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  • 1
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    Reply to Bar-Oz and Lev-Yadun [Letters (Online Only)] (2012)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-05-16
    Description: The wide variation of fur and plumage colors in animals has fascinated people throughout history, and biologists have long debated its prominent role in evolution. Notably, Charles Darwin emphasized the importance of this phenotypic trait in his On the Origin of Species (first published 1859). However, although the importance of coat color in adaptation has been well documented, the underlying genetic mechanisms are less well understood.The results of our studies on Paleolithic horses (1, 2) suggest that color phenotype variation in predomestic horses was greater than commonly assumed. We agree with Bar-Oz and Lev-Yadun (3) that the observed phenotypes mostly...
    Keywords: Letters
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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  • 2
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    Genotypes of predomestic horses match phenotypes painted in Paleolithic works of cave art [Anthropology] (2011)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2011-11-16
    Description: Archaeologists often argue whether Paleolithic works of art, cave paintings in particular, constitute reflections of the natural environment of humans at the time. They also debate the extent to which these paintings actually contain creative artistic expression, reflect the phenotypic variation of the surrounding environment, or focus on rare phenotypes. The famous paintings “The Dappled Horses of Pech-Merle,” depicting spotted horses on the walls of a cave in Pech-Merle, France, date back ∼25,000 y, but the coat pattern portrayed in these paintings is remarkably similar to a pattern known as “leopard” in modern horses. We have genotyped nine coat-color loci in 31 predomestic horses from Siberia, Eastern and Western Europe, and the Iberian Peninsula. Eighteen horses had bay coat color, seven were black, and six shared an allele associated with the leopard complex spotting (LP), representing the only spotted phenotype that has been discovered in wild, predomestic horses thus far. LP was detected in four Pleistocene and two Copper Age samples from Western and Eastern Europe, respectively. In contrast, this phenotype was absent from predomestic Siberian horses. Thus, all horse color phenotypes that seem to be distinguishable in cave paintings have now been found to exist in prehistoric horse populations, suggesting that cave paintings of this species represent remarkably realistic depictions of the animals shown. This finding lends support to hypotheses arguing that cave paintings might have contained less of a symbolic or transcendental connotation than often assumed.
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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  • 3
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    Molecular Phylogeny, Biogeography, and Habitat Preference Evolution of Marsupials (2014)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-08-20
    Description: Marsupials exhibit great diversity in ecology and morphology. However, compared with their sister group, the placental mammals, our understanding of many aspects of marsupial evolution remains limited. We use 101 mitochondrial genomes and data from 26 nuclear loci to reconstruct a dated phylogeny including 97% of extant genera and 58% of modern marsupial species. This tree allows us to analyze the evolution of habitat preference and geographic distributions of marsupial species through time. We found a pattern of mesic-adapted lineages evolving to use more arid and open habitats, which is broadly consistent with regional climate and environmental change. However, contrary to the general trend, several lineages subsequently appear to have reverted from drier to more mesic habitats. Biogeographic reconstructions suggest that current views on the connectivity between Australia and New Guinea/Wallacea during the Miocene and Pliocene need to be revised. The antiquity of several endemic New Guinean clades strongly suggests a substantially older period of connection stretching back to the Middle Miocene and implies that New Guinea was colonized by multiple clades almost immediately after its principal formation.
    Print ISSN: 0737-4038
    Electronic ISSN: 1537-1719
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 4
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    Genome-wide data from two early Neolithic East Asian individuals dating to 7700 years ago (2017)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-02-03
    Description: Ancient genomes have revolutionized our understanding of Holocene prehistory and, particularly, the Neolithic transition in western Eurasia. In contrast, East Asia has so far received little attention, despite representing a core region at which the Neolithic transition took place independently ~3 millennia after its onset in the Near East. We report genome-wide data from two hunter-gatherers from Devil’s Gate, an early Neolithic cave site (dated to ~7.7 thousand years ago) located in East Asia, on the border between Russia and Korea. Both of these individuals are genetically most similar to geographically close modern populations from the Amur Basin, all speaking Tungusic languages, and, in particular, to the Ulchi. The similarity to nearby modern populations and the low levels of additional genetic material in the Ulchi imply a high level of genetic continuity in this region during the Holocene, a pattern that markedly contrasts with that reported for Europe.
    Electronic ISSN: 2375-2548
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 5
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    River shark evolution [Evolution] (2015)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2015-10-28
    Description: For over a hundred years, the “river sharks” of the genus Glyphis were only known from the type specimens of species that had been collected in the 19th century. They were widely considered extinct until populations of Glyphis-like sharks were rediscovered in remote regions of Borneo and Northern Australia at...
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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  • 6
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    DNA sequencing: Mammoth genomics (2008)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2008-11-21
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hofreiter, Michael -- England -- Nature. 2008 Nov 20;456(7220):330-1. doi: 10.1038/456330a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19020605" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cell Nucleus/*genetics ; Conserved Sequence/genetics ; Elephants/*genetics ; *Evolution, Molecular ; *Extinction, Biological ; *Fossils ; Freezing ; Genome/*genetics ; *Genomics ; Humans ; Phylogeny ; *Sequence Analysis, DNA
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 7
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    Gene data for endangered species have limitations (2009)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2009-06-12
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hofreiter, Michael -- England -- Nature. 2009 Jun 11;459(7248):774. doi: 10.1038/459774a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19516319" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; Ecology/*methods ; *Extinction, Biological ; *Genomics ; Reproducibility of Results
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 8
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    Ancient biomolecules from deep ice cores reveal a forested southern Greenland (2007)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2007-07-07
    Description: It is difficult to obtain fossil data from the 10% of Earth's terrestrial surface that is covered by thick glaciers and ice sheets, and hence, knowledge of the paleoenvironments of these regions has remained limited. We show that DNA and amino acids from buried organisms can be recovered from the basal sections of deep ice cores, enabling reconstructions of past flora and fauna. We show that high-altitude southern Greenland, currently lying below more than 2 kilometers of ice, was inhabited by a diverse array of conifer trees and insects within the past million years. The results provide direct evidence in support of a forested southern Greenland and suggest that many deep ice cores may contain genetic records of paleoenvironments in their basal sections.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2694912/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2694912/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Willerslev, Eske -- Cappellini, Enrico -- Boomsma, Wouter -- Nielsen, Rasmus -- Hebsgaard, Martin B -- Brand, Tina B -- Hofreiter, Michael -- Bunce, Michael -- Poinar, Hendrik N -- Dahl-Jensen, Dorthe -- Johnsen, Sigfus -- Steffensen, Jorgen Peder -- Bennike, Ole -- Schwenninger, Jean-Luc -- Nathan, Roger -- Armitage, Simon -- de Hoog, Cees-Jan -- Alfimov, Vasily -- Christl, Marcus -- Beer, Juerg -- Muscheler, Raimund -- Barker, Joel -- Sharp, Martin -- Penkman, Kirsty E H -- Haile, James -- Taberlet, Pierre -- Gilbert, M Thomas P -- Casoli, Antonella -- Campani, Elisa -- Collins, Matthew J -- 076905/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Jul 6;317(5834):111-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Centre for Ancient Genetics, University of Copenhagen, Denmark. ewillerslev@bi.ku.dk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17615355" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acids/*analysis/history/isolation & purification ; Animals ; Bayes Theorem ; Climate ; DNA/*analysis/history/isolation & purification ; *Ecosystem ; Fossils ; Geography ; Greenland ; History, Ancient ; Ice Cover/*chemistry ; *Invertebrates/classification/genetics ; *Plants/classification/genetics ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Time ; *Trees
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 9
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    A melanocortin 1 receptor allele suggests varying pigmentation among Neanderthals (2007)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2007-10-27
    Description: The melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) regulates pigmentation in humans and other vertebrates. Variants of MC1R with reduced function are associated with pale skin color and red hair in humans of primarily European origin. We amplified and sequenced a fragment of the MC1R gene (mc1r) from two Neanderthal remains. Both specimens have a mutation that was not found in approximately 3700 modern humans analyzed. Functional analyses show that this variant reduces MC1R activity to a level that alters hair and/or skin pigmentation in humans. The impaired activity of this variant suggests that Neanderthals varied in pigmentation levels, potentially on the scale observed in modern humans. Our data suggest that inactive MC1R variants evolved independently in both modern humans and Neanderthals.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lalueza-Fox, Carles -- Rompler, Holger -- Caramelli, David -- Staubert, Claudia -- Catalano, Giulio -- Hughes, David -- Rohland, Nadin -- Pilli, Elena -- Longo, Laura -- Condemi, Silvana -- de la Rasilla, Marco -- Fortea, Javier -- Rosas, Antonio -- Stoneking, Mark -- Schoneberg, Torsten -- Bertranpetit, Jaume -- Hofreiter, Michael -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Nov 30;318(5855):1453-5. Epub 2007 Oct 25.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Departament de Biologia Animal, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. clalueza@ub.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17962522" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alleles ; Amino Acid Substitution ; Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Cell Line ; DNA/genetics ; *Fossils ; Hair Color/*genetics ; Hominidae/*genetics ; Humans ; Molecular Sequence Data ; *Mutation ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 1/chemistry/*genetics/metabolism ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Skin Pigmentation/*genetics
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 10
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    Coat color variation at the beginning of horse domestication (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-04-25
    Description: The transformation of wild animals into domestic ones available for human nutrition was a key prerequisite for modern human societies. However, no other domestic species has had such a substantial impact on the warfare, transportation, and communication capabilities of human societies as the horse. Here, we show that the analysis of ancient DNA targeting nuclear genes responsible for coat coloration allows us to shed light on the timing and place of horse domestication. We conclude that it is unlikely that horse domestication substantially predates the occurrence of coat color variation, which was found to begin around the third millennium before the common era.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ludwig, Arne -- Pruvost, Melanie -- Reissmann, Monika -- Benecke, Norbert -- Brockmann, Gudrun A -- Castanos, Pedro -- Cieslak, Michael -- Lippold, Sebastian -- Llorente, Laura -- Malaspinas, Anna-Sapfo -- Slatkin, Montgomery -- Hofreiter, Michael -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Apr 24;324(5926):485. doi: 10.1126/science.1172750.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, 10252 Berlin, Germany. ludwig@izw-berlin.de〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19390039" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animal Husbandry/*history ; Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Breeding ; Dna ; Europe ; Genetic Variation ; Hair Color/*genetics ; History, Ancient ; Horses/*genetics ; Siberia
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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