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  • 1
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    Enhancement of primary production during drought in a temperate watershed is greater in larger rivers than headwater streams (2019)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: Abstract Drought is common in rivers, yet how this disturbance regulates metabolic activity across network scales is largely unknown. Drought often lowers gross primary production (GPP) and ecosystem respiration (ER) in small headwaters but by contrast can enhance GPP and cause algal blooms in downstream estuaries. We estimated ecosystem metabolism across a nested network of 13 reaches from headwaters to the main stem of the Connecticut River from 2015 through 2017, which encompassed a pronounced drought. During drought, GPP and ER increased, but with greater enhancement in larger rivers. Responses of GPP and ER were partially due to warmer temperatures associated with drought, particularly in the larger rivers where temperatures during summer drought were 〉 10°C higher than typical summer baseflow. The larger rivers also had low canopy cover, which allowed primary producers to take advantage of lower turbidity and fewer cloudy days during drought. We conclude that GPP is enhanced by higher temperature, lower turbidity, and longer water residence times that are all a function of low discharge, but ecosystem response in temperate watersheds to these drivers depends on light availability regulated by riparian canopy cover. In larger rivers, GPP increased more than ER during drought, even leading to temporary autotrophy, an otherwise rare event in the typically light‐limited heterotrophic Connecticut River main stem. With climate change, rivers and streams may become warmer and drought frequency and severity may increase. Such changes may increase autotrophy in rivers with broad implications for carbon cycling and water quality in aquatic ecosystems.
    Print ISSN: 0024-3590
    Electronic ISSN: 1939-5590
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of The Association for the Sciences of Limnology and Oceanography (ASLO).
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  • 2
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    Anthropogenically enhanced fluxes of water and carbon from the Mississippi River (2008)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-01-25
    Description: The water and dissolved inorganic carbon exported by rivers are important net fluxes that connect terrestrial and oceanic water and carbon reservoirs. For most rivers, the majority of dissolved inorganic carbon is in the form of bicarbonate. The riverine bicarbonate flux originates mainly from the dissolution of rock minerals by soil water carbon dioxide, a process called chemical weathering, which controls the buffering capacity and mineral content of receiving streams and rivers. Here we introduce an unprecedented high-temporal-resolution, 100-year data set from the Mississippi River and couple it with sub-watershed and precipitation data to reveal that the large increase in bicarbonate flux that has occurred over the past 50 years (ref. 3) is clearly anthropogenically driven. We show that the increase in bicarbonate and water fluxes is caused mainly by an increase in discharge from agricultural watersheds that has not been balanced by a rise in precipitation, which is also relevant to nutrient and pesticide fluxes to the Gulf of Mexico. These findings demonstrate that alterations in chemical weathering are relevant to improving contemporary biogeochemical budgets. Furthermore, land use change and management were arguably more important than changes in climate and plant CO2 fertilization to increases in riverine water and carbon export from this large region over the past 50 years.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Raymond, Peter A -- Oh, Neung-Hwan -- Turner, R Eugene -- Broussard, Whitney -- England -- Nature. 2008 Jan 24;451(7177):449-52. doi: 10.1038/nature06505.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, 21 Sachem Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA. peter.raymond@yale.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18216851" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Agriculture/history ; Bicarbonates/*analysis/chemistry ; Carbon/*analysis ; Carbon Dioxide/analysis/metabolism ; Geologic Sediments/analysis/chemistry ; Greenhouse Effect ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; *Human Activities/history ; Mississippi ; Rain ; Rivers/*chemistry ; Time Factors
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 3
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    Differential Response of Greenhouse Gas Evasion to Storms in Forested and Wetland Streams (2019)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: Abstract Greenhouse gas evasion from inland waters is a globally significant yet highly uncertain flux, especially in regard to effects of wetlands and hydrologic variability. We sampled five headwater and two second order streams with variable wetland influence during storm events for dissolved CO2, CH4, and N2O. We also calculated gas evasion rates. In first orders, pCO2 and pN2O were significantly higher in the stream with the most wetland influence (mean±1 std: 3965±1504 μatm and 1.18±0.37 μatm, respectively) than the forested stream (2927±439 μatm and 0.47±0.08 μatm, respectively). In second orders, pCO2, pCH4, and pN2O were higher in the 14% wetland stream (3274±825 μatm, 501±207 μatm, and 1.37±0.43 μatm, respectively) than in the 2% wetland stream (1858±423 μatm, 137±53 μatm, and 0.37±0.08 μatm, respectively). In first orders, pCO2 in streams with wetland influence increased during rain events, while pCO2 in streams with little to no wetland influence decreased or remained constant. Generally, pCH4 and pN2O followed the same trend, except in one stream with intermediate wetland influence. Gas transfer velocity increased in all streams during storm events. However, the forested streams had higher gas transfer velocities than the wetland influenced streams due to steeper topography. CO2, CH4, and N2O evasion peaked in one of the intermediate wetland streams at high flow (maximum: 66 g‐C m‐2 d‐1, 177 mg‐C m‐2 d‐1, and 9.7 mg‐N m‐2 d‐1, respectively). These findings suggest that gases are shunted downstream in flatter, wetland streams while gases are evaded closer to their source in steeper, forested streams.
    Print ISSN: 2169-8953
    Electronic ISSN: 2169-8961
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 4
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    Increase in the export of alkalinity from North America's largest river (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-07-05
    Description: Chemical weathering and the subsequent export of carbonate alkalinity (HCO3- + CO3-2) from soils to rivers account for significant amounts of terrestrially sequestered atmospheric CO2. We show here that during the past half-century, the export of this alkalinity has increased dramatically from North America's largest river, the Mississippi. This increased export is in part the result of increased flow resulting from higher rainfall in the Mississippi basin. Subcatchment data from the Mississippi suggest that the increase in the export of alkalinity is also linked to amount and type of land cover. These observations have important implications for the potential management of carbon sequestration in the United States.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Raymond, Peter A -- Cole, Jonathan J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Jul 4;301(5629):88-91.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, 205 Prospect Street, New Haven CT, 06511, USA. peter.raymond@yale.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12843391" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Atmosphere ; Bicarbonates ; Biomass ; *Carbon ; *Carbon Dioxide ; Carbonates/chemistry ; *Crops, Agricultural ; *Fresh Water ; Geologic Sediments ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Protons ; Rain ; Silicates/chemistry ; Soil ; *Trees ; United States ; Water Movements
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 5
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    Particulate Organic Carbon and Nitrogen Export from Major Arctic Rivers (2016)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-04-23
    Description: Northern rivers connect a land area of approximately 20.5 million km 2 to the Arctic Ocean and surrounding seas. These rivers account for ~10% of global river discharge, and transport massive quantities of dissolved and particulate materials that reflect watershed sources and impact biogeochemical cycling in the ocean. In this paper, multi-year datasets from a coordinated sampling program are used to characterize particulate organic carbon (POC) and nitrogen (PN) export from the six largest rivers within the pan-Arctic watershed (Yenisey, Lena, Ob’, Mackenzie, Yukon, Kolyma). Together these rivers export an average of 3055 x 10 9  g of POC and 368 x 10 9  g of PN each year. Scaled up to the pan-Arctic watershed as a whole, fluvial export estimates increase to 5767 x 10 9  g and 695 x 10 9  g of POC and PN per year respectively. POC export is substantially lower than dissolved organic carbon export by these rivers, whereas PN export is roughly equal to dissolved nitrogen export. Seasonal patterns in concentrations and source/composition indicators (C:N, δ 13 C, Δ 14 C, δ 15 N) are broadly similar among rivers, but distinct regional differences are also evident. For example, average radiocarbon ages of POC range from ~2000 (Ob’) to ~5500 (Mackenzie) years before present. Rapid changes within the Arctic system as a consequence of global warming make it challenging to establish a contemporary baseline of fluvial export, but the results presented in this paper capture variability and quantify average conditions for nearly a decade at the beginning of the 21 st century.
    Print ISSN: 0886-6236
    Electronic ISSN: 1944-9224
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geography , Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 6
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    The changing carbon cycle of the coastal ocean (2013)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-12-07
    Description: The carbon cycle of the coastal ocean is a dynamic component of the global carbon budget. But the diverse sources and sinks of carbon and their complex interactions in these waters remain poorly understood. Here we discuss the sources, exchanges and fates of carbon in the coastal ocean and how anthropogenic activities have altered the carbon cycle. Recent evidence suggests that the coastal ocean may have become a net sink for atmospheric carbon dioxide during post-industrial times. Continued human pressures in coastal zones will probably have an important impact on the future evolution of the coastal ocean's carbon budget.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bauer, James E -- Cai, Wei-Jun -- Raymond, Peter A -- Bianchi, Thomas S -- Hopkinson, Charles S -- Regnier, Pierre A G -- England -- Nature. 2013 Dec 5;504(7478):61-70. doi: 10.1038/nature12857.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Aquatic Biogeochemistry Laboratory, Department of Evolution, Ecology and Organismal Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24305149" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Carbon Cycle ; Ecosystem ; Geologic Sediments ; Humans ; *Oceans and Seas ; Rivers/chemistry ; Wetlands
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 7
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    Global carbon dioxide emissions from inland waters (2013)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-11-22
    Description: Carbon dioxide (CO2) transfer from inland waters to the atmosphere, known as CO2 evasion, is a component of the global carbon cycle. Global estimates of CO2 evasion have been hampered, however, by the lack of a framework for estimating the inland water surface area and gas transfer velocity and by the absence of a global CO2 database. Here we report regional variations in global inland water surface area, dissolved CO2 and gas transfer velocity. We obtain global CO2 evasion rates of 1.8(+0.25)(-0.25) petagrams of carbon (Pg C) per year from streams and rivers and 0.32(+0.52)(-0.26) Pg C yr(-1) from lakes and reservoirs, where the upper and lower limits are respectively the 5th and 95th confidence interval percentiles. The resulting global evasion rate of 2.1 Pg C yr(-1) is higher than previous estimates owing to a larger stream and river evasion rate. Our analysis predicts global hotspots in stream and river evasion, with about 70 per cent of the flux occurring over just 20 per cent of the land surface. The source of inland water CO2 is still not known with certainty and new studies are needed to research the mechanisms controlling CO2 evasion globally.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Raymond, Peter A -- Hartmann, Jens -- Lauerwald, Ronny -- Sobek, Sebastian -- McDonald, Cory -- Hoover, Mark -- Butman, David -- Striegl, Robert -- Mayorga, Emilio -- Humborg, Christoph -- Kortelainen, Pirkko -- Durr, Hans -- Meybeck, Michel -- Ciais, Philippe -- Guth, Peter -- England -- Nature. 2013 Nov 21;503(7476):355-9. doi: 10.1038/nature12760.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, 195 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24256802" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Atmosphere/chemistry ; Carbon Cycle ; Carbon Dioxide/*analysis ; Fresh Water/*chemistry ; Gases/analysis ; Geography ; Internationality ; Rivers/chemistry
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Introduction (2000)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 57 (2000), S. 183-185 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/PL00000682
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    PCR-SSO TYPING FOR DR4-Dw SUBTYPES: APPLICATION TO UNRELATED BONE MARROW TRANSPLANT DONOR SELECTION (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    International journal of immunogenetics 18 (1991), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1744-313X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Thirty-seven DR4-positive patient-unrelated bone marrow donor pairs previously DR/DQ restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) typed and tested in mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC), have been DR4-Dw subtyped retrospectively using sequence specific oligonucleotide probes. We found that DR4-Dw subtyping substantially increased the accuracy of pre-MLC matching and could potentially accelerate donor searches by avoiding unnecessary MLC tests on Dw-mismatched donors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-313X.1991.tb00009.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synthesis and Structure of Tris (2′-[2-phenyl-1,3-dioxolano])-chromium(III) (1974)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Helvetica Chimica Acta 57 (1974), S. 1863-1866 
    Details
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Tris(2′-[2-phenyl-1,3-dioxolano])chromium(III) 3 has been synthesised and has been shown to have the cis (or fac) configuration 3a by X-ray analysis: the Cr—C bond length is 2.037 (10) Å.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hlca.19740570635
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