical anthropology/paleoanthropology meetings. Once-balmy climate lured humans to England early (2005)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-04-23
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gibbons, Ann -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2005 Apr 22;308(5721):490.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15845823" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Anthropology, Physical ; Climate ; Emigration and Immigration ; England ; History, Ancient ; *Hominidae ; Humans ; *Paleontology ; Population Dynamics ; Time
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Planetary science. The changing picture of volatiles and climate on Mars (2005)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-12-03
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Jakosky, Bruce M -- Haberle, Robert M -- Arvidson, Raymond E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2005 Dec 2;310(5753):1439-40.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics and Department of Geological Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA. bruce.jakosky@lasp.colorado.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16322442" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Carbon Dioxide ; Climate ; Extraterrestrial Environment ; *Mars ; Water
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Anthropology. The remaking of Australia's ecology (2005)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-07-09
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Johnson, Christopher N -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2005 Jul 8;309(5732):255-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉School of Tropical Biology, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia. christopher.johnson@jcu.edu.au〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16002607" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Anthropology ; Australia ; *Birds ; Carbon Isotopes ; Climate ; *Diet ; Dromaiidae ; *Ecosystem ; *Environment ; *Food Chain ; Humans ; *Mammals ; Marsupialia ; *Plants ; Poaceae ; Population Dynamics
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Distributed computing. Grassroots supercomputing (2005)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-05-10
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bohannon, John -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2005 May 6;308(5723):810.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15879205" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Astronomical Phenomena ; Astronomy ; Climate ; *Computer Communication Networks ; *Computer Simulation ; *Computing Methodologies ; *Internet ; *Microcomputers ; Protein Folding ; Proteins/chemistry ; Software
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Neutral ecological theory reveals isolation and rapid speciation in a biodiversity hot spot (2005)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-09-10
    Description: South Africa's Mediterranean-climate fynbos shrubland is a hot spot of species diversity, but its diversity patterns contrast strongly with other high-diversity areas, including the Amazon rain forest. With its extremely high levels of endemism and species turnover, fynbos is made up of dissimilar local communities that are species-rich but relatively poor in rare species. Using neutral ecological theory, we show that the relative species-abundance distributions in fynbos can be explained by migration rates that are two orders of magnitude lower than they are in tropical rain forests. Speciation rates, which are indexed by the "biodiversity parameter" Theta, are estimated to be higher than they are in any previously examined plant system.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Latimer, Andrew M -- Silander, John A Jr -- Cowling, Richard M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2005 Sep 9;309(5741):1722-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, 75 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, CT 06269, USA. latimer@uconn.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16151011" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Bayes Theorem ; *Biodiversity ; Climate ; *Ecology ; Ecosystem ; Environment ; Geography ; Likelihood Functions ; Phylogeny ; *Plants/classification ; Rain ; Seasons ; South Africa ; *Trees/classification
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    The past and future of extant amphibians (2005)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-04-09
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Delfino, Massimo -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2005 Apr 1;308(5718):49-50; author reply 49-50.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15818797" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adaptation, Physiological ; *Amphibians/classification/physiology ; Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Biological Evolution ; Climate ; *Ecosystem ; Environment ; Population Dynamics ; Time
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Bottom-up ecosystem trophic dynamics determine fish production in the Northeast Pacific (2005)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-04-23
    Description: We addressed the question of bottom-up versus top-down control of marine ecosystem trophic interactions by using annual fish catch data and satellite-derived (SeaWiFS) chlorophyll a measurements for the continental margin of western North America. Findings reveal a marked alongshore variation in retained primary production that is highly correlated with the alongshore variation in resident fish yield. The highest productivity occurs off the coasts of Washington and southern British Columbia. Zooplankton data for coastal British Columbia confirm strong bottom-up trophic linkages between phytoplankton, zooplankton, and resident fish, extending to regional areas as small as 10,000 square kilometers.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ware, Daniel M -- Thomson, Richard E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2005 May 27;308(5726):1280-4. Epub 2005 Apr 21.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Aquatic Ecosystem Associates, 3674 Planta Road, Nanaimo, BC V9T 1M2, Canada.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15845876" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animal Migration ; Animals ; Biodiversity ; Biomass ; Chlorophyll/analysis ; Climate ; *Ecosystem ; *Fishes/physiology ; Food Chain ; North America ; Pacific Ocean ; *Phytoplankton/physiology ; Population Density ; *Seawater/chemistry ; *Zooplankton/physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Comment on "The ocean sink for anthropogenic CO2" (2005)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-06-18
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Keeling, Ralph F -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2005 Jun 17;308(5729):1743; author reply 1743.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, CA 92093-0244, USA. rkeeling@ucsd.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15961656" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Atmosphere ; Carbon/analysis ; Carbon Dioxide/*analysis ; Climate ; Oceans and Seas ; Oxygen/analysis ; Seawater/*chemistry ; Temperature
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    New perspectives on ancient Mars (2005)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-02-26
    Description: Mars was most active during its first billion years. The core, mantle, and crust formed within approximately 50 million years of solar system formation. A magnetic dynamo in a convecting fluid core magnetized the crust, and the global field shielded a more massive early atmosphere against solar wind stripping. The Tharsis province became a focus for volcanism, deformation, and outgassing of water and carbon dioxide in quantities possibly sufficient to induce episodes of climate warming. Surficial and near-surface water contributed to regionally extensive erosion, sediment transport, and chemical alteration. Deep hydrothermal circulation accelerated crustal cooling, preserved variations in crustal thickness, and modified patterns of crustal magnetization.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Solomon, Sean C -- Aharonson, Oded -- Aurnou, Jonathan M -- Banerdt, W Bruce -- Carr, Michael H -- Dombard, Andrew J -- Frey, Herbert V -- Golombek, Matthew P -- Hauck, Steven A 2nd -- Head, James W 3rd -- Jakosky, Bruce M -- Johnson, Catherine L -- McGovern, Patrick J -- Neumann, Gregory A -- Phillips, Roger J -- Smith, David E -- Zuber, Maria T -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2005 Feb 25;307(5713):1214-20.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Terrestrial Magnetism, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington, DC 20015, USA. scs@dtm.ciw.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15731435" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Atmosphere ; Climate ; Extraterrestrial Environment ; Magnetics ; *Mars ; Temperature ; Water
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    Global patterns of predator diversity in the open oceans (2005)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-07-30
    Description: The open oceans comprise most of the biosphere, yet patterns and trends of species diversity there are enigmatic. Here, we derive worldwide patterns of tuna and billfish diversity over the past 50 years, revealing distinct subtropical "hotspots" that appeared to hold generally for other predators and zooplankton. Diversity was positively correlated with thermal fronts and dissolved oxygen and a nonlinear function of temperature (approximately 25 degrees C optimum). Diversity declined between 10 and 50% in all oceans, a trend that coincided with increased fishing pressure, superimposed on strong El Nino-Southern Oscillation-driven variability across the Pacific. We conclude that predator diversity shows a predictable yet eroding pattern signaling ecosystem-wide changes linked to climate and fishing.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Worm, Boris -- Sandow, Marcel -- Oschlies, Andreas -- Lotze, Heike K -- Myers, Ransom A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2005 Aug 26;309(5739):1365-9. Epub 2005 Jul 28.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Biology Department, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada B3H 4J1. bworm@dal.ca〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16051749" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Climate ; *Ecosystem ; Fisheries ; Oceans and Seas ; Oxygen/analysis ; *Perciformes ; Population Density ; *Predatory Behavior ; Regression Analysis ; Seasons ; Temperature ; Time Factors ; *Tuna ; Zooplankton
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Biodiversity in Sri Lanka and the Western Ghats (2005)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-04-12
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Helgen, Kristofer M -- Groves, Colin P -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2005 Apr 8;308(5719):199; author reply 199.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15821069" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Birds/classification ; Climate ; India ; Mammals/classification ; Sri Lanka
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    Ocean science. Coral clues to rapid sea-level change (2005)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-04-16
    Description: Earth's climate can change substantially on time scales of 1000 years or so, but given the time it takes for an ice sheet to grow or melt, it has been unclear whether continental ice sheets-and hence global sea levels-mirror these rapid changes. In his Perspective, Henderson discusses the report by Thompson and Goldstein, who have used a new correction method to date coral samples that are up to 250,000 years old. The corals can be used to deduce past sea levels. The resulting sea-level record shows that sea levels have varied on millennial time scales even during times of high sea level and relative climate stability.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Henderson, Gideon M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2005 Apr 15;308(5720):361-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PR, United Kingdom. gideon.henderson@earth.ox.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15831744" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Anthozoa/chemistry ; Climate ; *Fossils ; Ice ; Oceans and Seas ; Seasons ; *Seawater ; Temperature ; Thorium/analysis ; Time ; Uranium/analysis
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Essays on science and society. Pleistocene Park: return of the mammoth's ecosystem (2005)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-05-10
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zimov, Sergey A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2005 May 6;308(5723):796-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Northeast Scientific Station, Pacific Institute for Geography (Far East Branch), Russian Academy of Sciences, Post Office Box 18, Cherskii, Republic of Sakha 678830, Russia.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15879196" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Biomass ; Bison ; Bryophyta ; Climate ; *Ecosystem ; *Elephants ; Greenhouse Effect ; Hominidae ; Horses ; Humans ; *Mammals ; Plants ; Poaceae ; Population Dynamics ; Siberia ; Soil ; Tigers ; Time
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Selection on heritable phenotypic plasticity in a wild bird population (2005)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-10-15
    Description: Theoretical and laboratory research suggests that phenotypic plasticity can evolve under selection. However, evidence for its evolutionary potential from the wild is lacking. We present evidence from a Dutch population of great tits (Parus major) for variation in individual plasticity in the timing of reproduction, and we show that this variation is heritable. Selection favoring highly plastic individuals has intensified over a 32-year period. This temporal trend is concurrent with climate change causing a mismatch between the breeding times of the birds and their caterpillar prey. Continued selection on plasticity can act to alleviate this mismatch.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Nussey, Daniel H -- Postma, Erik -- Gienapp, Phillip -- Visser, Marcel E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2005 Oct 14;310(5746):304-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Post Office Box 40, 6666 ZG Heteren, Netherlands. d.h.nussey@sms.ed.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16224020" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Adaptation, Physiological ; Animals ; Animals, Wild ; Biological Evolution ; Climate ; Ecosystem ; Female ; Food ; *Inheritance Patterns ; Passeriformes/genetics/*physiology ; Phenotype ; Reproduction ; *Selection, Genetic
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 92
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    Trading water for carbon with biological carbon sequestration (2005)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-12-24
    Description: Carbon sequestration strategies highlight tree plantations without considering their full environmental consequences. We combined field research, synthesis of more than 600 observations, and climate and economic modeling to document substantial losses in stream flow, and increased soil salinization and acidification, with afforestation. Plantations decreased stream flow by 227 millimeters per year globally (52%), with 13% of streams drying completely for at least 1 year. Regional modeling of U.S. plantation scenarios suggests that climate feedbacks are unlikely to offset such water losses and could exacerbate them. Plantations can help control groundwater recharge and upwelling but reduce stream flow and salinize and acidify some soils.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Jackson, Robert B -- Jobbagy, Esteban G -- Avissar, Roni -- Roy, Somnath Baidya -- Barrett, Damian J -- Cook, Charles W -- Farley, Kathleen A -- le Maitre, David C -- McCarl, Bruce A -- Murray, Brian C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2005 Dec 23;310(5756):1944-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, Nicholas School of the Environment and Earth Sciences, and Center on Global Change, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708-1000, USA. jackson@duke.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16373572" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Carbon/*metabolism ; Climate ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Ecosystem ; *Environment ; Rivers ; Soil ; Trees/*metabolism ; Water/*metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 93
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    Evolution. Better habits sometimes heritable (2005)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-10-15
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pennisi, Elizabeth -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2005 Oct 14;310(5746):215.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16223995" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Adaptation, Biological/genetics ; Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Birds ; Climate ; Greenhouse Effect ; Humans ; Phenotype
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 94
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    Neandertals revisited meeting. Faces may lie when skulls tell tales (2005)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-02-12
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Culotta, Elizabeth -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2005 Feb 11;307(5711):840-1.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15705825" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Climate ; *Continental Population Groups/genetics ; Face/*anatomy & histology ; Fossils ; Genetics, Population ; Hominidae/*anatomy & histology/classification ; Humans ; Skull/*anatomy & histology ; Temporal Bone/*anatomy & histology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 95
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    Drought, snails, and large-scale die-off of southern U.S. salt marshes (2005)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-12-17
    Description: Salt marshes in the southeastern United States have recently experienced massive die-off, one of many examples of widespread degradation in marine and coastal ecosystems. Although intense drought is thought to be the primary cause of this die-off, we found snail grazing to be a major contributing factor. Survey of marsh die-off areas in three states revealed high-density fronts of snails on die-off edges at 11 of 12 sites. Exclusion experiments demonstrated that snails actively converted marshes to exposed mudflats. Salt addition and comparative field studies suggest that drought-induced stress and grazers acted synergistically and to varying degrees to cause initial plant death. After these disturbances, snail fronts formed on die-off edges and subsequently propagated through healthy marsh, leading to cascading vegetation loss. These results, combined with model analyses, reveal strong interactions between increasing climatic stress and grazer pressure, both potentially related to human environmental impacts, which amplify the likelihood and intensity of runaway collapse in these coastal systems.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Silliman, Brian R -- van de Koppel, Johan -- Bertness, Mark D -- Stanton, Lee E -- Mendelssohn, Irving A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2005 Dec 16;310(5755):1803-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Zoology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA. brs@ufl.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16357258" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biomass ; Climate ; *Disasters ; *Ecosystem ; Environment ; Food Chain ; Georgia ; Louisiana ; Mathematics ; Models, Biological ; Poaceae/*growth & development ; Population Density ; Snails/*physiology ; *Sodium Chloride ; *Soil ; Water
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 96
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    Breakthrough of the year: the runners-up (2005)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-12-24
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2005 Dec 23;310(5756):1880-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16373539" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Astronomical Phenomena ; Astronomy ; Biology ; Brain/growth & development ; Brain Diseases/genetics ; Climate ; Earth (Planet) ; Evolution, Planetary ; Humans ; Nuclear Reactors ; Plant Development ; Plants/genetics ; Potassium Channels ; *Research ; Systems Theory
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    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 97
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    Will Malthus continue to be wrong? (2005)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-07-05
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stokstad, Erik -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2005 Jul 1;309(5731):102.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15994548" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Animals ; Biotechnology ; Climate ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; *Environment ; Forecasting ; Humans ; *Population Growth ; Socioeconomic Factors
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 98
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    Ecology. Choose your own world (2005)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-04-02
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stokstad, Erik -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2005 Apr 1;308(5718):42.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15802580" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Climate ; Commerce ; Computer Simulation ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Developed Countries ; Developing Countries ; *Ecology ; *Ecosystem ; *Environment ; Humans ; *Public Policy
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 99
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    Role of marine biology in glacial-interglacial CO2 cycles (2005)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-04-02
    Description: It has been hypothesized that changes in the marine biological pump caused a major portion of the glacial reduction of atmospheric carbon dioxide by 80 to 100 parts per million through increased iron fertilization of marine plankton, increased ocean nutrient content or utilization, or shifts in dominant plankton types. We analyze sedimentary records of marine productivity at the peak and the middle of the last glacial cycle and show that neither changes in nutrient utilization in the Southern Ocean nor shifts in plankton dominance explain the CO2 drawdown. Iron fertilization and associated mechanisms can be responsible for no more than half the observed drawdown.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kohfeld, Karen E -- Le Quere, Corinne -- Harrison, Sandy P -- Anderson, Robert F -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2005 Apr 1;308(5718):74-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany. office@kohfeld.com〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15802597" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Atmosphere ; Carbon Dioxide/*analysis/*metabolism ; Carbonates/metabolism ; Climate ; Geologic Sediments ; Iron/analysis ; Marine Biology ; Oceans and Seas ; Plankton/*physiology ; Rain ; *Seawater/chemistry ; Silicic Acid/metabolism ; Silicon Dioxide/analysis ; Time
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 100
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    Ecosystem collapse in Pleistocene Australia and a human role in megafaunal extinction (2005)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-07-09
    Description: Most of Australia's largest mammals became extinct 50,000 to 45,000 years ago, shortly after humans colonized the continent. Without exceptional climate change at that time, a human cause is inferred, but a mechanism remains elusive. A 140,000-year record of dietary delta(13)C documents a permanent reduction in food sources available to the Australian emu, beginning about the time of human colonization; a change replicated at three widely separated sites and in the marsupial wombat. We speculate that human firing of landscapes rapidly converted a drought-adapted mosaic of trees, shrubs, and nutritious grasslands to the modern fire-adapted desert scrub. Animals that could adapt survived; those that could not, became extinct.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Miller, Gifford H -- Fogel, Marilyn L -- Magee, John W -- Gagan, Michael K -- Clarke, Simon J -- Johnson, Beverly J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2005 Jul 8;309(5732):287-90.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉INSTAAR and Geological Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309-0450 USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16002615" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adaptation, Biological ; Animals ; Anthropology ; Australia ; Biomass ; *Birds ; Calcium Carbonate/chemistry ; Carbon Isotopes ; Climate ; Dental Enamel/chemistry ; *Diet ; Dromaiidae ; Durapatite/chemistry ; *Ecosystem ; Egg Shell/chemistry ; Environment ; Fires ; *Food Chain ; Geography ; Humans ; *Mammals ; Marsupialia ; *Plants ; Poaceae ; Population Dynamics ; Trees
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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