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  • 1
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    The Sustainability of Habitability on Terrestrial Planets: Insights, Questions, and Needed Measurements from Mars for Understanding the Evolution of Earth-like Worlds (2016)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-09-17
    Description: With the advent of exoplanetary astronomy and the ongoing discovery of terrestrial-type planets around other stars, our own solar system becomes a key testing ground for ideas about what factors control planetary evolution. In particular, what allows a planet to be both within a potentially habitable zone and sustain habitability over long geologic time, are crucial issues. In this regard, Mars is uniquely suited, providing the solar system's longest record of the interplay of the physical and chemical processes relevant to habitability on an accessible rocky planet with an atmosphere and hydrosphere. Here we review current understanding and update the timeline of key processes in early Mars history. We then draw on knowledge of exoplanets and the other solar system terrestrial planets to identify 6 broad questions of high importance to the development and sustaining of habitability (unprioritized): (1) Is small planetary size fatal? (2) How do magnetic fields influence atmospheric evolution? (3) To what extent does starting composition dictate subsequent evolution, including redox processes and the availability of water and organics? (4) Does early bombardment during an era of higher impact flux have a net deleterious or beneficial influence? (5) How do planetary climates respond to stellar evolution, e.g., sustaining early liquid water in spite of a faint young sun? (6) How important are the timescales of climate forcing and their dynamical drivers? Finally, we suggest crucial Mars measurements (unprioritized) to address these questions: (1) in situ petrology at multiple units/sites; (2) continued quantification of volatile reservoirs and new isotopic measurements of H, C, N, O, S, Cl, and noble gases in rocks that sample multiple stratigraphic sections; (3) radiometric age dating of units in stratigraphic sections and from key volcanic and impact units; (4) higher resolution measurements of heat flux, subsurface structure, and magnetic field anomalies coupled with absolute age dating. The unique dataset recording the evolution of early Mars will feed forward to understanding divergent evolutionary paths of the Earth, Venus, and thousands of small rocky extrasolar planets yet to be discovered.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 2
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    An extraterrestrial impact at the Permian-Triassic boundary? (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-09-29
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Farley, K A -- Mukhopadhyay, S -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Sep 28;293(5539):2343.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Geological and, Planetary Sciences, MS 170-25, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA. farley@gps.caltech.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11577203" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Argon/analysis ; Carbon/*analysis ; China ; Geologic Sediments/*chemistry ; Helium/*analysis ; Isotopes ; *Meteoroids ; *Paleontology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 3
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    A short duration of the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary event: evidence from extraterrestrial helium-3 (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-03-10
    Description: Analyses of marine carbonates through the interval 63.9 to 65.4 million years ago indicate a near-constant flux of extraterrestrial helium-3, a tracer of the accretion rate of interplanetary dust to Earth. This observation indicates that the bolide associated with the Cretaceous-Tertiary (K-T) extinction event was not accompanied by enhanced solar system dustiness and so could not have been a member of a comet shower. The use of helium-3 as a constant-flux proxy of sedimentation rate implies deposition of the K-T boundary clay in (10 +/- 2) x 10(3) years, precluding the possibility of a long hiatus at the boundary and requiring extremely rapid faunal turnover.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mukhopadhyay, S -- Farley, K A -- Montanari, A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Mar 9;291(5510):1952-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA. sujoy@gps.caltech.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11239153" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 4
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    Geochemical evidence for a comet shower in the late Eocene (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-06-20
    Description: Analyses of pelagic limestones indicate that the flux of extraterrestrial helium-3 to Earth was increased for a 2.5-million year (My) period in the late Eocene. The enhancement began approximately 1 My before and ended approximately 1.5 My after the major impact events that produced the large Popigai and Chesapeake Bay craters approximately 36 million years ago. The correlation between increased concentrations of helium-3, a tracer of fine-grained interplanetary dust, and large impacts indicates that the abundance of Earth-crossing objects and dustiness in the inner solar system were simultaneously but only briefly enhanced. These observations provide evidence for a comet shower triggered by an impulsive perturbation of the Oort cloud.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Farley, K A -- Montanari, A -- Shoemaker, E M -- Shoemaker, C S -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 May 22;280(5367):1250-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, MS 170-25, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA. farley@gps.caltech.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9596575" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Cosmic Dust ; *Earth (Planet) ; Evolution, Planetary ; Geologic Sediments/*chemistry ; Helium ; Isotopes ; *Meteoroids
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 5
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    Mantle plumes and mantle sources (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992-10-30
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Farley, K A -- Craig, H -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Oct 30;258(5083):821.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17777037" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 6
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    Apatite 4He/3He and (U-Th)/He evidence for an ancient Grand Canyon (2012)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-12-01
    Description: The Grand Canyon is one of the most dramatic features on Earth, yet when and why it was carved have been controversial topics for more than 150 years. Here, we present apatite (4)He/(3)He thermochronometry data from the Grand Canyon basement that tightly constrain the near-surface cooling history associated with canyon incision. (4)He/(3)He spectra for eastern Grand Canyon apatites of differing He date, radiation damage, and U-Th zonation yield a self-consistent cooling history that substantially validates the He diffusion kinetic model applied here. Similar data for the western Grand Canyon provide evidence that it was excavated to within a few hundred meters of modern depths by ~70 million years ago (Ma), in contrast to the conventional model in which the entire canyon was carved since 5 to 6 Ma.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Flowers, R M -- Farley, K A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Dec 21;338(6114):1616-9. doi: 10.1126/science.1229390. Epub 2012 Nov 29.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Geological Sciences, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA. rebecca.flowers@colorado.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23196906" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 7
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    Response to Comments on "Apatite 4He/3He and (U-Th)/He Evidence for an Ancient Grand Canyon" (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-04-13
    Description: We reiterate that geological observations do not require Grand Canyon carving coeval with Colorado River integration. (U-Th)/He data from the western canyon, totaling 29 reproducible analyses from six samples and two labs, compellingly support an ancient canyon. Three dispersed analyses from one anomalous sample do not refute this conclusion, nor do the claimed shortcomings of our modeling have validity.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Flowers, R M -- Farley, K A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Apr 12;340(6129):143. doi: 10.1126/science.1234203.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Geological Sciences, University of Colorado at Boulder, 2200 Colorado Avenue, UCB 399, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23580513" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 8
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    Low upper limit to methane abundance on Mars (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-09-21
    Description: By analogy with Earth, methane in the Martian atmosphere is a potential signature of ongoing or past biological activity. During the past decade, Earth-based telescopic observations reported "plumes" of methane of tens of parts per billion by volume (ppbv), and those from Mars orbit showed localized patches, prompting speculation of sources from subsurface bacteria or nonbiological sources. From in situ measurements made with the Tunable Laser Spectrometer (TLS) on Curiosity using a distinctive spectral pattern specific to methane, we report no detection of atmospheric methane with a measured value of 0.18 +/- 0.67 ppbv corresponding to an upper limit of only 1.3 ppbv (95% confidence level), which reduces the probability of current methanogenic microbial activity on Mars and limits the recent contribution from extraplanetary and geologic sources.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Webster, Christopher R -- Mahaffy, Paul R -- Atreya, Sushil K -- Flesch, Gregory J -- Farley, Kenneth A -- MSL Science Team -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Oct 18;342(6156):355-7. doi: 10.1126/science.1242902. Epub 2013 Sep 19.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24051245" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Atmosphere/*chemistry ; Bacteria/*metabolism ; *Exobiology ; *Mars ; Methane/analysis/*biosynthesis ; Spectrum Analysis/methods
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 9
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    Trading water for carbon with biological carbon sequestration (2005)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2005-12-24
    Description: Carbon sequestration strategies highlight tree plantations without considering their full environmental consequences. We combined field research, synthesis of more than 600 observations, and climate and economic modeling to document substantial losses in stream flow, and increased soil salinization and acidification, with afforestation. Plantations decreased stream flow by 227 millimeters per year globally (52%), with 13% of streams drying completely for at least 1 year. Regional modeling of U.S. plantation scenarios suggests that climate feedbacks are unlikely to offset such water losses and could exacerbate them. Plantations can help control groundwater recharge and upwelling but reduce stream flow and salinize and acidify some soils.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Jackson, Robert B -- Jobbagy, Esteban G -- Avissar, Roni -- Roy, Somnath Baidya -- Barrett, Damian J -- Cook, Charles W -- Farley, Kathleen A -- le Maitre, David C -- McCarl, Bruce A -- Murray, Brian C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2005 Dec 23;310(5756):1944-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, Nicholas School of the Environment and Earth Sciences, and Center on Global Change, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708-1000, USA. jackson@duke.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16373572" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Carbon/*metabolism ; Climate ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Ecosystem ; *Environment ; Rivers ; Soil ; Trees/*metabolism ; Water/*metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 10
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    Rapid glacial erosion at 1.8 Ma revealed by 4He/3He thermochronometry (2005)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-12-13
    Description: Alpine glaciation and river incision control the topography of mountain ranges, but their relative contributions have been debated for years. Apatite 4He/3He thermochronometry tightly constrains the timing and rate of glacial erosion within one of the largest valleys in the southern Coast Mountains of British Columbia, Canada. Five proximate samples require accelerated denudation of the Klinaklini Valley initiating 1.8 +/- 0.2 million years ago (Ma). At least 2 kilometers of overlying rock were removed from the valley at 〉/=5 millimeters per year, indicating that glacial valley deepening proceeded 〉/=6 times as fast as erosion rates before approximately 1.8 Ma. This intense erosion may be related to a global transition to enhanced climate instability approximately 1.9 Ma.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Shuster, David L -- Ehlers, Todd A -- Rusmoren, Margaret E -- Farley, Kenneth A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2005 Dec 9;310(5754):1668-70.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Geological and Planetary Science, California Institute of Technology, 100 23, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA. dshuster@bgc.org〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16339442" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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