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  • 1
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    The importance of sample size in marine megafauna tagging studies (2019)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: Abstract Telemetry is a key, widely‐used tool to understand marine megafauna distribution, habitat use, behaviour, and physiology, however, a critical question remains: “how many animals should be tracked to acquire meaningful datasets?” This question has wide‐ranging implications including considerations of statistical power, animal ethics, logistics and cost. While power analyses can inform sample sizes needed for statistical significance, they require some initial data inputs that are often unavailable. To inform the planning of telemetry and biologging studies of marine megafauna where few or no data are available or where resources are limited, we reviewed the types of information that have been obtained in previously published studies using different sample sizes. We considered sample sizes from one to more than 100 individuals and synthesized empirical findings, detailing the information that can be gathered with increasing sample sizes. We complement this review with simulations, using real data, to show the impact of sample size when trying to address various research questions in movement ecology of marine megafauna. We also highlight the value of collaborative, synthetic studies to enhance sample sizes and broaden the range, scale, and scope of questions that can be answered. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
    Print ISSN: 1051-0761
    Electronic ISSN: 1939-5582
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Wiley on behalf of The Ecological Society of America (ESA).
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  • 2
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    Scaling laws of marine predator search behaviour (2008)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2008-02-29
    Description: Many free-ranging predators have to make foraging decisions with little, if any, knowledge of present resource distribution and availability. The optimal search strategy they should use to maximize encounter rates with prey in heterogeneous natural environments remains a largely unresolved issue in ecology. Levy walks are specialized random walks giving rise to fractal movement trajectories that may represent an optimal solution for searching complex landscapes. However, the adaptive significance of this putative strategy in response to natural prey distributions remains untested. Here we analyse over a million movement displacements recorded from animal-attached electronic tags to show that diverse marine predators-sharks, bony fishes, sea turtles and penguins-exhibit Levy-walk-like behaviour close to a theoretical optimum. Prey density distributions also display Levy-like fractal patterns, suggesting response movements by predators to prey distributions. Simulations show that predators have higher encounter rates when adopting Levy-type foraging in natural-like prey fields compared with purely random landscapes. This is consistent with the hypothesis that observed search patterns are adapted to observed statistical patterns of the landscape. This may explain why Levy-like behaviour seems to be widespread among diverse organisms, from microbes to humans, as a 'rule' that evolved in response to patchy resource distributions.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sims, David W -- Southall, Emily J -- Humphries, Nicolas E -- Hays, Graeme C -- Bradshaw, Corey J A -- Pitchford, Jonathan W -- James, Alex -- Ahmed, Mohammed Z -- Brierley, Andrew S -- Hindell, Mark A -- Morritt, David -- Musyl, Michael K -- Righton, David -- Shepard, Emily L C -- Wearmouth, Victoria J -- Wilson, Rory P -- Witt, Matthew J -- Metcalfe, Julian D -- England -- Nature. 2008 Feb 28;451(7182):1098-102. doi: 10.1038/nature06518.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, The Laboratory, Citadel Hill, Plymouth PL1 2PB, UK. dws@mba.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18305542" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Ecosystem ; Euphausiacea ; *Feeding Behavior ; Fractals ; Gadiformes ; *Marine Biology ; *Models, Biological ; *Motor Activity ; Oceans and Seas ; Population Density ; *Predatory Behavior ; Probability ; Seals, Earless ; Sharks ; Spheniscidae ; Tuna ; Turtles
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 3
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    Environmental context explains Levy and Brownian movement patterns of marine predators (2010)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-06-10
    Description: An optimal search theory, the so-called Levy-flight foraging hypothesis, predicts that predators should adopt search strategies known as Levy flights where prey is sparse and distributed unpredictably, but that Brownian movement is sufficiently efficient for locating abundant prey. Empirical studies have generated controversy because the accuracy of statistical methods that have been used to identify Levy behaviour has recently been questioned. Consequently, whether foragers exhibit Levy flights in the wild remains unclear. Crucially, moreover, it has not been tested whether observed movement patterns across natural landscapes having different expected resource distributions conform to the theory's central predictions. Here we use maximum-likelihood methods to test for Levy patterns in relation to environmental gradients in the largest animal movement data set assembled for this purpose. Strong support was found for Levy search patterns across 14 species of open-ocean predatory fish (sharks, tuna, billfish and ocean sunfish), with some individuals switching between Levy and Brownian movement as they traversed different habitat types. We tested the spatial occurrence of these two principal patterns and found Levy behaviour to be associated with less productive waters (sparser prey) and Brownian movements to be associated with productive shelf or convergence-front habitats (abundant prey). These results are consistent with the Levy-flight foraging hypothesis, supporting the contention that organism search strategies naturally evolved in such a way that they exploit optimal Levy patterns.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Humphries, Nicolas E -- Queiroz, Nuno -- Dyer, Jennifer R M -- Pade, Nicolas G -- Musyl, Michael K -- Schaefer, Kurt M -- Fuller, Daniel W -- Brunnschweiler, Juerg M -- Doyle, Thomas K -- Houghton, Jonathan D R -- Hays, Graeme C -- Jones, Catherine S -- Noble, Leslie R -- Wearmouth, Victoria J -- Southall, Emily J -- Sims, David W -- England -- Nature. 2010 Jun 24;465(7301):1066-9. doi: 10.1038/nature09116. Epub 2010 Jun 9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, The Laboratory, Citadel Hill, Plymouth PL1 2PB, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20531470" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animal Identification Systems ; Animals ; Biological Evolution ; *Ecosystem ; Exploratory Behavior/physiology ; Fishes/*physiology ; *Food ; Likelihood Functions ; Locomotion/*physiology ; Marine Biology ; *Models, Biological ; Perciformes/physiology ; Predatory Behavior/*physiology ; *Seawater ; Sharks/physiology ; Swimming/physiology
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 4
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    Feeding requirements of white sharks may be higher than originally thought (2013)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-03-19
    Description: Quantifying the energy requirements of animals in nature is critical for understanding physiological, behavioural, and ecosystem ecology; however, for difficult-to-study species such as large sharks, prey intake rates are largely unknown. Here, we use metabolic rates derived from swimming speed estimates to suggest that feeding requirements of the world's largest predatory fish, the white shark (Carcharodon carcharias), are several times higher than previously proposed. Further, our estimates of feeding frequency identify a clear benefit in seasonal selection of pinniped colonies - a white shark foraging strategy seen across much of their range. Scientific Reports 3 doi: 10.1038/srep01471
    Electronic ISSN: 2045-2322
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Published by Springer Nature
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  • 5
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    Fish stocks: Unlimited by-catch limits recovery (2016)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-03-25
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sims, David W -- Queiroz, Nuno -- England -- Nature. 2016 Mar 24;531(7595):448. doi: 10.1038/531448a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Marine Biological Association, Plymouth, UK. ; CIBIO/InBIO - University of Porto, Portugal.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27008956" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Fisheries/economics/*legislation & jurisprudence ; *Fishes ; Population Density
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 6
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    Fisheries: Better policing for fishy catch data (2015)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-05-01
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sims, David W -- Simpson, Samantha J -- England -- Nature. 2015 Apr 30;520(7549):623. doi: 10.1038/520623e.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, Plymouth, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25925469" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*legislation & jurisprudence/*statistics & ; numerical data ; Endangered Species/legislation & jurisprudence/statistics & numerical data ; European Union ; Fisheries/*legislation & jurisprudence/*statistics & numerical data ; *Fishes ; Reproducibility of Results ; Skates (Fish) ; Uncertainty
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 7
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    Convergence of marine megafauna movement patterns in coastal and open oceans [Ecology] (2018)
    A. M. M. Sequeira, J. P. Rodriguez, V. M. Eguiluz, R. Harcourt, M. Hindell, D. W. Sims, C. M. Duarte, D. P. Costa, J. Fernandez–Gracia, L. C. Ferreira, G. C. Hays, M. R. Heupel, M. G. Meekan, A. Aven, F. Bailleul, A. M. M. Baylis, M. L. Berumen, C. D. Braun, J. Burns, M. J. Caley, R. Campbell, R. H. Carmichael, E. Clua, L. D. Einoder, Ari Friedlaender, M. E. Goebel, S. D. Goldsworthy, C. Guinet, J. Gunn, D. Hamer, N. Hammerschlag, M. Hammill, L. A. Huckstadt, N. E. Humphries, M.–A. Lea, A. Lowther, A. Mackay, E. McHuron, J. McKenzie, L. McLeay, C. R. McMahon, K. Mengersen, M. M. C. Muelbert, A. M. Pagano, B. Page, N. Queiroz, P. W. Robinson, S. A. Shaffer, M. Shivȷi, G. B. Skomal, S. R. Thorrold, S. Villegas–Amtmann, M. Weise, R. Wells, B. Wetherbee, A. Wiebkin, B. Wienecke, M. Thums
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-03-21
    Description: The extent of increasing anthropogenic impacts on large marine vertebrates partly depends on the animals’ movement patterns. Effective conservation requires identification of the key drivers of movement including intrinsic properties and extrinsic constraints associated with the dynamic nature of the environments the animals inhabit. However, the relative importance of intrinsic...
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of body size on the standard metabolic rate of the lesser spotted dogfish (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish biology 48 (1996), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1095-8649
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Standard metabolic rates were measured as the rate of oxygen consumption in 33 Scyliorhinus canicula, ranging in weight from 3–929 g. The amount of oxygen consumed per hour (Vo2) changed predictably with body size according to the relationship Vo2=0–104 W0.855, where W represents fish weight in g. On a weight specific basis, the level of standard metabolism in juvenile dogfish (5 g) was nearly double that measured in adults (500 g).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1996.tb01447.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Does specific dynamic action (SDA) regulate return of appetite in the lesser spotted dogfish, Scyliorhinus caniculcla? (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish biology 45 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1095-8649
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Specific dynamic action (SDA) and the return of appetite (RA) were measured in juvenile (weight range 10·9–16·3 g) and adult (weight range 588·8–802·2 g) Scyliorhinus canicula by means of respirometry and re-feeding trials respectively. Juvenile S. canicula consumed relatively more food than the adults at all times indicating faster rates of food processing in juvenile dogfish. At no time during the SDA effect was there any evidence that elevated levels of oxygen consumption completely prevented further food consumption in either adult or juvenile dogfish. The coefficient (DurationSDA/DurationRA) was similar for both adult (0·52) and juvenile (0·49) S. canicula suggesting that SDA metabolism was closely associated with the processes involved in appetite return.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1994.tb01313.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    On the diel rhythms in metabolism and activity of post-hatching lesser spotted dogfish, Scyliorhinus canicula (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish biology 43 (1993), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1095-8649
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The diel rhythms in metabolic rate (MR) and activity level (AL) were measured for single post-hatching dogfish (weight range, 2.76–10.61 g) at 15° C by the indirect calorimetric method of rate of oxygen consumption (VO2) and by video-observation respectively, over a period of 72 b. The mean VO2 increased from 62.0 (s.e. 2.9) mg O2 kg−1 h−1 in the daylight hours to 85.5 (s.e. 3.1) mg O2 kg−1 h−1 during the dark (light regíme, 12 h L: 12 h D). The simultaneous measurement of AL also showed mean night elevation from 0.6 (s.e. 0.2) min h−1 in the light phase to 14.5 (s.e. 1.6) min h−1 during the darkness. Bimodal nocturnal activity (BNA) was exhibited by the post-hatching dogfish within the 12 h dark period, with VO2 increasing from 71.4 (s.e. 2.8) mg O2 kg−1 h−1 before 01.00 hours to 99.5 (s.e. 4.2) mg O2 kg−1 h−1 after 01.00 hours. Similarly, AL also increased from 8.9 (s.e. I.7)min h−1 before 01.00 hours to 21.1 (s.e. 2.8) min h−1 after 01.00 hours. The importance of the results presented to the natural behavioural ecology of the hatching dogfish are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1993.tb01151.x
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