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  • Articles  (1,088)
  • Latest Papers from Table of Contents or Articles in Press  (1,088)
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  • Articles  (1,088)
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  • 1
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    Coots use hatch order to learn to recognize and reject conspecific brood parasitic chicks (2009)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2009-12-18
    Description: Avian brood parasites and their hosts provide model systems for investigating links between recognition, learning, and their fitness consequences. One major evolutionary puzzle has continued to capture the attention of naturalists for centuries: why do hosts of brood parasites generally fail to recognize parasitic offspring after they have hatched from the egg, even when the host and parasitic chicks differ to almost comic degrees? One prominent theory to explain this pattern proposes that the costs of mistakenly learning to recognize the wrong offspring make recognition maladaptive. Here we show that American coots, Fulica americana, can recognize and reject parasitic chicks in their brood by using learned cues, despite the fact that the hosts and the brood parasites are of the same species. A series of chick cross-fostering experiments confirm that coots use first-hatched chicks in a brood as referents to learn to recognize their own chicks and then discriminate against later-hatched parasitic chicks in the same brood. When experimentally provided with the wrong reference chicks, coots can be induced to discriminate against their own offspring, confirming that the learning errors proposed by theory can exist. However, learning based on hatching order is reliable in naturally parasitized coot nests because host eggs hatch predictably ahead of parasite eggs. Conversely, a lack of reliable information may help to explain why the evolution of chick recognition is not more common in hosts of most interspecific brood parasites.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Shizuka, Daizaburo -- Lyon, Bruce E -- England -- Nature. 2010 Jan 14;463(7278):223-6. doi: 10.1038/nature08655. Epub 2009 Dec 16.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, California 95064, USA. shizuka@biology.ucsc.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20016486" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Birds/*parasitology/*physiology ; British Columbia ; Cues ; Discrimination Learning/*physiology ; Feeding Behavior/physiology ; Genetic Fitness ; Nesting Behavior/*physiology ; Ovum/growth & development ; Pattern Recognition, Visual/physiology ; Survival Rate ; Time Factors ; Wetlands
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 2
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    Reprogramming towards pluripotency requires AID-dependent DNA demethylation (2009)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2009-12-23
    Description: Reprogramming of somatic cell nuclei to yield induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells makes possible derivation of patient-specific stem cells for regenerative medicine. However, iPS cell generation is asynchronous and slow (2-3 weeks), the frequency is low (〈0.1%), and DNA demethylation constitutes a bottleneck. To determine regulatory mechanisms involved in reprogramming, we generated interspecies heterokaryons (fused mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells and human fibroblasts) that induce reprogramming synchronously, frequently and fast. Here we show that reprogramming towards pluripotency in single heterokaryons is initiated without cell division or DNA replication, rapidly (1 day) and efficiently (70%). Short interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated knockdown showed that activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID, also known as AICDA) is required for promoter demethylation and induction of OCT4 (also known as POU5F1) and NANOG gene expression. AID protein bound silent methylated OCT4 and NANOG promoters in fibroblasts, but not active demethylated promoters in ES cells. These data provide new evidence that mammalian AID is required for active DNA demethylation and initiation of nuclear reprogramming towards pluripotency in human somatic cells.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2906123/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2906123/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bhutani, Nidhi -- Brady, Jennifer J -- Damian, Mara -- Sacco, Alessandra -- Corbel, Stephane Y -- Blau, Helen M -- AG009521/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- AG024987/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- AI007328/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 AG009521/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- R01 AG009521-25/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- R01 AG024987/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- R01 AG024987-05/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- T32 AI007328/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- U01 HL100397/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2010 Feb 25;463(7284):1042-7. doi: 10.1038/nature08752.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Baxter Laboratory for Stem Cell Biology, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305-5175, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20027182" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cell Division ; Cell Fusion ; Cell Line ; Cells, Cultured ; Cellular Reprogramming/genetics/*physiology ; Chromatin Immunoprecipitation ; Cytidine Deaminase/deficiency/genetics/*metabolism ; DNA/chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; *DNA Methylation ; DNA Replication ; Embryonic Stem Cells/cytology/metabolism ; Fibroblasts/cytology/metabolism ; Gene Expression Regulation ; Gene Knockdown Techniques ; Homeodomain Proteins/genetics ; Humans ; Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells/*cytology/enzymology/*metabolism ; Lung/cytology/embryology ; Mice ; Models, Biological ; Octamer Transcription Factor-3/genetics ; Promoter Regions, Genetic/genetics ; Time Factors
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 3
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    Preventing the return of fear in humans using reconsolidation update mechanisms (2009)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2009-12-17
    Description: Recent research on changing fears has examined targeting reconsolidation. During reconsolidation, stored information is rendered labile after being retrieved. Pharmacological manipulations at this stage result in an inability to retrieve the memories at later times, suggesting that they are erased or persistently inhibited. Unfortunately, the use of these pharmacological manipulations in humans can be problematic. Here we introduce a non-invasive technique to target the reconsolidation of fear memories in humans. We provide evidence that old fear memories can be updated with non-fearful information provided during the reconsolidation window. As a consequence, fear responses are no longer expressed, an effect that lasted at least a year and was selective only to reactivated memories without affecting others. These findings demonstrate the adaptive role of reconsolidation as a window of opportunity to rewrite emotional memories, and suggest a non-invasive technique that can be used safely in humans to prevent the return of fear.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3640262/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3640262/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Schiller, Daniela -- Monfils, Marie-H -- Raio, Candace M -- Johnson, David C -- Ledoux, Joseph E -- Phelps, Elizabeth A -- K05 MH067048/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- P50 MH058911/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- R01 MH038774/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- R01 MH046516/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- R21 MH072279/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- R37 MH038774/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- Canadian Institutes of Health Research/Canada -- England -- Nature. 2010 Jan 7;463(7277):49-53. doi: 10.1038/nature08637. Epub 2009 Dec 9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, New York 10003, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20010606" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Conditioning, Classical/*physiology ; Cues ; Electrodes ; Electroshock ; Extinction, Psychological/*physiology ; Fear/*physiology/*psychology ; Humans ; Memory/*physiology ; Models, Neurological ; Models, Psychological ; Neuronal Plasticity/*physiology ; Photic Stimulation ; Time Factors
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 4
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    Using temperature to analyse temporal dynamics in the songbird motor pathway (2008)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2008-11-14
    Description: Many complex behaviours, like speech or music, have a hierarchical organization with structure on many timescales, but it is not known how the brain controls the timing of behavioural sequences, or whether different circuits control different timescales of the behaviour. Here we address these issues by using temperature to manipulate the biophysical dynamics in different regions of the songbird forebrain involved in song production. We find that cooling the premotor nucleus HVC (formerly known as the high vocal centre) slows song speed across all timescales by up to 45 per cent but only slightly alters the acoustic structure, whereas cooling the downstream motor nucleus RA (robust nucleus of the arcopallium) has no observable effect on song timing. Our observations suggest that dynamics within HVC are involved in the control of song timing, perhaps through a chain-like organization. Local manipulation of brain temperature should be broadly applicable to the identification of neural circuitry that controls the timing of behavioural sequences and, more generally, to the study of the origin and role of oscillatory and other forms of brain dynamics in neural systems.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2723166/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2723166/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Long, Michael A -- Fee, Michale S -- DC009280/DC/NIDCD NIH HHS/ -- K99 DC009280/DC/NIDCD NIH HHS/ -- K99 DC009280-02/DC/NIDCD NIH HHS/ -- MH067105/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- R01 MH067105/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- R01 MH067105-04/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2008 Nov 13;456(7219):189-94. doi: 10.1038/nature07448.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19005546" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Cold Temperature ; Efferent Pathways/physiology ; Finches/*physiology ; High Vocal Center/*physiology ; Neurons/physiology ; Prosencephalon/*physiology/radiography ; Time Factors ; Vocalization, Animal/*physiology
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 5
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    James Watson's genome sequenced at high speed (2008)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2008-04-24
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wadman, Meredith -- England -- Nature. 2008 Apr 17;452(7189):788. doi: 10.1038/452788b.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18431822" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Genetic Counseling/trends ; *Genome, Human ; Genomics/economics/*trends ; History, 21st Century ; Humans ; Individuality ; Male ; Reference Standards ; Sequence Analysis, DNA/economics/*trends ; Time Factors
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 6
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    Orbital and millennial-scale features of atmospheric CH4 over the past 800,000 years (2008)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2008-05-16
    Description: Atmospheric methane is an important greenhouse gas and a sensitive indicator of climate change and millennial-scale temperature variability. Its concentrations over the past 650,000 years have varied between approximately 350 and approximately 800 parts per 10(9) by volume (p.p.b.v.) during glacial and interglacial periods, respectively. In comparison, present-day methane levels of approximately 1,770 p.p.b.v. have been reported. Insights into the external forcing factors and internal feedbacks controlling atmospheric methane are essential for predicting the methane budget in a warmer world. Here we present a detailed atmospheric methane record from the EPICA Dome C ice core that extends the history of this greenhouse gas to 800,000 yr before present. The average time resolution of the new data is approximately 380 yr and permits the identification of orbital and millennial-scale features. Spectral analyses indicate that the long-term variability in atmospheric methane levels is dominated by approximately 100,000 yr glacial-interglacial cycles up to approximately 400,000 yr ago with an increasing contribution of the precessional component during the four more recent climatic cycles. We suggest that changes in the strength of tropical methane sources and sinks (wetlands, atmospheric oxidation), possibly influenced by changes in monsoon systems and the position of the intertropical convergence zone, controlled the atmospheric methane budget, with an additional source input during major terminations as the retreat of the northern ice sheet allowed higher methane emissions from extending periglacial wetlands. Millennial-scale changes in methane levels identified in our record as being associated with Antarctic isotope maxima events are indicative of ubiquitous millennial-scale temperature variability during the past eight glacial cycles.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Loulergue, Laetitia -- Schilt, Adrian -- Spahni, Renato -- Masson-Delmotte, Valerie -- Blunier, Thomas -- Lemieux, Benedicte -- Barnola, Jean-Marc -- Raynaud, Dominique -- Stocker, Thomas F -- Chappellaz, Jerome -- England -- Nature. 2008 May 15;453(7193):383-6. doi: 10.1038/nature06950.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratoire de Glaciologie et Geophysique de l'Environnement, CNRS-Universite Joseph Fourier Grenoble, 54 Rue Moliere, 38402 St Martin d'Heres, France.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18480822" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Atmosphere/*chemistry ; Greenhouse Effect ; History, Ancient ; Ice Cover ; Methane/*analysis ; Temperature ; Time Factors ; Tropical Climate ; Wetlands
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 7
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    Microbiology: metagenomics (2008)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2008-09-27
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hugenholtz, Philip -- Tyson, Gene W -- England -- Nature. 2008 Sep 25;455(7212):481-3. doi: 10.1038/455481a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18818648" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Biodiversity ; Computational Biology/trends ; *Ecosystem ; *Environmental Microbiology ; Eukaryotic Cells/metabolism ; Evolution, Molecular ; *Genetics, Microbial/methods ; Genome/genetics ; *Genomics/economics/methods/trends ; Humans ; Marine Biology ; Prokaryotic Cells/metabolism ; Sequence Analysis, DNA/economics ; Time Factors ; Viruses/genetics
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 8
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    Loss of plant species after chronic low-level nitrogen deposition to prairie grasslands (2008)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2008-02-08
    Description: Rates of atmospheric deposition of biologically active nitrogen (N) are two to seven times the pre-industrial rates in many developed nations because of combustion of fossil fuels and agricultural fertilization. They are expected to increase similarly over the next 50 years in industrializing nations of Asia and South America. Although the environmental impacts of high rates of nitrogen addition have been well studied, this is not so for the lower, chronic rates that characterize much of the globe. Here we present results of the first multi-decadal experiment to examine the impacts of chronic, experimental nitrogen addition as low as 10 kg N ha(-1) yr(-1) above ambient atmospheric nitrogen deposition (6 kg N ha(-1) yr(-1) at our site). This total input rate is comparable to terrestrial nitrogen deposition in many industrialized nations. We found that this chronic low-level nitrogen addition rate reduced plant species numbers by 17% relative to controls receiving ambient N deposition. Moreover, species numbers were reduced more per unit of added nitrogen at lower addition rates, suggesting that chronic but low-level nitrogen deposition may have a greater impact on diversity than previously thought. A second experiment showed that a decade after cessation of nitrogen addition, relative plant species number, although not species abundances, had recovered, demonstrating that some effects of nitrogen addition are reversible.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Clark, Christopher M -- Tilman, David -- England -- Nature. 2008 Feb 7;451(7179):712-5. doi: 10.1038/nature06503.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, 100 Ecology, 1987 Upper Buford Circle, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA. clark134@umn.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18256670" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Biodiversity ; Biomass ; *Ecosystem ; Nitrogen/*metabolism ; Plants/classification/*metabolism ; *Poaceae/metabolism ; Random Allocation ; Time Factors
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 9
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    Palaeotemperature trend for Precambrian life inferred from resurrected proteins (2008)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2008-02-08
    Description: Biosignatures and structures in the geological record indicate that microbial life has inhabited Earth for the past 3.5 billion years or so. Research in the physical sciences has been able to generate statements about the ancient environment that hosted this life. These include the chemical compositions and temperatures of the early ocean and atmosphere. Only recently have the natural sciences been able to provide experimental results describing the environments of ancient life. Our previous work with resurrected proteins indicated that ancient life lived in a hot environment. Here we expand the timescale of resurrected proteins to provide a palaeotemperature trend of the environments that hosted life from 3.5 to 0.5 billion years ago. The thermostability of more than 25 phylogenetically dispersed ancestral elongation factors suggest that the environment supporting ancient life cooled progressively by 30 degrees C during that period. Here we show that our results are robust to potential statistical bias associated with the posterior distribution of inferred character states, phylogenetic ambiguity, and uncertainties in the amino-acid equilibrium frequencies used by evolutionary models. Our results are further supported by a nearly identical cooling trend for the ancient ocean as inferred from the deposition of oxygen isotopes. The convergence of results from natural and physical sciences suggest that ancient life has continually adapted to changes in environmental temperatures throughout its evolutionary history.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gaucher, Eric A -- Govindarajan, Sridhar -- Ganesh, Omjoy K -- England -- Nature. 2008 Feb 7;451(7179):704-7. doi: 10.1038/nature06510.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Foundation for Applied Molecular Evolution, Gainesville, Florida 32601, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18256669" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adaptation, Physiological ; Bacteria/classification/*metabolism ; Bacterial Proteins/analysis/*chemistry ; *Biological Evolution ; Enzyme Stability ; History, Ancient ; Hot Temperature ; Peptide Elongation Factor Tu/analysis/chemistry ; Phylogeny ; Seawater/*microbiology ; *Temperature ; Time Factors ; Uncertainty
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  • 10
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    Complex speciation of humans and chimpanzees (2008)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2008-03-14
    Description: Genetic data from two or more species provide information about the process of speciation. In their analysis of DNA from humans, chimpanzees, gorillas, orangutans and macaques (HCGOM), Patterson et al. suggest that the apparently short divergence time between humans and chimpanzees on the X chromosome is explained by a massive interspecific hybridization event in the ancestry of these two species. However, Patterson et al. do not statistically test their own null model of simple speciation before concluding that speciation was complex, and--even if the null model could be rejected--they do not consider other explanations of a short divergence time on the X chromosome. These include natural selection on the X chromosome in the common ancestor of humans and chimpanzees, changes in the ratio of male-to-female mutation rates over time, and less extreme versions of divergence with gene flow (see ref. 2, for example). I therefore believe that their claim of hybridization is unwarranted.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wakeley, John -- England -- Nature. 2008 Mar 13;452(7184):E3-4; discussion E4. doi: 10.1038/nature06805.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 16 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA. wakeley@fas.harvard.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18337768" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Chromosomes, Mammalian/genetics ; Female ; *Genetic Speciation ; Humans ; Male ; *Models, Genetic ; Mutagenesis/genetics ; Pan troglodytes/*genetics ; Phylogeny ; Reproducibility of Results ; Selection, Genetic ; Sex Characteristics ; Time Factors ; X Chromosome/genetics
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  • 11
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    Late Pliocene Greenland glaciation controlled by a decline in atmospheric CO2 levels (2008)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2008-08-30
    Description: It is thought that the Northern Hemisphere experienced only ephemeral glaciations from the Late Eocene to the Early Pliocene epochs (about 38 to 4 million years ago), and that the onset of extensive glaciations did not occur until about 3 million years ago. Several hypotheses have been proposed to explain this increase in Northern Hemisphere glaciation during the Late Pliocene. Here we use a fully coupled atmosphere-ocean general circulation model and an ice-sheet model to assess the impact of the proposed driving mechanisms for glaciation and the influence of orbital variations on the development of the Greenland ice sheet in particular. We find that Greenland glaciation is mainly controlled by a decrease in atmospheric carbon dioxide during the Late Pliocene. By contrast, our model results suggest that climatic shifts associated with the tectonically driven closure of the Panama seaway, with the termination of a permanent El Nino state or with tectonic uplift are not large enough to contribute significantly to the growth of the Greenland ice sheet; moreover, we find that none of these processes acted as a priming mechanism for glacial inception triggered by variations in the Earth's orbit.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lunt, Daniel J -- Foster, Gavin L -- Haywood, Alan M -- Stone, Emma J -- England -- Nature. 2008 Aug 28;454(7208):1102-5. doi: 10.1038/nature07223.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉BRIDGE, School of Geographical Sciences, University of Bristol, University Road, Bristol BS8 1SS, UK. d.j.lunt@bristol.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18756254" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Atmosphere/*chemistry ; Carbon Dioxide/analysis/*metabolism ; Climate ; Greenland ; History, Ancient ; *Ice Cover ; North America ; Rain ; Time Factors
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  • 12
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    Temporal identity in axonal target layer recognition (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2008-11-04
    Description: The segregation of axon and dendrite projections into distinct synaptic layers is a fundamental principle of nervous system organization and the structural basis for information processing in the brain. Layer-specific recognition molecules that allow projecting neurons to stabilize transient contacts and initiate synaptogenesis have been identified. However, most of the neuronal cell-surface molecules critical for layer organization are expressed broadly in the developing nervous system, raising the question of how these so-called permissive adhesion molecules support synaptic specificity. Here we show that the temporal expression dynamics of the zinc-finger protein sequoia is the major determinant of Drosophila photoreceptor connectivity into distinct synaptic layers. Neighbouring R8 and R7 photoreceptors show consecutive peaks of elevated sequoia expression, which correspond to their sequential target-layer innervation. Loss of sequoia in R7 leads to a projection switch into the R8 recipient layer, whereas a prolonged expression in R8 induces a redirection of their axons into the R7 layer. The sequoia-induced axon targeting is mediated through the ubiquitously expressed Cadherin-N cell adhesion molecule. Our data support a model in which recognition specificity during synaptic layer formation is generated through a temporally restricted axonal competence to respond to broadly expressed adhesion molecules. Because developing neurons innervating the same target area often project in a distinct, birth-order-dependent sequence, temporal identity seems to contain crucial information in generating not only cell type diversity during neuronal division but also connection diversity of projecting neurons.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Petrovic, Milan -- Hummel, Thomas -- England -- Nature. 2008 Dec 11;456(7223):800-3. doi: 10.1038/nature07407. Epub 2008 Nov 2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institut fur Neurobiologie, Universitat Munster, Badestrasse 9, D-48149 Munster, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18978776" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Axons/metabolism/physiology ; Cadherins/metabolism ; Compound Eye, Arthropod/growth & development ; DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Drosophila Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Drosophila melanogaster/genetics/*growth & development/*metabolism ; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental ; Nerve Tissue Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Photoreceptor Cells, Invertebrate/metabolism/physiology ; Protein Transport ; Time Factors
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    Net carbon dioxide losses of northern ecosystems in response to autumn warming (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2008-01-04
    Description: The carbon balance of terrestrial ecosystems is particularly sensitive to climatic changes in autumn and spring, with spring and autumn temperatures over northern latitudes having risen by about 1.1 degrees C and 0.8 degrees C, respectively, over the past two decades. A simultaneous greening trend has also been observed, characterized by a longer growing season and greater photosynthetic activity. These observations have led to speculation that spring and autumn warming could enhance carbon sequestration and extend the period of net carbon uptake in the future. Here we analyse interannual variations in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration data and ecosystem carbon dioxide fluxes. We find that atmospheric records from the past 20 years show a trend towards an earlier autumn-to-winter carbon dioxide build-up, suggesting a shorter net carbon uptake period. This trend cannot be explained by changes in atmospheric transport alone and, together with the ecosystem flux data, suggest increasing carbon losses in autumn. We use a process-based terrestrial biosphere model and satellite vegetation greenness index observations to investigate further the observed seasonal response of northern ecosystems to autumnal warming. We find that both photosynthesis and respiration increase during autumn warming, but the increase in respiration is greater. In contrast, warming increases photosynthesis more than respiration in spring. Our simulations and observations indicate that northern terrestrial ecosystems may currently lose carbon dioxide in response to autumn warming, with a sensitivity of about 0.2 PgC degrees C(-1), offsetting 90% of the increased carbon dioxide uptake during spring. If future autumn warming occurs at a faster rate than in spring, the ability of northern ecosystems to sequester carbon may be diminished earlier than previously suggested.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Piao, Shilong -- Ciais, Philippe -- Friedlingstein, Pierre -- Peylin, Philippe -- Reichstein, Markus -- Luyssaert, Sebastiaan -- Margolis, Hank -- Fang, Jingyun -- Barr, Alan -- Chen, Anping -- Grelle, Achim -- Hollinger, David Y -- Laurila, Tuomas -- Lindroth, Anders -- Richardson, Andrew D -- Vesala, Timo -- England -- Nature. 2008 Jan 3;451(7174):49-52. doi: 10.1038/nature06444.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉LSCE, UMR CEA-CNRS, Batiment 709, CE, L'Orme des Merisiers, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France. slpiao@lsce.ipsl.fr〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18172494" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Atmosphere/chemistry ; Biomass ; Carbon Dioxide/analysis/*metabolism ; Cell Respiration ; *Ecosystem ; Fossil Fuels ; Geography ; Greenhouse Effect ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Oceans and Seas ; Photosynthesis ; Plant Transpiration ; Plants/metabolism ; Rain ; *Seasons ; Soil/analysis ; *Temperature ; Water/metabolism
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    The coming acceleration of global population ageing (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2008-01-22
    Description: The future paths of population ageing result from specific combinations of declining fertility and increasing life expectancies in different parts of the world. Here we measure the speed of population ageing by using conventional measures and new ones that take changes in longevity into account for the world as a whole and for 13 major regions. We report on future levels of indicators of ageing and the speed at which they change. We show how these depend on whether changes in life expectancy are taken into account. We also show that the speed of ageing is likely to increase over the coming decades and to decelerate in most regions by mid-century. All our measures indicate a continuous ageing of the world's population throughout the century. The median age of the world's population increases from 26.6 years in 2000 to 37.3 years in 2050 and then to 45.6 years in 2100, when it is not adjusted for longevity increase. When increases in life expectancy are taken into account, the adjusted median age rises from 26.6 in 2000 to 31.1 in 2050 and only to 32.9 in 2100, slightly less than what it was in the China region in 2005. There are large differences in the regional patterns of ageing. In North America, the median age adjusted for life expectancy change falls throughout almost the entire century, whereas the conventional median age increases significantly. Our assessment of trends in ageing is based on new probabilistic population forecasts. The probability that growth in the world's population will end during this century is 88%, somewhat higher than previously assessed. After mid-century, lower rates of population growth are likely to coincide with slower rates of ageing.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lutz, Wolfgang -- Sanderson, Warren -- Scherbov, Sergei -- England -- Nature. 2008 Feb 7;451(7179):716-9. doi: 10.1038/nature06516. Epub 2008 Jan 20.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉World Population Program, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Schlossplatz 1, A-2361 Laxenburg, Austria. lutz@iiasa.ac.at〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18204438" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Age Distribution ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Aging/physiology ; Emigration and Immigration ; *Geography ; Humans ; *Internationality ; Life Expectancy/ethnology/*trends ; Longevity ; Middle Aged ; Mortality/trends ; Population Density ; Time Factors
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    Scaling laws of marine predator search behaviour (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2008-02-29
    Description: Many free-ranging predators have to make foraging decisions with little, if any, knowledge of present resource distribution and availability. The optimal search strategy they should use to maximize encounter rates with prey in heterogeneous natural environments remains a largely unresolved issue in ecology. Levy walks are specialized random walks giving rise to fractal movement trajectories that may represent an optimal solution for searching complex landscapes. However, the adaptive significance of this putative strategy in response to natural prey distributions remains untested. Here we analyse over a million movement displacements recorded from animal-attached electronic tags to show that diverse marine predators-sharks, bony fishes, sea turtles and penguins-exhibit Levy-walk-like behaviour close to a theoretical optimum. Prey density distributions also display Levy-like fractal patterns, suggesting response movements by predators to prey distributions. Simulations show that predators have higher encounter rates when adopting Levy-type foraging in natural-like prey fields compared with purely random landscapes. This is consistent with the hypothesis that observed search patterns are adapted to observed statistical patterns of the landscape. This may explain why Levy-like behaviour seems to be widespread among diverse organisms, from microbes to humans, as a 'rule' that evolved in response to patchy resource distributions.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sims, David W -- Southall, Emily J -- Humphries, Nicolas E -- Hays, Graeme C -- Bradshaw, Corey J A -- Pitchford, Jonathan W -- James, Alex -- Ahmed, Mohammed Z -- Brierley, Andrew S -- Hindell, Mark A -- Morritt, David -- Musyl, Michael K -- Righton, David -- Shepard, Emily L C -- Wearmouth, Victoria J -- Wilson, Rory P -- Witt, Matthew J -- Metcalfe, Julian D -- England -- Nature. 2008 Feb 28;451(7182):1098-102. doi: 10.1038/nature06518.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, The Laboratory, Citadel Hill, Plymouth PL1 2PB, UK. dws@mba.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18305542" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Ecosystem ; Euphausiacea ; *Feeding Behavior ; Fractals ; Gadiformes ; *Marine Biology ; *Models, Biological ; *Motor Activity ; Oceans and Seas ; Population Density ; *Predatory Behavior ; Probability ; Seals, Earless ; Sharks ; Spheniscidae ; Tuna ; Turtles
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    Formation of accumbens GluR2-lacking AMPA receptors mediates incubation of cocaine craving (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2008-05-27
    Description: Relapse to cocaine use after prolonged abstinence is an important clinical problem. This relapse is often induced by exposure to cues associated with cocaine use. To account for the persistent propensity for relapse, it has been suggested that cue-induced cocaine craving increases over the first several weeks of abstinence and remains high for extended periods. We and others identified an analogous phenomenon in rats that was termed 'incubation of cocaine craving': time-dependent increases in cue-induced cocaine-seeking over the first months after withdrawal from self-administered cocaine. Cocaine-seeking requires the activation of glutamate projections that excite receptors for alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid (AMPA) in the nucleus accumbens. Here we show that the number of synaptic AMPA receptors in the accumbens is increased after prolonged withdrawal from cocaine self-administration by the addition of new AMPA receptors lacking glutamate receptor 2 (GluR2). Furthermore, we show that these new receptors mediate the incubation of cocaine craving. Our results indicate that GluR2-lacking AMPA receptors could be a new target for drug development for the treatment of cocaine addiction. We propose that after prolonged withdrawal from cocaine, increased numbers of synaptic AMPA receptors combined with the higher conductance of GluR2-lacking AMPA receptors causes increased reactivity of accumbens neurons to cocaine-related cues, leading to an intensification of drug craving and relapse.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2574981/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2574981/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Conrad, Kelly L -- Tseng, Kuei Y -- Uejima, Jamie L -- Reimers, Jeremy M -- Heng, Li-Jun -- Shaham, Yavin -- Marinelli, Michela -- Wolf, Marina E -- DA00453/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- DA015835/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- DA020654/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- DA09621/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- Z01 DA000434-08/Intramural NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2008 Jul 3;454(7200):118-21. doi: 10.1038/nature06995. Epub 2008 May 25.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Neuroscience, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, 3333 Green Bay Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18500330" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Cocaine ; Cocaine-Related Disorders/genetics/metabolism/*physiopathology ; Cues ; Gene Expression Regulation ; Male ; Nucleus Accumbens/*metabolism/physiopathology ; Rats ; Rats, Long-Evans ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Receptors, AMPA/deficiency/genetics/*metabolism ; Self Administration ; Time Factors
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    Big data: How do your data grow? (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2008-09-05
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lynch, Clifford -- England -- Nature. 2008 Sep 4;455(7209):28-9. doi: 10.1038/455028a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Coalition for Networked Information, 21 Dupont Circle, Washington DC 20036, USA. cliff@cni.org〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18769419" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Archives ; Databases, Factual/economics/standards ; Humans ; Information Management/economics/*methods/organization & ; administration/*standards ; Information Storage and Retrieval/economics/methods/standards ; Research/economics/organization & administration/standards ; *Research Design ; Time Factors
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    Spatio-temporal correlations and visual signalling in a complete neuronal population (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2008-07-25
    Description: Statistical dependencies in the responses of sensory neurons govern both the amount of stimulus information conveyed and the means by which downstream neurons can extract it. Although a variety of measurements indicate the existence of such dependencies, their origin and importance for neural coding are poorly understood. Here we analyse the functional significance of correlated firing in a complete population of macaque parasol retinal ganglion cells using a model of multi-neuron spike responses. The model, with parameters fit directly to physiological data, simultaneously captures both the stimulus dependence and detailed spatio-temporal correlations in population responses, and provides two insights into the structure of the neural code. First, neural encoding at the population level is less noisy than one would expect from the variability of individual neurons: spike times are more precise, and can be predicted more accurately when the spiking of neighbouring neurons is taken into account. Second, correlations provide additional sensory information: optimal, model-based decoding that exploits the response correlation structure extracts 20% more information about the visual scene than decoding under the assumption of independence, and preserves 40% more visual information than optimal linear decoding. This model-based approach reveals the role of correlated activity in the retinal coding of visual stimuli, and provides a general framework for understanding the importance of correlated activity in populations of neurons.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2684455/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2684455/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pillow, Jonathan W -- Shlens, Jonathon -- Paninski, Liam -- Sher, Alexander -- Litke, Alan M -- Chichilnisky, E J -- Simoncelli, Eero P -- EY018003/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- R01 EY018003/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- R01 EY018003-01/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- R01 EY018003-02/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- R01 EY018003-03/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2008 Aug 21;454(7207):995-9. doi: 10.1038/nature07140. Epub 2008 Jul 23.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Gatsby Computational Neuroscience Unit, UCL, 17 Queen Square, London WC1N 3AR, UK. pillow@gatsby.ucl.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18650810" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Action Potentials ; Animals ; Macaca mulatta/*physiology ; *Models, Neurological ; Photic Stimulation ; Retinal Ganglion Cells/*physiology ; Time Factors ; Vision, Ocular/*physiology
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    Old-growth forests as global carbon sinks (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2008-09-12
    Description: Old-growth forests remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere at rates that vary with climate and nitrogen deposition. The sequestered carbon dioxide is stored in live woody tissues and slowly decomposing organic matter in litter and soil. Old-growth forests therefore serve as a global carbon dioxide sink, but they are not protected by international treaties, because it is generally thought that ageing forests cease to accumulate carbon. Here we report a search of literature and databases for forest carbon-flux estimates. We find that in forests between 15 and 800 years of age, net ecosystem productivity (the net carbon balance of the forest including soils) is usually positive. Our results demonstrate that old-growth forests can continue to accumulate carbon, contrary to the long-standing view that they are carbon neutral. Over 30 per cent of the global forest area is unmanaged primary forest, and this area contains the remaining old-growth forests. Half of the primary forests (6 x 10(8) hectares) are located in the boreal and temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere. On the basis of our analysis, these forests alone sequester about 1.3 +/- 0.5 gigatonnes of carbon per year. Thus, our findings suggest that 15 per cent of the global forest area, which is currently not considered when offsetting increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations, provides at least 10 per cent of the global net ecosystem productivity. Old-growth forests accumulate carbon for centuries and contain large quantities of it. We expect, however, that much of this carbon, even soil carbon, will move back to the atmosphere if these forests are disturbed.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Luyssaert, Sebastiaan -- Schulze, E-Detlef -- Borner, Annett -- Knohl, Alexander -- Hessenmoller, Dominik -- Law, Beverly E -- Ciais, Philippe -- Grace, John -- England -- Nature. 2008 Sep 11;455(7210):213-5. doi: 10.1038/nature07276.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium. sebastiaan.luyssaert@ua.ac.be〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18784722" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Atmosphere/chemistry ; Biomass ; Carbon/*metabolism ; Carbon Dioxide/metabolism ; Databases, Factual ; Disasters ; *Ecosystem ; History, 15th Century ; History, 16th Century ; History, 17th Century ; History, 18th Century ; History, 19th Century ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; History, Ancient ; History, Medieval ; Human Activities ; Time Factors ; Trees/*metabolism
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    Open debate could slow flu vaccine production (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2008-08-23
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Inglis, Stephen -- Wood, John -- Minor, Philip -- England -- Nature. 2008 Aug 21;454(7207):939. doi: 10.1038/454939c.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18719565" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Drug Industry/organization & administration/standards ; Humans ; Influenza Vaccines/classification/standards/*supply & distribution ; Orthomyxoviridae/physiology ; Orthomyxoviridae Infections/prevention & control ; Time Factors ; Virus Cultivation ; World Health Organization
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    Beyond the notes (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2008-06-27
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cook, Nicholas -- England -- Nature. 2008 Jun 26;453(7199):1186-7. doi: 10.1038/4531186a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉AHRC Research Centre for the History and Analysis of Recorded Music, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18580933" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acoustic Stimulation ; Humans ; Music/*psychology ; Time Factors
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    Polo-like kinase-1 is activated by aurora A to promote checkpoint recovery (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2008-07-11
    Description: Polo-like kinase-1 (PLK1) is an essential mitotic kinase regulating multiple aspects of the cell division process. Activation of PLK1 requires phosphorylation of a conserved threonine residue (Thr 210) in the T-loop of the PLK1 kinase domain, but the kinase responsible for this has not yet been affirmatively identified. Here we show that in human cells PLK1 activation occurs several hours before entry into mitosis, and requires aurora A (AURKA, also known as STK6)-dependent phosphorylation of Thr 210. We find that aurora A can directly phosphorylate PLK1 on Thr 210, and that activity of aurora A towards PLK1 is greatly enhanced by Bora (also known as C13orf34 and FLJ22624), a known cofactor for aurora A (ref. 7). We show that Bora/aurora-A-dependent phosphorylation is a prerequisite for PLK1 to promote mitotic entry after a checkpoint-dependent arrest. Importantly, expression of a PLK1-T210D phospho-mimicking mutant partially overcomes the requirement for aurora A in checkpoint recovery. Taken together, these data demonstrate that the initial activation of PLK1 is a primary function of aurora A.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Macurek, Libor -- Lindqvist, Arne -- Lim, Dan -- Lampson, Michael A -- Klompmaker, Rob -- Freire, Raimundo -- Clouin, Christophe -- Taylor, Stephen S -- Yaffe, Michael B -- Medema, Rene H -- CA112967/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- GM-60594/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2008 Sep 4;455(7209):119-23. doi: 10.1038/nature07185. Epub 2008 Jul 9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht 3584CG, The Netherlands.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18615013" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Aurora Kinase A ; Aurora Kinases ; Cell Cycle/*physiology ; Cell Cycle Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Cell Line ; DNA Damage ; Enzyme Activation ; Humans ; Mitosis ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Phosphorylation ; Phosphothreonine/metabolism ; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases/genetics/*metabolism ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Time Factors
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    Costa Rica's biotech project still on track for end of year (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2008-05-30
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Corrales, Antonieta -- England -- Nature. 2008 May 29;453(7195):586. doi: 10.1038/453586b.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18509417" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Biotechnology/economics/organization & administration/standards/*trends ; Costa Rica ; European Union/economics ; Time Factors
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    High-amplitude fluctuations and alternative dynamical states of midges in Lake Myvatn (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2008-03-07
    Description: Complex dynamics are often shown by simple ecological models and have been clearly demonstrated in laboratory and natural systems. Yet many classes of theoretically possible dynamics are still poorly documented in nature. Here we study long-term time-series data of a midge, Tanytarsus gracilentus (Diptera: Chironomidae), in Lake Myvatn, Iceland. The midge undergoes density fluctuations of almost six orders of magnitude. Rather than regular cycles, however, these fluctuations have irregular periods of 4-7 years, indicating complex dynamics. We fit three consumer-resource models capable of qualitatively distinct dynamics to the data. Of these, the best-fitting model shows alternative dynamical states in the absence of environmental variability; depending on the initial midge densities, the model shows either fluctuations around a fixed point or high-amplitude cycles. This explains the observed complex population dynamics: high-amplitude but irregular fluctuations occur because stochastic variability causes the dynamics to switch between domains of attraction to the alternative states. In the model, the amplitude of fluctuations depends strongly on minute resource subsidies into the midge habitat. These resource subsidies may be sensitive to human-caused changes in the hydrology of the lake, with human impacts such as dredging leading to higher-amplitude fluctuations. Tanytarsus gracilentus is a key component of the Myvatn ecosystem, representing two-thirds of the secondary productivity of the lake and providing vital food resources to fish and to breeding bird populations. Therefore the high-amplitude, irregular fluctuations in midge densities generated by alternative dynamical states dominate much of the ecology of the lake.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ives, Anthony R -- Einarsson, Arni -- Jansen, Vincent A A -- Gardarsson, Arnthor -- England -- Nature. 2008 Mar 6;452(7183):84-7. doi: 10.1038/nature06610.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Zoology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA. arives@wisc.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18322533" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Chironomidae/*physiology ; Computer Simulation ; *Ecosystem ; Eukaryota/physiology ; Food ; *Fresh Water ; Iceland ; Models, Biological ; Population Density ; Stochastic Processes
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    Population biology: Case of the absent lemmings (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2008-11-07
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Coulson, Tim -- Malo, Aurelio -- England -- Nature. 2008 Nov 6;456(7218):43-4. doi: 10.1038/456043a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18987726" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Arvicolinae/*physiology ; *Ecosystem ; Female ; *Greenhouse Effect ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Norway ; Population Dynamics ; Seasons ; Snow ; Temperature
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    Replication fork movement sets chromatin loop size and origin choice in mammalian cells (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2008-08-22
    Description: Genome stability requires one, and only one, DNA duplication at each S phase. The mechanisms preventing origin firing on newly replicated DNA are well documented, but much less is known about the mechanisms controlling the spacing of initiation events(2,3), namely the completion of DNA replication. Here we show that origin use in Chinese hamster cells depends on both the movement of the replication forks and the organization of chromatin loops. We found that slowing the replication speed triggers the recruitment of latent origins within minutes, allowing the completion of S phase in a timely fashion. When slowly replicating cells are shifted to conditions of fast fork progression, although the decrease in the overall number of active origins occurs within 2 h, the cells still have to go through a complete cell cycle before the efficiency specific to each origin is restored. We observed a strict correlation between replication speed during a given S phase and the size of chromatin loops in the next G1 phase. Furthermore, we found that origins located at or near sites of anchorage of chromatin loops in G1 are activated preferentially in the following S phase. These data suggest a mechanism of origin programming in which replication speed determines the spacing of anchorage regions of chromatin loops, that, in turn, controls the choice of initiation sites.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Courbet, Sylvain -- Gay, Sophie -- Arnoult, Nausica -- Wronka, Gerd -- Anglana, Mauro -- Brison, Olivier -- Debatisse, Michelle -- England -- Nature. 2008 Sep 25;455(7212):557-60. doi: 10.1038/nature07233. Epub 2008 Aug 17.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institut Curie, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75248 Paris, France; UPMC Univ. Paris 06, F-75005 Paris, France.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18716622" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cell Line ; Chromatin/genetics/*metabolism ; Cricetinae ; Cricetulus ; DNA/biosynthesis/genetics ; DNA Replication/*physiology ; G1 Phase ; *Movement ; Nuclear Matrix/metabolism ; Replication Origin/*genetics ; S Phase ; Time Factors
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    Polar bear numbers set to fall (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2008-05-24
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Courtland, Rachel -- England -- Nature. 2008 May 22;453(7194):432-3. doi: 10.1038/453432a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18497777" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Arctic Regions ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*legislation & jurisprudence/trends ; *Greenhouse Effect ; *Ice Cover ; Internationality ; Population Density ; Time Factors ; United States ; Ursidae/*physiology
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    Neuroscience: Cool songs (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2008-11-14
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Glaze, Chris M -- Troyer, Todd -- England -- Nature. 2008 Nov 13;456(7219):187-8. doi: 10.1038/456187a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19005545" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Cold Temperature ; Finches/*physiology ; High Vocal Center/physiology ; Time Factors ; Vocalization, Animal/*physiology
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    Chaos in a long-term experiment with a plankton community (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2008-02-15
    Description: Mathematical models predict that species interactions such as competition and predation can generate chaos. However, experimental demonstrations of chaos in ecology are scarce, and have been limited to simple laboratory systems with a short duration and artificial species combinations. Here, we present the first experimental demonstration of chaos in a long-term experiment with a complex food web. Our food web was isolated from the Baltic Sea, and consisted of bacteria, several phytoplankton species, herbivorous and predatory zooplankton species, and detritivores. The food web was cultured in a laboratory mesocosm, and sampled twice a week for more than 2,300 days. Despite constant external conditions, the species abundances showed striking fluctuations over several orders of magnitude. These fluctuations displayed a variety of different periodicities, which could be attributed to different species interactions in the food web. The population dynamics were characterized by positive Lyapunov exponents of similar magnitude for each species. Predictability was limited to a time horizon of 15-30 days, only slightly longer than the local weather forecast. Hence, our results demonstrate that species interactions in food webs can generate chaos. This implies that stability is not required for the persistence of complex food webs, and that the long-term prediction of species abundances can be fundamentally impossible.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Beninca, Elisa -- Huisman, Jef -- Heerkloss, Reinhard -- Johnk, Klaus D -- Branco, Pedro -- Van Nes, Egbert H -- Scheffer, Marten -- Ellner, Stephen P -- England -- Nature. 2008 Feb 14;451(7180):822-5. doi: 10.1038/nature06512.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Aquatic Microbiology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 127, 1018 WS Amsterdam, The Netherlands.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18273017" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Bacteria/metabolism ; *Food Chain ; Models, Biological ; *Nonlinear Dynamics ; Oceans and Seas ; Plankton/*metabolism ; Population Dynamics ; Species Specificity ; Time Factors
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    The Red List still matters (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2008-10-10
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉England -- Nature. 2008 Oct 9;455(7214):707-8. doi: 10.1038/455707b.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18843306" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biodiversity ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; *Ecosystem ; *Extinction, Biological ; Greenhouse Effect
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    New York to police air monitoring (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2008-02-01
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Courtland, Rachel -- England -- Nature. 2008 Jan 31;451(7178):508. doi: 10.1038/451508a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18235463" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Environmental Monitoring/instrumentation/*legislation & jurisprudence ; *Law Enforcement ; New York City ; Police/*legislation & jurisprudence ; Security Measures/legislation & jurisprudence ; Terrorism/prevention & control ; Time Factors ; United States ; United States Department of Homeland Security/legislation & jurisprudence
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    Transient FTY720 treatment promotes immune-mediated clearance of a chronic viral infection (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2008-08-16
    Description: For a wide variety of microbial pathogens, the outcome of the infection is indeterminate. In some individuals the microbe is cleared, but in others it establishes a chronic infection, and the factors that tip this balance are often unknown. In a widely used model of chronic viral infection, C57BL/6 mice clear the Armstrong strain of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV), but the clone 13 strain persists. Here we show that the Armstrong strain induces a profound lymphopenia at days 1-3 after infection, but the clone 13 strain does not. If we transiently augment lymphopenia by treating the clone-13-infected mice with the drug FTY720 at days 0-2 after infection, the mice successfully clear the infection by day 30. Clearance does not occur when CD4 T cells are absent at the time of treatment, indicating that the drug is not exerting direct antiviral effects. Notably, FTY720 treatment of an already established persistent infection also leads to viral clearance. In both models, FTY720 treatment preserves or augments LCMV-specific CD4 and CD8 T-cell responses, a result that is counter-intuitive because FTY720 is generally regarded as a new immunosuppressive agent. Because FTY720 targets host pathways that are completely evolutionarily conserved, our results may be translatable into new immunotherapies for the treatment of chronic microbial infections in humans.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Premenko-Lanier, Mary -- Moseley, Nelson B -- Pruett, Sarah T -- Romagnoli, Pablo A -- Altman, John D -- 5F32AI062002/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI042373/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2008 Aug 14;454(7206):894-8. doi: 10.1038/nature07199.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Emory Vaccine Center and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center and Emory University School of Medicine, 954 Gatewood Road, Atlanta, Georgia 30329, USA. mflanie@emory.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18704087" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Chronic Disease ; Fingolimod Hydrochloride ; Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis/complications/*drug therapy/*immunology/prevention & ; control ; Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus/*immunology/physiology ; Lymphopenia/etiology ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Propylene Glycols/administration & dosage/*pharmacology/*therapeutic use ; Sphingosine/administration & dosage/*analogs & ; derivatives/pharmacology/therapeutic use ; T-Lymphocytes/drug effects/immunology ; Time Factors
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    Microbiology: straight from the gut (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2008-05-30
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mandavilli, Apoorva -- England -- Nature. 2008 May 29;453(7195):581-2. doi: 10.1038/453581a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18509413" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Defensins/metabolism ; *Ecosystem ; Feces/*microbiology ; Female ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Intestines/*microbiology/*transplantation ; Models, Biological ; Nod2 Signaling Adaptor Protein/genetics/metabolism
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    Increasing risk of Amazonian drought due to decreasing aerosol pollution (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2008-05-10
    Description: The Amazon rainforest plays a crucial role in the climate system, helping to drive atmospheric circulations in the tropics by absorbing energy and recycling about half of the rainfall that falls on it. This region (Amazonia) is also estimated to contain about one-tenth of the total carbon stored in land ecosystems, and to account for one-tenth of global, net primary productivity. The resilience of the forest to the combined pressures of deforestation and global warming is therefore of great concern, especially as some general circulation models (GCMs) predict a severe drying of Amazonia in the twenty-first century. Here we analyse these climate projections with reference to the 2005 drought in western Amazonia, which was associated with unusually warm North Atlantic sea surface temperatures (SSTs). We show that reduction of dry-season (July-October) rainfall in western Amazonia correlates well with an index of the north-south SST gradient across the equatorial Atlantic (the 'Atlantic N-S gradient'). Our climate model is unusual among current GCMs in that it is able to reproduce this relationship and also the observed twentieth-century multidecadal variability in the Atlantic N-S gradient, provided that the effects of aerosols are included in the model. Simulations for the twenty-first century using the same model show a strong tendency for the SST conditions associated with the 2005 drought to become much more common, owing to continuing reductions in reflective aerosol pollution in the Northern Hemisphere.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cox, Peter M -- Harris, Phil P -- Huntingford, Chris -- Betts, Richard A -- Collins, Matthew -- Jones, Chris D -- Jupp, Tim E -- Marengo, Jose A -- Nobre, Carlos A -- England -- Nature. 2008 May 8;453(7192):212-5. doi: 10.1038/nature06960.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉School of Engineering, Computing and Mathematics, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QF, UK. p.m.cox@exeter.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18464740" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Aerosols/*analysis ; Atlantic Ocean ; Carbon Dioxide/analysis ; Disasters/history/*statistics & numerical data ; *Ecosystem ; Environmental Pollution/*statistics & numerical data ; *Greenhouse Effect ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; *Models, Theoretical ; Pacific Ocean ; Probability ; Rain ; Seasons ; South America ; Temperature ; Trees/*physiology
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    Template-directed synthesis of a genetic polymer in a model protocell (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2008-06-06
    Description: Contemporary phospholipid-based cell membranes are formidable barriers to the uptake of polar and charged molecules ranging from metal ions to complex nutrients. Modern cells therefore require sophisticated protein channels and pumps to mediate the exchange of molecules with their environment. The strong barrier function of membranes has made it difficult to understand the origin of cellular life and has been thought to preclude a heterotrophic lifestyle for primitive cells. Although nucleotides can cross dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine membranes through defects formed at the gel-to-liquid transition temperature, phospholipid membranes lack the dynamic properties required for membrane growth. Fatty acids and their corresponding alcohols and glycerol monoesters are attractive candidates for the components of protocell membranes because they are simple amphiphiles that form bilayer membrane vesicles that retain encapsulated oligonucleotides and are capable of growth and division. Here we show that such membranes allow the passage of charged molecules such as nucleotides, so that activated nucleotides added to the outside of a model protocell spontaneously cross the membrane and take part in efficient template copying in the protocell interior. The permeability properties of prebiotically plausible membranes suggest that primitive protocells could have acquired complex nutrients from their environment in the absence of any macromolecular transport machinery; that is, they could have been obligate heterotrophs.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2743009/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2743009/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mansy, Sheref S -- Schrum, Jason P -- Krishnamurthy, Mathangi -- Tobe, Sylvia -- Treco, Douglas A -- Szostak, Jack W -- F32 GM074506-01/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- F32 GM07450601/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- England -- Nature. 2008 Jul 3;454(7200):122-5. doi: 10.1038/nature07018. Epub 2008 Jun 4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular Biology and the Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18528332" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Biological Transport ; Cell Membrane/chemistry/*metabolism ; Cell Membrane Permeability/physiology ; *Cell Physiological Phenomena ; Fatty Acids/metabolism ; Heterotrophic Processes ; *Models, Biological ; Nucleotides/metabolism ; Oligonucleotides/*metabolism ; Ribose/metabolism ; Templates, Genetic ; Time Factors
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    Financial planning (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2008-08-08
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Goldston, David -- England -- Nature. 2008 Aug 7;454(7205):680. doi: 10.1038/454680a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉House Committee on Science. partyofonecolumn@gmail.com〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18685673" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Budgets/*legislation & jurisprudence/*trends ; *Federal Government ; *Politics ; Research Support as Topic/economics/*legislation & jurisprudence ; Science/*economics/legislation & jurisprudence ; Time Factors ; United States
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    Evolutionary biology: a first for bats (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2008-02-14
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Speakman, John -- England -- Nature. 2008 Feb 14;451(7180):774-5. doi: 10.1038/451774a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18270540" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Chiroptera/anatomy & histology/*physiology ; Cochlea/anatomy & histology/physiology ; Darkness ; Echolocation/*physiology ; Extremities/anatomy & histology/physiology ; Flight, Animal/*physiology ; Fossils ; Models, Biological ; Time Factors ; Wyoming
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    Following translation by single ribosomes one codon at a time (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2008-03-11
    Description: We have followed individual ribosomes as they translate single messenger RNA hairpins tethered by the ends to optical tweezers. Here we reveal that translation occurs through successive translocation--and-pause cycles. The distribution of pause lengths, with a median of 2.8 s, indicates that at least two rate-determining processes control each pause. Each translocation step measures three bases--one codon-and occurs in less than 0.1 s. Analysis of the times required for translocation reveals, surprisingly, that there are three substeps in each step. Pause lengths, and thus the overall rate of translation, depend on the secondary structure of the mRNA; the applied force destabilizes secondary structure and decreases pause durations, but does not affect translocation times. Translocation and RNA unwinding are strictly coupled ribosomal functions.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2556548/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2556548/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wen, Jin-Der -- Lancaster, Laura -- Hodges, Courtney -- Zeri, Ana-Carolina -- Yoshimura, Shige H -- Noller, Harry F -- Bustamante, Carlos -- Tinoco, Ignacio -- R01 GM010840/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM010840-49/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM010840-50/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2008 Apr 3;452(7187):598-603. doi: 10.1038/nature06716. Epub 2008 Mar 9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18327250" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Aminoacylation ; Base Pairing ; Codon/*genetics ; Kinetics ; *Optical Tweezers ; Protein Biosynthesis/*physiology ; RNA, Messenger/chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; RNA, Transfer/genetics/metabolism ; Ribosomes/*metabolism ; Time Factors
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    Innate immunity and intestinal microbiota in the development of Type 1 diabetes (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2008-09-23
    Description: Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a debilitating autoimmune disease that results from T-cell-mediated destruction of insulin-producing beta-cells. Its incidence has increased during the past several decades in developed countries, suggesting that changes in the environment (including the human microbial environment) may influence disease pathogenesis. The incidence of spontaneous T1D in non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice can be affected by the microbial environment in the animal housing facility or by exposure to microbial stimuli, such as injection with mycobacteria or various microbial products. Here we show that specific pathogen-free NOD mice lacking MyD88 protein (an adaptor for multiple innate immune receptors that recognize microbial stimuli) do not develop T1D. The effect is dependent on commensal microbes because germ-free MyD88-negative NOD mice develop robust diabetes, whereas colonization of these germ-free MyD88-negative NOD mice with a defined microbial consortium (representing bacterial phyla normally present in human gut) attenuates T1D. We also find that MyD88 deficiency changes the composition of the distal gut microbiota, and that exposure to the microbiota of specific pathogen-free MyD88-negative NOD donors attenuates T1D in germ-free NOD recipients. Together, these findings indicate that interaction of the intestinal microbes with the innate immune system is a critical epigenetic factor modifying T1D predisposition.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2574766/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2574766/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wen, Li -- Ley, Ruth E -- Volchkov, Pavel Yu -- Stranges, Peter B -- Avanesyan, Lia -- Stonebraker, Austin C -- Hu, Changyun -- Wong, F Susan -- Szot, Gregory L -- Bluestone, Jeffrey A -- Gordon, Jeffrey I -- Chervonsky, Alexander V -- DK063452/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- DK30292/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- DK42086/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- DK45735/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- DK70977/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- P30 DK042086/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- P30 DK042086-16/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- P30 DK045735/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- P30 DK045735-10/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- P30 DK045735-119006/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- P30 DK056341/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- P30 DK056341-07/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- P30 DK056341-08/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- P30 DK063720/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- P30 DK063720-01/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- P30 DK63720/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R01 DK030292/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R01 DK030292-24/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R01 DK070977/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R01 DK070977-04/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R21 DK063452/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R21 DK063452-02/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R37 AI046643/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R37 AI046643-10/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R37 AI46643/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2008 Oct 23;455(7216):1109-13. doi: 10.1038/nature07336. Epub 2008 Sep 21.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Section of Endocrinology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18806780" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Bacteria/classification/genetics/*immunology/isolation & purification ; CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/genetics/*immunology/*microbiology ; Female ; Immunity, Innate/genetics/*immunology ; Interferon-gamma/immunology ; Intestines/*microbiology ; Islets of Langerhans/pathology ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred NOD ; Mice, Knockout ; Mice, SCID ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88/genetics ; Phylogeny ; Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms ; Time Factors
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    Handle with care (2008)
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    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-09-19
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉England -- Nature. 2008 Sep 18;455(7211):263-4. doi: 10.1038/455263b.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18800078" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Ecology/*methods/trends ; *Ecosystem ; *Human Activities ; Nature
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Hazy reasoning behind clean air (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2008-04-04
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Goldston, David -- England -- Nature. 2008 Apr 3;452(7187):519. doi: 10.1038/452519a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Harvard University's Center for the Environment. partyofonecolumn@gmail.com〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18385707" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Air Pollution/analysis/*legislation & jurisprudence/prevention & control ; *Federal Government ; Humans ; Ozone/analysis/toxicity ; Plants/drug effects ; Smog/analysis/prevention & control ; Time Factors ; Uncertainty ; United States ; United States Environmental Protection Agency/*legislation & jurisprudence
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    The amphioxus genome and the evolution of the chordate karyotype (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2008-06-20
    Description: Lancelets ('amphioxus') are the modern survivors of an ancient chordate lineage, with a fossil record dating back to the Cambrian period. Here we describe the structure and gene content of the highly polymorphic approximately 520-megabase genome of the Florida lancelet Branchiostoma floridae, and analyse it in the context of chordate evolution. Whole-genome comparisons illuminate the murky relationships among the three chordate groups (tunicates, lancelets and vertebrates), and allow not only reconstruction of the gene complement of the last common chordate ancestor but also partial reconstruction of its genomic organization, as well as a description of two genome-wide duplications and subsequent reorganizations in the vertebrate lineage. These genome-scale events shaped the vertebrate genome and provided additional genetic variation for exploitation during vertebrate evolution.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Putnam, Nicholas H -- Butts, Thomas -- Ferrier, David E K -- Furlong, Rebecca F -- Hellsten, Uffe -- Kawashima, Takeshi -- Robinson-Rechavi, Marc -- Shoguchi, Eiichi -- Terry, Astrid -- Yu, Jr-Kai -- Benito-Gutierrez, E Lia -- Dubchak, Inna -- Garcia-Fernandez, Jordi -- Gibson-Brown, Jeremy J -- Grigoriev, Igor V -- Horton, Amy C -- de Jong, Pieter J -- Jurka, Jerzy -- Kapitonov, Vladimir V -- Kohara, Yuji -- Kuroki, Yoko -- Lindquist, Erika -- Lucas, Susan -- Osoegawa, Kazutoyo -- Pennacchio, Len A -- Salamov, Asaf A -- Satou, Yutaka -- Sauka-Spengler, Tatjana -- Schmutz, Jeremy -- Shin-I, Tadasu -- Toyoda, Atsushi -- Bronner-Fraser, Marianne -- Fujiyama, Asao -- Holland, Linda Z -- Holland, Peter W H -- Satoh, Nori -- Rokhsar, Daniel S -- BBS/B/12067/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom -- BBS/B/12067/2/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom -- Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom -- Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- England -- Nature. 2008 Jun 19;453(7198):1064-71. doi: 10.1038/nature06967.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, California 94598, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18563158" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Chordata/classification/*genetics ; Conserved Sequence ; DNA Transposable Elements/genetics ; *Evolution, Molecular ; Gene Duplication ; Genes/genetics ; Genetic Linkage ; Genome/*genetics ; Humans ; Introns/genetics ; Karyotyping ; Multigene Family ; Phylogeny ; Polymorphism, Genetic/genetics ; Proteins/genetics ; Synteny ; Time Factors ; Vertebrates/classification/genetics
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    Ecology: The heart of the wood (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2008-09-19
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Marris, Emma -- England -- Nature. 2008 Sep 18;455(7211):277-80. doi: 10.1038/455277a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18800107" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Conservation of Natural Resources/methods ; *Ecosystem ; Human Activities ; Models, Biological ; Nature ; Poland ; Time Factors ; *Trees/physiology
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    Control of segment number in vertebrate embryos (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2008-06-20
    Description: The vertebrate body axis is subdivided into repeated segments, best exemplified by the vertebrae that derive from embryonic somites. The number of somites is precisely defined for any given species but varies widely from one species to another. To determine the mechanism controlling somite number, we have compared somitogenesis in zebrafish, chicken, mouse and corn snake embryos. Here we present evidence that in all of these species a similar 'clock-and-wavefront' mechanism operates to control somitogenesis; in all of them, somitogenesis is brought to an end through a process in which the presomitic mesoderm, having first increased in size, gradually shrinks until it is exhausted, terminating somite formation. In snake embryos, however, the segmentation clock rate is much faster relative to developmental rate than in other amniotes, leading to a greatly increased number of smaller-sized somites.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gomez, Celine -- Ozbudak, Ertugrul M -- Wunderlich, Joshua -- Baumann, Diana -- Lewis, Julian -- Pourquie, Olivier -- Cancer Research UK/United Kingdom -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- England -- Nature. 2008 Jul 17;454(7202):335-9. doi: 10.1038/nature07020. Epub 2008 Jun 18.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, Missouri 64110, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18563087" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Body Patterning/genetics ; Chick Embryo/*embryology ; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental ; Mice/*embryology ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Snakes/*embryology ; Somites/*embryology ; Time Factors ; Zebrafish/*embryology
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    Slow shipping hobbles Chinese science (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2008-12-05
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cyranoski, David -- England -- Nature. 2008 Dec 4;456(7222):550-1. doi: 10.1038/456550a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19052587" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cell Line ; China ; Commerce/economics ; Indicators and Reagents/*supply & distribution ; Mice ; *Postal Service/economics ; Science/economics/*instrumentation ; Time Factors
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    Imaging the biogenesis of individual HIV-1 virions in live cells (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2008-05-27
    Description: Observations of individual virions in live cells have led to the characterization of their attachment, entry and intracellular transport. However, the assembly of individual virions has never been observed in real time. Insights into this process have come primarily from biochemical analyses of populations of virions or from microscopic studies of fixed infected cells. Thus, some assembly properties, such as kinetics and location, are either unknown or controversial. Here we describe quantitatively the genesis of individual virions in real time, from initiation of assembly to budding and release. We studied fluorescently tagged derivatives of Gag, the major structural component of HIV-1-which is sufficient to drive the assembly of virus-like particles-with the use of fluorescence resonance energy transfer, fluorescence recovery after photobleaching and total-internal-reflection fluorescent microscopy in living cells. Virions appeared individually at the plasma membrane, their assembly rate accelerated as Gag protein accumulated in cells, and typically 5-6 min was required to complete the assembly of a single virion. These approaches allow a previously unobserved view of the genesis of individual virions and the determination of parameters of viral assembly that are inaccessible with conventional techniques.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2708942/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2708942/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Jouvenet, Nolwenn -- Bieniasz, Paul D -- Simon, Sanford M -- P20 GM072015/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- P20 GM072015-01/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- P20 GM072015-02/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- P20 GM072015-02S1/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- P20 GM072015-03/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- P20 GM072015-04/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- P20 GM072015-04S1/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI089844/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM087977/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2008 Jul 10;454(7201):236-40. doi: 10.1038/nature06998. Epub 2008 May 25.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18500329" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Cell Membrane/metabolism ; Cell Survival ; Fluorescence Recovery After Photobleaching ; Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer ; Fluorescent Dyes/*analysis ; HIV-1/genetics/*growth & development/metabolism ; HeLa Cells ; Humans ; Kinetics ; Microscopy, Fluorescence ; Time Factors ; Virion/*growth & development/metabolism ; *Virus Replication ; gag Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus/genetics/metabolism
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    Bagged and boxed: it's a frog's life (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2008-03-28
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Marris, Emma -- England -- Nature. 2008 Mar 27;452(7186):394-5. doi: 10.1038/452394a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18368084" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Animals, Domestic ; Animals, Wild ; Anura/*physiology ; Biodiversity ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; *Ecosystem ; Extinction, Biological ; Female ; Male ; Population Density
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    Acclaimed photo was faked (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2008-02-29
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Qiu, Jane -- England -- Nature. 2008 Feb 28;451(7182):1034-5. doi: 10.1038/4511034b.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18305500" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animal Migration ; Animals ; *Antelopes/physiology ; China ; Ecology ; *Ecosystem ; *Fraud ; *Photography/standards ; *Railroads ; Tibet
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    Japan fast-tracks stem-cell patent (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2008-09-19
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cyranoski, David -- England -- Nature. 2008 Sep 18;455(7211):269. doi: 10.1038/455269b.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18800093" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Aging/physiology ; Animals ; Humans ; Internationality ; Japan ; Mice ; Patents as Topic/*legislation & jurisprudence ; *Pluripotent Stem Cells/cytology ; Time Factors ; United States ; Universities
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    Ancient asexuals: darwinulids not exposed (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2008-05-30
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Martens, Koen -- Schon, Isa -- England -- Nature. 2008 May 29;453(7195):587. doi: 10.1038/453587b.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18509420" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Crustacea/anatomy & histology/*physiology ; Female ; History, 19th Century ; History, Ancient ; Male ; Reproduction, Asexual/*physiology ; Rotifera/*physiology ; Time Factors
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    Neuropathology: Alzheimer's in real time (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2008-02-08
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Masliah, Eliezer -- England -- Nature. 2008 Feb 7;451(7179):638-9. doi: 10.1038/451638a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18256653" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alzheimer Disease/*metabolism/*pathology ; Amyloid beta-Peptides/*metabolism/toxicity ; Animals ; Axons/metabolism ; Dendrites/metabolism ; Disease Models, Animal ; Disease Progression ; Humans ; Mice ; Microglia/metabolism ; Plaque, Amyloid/*metabolism/*pathology ; Time Factors
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    Transient cyclical methylation of promoter DNA (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2008-03-07
    Description: Methylation of CpG dinucleotides is generally associated with epigenetic silencing of transcription and is maintained through cellular division. Multiple CpG sequences are rare in mammalian genomes, but frequently occur at the transcriptional start site of active genes, with most clusters of CpGs being hypomethylated. We reported previously that the proximal region of the trefoil factor 1 (TFF1, also known as pS2) and oestrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha) promoters could be partially methylated by treatment with deacetylase inhibitors, suggesting the possibility of dynamic changes in DNA methylation. Here we show that cyclical methylation and demethylation of CpG dinucleotides, with a periodicity of around 100 min, is characteristic for five selected promoters, including the oestrogen (E2)-responsive pS2 gene, in human cells. When the pS2 gene is actively transcribed, DNA methylation occurs after the cyclical occupancy of ERalpha and RNA polymerase II (polII). Moreover, we report conditions that provoke methylation cycling of the pS2 promoter in cell lines in which pS2 expression is quiescent and the proximal promoter is methylated. This coincides with a low-level re-expression of ERalpha and of pS2 transcripts.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kangaspeska, Sara -- Stride, Brenda -- Metivier, Raphael -- Polycarpou-Schwarz, Maria -- Ibberson, David -- Carmouche, Richard Paul -- Benes, Vladimir -- Gannon, Frank -- Reid, George -- England -- Nature. 2008 Mar 6;452(7183):112-5. doi: 10.1038/nature06640.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstrasse 1, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18322535" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Cell Line, Tumor ; CpG Islands/genetics ; DNA/genetics/*metabolism ; *DNA Methylation/drug effects ; Doxorubicin/pharmacology ; Estrogen Receptor alpha/genetics/metabolism ; *Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects ; Humans ; Promoter Regions, Genetic/*genetics ; RNA Polymerase II/metabolism ; RNA, Messenger/genetics/metabolism ; Time Factors ; Transcription, Genetic/drug effects ; Tumor Suppressor Proteins/genetics
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    Love: you have 4 minutes to choose your perfect mate (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2008-02-15
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kaplan, Matt -- England -- Nature. 2008 Feb 14;451(7180):760-2. doi: 10.1038/451760a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18272991" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Courtship/*psychology ; Decision Making ; Female ; Humans ; *Love ; Male ; Social Sciences/*methods ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Time Factors
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    Stem-cell claim gets cold reception (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2008-03-14
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cyranoski, David -- Baker, Monya -- England -- Nature. 2008 Mar 13;452(7184):132. doi: 10.1038/452132a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18337778" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Adult Stem Cells/*cytology ; Embryonic Stem Cells/*cytology ; Endocytosis ; Genetic Vectors ; Humans ; Male ; *Nanotubes, Carbon/adverse effects ; Peer Review, Research/standards ; Pluripotent Stem Cells/*cytology ; Reproducibility of Results ; Spermatozoa/cytology ; Time Factors ; Transfection/instrumentation/*methods ; Uncertainty
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    Linking climate change to lemming cycles (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2008-11-07
    Description: The population cycles of rodents at northern latitudes have puzzled people for centuries, and their impact is manifest throughout the alpine ecosystem. Climate change is known to be able to drive animal population dynamics between stable and cyclic phases, and has been suggested to cause the recent changes in cyclic dynamics of rodents and their predators. But although predator-rodent interactions are commonly argued to be the cause of the Fennoscandian rodent cycles, the role of the environment in the modulation of such dynamics is often poorly understood in natural systems. Hence, quantitative links between climate-driven processes and rodent dynamics have so far been lacking. Here we show that winter weather and snow conditions, together with density dependence in the net population growth rate, account for the observed population dynamics of the rodent community dominated by lemmings (Lemmus lemmus) in an alpine Norwegian core habitat between 1970 and 1997, and predict the observed absence of rodent peak years after 1994. These local rodent dynamics are coherent with alpine bird dynamics both locally and over all of southern Norway, consistent with the influence of large-scale fluctuations in winter conditions. The relationship between commonly available meteorological data and snow conditions indicates that changes in temperature and humidity, and thus conditions in the subnivean space, seem to markedly affect the dynamics of alpine rodents and their linked groups. The pattern of less regular rodent peaks, and corresponding changes in the overall dynamics of the alpine ecosystem, thus seems likely to prevail over a growing area under projected climate change.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kausrud, Kyrre L -- Mysterud, Atle -- Steen, Harald -- Vik, Jon Olav -- Ostbye, Eivind -- Cazelles, Bernard -- Framstad, Erik -- Eikeset, Anne Maria -- Mysterud, Ivar -- Solhoy, Torstein -- Stenseth, Nils Chr -- England -- Nature. 2008 Nov 6;456(7218):93-7. doi: 10.1038/nature07442.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis, University of Oslo, PO Box 1066 Blindern, N-0316 Oslo, Norway.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18987742" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Arvicolinae/*physiology ; Birds/physiology ; *Ecosystem ; *Greenhouse Effect ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Humidity ; Models, Biological ; Norway ; Population Dynamics ; Seasons ; Snow ; Temperature
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    Complex systems: ecology for bankers (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2008-02-22
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉May, Robert M -- Levin, Simon A -- Sugihara, George -- England -- Nature. 2008 Feb 21;451(7181):893-5. doi: 10.1038/451893a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18288170" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Ecology ; *Economics ; *Ecosystem ; Risk Management
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    Feathers fly over Hawaiian bird (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2008-12-17
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Dalton, Rex -- England -- Nature. 2008 Dec 11;456(7223):682-3. doi: 10.1038/456682a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19079016" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Dissent and Disputes ; *Ecosystem ; Hawaii ; Passeriformes/*physiology ; Research
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    Coherent ecological dynamics induced by large-scale disturbance (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2008-07-18
    Description: Aggregate community-level response to disturbance is a principle concern in ecology because post-disturbance dynamics are integral to the ability of ecosystems to maintain function in an uncertain world. Community-level responses to disturbance can be arrayed along a spectrum ranging from synchronous oscillations where all species rise and fall together, to compensatory dynamics where total biomass remains relatively constant despite fluctuations in the densities of individual species. An important recent insight is that patterns of synchrony and compensation can vary with the timescale of analysis and that spectral time series methods can enable detection of coherent dynamics that would otherwise be obscured by opposing patterns occurring at different scales. Here I show that application of wavelet analysis to experimentally manipulated plankton communities reveals strong synchrony after disturbance. The result is paradoxical because it is well established that these communities contain both disturbance-sensitive and disturbance-tolerant species leading to compensation within functional groups. Theory predicts that compensatory substitution of functionally equivalent species should stabilize ecological communities, yet I found at the whole-community level a large increase in seasonal biomass variation. Resolution of the paradox hinges on patterns of seasonality among species. The compensatory shift in community composition after disturbance resulted in a loss of cold-season dominants, which before disturbance had served to stabilize biomass throughout the year. Species dominating the disturbed community peaked coherently during the warm season, explaining the observed synchrony and increase in seasonal biomass variation. These results suggest that theory relating compensatory dynamics to ecological stability needs to consider not only complementarity in species responses to environmental change, but also seasonal complementarity among disturbance-tolerant and disturbance-sensitive species.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Keitt, Timothy H -- England -- Nature. 2008 Jul 17;454(7202):331-4. doi: 10.1038/nature06935.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Integrative Biology, University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712, USA. tkeitt@mail.utexas.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18633416" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biomass ; Crustacea/physiology ; *Ecosystem ; Fresh Water ; Hot Temperature ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Plankton/*physiology ; Population Dynamics ; Seasons ; Time Factors
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    Guarding the gateway to cortex with attention in visual thalamus (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2008-10-14
    Description: The massive visual input from the eye to the brain requires selective processing of some visual information at the expense of other information, a process referred to as visual attention. Increases in the responses of visual neurons with attention have been extensively studied along the visual processing streams in monkey cerebral cortex, from primary visual areas to parietal and frontal cortex. Here we show, by recording neurons in attending macaque monkeys (Macaca mulatta), that attention modulates visual signals before they even reach cortex by increasing responses of both magnocellular and parvocellular neurons in the first relay between retina and cortex, the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN). At the same time, attention decreases neuronal responses in the adjacent thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN). Crick argued for such modulation of the LGN by observing that it is inhibited by the TRN, and suggested that "if the thalamus is the gateway to the cortex, the reticular complex might be described as the guardian of the gateway", a reciprocal relationship we now show to be more than just hypothesis. The reciprocal modulation in LGN and TRN appears only during the initial visual response, but the modulation of LGN reappears later in the response, suggesting separate early and late sources of attentional modulation in LGN.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2713033/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2713033/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉McAlonan, Kerry -- Cavanaugh, James -- Wurtz, Robert H -- Z01 EY000109-27/Intramural NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2008 Nov 20;456(7220):391-4. doi: 10.1038/nature07382. Epub 2008 Oct 5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory of Sensorimotor Research, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA. km@nei.nih.gov〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18849967" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Attention/*physiology ; Cues ; Fixation, Ocular/physiology ; Macaca mulatta/*physiology ; Photic Stimulation ; Retina/physiology ; Thalamic Nuclei/cytology/*physiology ; Time Factors ; Visual Cortex/*physiology ; Visual Perception/*physiology
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    Mechanism of shape determination in motile cells (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2008-05-24
    Description: The shape of motile cells is determined by many dynamic processes spanning several orders of magnitude in space and time, from local polymerization of actin monomers at subsecond timescales to global, cell-scale geometry that may persist for hours. Understanding the mechanism of shape determination in cells has proved to be extremely challenging due to the numerous components involved and the complexity of their interactions. Here we harness the natural phenotypic variability in a large population of motile epithelial keratocytes from fish (Hypsophrys nicaraguensis) to reveal mechanisms of shape determination. We find that the cells inhabit a low-dimensional, highly correlated spectrum of possible functional states. We further show that a model of actin network treadmilling in an inextensible membrane bag can quantitatively recapitulate this spectrum and predict both cell shape and speed. Our model provides a simple biochemical and biophysical basis for the observed morphology and behaviour of motile cells.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2877812/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2877812/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Keren, Kinneret -- Pincus, Zachary -- Allen, Greg M -- Barnhart, Erin L -- Marriott, Gerard -- Mogilner, Alex -- Theriot, Julie A -- U54 GM064346/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- U54 GM064346-099040/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- U54 GM64346/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2008 May 22;453(7194):475-80. doi: 10.1038/nature06952.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biochemistry, Technion- Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18497816" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Actin Cytoskeleton/chemistry/metabolism ; Actins/chemistry/metabolism ; Animals ; Biophysical Phenomena ; Biophysics ; Cell Membrane/chemistry/metabolism ; Cell Movement/*physiology ; Cell Shape/*physiology ; Cells, Cultured ; *Cichlids ; Epithelial Cells/*cytology ; Models, Biological ; Pseudopodia/metabolism ; Time Factors
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    Unlocking the mysteries of the ice ages (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2008-01-19
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Raymo, Maureen E -- Huybers, Peter -- England -- Nature. 2008 Jan 17;451(7176):284-5. doi: 10.1038/nature06589.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Earth Sciences, Boston University, 685 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA. raymo@bu.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18202644" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Climate ; Fossils ; History, 19th Century ; History, 20th Century ; History, Ancient ; *Ice Cover ; *Models, Theoretical ; Solar Activity ; Time Factors
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    Anthropogenically enhanced fluxes of water and carbon from the Mississippi River (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2008-01-25
    Description: The water and dissolved inorganic carbon exported by rivers are important net fluxes that connect terrestrial and oceanic water and carbon reservoirs. For most rivers, the majority of dissolved inorganic carbon is in the form of bicarbonate. The riverine bicarbonate flux originates mainly from the dissolution of rock minerals by soil water carbon dioxide, a process called chemical weathering, which controls the buffering capacity and mineral content of receiving streams and rivers. Here we introduce an unprecedented high-temporal-resolution, 100-year data set from the Mississippi River and couple it with sub-watershed and precipitation data to reveal that the large increase in bicarbonate flux that has occurred over the past 50 years (ref. 3) is clearly anthropogenically driven. We show that the increase in bicarbonate and water fluxes is caused mainly by an increase in discharge from agricultural watersheds that has not been balanced by a rise in precipitation, which is also relevant to nutrient and pesticide fluxes to the Gulf of Mexico. These findings demonstrate that alterations in chemical weathering are relevant to improving contemporary biogeochemical budgets. Furthermore, land use change and management were arguably more important than changes in climate and plant CO2 fertilization to increases in riverine water and carbon export from this large region over the past 50 years.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Raymond, Peter A -- Oh, Neung-Hwan -- Turner, R Eugene -- Broussard, Whitney -- England -- Nature. 2008 Jan 24;451(7177):449-52. doi: 10.1038/nature06505.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, 21 Sachem Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA. peter.raymond@yale.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18216851" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Agriculture/history ; Bicarbonates/*analysis/chemistry ; Carbon/*analysis ; Carbon Dioxide/analysis/metabolism ; Geologic Sediments/analysis/chemistry ; Greenhouse Effect ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; *Human Activities/history ; Mississippi ; Rain ; Rivers/*chemistry ; Time Factors
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    Chemistry: power play (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2008-01-19
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Borrell, Brendan -- England -- Nature. 2008 Jan 17;451(7176):240-3. doi: 10.1038/451240a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18202619" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Competitive Behavior ; Computational Biology/economics/*trends ; *Computer Simulation ; Proteins/*chemistry ; Research Personnel ; Software ; Time Factors
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    A fast, robust and tunable synthetic gene oscillator (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2008-10-31
    Description: One defining goal of synthetic biology is the development of engineering-based approaches that enable the construction of gene-regulatory networks according to 'design specifications' generated from computational modelling. This approach provides a systematic framework for exploring how a given regulatory network generates a particular phenotypic behaviour. Several fundamental gene circuits have been developed using this approach, including toggle switches and oscillators, and these have been applied in new contexts such as triggered biofilm development and cellular population control. Here we describe an engineered genetic oscillator in Escherichia coli that is fast, robust and persistent, with tunable oscillatory periods as fast as 13 min. The oscillator was designed using a previously modelled network architecture comprising linked positive and negative feedback loops. Using a microfluidic platform tailored for single-cell microscopy, we precisely control environmental conditions and monitor oscillations in individual cells through multiple cycles. Experiments reveal remarkable robustness and persistence of oscillations in the designed circuit; almost every cell exhibited large-amplitude fluorescence oscillations throughout observation runs. The oscillatory period can be tuned by altering inducer levels, temperature and the media source. Computational modelling demonstrates that the key design principle for constructing a robust oscillator is a time delay in the negative feedback loop, which can mechanistically arise from the cascade of cellular processes involved in forming a functional transcription factor. The positive feedback loop increases the robustness of the oscillations and allows for greater tunability. Examination of our refined model suggested the existence of a simplified oscillator design without positive feedback, and we construct an oscillator strain confirming this computational prediction.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stricker, Jesse -- Cookson, Scott -- Bennett, Matthew R -- Mather, William H -- Tsimring, Lev S -- Hasty, Jeff -- GM69811-01/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM069811/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2008 Nov 27;456(7221):516-9. doi: 10.1038/nature07389. Epub 2008 Oct 29.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18971928" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Computer Simulation ; Escherichia coli/*genetics ; Feedback ; Flow Cytometry ; *Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial ; Gene Regulatory Networks/*genetics ; Genes, Synthetic/*genetics ; *Genetic Engineering ; Luminescent Measurements ; Microfluidic Analytical Techniques ; Models, Genetic ; *Periodicity ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Time Factors ; Transcription Factors/metabolism
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    Pacific "dwarf" bones cause controversy (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2008-03-14
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Dalton, Rex -- England -- Nature. 2008 Mar 13;452(7184):133. doi: 10.1038/452133a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18337779" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Aging ; Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Bone and Bones/*anatomy & histology ; Burial ; Child ; *Dwarfism ; *Fossils ; Geography ; Hominidae/*anatomy & histology/classification ; Humans ; *Models, Biological ; Motion Pictures as Topic ; Palau/ethnology ; Reproducibility of Results ; Time Factors
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    Entrained rhythmic activities of neuronal ensembles as perceptual memory of time interval (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2008-10-17
    Description: The ability to process temporal information is fundamental to sensory perception, cognitive processing and motor behaviour of all living organisms, from amoebae to humans. Neural circuit mechanisms based on neuronal and synaptic properties have been shown to process temporal information over the range of tens of microseconds to hundreds of milliseconds. How neural circuits process temporal information in the range of seconds to minutes is much less understood. Studies of working memory in monkeys and rats have shown that neurons in the prefrontal cortex, the parietal cortex and the thalamus exhibit ramping activities that linearly correlate with the lapse of time until the end of a specific time interval of several seconds that the animal is trained to memorize. Many organisms can also memorize the time interval of rhythmic sensory stimuli in the timescale of seconds and can coordinate motor behaviour accordingly, for example, by keeping the rhythm after exposure to the beat of music. Here we report a form of rhythmic activity among specific neuronal ensembles in the zebrafish optic tectum, which retains the memory of the time interval (in the order of seconds) of repetitive sensory stimuli for a duration of up to approximately 20 s. After repetitive visual conditioning stimulation (CS) of zebrafish larvae, we observed rhythmic post-CS activities among specific tectal neuronal ensembles, with a regular interval that closely matched the CS. Visuomotor behaviour of the zebrafish larvae also showed regular post-CS repetitions at the entrained time interval that correlated with rhythmic neuronal ensemble activities in the tectum. Thus, rhythmic activities among specific neuronal ensembles may act as an adjustable 'metronome' for time intervals in the order of seconds, and serve as a mechanism for the short-term perceptual memory of rhythmic sensory experience.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2896960/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2896960/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sumbre, German -- Muto, Akira -- Baier, Herwig -- Poo, Mu-ming -- R01 EY012406/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- R01 EY012406-01/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- R01 EY012406-02/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- R01 EY012406-03/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- R01 EY012406-04/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- R01 EY012406-05/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- R01 EY012406-06A2/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- R01 EY012406-07/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- R01 EY012406-08/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- R01 EY012406-09/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- R01 NS053358/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R01 NS053358-01A2/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R01 NS053358-02/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R01 NS053358-02S1/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R01 NS053358-03/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R01 NS053358-04/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2008 Nov 6;456(7218):102-6. doi: 10.1038/nature07351. Epub 2008 Oct 15.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Neurobiology, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18923391" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Calcium/metabolism ; Conditioning (Psychology) ; Larva/physiology ; Memory/*physiology ; Neurons/*physiology ; *Periodicity ; Photic Stimulation ; Superior Colliculi/cytology/physiology ; Swimming/physiology ; Tail/physiology ; Time Factors ; Zebrafish/embryology/growth & development/*physiology
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    Fears for oldest human footprints (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2008-01-11
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Dalton, Rex -- England -- Nature. 2008 Jan 10;451(7175):118. doi: 10.1038/451118a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18185553" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Anthropology/*methods ; *Fossils ; *Hominidae ; Humans ; *Museums ; Tanzania ; Time Factors ; *Walking ; Weather
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Rapid cloning of high-affinity human monoclonal antibodies against influenza virus (2008)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2008-05-02
    Description: Pre-existing neutralizing antibody provides the first line of defence against pathogens in general. For influenza virus, annual vaccinations are given to maintain protective levels of antibody against the currently circulating strains. Here we report that after booster vaccination there was a rapid and robust influenza-specific IgG+ antibody-secreting plasma cell (ASC) response that peaked at approximately day 7 and accounted for up to 6% of peripheral blood B cells. These ASCs could be distinguished from influenza-specific IgG+ memory B cells that peaked 14-21 days after vaccination and averaged 1% of all B cells. Importantly, as much as 80% of ASCs purified at the peak of the response were influenza specific. This ASC response was characterized by a highly restricted B-cell receptor (BCR) repertoire that in some donors was dominated by only a few B-cell clones. This pauci-clonal response, however, showed extensive intraclonal diversification from accumulated somatic mutations. We used the immunoglobulin variable regions isolated from sorted single ASCs to produce over 50 human monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that bound to the three influenza vaccine strains with high affinity. This strategy demonstrates that we can generate multiple high-affinity mAbs from humans within a month after vaccination. The panel of influenza-virus-specific human mAbs allowed us to address the issue of original antigenic sin (OAS): the phenomenon where the induced antibody shows higher affinity to a previously encountered influenza virus strain compared with the virus strain present in the vaccine. However, we found that most of the influenza-virus-specific mAbs showed the highest affinity for the current vaccine strain. Thus, OAS does not seem to be a common occurrence in normal, healthy adults receiving influenza vaccination.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2515609/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2515609/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wrammert, Jens -- Smith, Kenneth -- Miller, Joe -- Langley, William A -- Kokko, Kenneth -- Larsen, Christian -- Zheng, Nai-Ying -- Mays, Israel -- Garman, Lori -- Helms, Christina -- James, Judith -- Air, Gillian M -- Capra, J Donald -- Ahmed, Rafi -- Wilson, Patrick C -- HHSN266200500026C/PHS HHS/ -- HHSN266200700006C/PHS HHS/ -- N01-AI-50025-02/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- P20 RR018758/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- P20 RR018758-057588/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- P30 AR053483/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI050933/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- U19 AI057266/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- U19 AI057266-04/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- U19-AI057266-04/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- UL1 TR000454/TR/NCATS NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2008 May 29;453(7195):667-71. doi: 10.1038/nature06890. Epub 2008 Apr 30.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Emory Vaccine Center and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18449194" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Antibodies, Monoclonal/*biosynthesis/genetics/*immunology ; Antibody Affinity/*immunology ; Antibody Specificity/immunology ; Clone Cells/immunology/metabolism ; Cloning, Molecular ; Humans ; Immunization, Secondary ; Immunoglobulin G/genetics/immunology ; Immunologic Memory/*immunology ; Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/immunology ; Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/immunology ; Influenza B virus/immunology ; Influenza Vaccines/immunology ; Models, Immunological ; Orthomyxoviridae/*immunology ; Plasma Cells/immunology/metabolism ; Somatic Hypermutation, Immunoglobulin/genetics ; Time Factors ; Vaccination
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    Inapparent infections and cholera dynamics (2008)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2008-08-16
    Description: In many infectious diseases, an unknown fraction of infections produce symptoms mild enough to go unrecorded, a fact that can seriously compromise the interpretation of epidemiological records. This is true for cholera, a pandemic bacterial disease, where estimates of the ratio of asymptomatic to symptomatic infections have ranged from 3 to 100 (refs 1-5). In the absence of direct evidence, understanding of fundamental aspects of cholera transmission, immunology and control has been based on assumptions about this ratio and about the immunological consequences of inapparent infections. Here we show that a model incorporating high asymptomatic ratio and rapidly waning immunity, with infection both from human and environmental sources, explains 50 yr of mortality data from 26 districts of Bengal, the pathogen's endemic home. We find that the asymptomatic ratio in cholera is far higher than had been previously supposed and that the immunity derived from mild infections wanes much more rapidly than earlier analyses have indicated. We find, too, that the environmental reservoir (free-living pathogen) is directly responsible for relatively few infections but that it may be critical to the disease's endemicity. Our results demonstrate that inapparent infections can hold the key to interpreting the patterns of disease outbreaks. New statistical methods, which allow rigorous maximum likelihood inference based on dynamical models incorporating multiple sources and outcomes of infection, seasonality, process noise, hidden variables and measurement error, make it possible to test more precise hypotheses and obtain unexpected results. Our experience suggests that the confrontation of time-series data with mechanistic models is likely to revise our understanding of the ecology of many infectious diseases.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉King, Aaron A -- Ionides, Edward L -- Pascual, Mercedes -- Bouma, Menno J -- England -- Nature. 2008 Aug 14;454(7206):877-80. doi: 10.1038/nature07084.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA. kingaa@umich.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18704085" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Carrier State/diagnosis/epidemiology/immunology/*transmission ; Cholera/*diagnosis/*epidemiology/immunology/transmission ; Computer Simulation ; Databases, Factual ; Humans ; Immunity, Innate ; India/epidemiology ; *Models, Biological ; Seasons ; Time Factors ; Vibrio cholerae/immunology
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    Soil ecology: What lies beneath (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2008-10-10
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Dance, Amber -- England -- Nature. 2008 Oct 9;455(7214):724-5. doi: 10.1038/455724a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18843336" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Agriculture/methods ; Animals ; Biodiversity ; *Ecosystem ; *Soil ; Soil Microbiology
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    Data on display. Interview by Katherine Sanderson (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2008-09-19
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bradley, Jean-Claude -- Neylon, Cameron -- BB/D00652X/1/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom -- England -- Nature. 2008 Sep 18;455(7211):273. doi: 10.1038/455273a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18800097" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Access to Information ; *Internet ; Patents as Topic ; *Publishing/trends ; *Research Personnel ; Time Factors
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    Major viral impact on the functioning of benthic deep-sea ecosystems (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2008-08-30
    Description: Viruses are the most abundant biological organisms of the world's oceans. Viral infections are a substantial source of mortality in a range of organisms-including autotrophic and heterotrophic plankton-but their impact on the deep ocean and benthic biosphere is completely unknown. Here we report that viral production in deep-sea benthic ecosystems worldwide is extremely high, and that viral infections are responsible for the abatement of 80% of prokaryotic heterotrophic production. Virus-induced prokaryotic mortality increases with increasing water depth, and beneath a depth of 1,000 m nearly all of the prokaryotic heterotrophic production is transformed into organic detritus. The viral shunt, releasing on a global scale approximately 0.37-0.63 gigatonnes of carbon per year, is an essential source of labile organic detritus in the deep-sea ecosystems. This process sustains a high prokaryotic biomass and provides an important contribution to prokaryotic metabolism, allowing the system to cope with the severe organic resource limitation of deep-sea ecosystems. Our results indicate that viruses have an important role in global biogeochemical cycles, in deep-sea metabolism and the overall functioning of the largest ecosystem of our biosphere.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Danovaro, Roberto -- Dell'Anno, Antonio -- Corinaldesi, Cinzia -- Magagnini, Mirko -- Noble, Rachel -- Tamburini, Christian -- Weinbauer, Markus -- England -- Nature. 2008 Aug 28;454(7208):1084-7. doi: 10.1038/nature07268.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Marine Science, Faculty of Science, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy. r.danovaro@univpm.it〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18756250" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Biomass ; Carbon/metabolism ; *Ecosystem ; Geologic Sediments/virology ; Heterotrophic Processes ; Hydrostatic Pressure ; Microbial Viability ; Oceans and Seas ; Prokaryotic Cells/cytology/metabolism/virology ; Seawater/*virology ; *Virus Physiological Phenomena ; Viruses/isolation & purification/metabolism
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    Conformational changes in an ultrafast light-driven enzyme determine catalytic activity (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2008-12-19
    Description: The role of conformational changes in explaining the huge catalytic power of enzymes is currently one of the most challenging questions in biology. Although it is now widely regarded that enzymes modulate reaction rates by means of short- and long-range protein motions, it is almost impossible to distinguish between conformational changes and catalysis. We have solved this problem using the chlorophyll biosynthetic enzyme NADPH:protochlorophyllide (Pchlide) oxidoreductase, which catalyses a unique light-driven reaction involving hydride and proton transfers. Here we report that prior excitation of the enzyme-substrate complex with a laser pulse induces a more favourable conformation of the active site, enabling the coupled hydride and proton transfer reactions to occur. This effect, which is triggered during the Pchlide excited-state lifetime and persists on a long timescale, switches the enzyme into an active state characterized by a high rate and quantum yield of formation of a catalytic intermediate. The corresponding spectral changes in the mid-infrared following the absorption of one photon reveal significant conformational changes in the enzyme, illustrating the importance of flexibility and dynamics in the structure of enzymes for their function.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sytina, Olga A -- Heyes, Derren J -- Hunter, C Neil -- Alexandre, Maxime T -- van Stokkum, Ivo H M -- van Grondelle, Rienk -- Groot, Marie Louise -- Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom -- England -- Nature. 2008 Dec 18;456(7224):1001-4. doi: 10.1038/nature07354.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1081, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19092933" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Biocatalysis/radiation effects ; Catalytic Domain/radiation effects ; *Light ; Models, Molecular ; Oxidoreductases Acting on CH-CH Group Donors/chemistry/*metabolism/*radiation ; effects ; Protein Conformation/radiation effects ; Protons ; Structure-Activity Relationship ; Synechocystis/*enzymology ; Time Factors
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    Eocene/Oligocene ocean de-acidification linked to Antarctic glaciation by sea-level fall (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2008-04-25
    Description: One of the most dramatic perturbations to the Earth system during the past 100 million years was the rapid onset of Antarctic glaciation near the Eocene/Oligocene epoch boundary (approximately 34 million years ago). This climate transition was accompanied by a deepening of the calcite compensation depth--the ocean depth at which the rate of calcium carbonate input from surface waters equals the rate of dissolution. Changes in the global carbon cycle, rather than changes in continental configuration, have recently been proposed as the most likely root cause of Antarctic glaciation, but the mechanism linking glaciation to the deepening of calcite compensation depth remains unclear. Here we use a global biogeochemical box model to test competing hypotheses put forward to explain the Eocene/Oligocene transition. We find that, of the candidate hypotheses, only shelf to deep sea carbonate partitioning is capable of explaining the observed changes in both carbon isotope composition and calcium carbonate accumulation at the sea floor. In our simulations, glacioeustatic sea-level fall associated with the growth of Antarctic ice sheets permanently reduces global calcium carbonate accumulation on the continental shelves, leading to an increase in pelagic burial via permanent deepening of the calcite compensation depth. At the same time, fresh limestones are exposed to erosion, thus temporarily increasing global river inputs of dissolved carbonate and increasing seawater delta13C. Our work sheds new light on the mechanisms linking glaciation and ocean acidity change across arguably the most important climate transition of the Cenozoic era.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Merico, Agostino -- Tyrrell, Toby -- Wilson, Paul A -- England -- Nature. 2008 Apr 24;452(7190):979-82. doi: 10.1038/nature06853.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉National Oceanography Centre, Southampton, European Way, Southampton SO14 3ZH, UK. agostino.merico@gkss.de〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18432242" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acids/analysis ; Antarctic Regions ; Atmosphere/chemistry ; Calcium Carbonate/analysis/metabolism ; Carbon/analysis/metabolism ; Carbon Isotopes ; Diatoms/metabolism ; Geologic Sediments/chemistry ; History, Ancient ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; *Ice Cover ; Models, Biological ; Oceans and Seas ; Phytoplankton/metabolism ; Seawater/*analysis/*chemistry ; Time Factors
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    Two symbols, one solution (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2008-05-24
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉England -- Nature. 2008 May 22;453(7194):427. doi: 10.1038/453427a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18497764" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Brazil ; Conservation of Natural Resources/economics/*methods ; *Ecosystem ; Forestry/economics/methods ; *Greenhouse Effect ; Trees/*physiology ; Tropical Climate ; Ursidae/*physiology
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    Net production of oxygen in the subtropical ocean (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2008-01-19
    Description: The question of whether the plankton communities in low-nutrient regions of the ocean, comprising 80% of the global ocean surface area, are net producers or consumers of oxygen and fixed carbon is a key uncertainty in the global carbon cycle. Direct measurements in bottle experiments indicate net oxygen consumption in the sunlit zone, whereas geochemical evidence suggests that the upper ocean is a net source of oxygen. One possible resolution to this conflict is that primary production in the gyres is episodic and thus difficult to observe: in this model, oligotrophic regions would be net consumers of oxygen during most of the year, but strong, brief events with high primary production rates might produce enough fixed carbon and dissolved oxygen to yield net production as an average over the annual cycle. Here we examine the balance of oxygen production over three years at sites in the North and South Pacific subtropical gyres using the new technique of oxygen sensors deployed on profiling floats. We find that mixing events during early winter homogenize the upper water column and cause low oxygen concentrations. Oxygen then increases below the mixed layer at a nearly constant rate that is similar to independent measures of net community production. This continuous oxygen increase is consistent with an ecosystem that is a net producer of fixed carbon (net autotrophic) throughout the year, with episodic events not required to sustain positive oxygen production.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Riser, Stephen C -- Johnson, Kenneth S -- England -- Nature. 2008 Jan 17;451(7176):323-5. doi: 10.1038/nature06441.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉School of Oceanography, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA. riser@ocean.washington.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18202655" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Carbon/metabolism ; Carbon Dioxide/metabolism ; Hawaii ; Oxygen/analysis/*metabolism ; Pacific Ocean ; Plankton/metabolism ; Seawater/*chemistry ; Time Factors ; Tropical Climate
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    Rapid appearance and local toxicity of amyloid-beta plaques in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2008-02-08
    Description: Senile plaques accumulate over the course of decades in the brains of patients with Alzheimer's disease. A fundamental tenet of the amyloid hypothesis of Alzheimer's disease is that the deposition of amyloid-beta precedes and induces the neuronal abnormalities that underlie dementia. This idea has been challenged, however, by the suggestion that alterations in axonal trafficking and morphological abnormalities precede and lead to senile plaques. The role of microglia in accelerating or retarding these processes has been uncertain. To investigate the temporal relation between plaque formation and the changes in local neuritic architecture, we used longitudinal in vivo multiphoton microscopy to sequentially image young APPswe/PS1d9xYFP (B6C3-YFP) transgenic mice. Here we show that plaques form extraordinarily quickly, over 24 h. Within 1-2 days of a new plaque's appearance, microglia are activated and recruited to the site. Progressive neuritic changes ensue, leading to increasingly dysmorphic neurites over the next days to weeks. These data establish plaques as a critical mediator of neuritic pathology.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3264491/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3264491/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Meyer-Luehmann, Melanie -- Spires-Jones, Tara L -- Prada, Claudia -- Garcia-Alloza, Monica -- de Calignon, Alix -- Rozkalne, Anete -- Koenigsknecht-Talboo, Jessica -- Holtzman, David M -- Bacskai, Brian J -- Hyman, Bradley T -- P30 DK056341/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- P30 DK056341-07/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- P30 DK056341-08/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R01 AG008487/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- R01 AG008487-20/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2008 Feb 7;451(7179):720-4. doi: 10.1038/nature06616.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Alzheimer's Disease Research Laboratory, Department of Neurology, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18256671" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alzheimer Disease/genetics/metabolism/*pathology ; Amyloid beta-Peptides/genetics/metabolism/*toxicity ; Animals ; Axons/metabolism ; *Disease Models, Animal ; Disease Progression ; Mice ; Mice, Transgenic ; Microglia/metabolism ; Neurites/metabolism/pathology ; Plaque, Amyloid/genetics/metabolism/*pathology ; Time Factors
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    Palaeoclimate: windows on the greenhouse (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2008-05-16
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Brook, Ed -- England -- Nature. 2008 May 15;453(7193):291-2. doi: 10.1038/453291a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18480800" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Antarctic Regions ; Atmosphere/*chemistry ; Carbon Dioxide/*analysis ; Greenhouse Effect ; Greenland ; History, Ancient ; Ice Cover/*chemistry ; Methane/*analysis ; *Temperature ; Time Factors
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    Standard identifier could mobilize data and free time (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2008-05-24
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Roberts, Dave -- Chavan, Vishwas -- England -- Nature. 2008 May 22;453(7194):449-50. doi: 10.1038/453449c.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18497793" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Authorship ; *Bibliometrics ; *Databases, Factual/standards ; Internet ; *Publishing/standards ; Time Factors
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    Nitrogen saturation and net ecosystem production (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2008-02-15
    Description: Magnani et al. found that net carbon (C) sequestration of temperate and boreal forests is clearly driven by nitrogen (N) deposition. From the positive relationship between average net ecosystem production (NEP) and wet N deposition, the authors further conclude that "no signs of N saturation were apparent" in the studied forests and that this is "casting doubts on the risk of widespread ecosystem nitrogen saturation". Nitrogen additions can clearly alter net ecosystem production, but net ecosystem production cannot be used as an indicator of N saturation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉De Schrijver, An -- Verheyen, Kris -- Mertens, Jan -- Staelens, Jeroen -- Wuyts, Karen -- Muys, Bart -- England -- Nature. 2008 Feb 14;451(7180):E1; discussion E3-4. doi: 10.1038/nature06578.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory of Forestry, Ghent University, Geraardsbergse Steenweg 267, 9090 Gontrode, Belgium. An.Deschrijver@Ugent.be〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18272969" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Carbon/metabolism ; *Ecosystem ; Nitrogen/*metabolism ; Trees/metabolism
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    Carbon cycle: sources, sinks and seasons (2008)
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    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-01-04
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Miller, John B -- England -- Nature. 2008 Jan 3;451(7174):26-7. doi: 10.1038/451026a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18172488" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Atmosphere/*chemistry ; Biomass ; Carbon Dioxide/analysis/*metabolism ; *Ecosystem ; Fossil Fuels ; Geography ; Greenhouse Effect ; Oceans and Seas ; Plants/metabolism ; *Seasons ; Temperature
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Volcanic carbon dioxide vents show ecosystem effects of ocean acidification (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2008-06-10
    Description: The atmospheric partial pressure of carbon dioxide (p(CO(2))) will almost certainly be double that of pre-industrial levels by 2100 and will be considerably higher than at any time during the past few million years. The oceans are a principal sink for anthropogenic CO(2) where it is estimated to have caused a 30% increase in the concentration of H(+) in ocean surface waters since the early 1900s and may lead to a drop in seawater pH of up to 0.5 units by 2100 (refs 2, 3). Our understanding of how increased ocean acidity may affect marine ecosystems is at present very limited as almost all studies have been in vitro, short-term, rapid perturbation experiments on isolated elements of the ecosystem. Here we show the effects of acidification on benthic ecosystems at shallow coastal sites where volcanic CO(2) vents lower the pH of the water column. Along gradients of normal pH (8.1-8.2) to lowered pH (mean 7.8-7.9, minimum 7.4-7.5), typical rocky shore communities with abundant calcareous organisms shifted to communities lacking scleractinian corals with significant reductions in sea urchin and coralline algal abundance. To our knowledge, this is the first ecosystem-scale validation of predictions that these important groups of organisms are susceptible to elevated amounts of p(CO(2)). Sea-grass production was highest in an area at mean pH 7.6 (1,827 (mu)atm p(CO(2))) where coralline algal biomass was significantly reduced and gastropod shells were dissolving due to periods of carbonate sub-saturation. The species populating the vent sites comprise a suite of organisms that are resilient to naturally high concentrations of p(CO(2)) and indicate that ocean acidification may benefit highly invasive non-native algal species. Our results provide the first in situ insights into how shallow water marine communities might change when susceptible organisms are removed owing to ocean acidification.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hall-Spencer, Jason M -- Rodolfo-Metalpa, Riccardo -- Martin, Sophie -- Ransome, Emma -- Fine, Maoz -- Turner, Suzanne M -- Rowley, Sonia J -- Tedesco, Dario -- Buia, Maria-Cristina -- England -- Nature. 2008 Jul 3;454(7200):96-9. doi: 10.1038/nature07051. Epub 2008 Jun 8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Marine Institute, Marine Biology and Ecology Research Centre, University of Plymouth, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK. jhall-spencer@plymouth.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18536730" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acids/analysis/chemistry ; Alismatidae/physiology ; Animals ; Atlantic Ocean ; Calcium Carbonate/analysis ; *Carbon Dioxide/pharmacology ; *Ecosystem ; Eukaryota/physiology ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Invertebrates/physiology ; Italy ; Population Density ; Seawater/*chemistry ; *Volcanic Eruptions
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Ecologically implausible carbon response? (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2008-02-15
    Description: Magnani et al. present a very strong correlation between mean lifetime net ecosystem production (NEP, defined as the net rate of carbon (C) accumulation in ecosystems) and wet nitrogen (N) deposition. For their data in the range 4.9-9.8 kg N ha(-1) yr(-1), on which the correlation largely depends, the response is approximately 725 kg C per kg N in wet deposition. According to the authors, the maximum N wet deposition level of 9.8 kg N ha(-1) yr(-1) is equivalent to a total deposition of 15 kg N ha(-1 )yr(-1), implying a net sequestration near 470 kg C per kg N of total deposition. We question the ecological plausibility of the relationship and show, from a multi-factor analysis of European forest measurements, how interactions with site productivity and environment imply a much smaller NEP response to N deposition.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉de Vries, Wim -- Solberg, Svein -- Dobbertin, Matthias -- Sterba, Hubert -- Laubhahn, Daniel -- Reinds, Gert Jan -- Nabuurs, Gert-Jan -- Gundersen, Per -- Sutton, Mark A -- England -- Nature. 2008 Feb 14;451(7180):E1-3; discussion E3-4. doi: 10.1038/nature06579.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Alterra, Wageningen University and Research Centre, PO Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands. wim.devries@wur.nl〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18272968" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Carbon/*metabolism ; Ecology ; *Ecosystem ; Europe ; Nitrogen/metabolism ; Trees/metabolism
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    Counterintuitive carbon-to-nutrient coupling in an Arctic pelagic ecosystem (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2008-08-22
    Description: Predicting the ocean's role in the global carbon cycle requires an understanding of the stoichiometric coupling between carbon and growth-limiting elements in biogeochemical processes. A recent addition to such knowledge is that the carbon/nitrogen ratio of inorganic consumption and release of dissolved organic matter may increase in a high-CO(2) world. This will, however, yield a negative feedback on atmospheric CO(2) only if the extra organic material escapes mineralization within the photic zone. Here we show, in the context of an Arctic pelagic ecosystem, how the fate and effects of added degradable organic carbon depend critically on the state of the microbial food web. When bacterial growth rate was limited by mineral nutrients, extra organic carbon accumulated in the system. When bacteria were limited by organic carbon, however, addition of labile dissolved organic carbon reduced phytoplankton biomass and activity and also the rate at which total organic carbon accumulated, explained as the result of stimulated bacterial competition for mineral nutrients. This counterintuitive 'more organic carbon gives less organic carbon' effect was particularly pronounced in diatom-dominated systems where the carbon/mineral nutrient ratio in phytoplankton production was high. Our results highlight how descriptions of present and future states of the oceanic carbon cycle require detailed understanding of the stoichiometric coupling between carbon and growth-limiting mineral nutrients in both autotrophic and heterotrophic processes.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Thingstad, T F -- Bellerby, R G J -- Bratbak, G -- Borsheim, K Y -- Egge, J K -- Heldal, M -- Larsen, A -- Neill, C -- Nejstgaard, J -- Norland, S -- Sandaa, R-A -- Skjoldal, E F -- Tanaka, T -- Thyrhaug, R -- Topper, B -- England -- Nature. 2008 Sep 18;455(7211):387-90. doi: 10.1038/nature07235. Epub 2008 Aug 20.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, University of Bergen, Jahnebakken 5PO Box 7800, 5020 Bergen, Norway. frede.thingstad@bio.uib.no〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18716617" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Arctic Regions ; Atmosphere/chemistry ; Autotrophic Processes/drug effects/radiation effects ; Bacteria/drug effects/growth & development/metabolism/radiation effects ; Biomass ; Carbon/*metabolism ; Carbon Dioxide/metabolism ; Diatoms/metabolism/radiation effects ; *Ecosystem ; Eutrophication ; Food Chain ; Glucose/metabolism/pharmacology ; Heterotrophic Processes/drug effects/radiation effects ; Phytoplankton/drug effects/growth & development/metabolism/radiation effects
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    A ghost of battles past (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2008-04-19
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉England -- Nature. 2008 Apr 17;452(7189):781-2. doi: 10.1038/452781b.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18421317" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: 2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic Acid/*poisoning ; 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid/*poisoning ; Chemical Warfare/*statistics & numerical data ; Databases, Factual ; Dioxins/*poisoning ; Humans ; Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin/*poisoning ; Time Factors ; United States/epidemiology/ethnology ; United States Department of Veterans Affairs/organization & administration ; Veterans/*statistics & numerical data ; Vietnam/epidemiology
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    Clathrin is a key regulator of basolateral polarity (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2008-04-11
    Description: Clathrin-coated vesicles are vehicles for intracellular trafficking in all nucleated cells, from yeasts to humans. Many studies have demonstrated their essential roles in endocytosis and cellular signalling processes at the plasma membrane. By contrast, very few of their non-endocytic trafficking roles are known, the best characterized being the transport of hydrolases from the Golgi complex to the lysosome. Here we show that clathrin is required for polarity of the basolateral plasma membrane proteins in the epithelial cell line MDCK. Clathrin knockdown depolarized most basolateral proteins, by interfering with their biosynthetic delivery and recycling, but did not affect the polarity of apical proteins. Quantitative live imaging showed that chronic and acute clathrin knockdown selectively slowed down the exit of basolateral proteins from the Golgi complex, and promoted their mis-sorting into apical carrier vesicles. Our results demonstrate a broad requirement for clathrin in basolateral protein trafficking in epithelial cells.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4078870/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4078870/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Deborde, Sylvie -- Perret, Emilie -- Gravotta, Diego -- Deora, Ami -- Salvarezza, Susana -- Schreiner, Ryan -- Rodriguez-Boulan, Enrique -- R01 EY008538/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM034107/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2008 Apr 10;452(7188):719-23. doi: 10.1038/nature06828.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Ophthalmology, Dyson Vision Research Institute, LC-300, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, 1300 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18401403" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cathepsin D/metabolism ; Cell Line ; *Cell Polarity ; Clathrin/deficiency/genetics/*metabolism ; Clathrin Heavy Chains/genetics/metabolism ; Dogs ; Epithelial Cells/*cytology/metabolism ; Golgi Apparatus/metabolism ; Humans ; Inulin/metabolism ; Lysosomes/metabolism ; Protein Transport ; Receptors, LDL/metabolism ; Receptors, Transferrin/metabolism ; Tight Junctions/metabolism ; Time Factors ; trans-Golgi Network/metabolism
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    A reprogramming rush (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2008-03-28
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉England -- Nature. 2008 Mar 27;452(7186):388. doi: 10.1038/452388a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18368078" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Japan ; Korea ; Peer Review, Research/standards/trends ; *Pluripotent Stem Cells/cytology ; Research Personnel/*ethics/standards ; Scientific Misconduct ; Time Factors
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    Phoenix fades away (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2008-11-07
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hand, Eric -- England -- Nature. 2008 Nov 6;456(7218):8-9. doi: 10.1038/456008a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18987698" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Exobiology ; Extraterrestrial Environment/*chemistry ; Ice/analysis ; Mars ; Space Flight/*instrumentation/trends ; Time Factors
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    An early Cenozoic perspective on greenhouse warming and carbon-cycle dynamics (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2008-01-19
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zachos, James C -- Dickens, Gerald R -- Zeebe, Richard E -- England -- Nature. 2008 Jan 17;451(7176):279-83. doi: 10.1038/nature06588.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California at Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California 95060, USA. jzachos@es.ucsc.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18202643" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Atmosphere/chemistry ; Carbon/analysis/*metabolism ; Carbon Dioxide/analysis/metabolism ; Ecosystem ; *Greenhouse Effect ; History, 21st Century ; History, Ancient ; Human Activities ; Models, Theoretical ; Oceans and Seas ; Temperature ; Time Factors
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    Palaeontology: modern life in ancient mats (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2008-03-07
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Tice, Michael M -- England -- Nature. 2008 Mar 6;452(7183):40-1. doi: 10.1038/452040a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18322521" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Ecosystem ; Fossils ; Geologic Sediments/*chemistry/*microbiology ; *Marine Biology ; Models, Biological ; Oceans and Seas ; Paleontology ; Seawater/*microbiology ; Silicon Dioxide/chemistry ; South Africa ; Time Factors ; Water Movements
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    Attributing physical and biological impacts to anthropogenic climate change (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2008-05-16
    Description: Significant changes in physical and biological systems are occurring on all continents and in most oceans, with a concentration of available data in Europe and North America. Most of these changes are in the direction expected with warming temperature. Here we show that these changes in natural systems since at least 1970 are occurring in regions of observed temperature increases, and that these temperature increases at continental scales cannot be explained by natural climate variations alone. Given the conclusions from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fourth Assessment Report that most of the observed increase in global average temperatures since the mid-twentieth century is very likely to be due to the observed increase in anthropogenic greenhouse gas concentrations, and furthermore that it is likely that there has been significant anthropogenic warming over the past 50 years averaged over each continent except Antarctica, we conclude that anthropogenic climate change is having a significant impact on physical and biological systems globally and in some continents.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Rosenzweig, Cynthia -- Karoly, David -- Vicarelli, Marta -- Neofotis, Peter -- Wu, Qigang -- Casassa, Gino -- Menzel, Annette -- Root, Terry L -- Estrella, Nicole -- Seguin, Bernard -- Tryjanowski, Piotr -- Liu, Chunzhen -- Rawlins, Samuel -- Imeson, Anton -- England -- Nature. 2008 May 15;453(7193):353-7. doi: 10.1038/nature06937.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉NASA/Goddard Institute for Space Studies and Columbia Center for Climate Systems Research, 2800 Broadway, New York, New York 10025, USA. crosenzweig@giss.nasa.gov〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18480817" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Databases, Factual ; *Ecosystem ; Forestry ; Geography ; *Greenhouse Effect ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; *Human Activities ; Ice ; Internationality ; Marine Biology ; Models, Statistical ; Temperature
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    Ancient water sites for next rover (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2008-10-08
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hand, Eric -- England -- Nature. 2008 Oct 2;455(7213):575. doi: 10.1038/455575a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18839446" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Exobiology/instrumentation/trends ; Extraterrestrial Environment/*chemistry ; *Mars ; Space Flight/*instrumentation/*trends ; Time Factors ; Water/*analysis
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    Slow development impedes the uptake of diagnostics (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2008-01-04
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Moon, Chul-So -- Agbo, Eddy C -- Sidransky, David -- England -- Nature. 2008 Jan 3;451(7174):16. doi: 10.1038/451016c.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18172474" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Biomarkers, Tumor/analysis ; Diagnostic Techniques and Procedures/*trends ; Genetic Testing ; Humans ; Neoplasms/*diagnosis/genetics ; Pharmacogenetics ; Survival Analysis ; Time Factors
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    Biodiversity and biogeography of phages in modern stromatolites and thrombolites (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2008-03-04
    Description: Viruses, and more particularly phages (viruses that infect bacteria), represent one of the most abundant living entities in aquatic and terrestrial environments. The biogeography of phages has only recently been investigated and so far reveals a cosmopolitan distribution of phage genetic material (or genotypes). Here we address this cosmopolitan distribution through the analysis of phage communities in modern microbialites, the living representatives of one of the most ancient life forms on Earth. On the basis of a comparative metagenomic analysis of viral communities associated with marine (Highborne Cay, Bahamas) and freshwater (Pozas Azules II and Rio Mesquites, Mexico) microbialites, we show that some phage genotypes are geographically restricted. The high percentage of unknown sequences recovered from the three metagenomes (〉97%), the low percentage similarities with sequences from other environmental viral (n = 42) and microbial (n = 36) metagenomes, and the absence of viral genotypes shared among microbialites indicate that viruses are genetically unique in these environments. Identifiable sequences in the Highborne Cay metagenome were dominated by single-stranded DNA microphages that were not detected in any other samples examined, including sea water, fresh water, sediment, terrestrial, extreme, metazoan-associated and marine microbial mats. Finally, a marine signature was present in the phage community of the Pozas Azules II microbialites, even though this environment has not been in contact with the ocean for tens of millions of years. Taken together, these results prove that viruses in modern microbialites display biogeographical variability and suggest that they may be derived from an ancient community.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Desnues, Christelle -- Rodriguez-Brito, Beltran -- Rayhawk, Steve -- Kelley, Scott -- Tran, Tuong -- Haynes, Matthew -- Liu, Hong -- Furlan, Mike -- Wegley, Linda -- Chau, Betty -- Ruan, Yijun -- Hall, Dana -- Angly, Florent E -- Edwards, Robert A -- Li, Linlin -- Thurber, Rebecca Vega -- Reid, R Pamela -- Siefert, Janet -- Souza, Valeria -- Valentine, David L -- Swan, Brandon K -- Breitbart, Mya -- Rohwer, Forest -- England -- Nature. 2008 Mar 20;452(7185):340-3. doi: 10.1038/nature06735. Epub 2008 Mar 2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, California 92182, USA. cdesnues@yahoo.fr〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18311127" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Bacteriophages/classification/genetics/*isolation & purification/*physiology ; Bahamas ; *Biodiversity ; Capsid/chemistry ; Computational Biology ; DNA, Viral/analysis/genetics ; *Ecosystem ; Fresh Water/microbiology/virology ; Genome, Viral/genetics ; Genomics ; *Geography ; Geologic Sediments/microbiology/virology ; Mexico ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Phylogeny ; Proteome/metabolism ; Seawater/microbiology/virology ; *Water Microbiology
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    Ecosystem energetic implications of parasite and free-living biomass in three estuaries (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2008-07-25
    Description: Parasites can have strong impacts but are thought to contribute little biomass to ecosystems. We quantified the biomass of free-living and parasitic species in three estuaries on the Pacific coast of California and Baja California. Here we show that parasites have substantial biomass in these ecosystems. We found that parasite biomass exceeded that of top predators. The biomass of trematodes was particularly high, being comparable to that of the abundant birds, fishes, burrowing shrimps and polychaetes. Trophically transmitted parasites and parasitic castrators subsumed more biomass than did other parasitic functional groups. The extended phenotype biomass controlled by parasitic castrators sometimes exceeded that of their uninfected hosts. The annual production of free-swimming trematode transmission stages was greater than the combined biomass of all quantified parasites and was also greater than bird biomass. This biomass and productivity of parasites implies a profound role for infectious processes in these estuaries.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kuris, Armand M -- Hechinger, Ryan F -- Shaw, Jenny C -- Whitney, Kathleen L -- Aguirre-Macedo, Leopoldina -- Boch, Charlie A -- Dobson, Andrew P -- Dunham, Eleca J -- Fredensborg, Brian L -- Huspeni, Todd C -- Lorda, Julio -- Mababa, Luzviminda -- Mancini, Frank T -- Mora, Adrienne B -- Pickering, Maria -- Talhouk, Nadia L -- Torchin, Mark E -- Lafferty, Kevin D -- England -- Nature. 2008 Jul 24;454(7203):515-8. doi: 10.1038/nature06970.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology and Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA. kuris@lifesci.ucsb.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18650923" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biomass ; California ; *Ecosystem ; Host-Parasite Interactions ; Pacific Ocean ; Parasites/*isolation & purification/*physiology ; Snails/parasitology ; Trematoda/isolation & purification/physiology ; Trematode Infections/parasitology ; Wetlands
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    The four-year fight for biological art. Steven Kurtz interviewed by Rachel Courtland (2008)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2008-06-06
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kurtz, Steven -- England -- Nature. 2008 Jun 5;453(7196):707. doi: 10.1038/453707a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18528358" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Art ; Biological Warfare/prevention & control ; *Federal Government ; Food, Genetically Modified ; Guinea Pigs ; History, 21st Century ; Humans ; Research Personnel ; Science/*education ; Terrorism/prevention & control ; Time Factors ; United States
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Stream denitrification across biomes and its response to anthropogenic nitrate loading (2008)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2008-03-14
    Description: Anthropogenic addition of bioavailable nitrogen to the biosphere is increasing and terrestrial ecosystems are becoming increasingly nitrogen-saturated, causing more bioavailable nitrogen to enter groundwater and surface waters. Large-scale nitrogen budgets show that an average of about 20-25 per cent of the nitrogen added to the biosphere is exported from rivers to the ocean or inland basins, indicating that substantial sinks for nitrogen must exist in the landscape. Streams and rivers may themselves be important sinks for bioavailable nitrogen owing to their hydrological connections with terrestrial systems, high rates of biological activity, and streambed sediment environments that favour microbial denitrification. Here we present data from nitrogen stable isotope tracer experiments across 72 streams and 8 regions representing several biomes. We show that total biotic uptake and denitrification of nitrate increase with stream nitrate concentration, but that the efficiency of biotic uptake and denitrification declines as concentration increases, reducing the proportion of in-stream nitrate that is removed from transport. Our data suggest that the total uptake of nitrate is related to ecosystem photosynthesis and that denitrification is related to ecosystem respiration. In addition, we use a stream network model to demonstrate that excess nitrate in streams elicits a disproportionate increase in the fraction of nitrate that is exported to receiving waters and reduces the relative role of small versus large streams as nitrate sinks.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mulholland, Patrick J -- Helton, Ashley M -- Poole, Geoffrey C -- Hall, Robert O -- Hamilton, Stephen K -- Peterson, Bruce J -- Tank, Jennifer L -- Ashkenas, Linda R -- Cooper, Lee W -- Dahm, Clifford N -- Dodds, Walter K -- Findlay, Stuart E G -- Gregory, Stanley V -- Grimm, Nancy B -- Johnson, Sherri L -- McDowell, William H -- Meyer, Judy L -- Valett, H Maurice -- Webster, Jackson R -- Arango, Clay P -- Beaulieu, Jake J -- Bernot, Melody J -- Burgin, Amy J -- Crenshaw, Chelsea L -- Johnson, Laura T -- Niederlehner, B R -- O'Brien, Jonathan M -- Potter, Jody D -- Sheibley, Richard W -- Sobota, Daniel J -- Thomas, Suzanne M -- England -- Nature. 2008 Mar 13;452(7184):202-5. doi: 10.1038/nature06686.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA. mulhollandpj@ornl.gov〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18337819" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Bacteria/metabolism ; Computer Simulation ; *Ecosystem ; Geography ; *Human Activities ; Nitrates/*analysis/*metabolism ; Nitrites/*analysis/*metabolism ; Nitrogen/analysis/metabolism ; Nitrogen Isotopes ; Plants/metabolism ; Rivers/*chemistry ; Urbanization
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Mountain pine beetle and forest carbon feedback to climate change (2008)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2008-04-25
    Description: The mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins, Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae) is a native insect of the pine forests of western North America, and its populations periodically erupt into large-scale outbreaks. During outbreaks, the resulting widespread tree mortality reduces forest carbon uptake and increases future emissions from the decay of killed trees. The impacts of insects on forest carbon dynamics, however, are generally ignored in large-scale modelling analyses. The current outbreak in British Columbia, Canada, is an order of magnitude larger in area and severity than all previous recorded outbreaks. Here we estimate that the cumulative impact of the beetle outbreak in the affected region during 2000-2020 will be 270 megatonnes (Mt) carbon (or 36 g carbon m(-2) yr(-1) on average over 374,000 km2 of forest). This impact converted the forest from a small net carbon sink to a large net carbon source both during and immediately after the outbreak. In the worst year, the impacts resulting from the beetle outbreak in British Columbia were equivalent to approximately 75% of the average annual direct forest fire emissions from all of Canada during 1959-1999. The resulting reduction in net primary production was of similar magnitude to increases observed during the 1980s and 1990s as a result of global change. Climate change has contributed to the unprecedented extent and severity of this outbreak. Insect outbreaks such as this represent an important mechanism by which climate change may undermine the ability of northern forests to take up and store atmospheric carbon, and such impacts should be accounted for in large-scale modelling analyses.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kurz, W A -- Dymond, C C -- Stinson, G -- Rampley, G J -- Neilson, E T -- Carroll, A L -- Ebata, T -- Safranyik, L -- England -- Nature. 2008 Apr 24;452(7190):987-90. doi: 10.1038/nature06777.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Pacific Forestry Centre, Victoria, British Columbia, V8Z 1M5, Canada. wkurz@nrcan.gc.ca〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18432244" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Atmosphere/chemistry ; Beetles/*metabolism ; British Columbia ; Carbon/*metabolism ; Computer Simulation ; *Ecosystem ; Feedback, Physiological ; *Greenhouse Effect ; Monte Carlo Method ; Pinus/*metabolism ; Plant Diseases ; Trees/*metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Functional metagenomic profiling of nine biomes (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2008-03-14
    Description: Microbial activities shape the biogeochemistry of the planet and macroorganism health. Determining the metabolic processes performed by microbes is important both for understanding and for manipulating ecosystems (for example, disruption of key processes that lead to disease, conservation of environmental services, and so on). Describing microbial function is hampered by the inability to culture most microbes and by high levels of genomic plasticity. Metagenomic approaches analyse microbial communities to determine the metabolic processes that are important for growth and survival in any given environment. Here we conduct a metagenomic comparison of almost 15 million sequences from 45 distinct microbiomes and, for the first time, 42 distinct viromes and show that there are strongly discriminatory metabolic profiles across environments. Most of the functional diversity was maintained in all of the communities, but the relative occurrence of metabolisms varied, and the differences between metagenomes predicted the biogeochemical conditions of each environment. The magnitude of the microbial metabolic capabilities encoded by the viromes was extensive, suggesting that they serve as a repository for storing and sharing genes among their microbial hosts and influence global evolutionary and metabolic processes.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Dinsdale, Elizabeth A -- Edwards, Robert A -- Hall, Dana -- Angly, Florent -- Breitbart, Mya -- Brulc, Jennifer M -- Furlan, Mike -- Desnues, Christelle -- Haynes, Matthew -- Li, Linlin -- McDaniel, Lauren -- Moran, Mary Ann -- Nelson, Karen E -- Nilsson, Christina -- Olson, Robert -- Paul, John -- Brito, Beltran Rodriguez -- Ruan, Yijun -- Swan, Brandon K -- Stevens, Rick -- Valentine, David L -- Thurber, Rebecca Vega -- Wegley, Linda -- White, Bryan A -- Rohwer, Forest -- England -- Nature. 2008 Apr 3;452(7187):629-32. doi: 10.1038/nature06810. Epub 2008 Mar 12.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, California 92182, USA. elizabeth_dinsdale@hotmail.com〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18337718" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Anthozoa/physiology ; Archaea/genetics/isolation & purification/metabolism ; Bacteria/*genetics/isolation & purification/*metabolism ; Chemotaxis/genetics ; Computational Biology ; Culicidae/physiology ; *Ecosystem ; Fishes/physiology ; Fresh Water ; *Gene Expression Profiling ; Genome, Archaeal ; Genome, Bacterial ; Genome, Viral ; *Genomics ; Microbiology ; Seawater ; Viruses/*genetics/isolation & purification/*metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Improved estimates of upper-ocean warming and multi-decadal sea-level rise (2008)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2008-06-20
    Description: Changes in the climate system's energy budget are predominantly revealed in ocean temperatures and the associated thermal expansion contribution to sea-level rise. Climate models, however, do not reproduce the large decadal variability in globally averaged ocean heat content inferred from the sparse observational database, even when volcanic and other variable climate forcings are included. The sum of the observed contributions has also not adequately explained the overall multi-decadal rise. Here we report improved estimates of near-global ocean heat content and thermal expansion for the upper 300 m and 700 m of the ocean for 1950-2003, using statistical techniques that allow for sparse data coverage and applying recent corrections to reduce systematic biases in the most common ocean temperature observations. Our ocean warming and thermal expansion trends for 1961-2003 are about 50 per cent larger than earlier estimates but about 40 per cent smaller for 1993-2003, which is consistent with the recognition that previously estimated rates for the 1990s had a positive bias as a result of instrumental errors. On average, the decadal variability of the climate models with volcanic forcing now agrees approximately with the observations, but the modelled multi-decadal trends are smaller than observed. We add our observational estimate of upper-ocean thermal expansion to other contributions to sea-level rise and find that the sum of contributions from 1961 to 2003 is about 1.5 +/- 0.4 mm yr(-1), in good agreement with our updated estimate of near-global mean sea-level rise (using techniques established in earlier studies) of 1.6 +/- 0.2 mm yr(-1).〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Domingues, Catia M -- Church, John A -- White, Neil J -- Gleckler, Peter J -- Wijffels, Susan E -- Barker, Paul M -- Dunn, Jeff R -- England -- Nature. 2008 Jun 19;453(7198):1090-3. doi: 10.1038/nature07080.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Centre for Australian Weather and Climate Research, CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research, GPO Box 1538, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia. catia.domingues@csiro.au〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18563162" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Forecasting ; Greenhouse Effect ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; *Hot Temperature ; Models, Theoretical ; Oceans and Seas ; Research Design ; Seawater/*analysis ; Time Factors ; Volcanic Eruptions
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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