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  • *Ecosystem  (1,597)
  • Protein Conformation  (1,425)
  • *Biological Evolution  (1,390)
  • American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)  (4,305)
  • Springer Science + Business Media
  • American Chemical Society (ACS)
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  • 1
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    Conformational photoswitching of a synthetic peptide foldamer bound within a phospholipid bilayer (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-04-02
    Description: The dynamic properties of foldamers, synthetic molecules that mimic folded biomolecules, have mainly been explored in free solution. We report on the design, synthesis, and conformational behavior of photoresponsive foldamers bound in a phospholipid bilayer akin to a biological membrane phase. These molecules contain a chromophore, which can be switched between two configurations by different wavelengths of light, attached to a helical synthetic peptide that both promotes membrane insertion and communicates conformational change along its length. Light-induced structural changes in the chromophore are translated into global conformational changes, which are detected by monitoring the solid-state (19)F nuclear magnetic resonance signals of a remote fluorine-containing residue located 1 to 2 nanometers away. The behavior of the foldamers in the membrane phase is similar to that of analogous compounds in organic solvents.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉De Poli, Matteo -- Zawodny, Wojciech -- Quinonero, Ophelie -- Lorch, Mark -- Webb, Simon J -- Clayden, Jonathan -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2016 Apr 29;352(6285):575-80. doi: 10.1126/science.aad8352. Epub 2016 Mar 31.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK. ; Department of Chemistry, University of Hull, Hull HU6 7RX, UK. ; School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK. Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, UK. ; School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, UK. j.clayden@bristol.ac.uk.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27033546" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Light ; Lipid Bilayers/*chemistry ; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy ; Peptides/*chemistry/radiation effects ; Phosphatidylcholines/*chemistry/radiation effects ; Phospholipids/*chemistry/radiation effects ; Photochemical Processes ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Folding
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 2
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    EVOLUTION. Comb jelly 'anus' guts ideas on origin of through-gut (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-03-26
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Maxmen, Amy -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2016 Mar 25;351(6280):1378-80. doi: 10.1126/science.351.6280.1378.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27013707" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Anal Canal/*anatomy & histology ; Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Ctenophora/*anatomy & histology/genetics ; Sequence Analysis, DNA
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 3
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    Structural and molecular basis for Ebola virus neutralization by protective human antibodies (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-02-27
    Description: Ebola virus causes hemorrhagic fever with a high case fatality rate for which there is no approved therapy. Two human monoclonal antibodies, mAb100 and mAb114, in combination, protect nonhuman primates against all signs of Ebola virus disease, including viremia. Here, we demonstrate that mAb100 recognizes the base of the Ebola virus glycoprotein (GP) trimer, occludes access to the cathepsin-cleavage loop, and prevents the proteolytic cleavage of GP that is required for virus entry. We show that mAb114 interacts with the glycan cap and inner chalice of GP, remains associated after proteolytic removal of the glycan cap, and inhibits binding of cleaved GP to its receptor. These results define the basis of neutralization for two protective antibodies and may facilitate development of therapies and vaccines.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Misasi, John -- Gilman, Morgan S A -- Kanekiyo, Masaru -- Gui, Miao -- Cagigi, Alberto -- Mulangu, Sabue -- Corti, Davide -- Ledgerwood, Julie E -- Lanzavecchia, Antonio -- Cunningham, James -- Muyembe-Tamfun, Jean Jacques -- Baxa, Ulrich -- Graham, Barney S -- Xiang, Ye -- Sullivan, Nancy J -- McLellan, Jason S -- 5K08AI079381/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- HHSN261200800001E/PHS HHS/ -- T32GM008704/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- Intramural NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2016 Mar 18;351(6279):1343-6. doi: 10.1126/science.aad6117. Epub 2016 Feb 25.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA. Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA. Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02215, USA. ; Department of Biochemistry, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, USA. ; Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA. ; Centre for Infectious Diseases Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084 China. ; Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Universita della Svizzera Italiana, CH-6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland. ; Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Universita della Svizzera Italiana, CH-6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland. Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland. ; Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA. ; National Institute for Biomedical Research, National Laboratory of Public Health, Kinshasa B.P. 1197, Democratic Republic of the Congo. ; Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Cancer Research Technology Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA. ; Centre for Infectious Diseases Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084 China. njsull@mail.nih.gov yxiang@mail.tsinghua.edu.cn. ; Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA. njsull@mail.nih.gov yxiang@mail.tsinghua.edu.cn.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26917592" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Antibodies, Monoclonal/*chemistry/immunology ; Antibodies, Neutralizing/*chemistry/immunology ; Antibodies, Viral/*chemistry/immunology ; Cathepsins/chemistry ; Cryoelectron Microscopy ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Ebolavirus/*immunology ; Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola/immunology/*prevention & control ; Humans ; Protein Conformation ; Proteolysis ; Viral Envelope Proteins/chemistry/*immunology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 4
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    Structural basis of lipoprotein signal peptidase II action and inhibition by the antibiotic globomycin (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-02-26
    Description: With functions that range from cell envelope structure to signal transduction and transport, lipoproteins constitute 2 to 3% of bacterial genomes and play critical roles in bacterial physiology, pathogenicity, and antibiotic resistance. Lipoproteins are synthesized with a signal peptide securing them to the cytoplasmic membrane with the lipoprotein domain in the periplasm or outside the cell. Posttranslational processing requires a signal peptidase II (LspA) that removes the signal peptide. Here, we report the crystal structure of LspA from Pseudomonas aeruginosa complexed with the antimicrobial globomycin at 2.8 angstrom resolution. Mutagenesis studies identify LspA as an aspartyl peptidase. In an example of molecular mimicry, globomycin appears to inhibit by acting as a noncleavable peptide that sterically blocks the active site. This structure should inform rational antibiotic drug discovery.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Vogeley, Lutz -- El Arnaout, Toufic -- Bailey, Jonathan -- Stansfeld, Phillip J -- Boland, Coilin -- Caffrey, Martin -- BB/I019855/1/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2016 Feb 19;351(6275):876-80. doi: 10.1126/science.aad3747.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉School of Medicine and School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland. ; Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, UK. ; School of Medicine and School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland. martin.caffrey@tcd.ie.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26912896" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/*chemistry/pharmacology ; Aspartic Acid Endopeptidases/*antagonists & inhibitors/*chemistry/genetics ; Bacterial Proteins/*antagonists & inhibitors/*chemistry/genetics ; Catalytic Domain ; Conserved Sequence ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Mutagenesis ; Peptides/*chemistry/pharmacology ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Processing, Post-Translational ; Pseudomonas aeruginosa/*enzymology ; Substrate Specificity
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 5
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    The 3.8 A structure of the U4/U6.U5 tri-snRNP: Insights into spliceosome assembly and catalysis (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-01-09
    Description: Splicing of precursor messenger RNA is accomplished by a dynamic megacomplex known as the spliceosome. Assembly of a functional spliceosome requires a preassembled U4/U6.U5 tri-snRNP complex, which comprises the U5 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein (snRNP), the U4 and U6 small nuclear RNA (snRNA) duplex, and a number of protein factors. Here we report the three-dimensional structure of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae U4/U6.U5 tri-snRNP at an overall resolution of 3.8 angstroms by single-particle electron cryomicroscopy. The local resolution for the core regions of the tri-snRNP reaches 3.0 to 3.5 angstroms, allowing construction of a refined atomic model. Our structure contains U5 snRNA, the extensively base-paired U4/U6 snRNA, and 30 proteins including Prp8 and Snu114, which amount to 8495 amino acids and 263 nucleotides with a combined molecular mass of ~1 megadalton. The catalytic nucleotide U80 from U6 snRNA exists in an inactive conformation, stabilized by its base-pairing interactions with U4 snRNA and protected by Prp3. Pre-messenger RNA is bound in the tri-snRNP through base-pairing interactions with U6 snRNA and loop I of U5 snRNA. This structure, together with that of the spliceosome, reveals the molecular choreography of the snRNAs in the activation process of the spliceosomal ribozyme.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wan, Ruixue -- Yan, Chuangye -- Bai, Rui -- Wang, Lin -- Huang, Min -- Wong, Catherine C L -- Shi, Yigong -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2016 Jan 29;351(6272):466-75. doi: 10.1126/science.aad6466. Epub 2016 Jan 7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Protein Science, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China. ; National Center for Protein Science Shanghai, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes of Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26743623" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Catalysis ; Cryoelectron Microscopy ; Nucleic Acid Conformation ; Protein Conformation ; RNA Precursors/chemistry ; *RNA Splicing ; RNA, Messenger/chemistry ; RNA, Small Nuclear/*chemistry/ultrastructure ; Ribonucleoprotein, U4-U6 Small Nuclear/*chemistry/ultrastructure ; Ribonucleoprotein, U5 Small Nuclear/*chemistry/ultrastructure ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae/*metabolism ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins/*chemistry/ultrastructure ; Spliceosomes/*chemistry/ultrastructure
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  • 6
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    Molecular architecture of the human U4/U6.U5 tri-snRNP (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-02-26
    Description: The U4/U6.U5 triple small nuclear ribonucleoprotein (tri-snRNP) is a major spliceosome building block. We obtained a three-dimensional structure of the 1.8-megadalton human tri-snRNP at a resolution of 7 angstroms using single-particle cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM). We fit all known high-resolution structures of tri-snRNP components into the EM density map and validated them by protein cross-linking. Our model reveals how the spatial organization of Brr2 RNA helicase prevents premature U4/U6 RNA unwinding in isolated human tri-snRNPs and how the ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase-like protein Sad1 likely tethers the helicase Brr2 to its preactivation position. Comparison of our model with cryo-EM three-dimensional structures of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae tri-snRNP and Schizosaccharomyces pombe spliceosome indicates that Brr2 undergoes a marked conformational change during spliceosome activation, and that the scaffolding protein Prp8 is also rearranged to accommodate the spliceosome's catalytic RNA network.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Agafonov, Dmitry E -- Kastner, Berthold -- Dybkov, Olexandr -- Hofele, Romina V -- Liu, Wen-Ti -- Urlaub, Henning -- Luhrmann, Reinhard -- Stark, Holger -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2016 Mar 25;351(6280):1416-20. doi: 10.1126/science.aad2085. Epub 2016 Feb 18.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Cellular Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, D-37077 Gottingen, Germany. ; Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, D-37077 Gottingen, Germany. Bioanalytics Group, Institute for Clinical Chemistry, University Medical Center Gottingen, D-37075 Gottingen, Germany. ; Department of 3D Electron Cryomicroscopy, Georg-August Universitat Gottingen, D-37077 Gottingen, Germany. Department of Structural Dynamics, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, D-37077 Gottingen, Germany. ; Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, D-37077 Gottingen, Germany. Bioanalytics Group, Institute for Clinical Chemistry, University Medical Center Gottingen, D-37075 Gottingen, Germany. reinhard.luehrmann@mpi-bpc.mpg.de hstark1@gwdg.de henning.urlaub@mpibpc.mpg.de. ; Department of Cellular Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, D-37077 Gottingen, Germany. reinhard.luehrmann@mpi-bpc.mpg.de hstark1@gwdg.de henning.urlaub@mpibpc.mpg.de. ; Department of 3D Electron Cryomicroscopy, Georg-August Universitat Gottingen, D-37077 Gottingen, Germany. Department of Structural Dynamics, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, D-37077 Gottingen, Germany. reinhard.luehrmann@mpi-bpc.mpg.de hstark1@gwdg.de henning.urlaub@mpibpc.mpg.de.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26912367" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Cryoelectron Microscopy ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; DEAD-box RNA Helicases/chemistry ; Enzyme Activation ; HeLa Cells ; Humans ; Models, Molecular ; Peptide Elongation Factors/chemistry ; Protein Conformation ; RNA Helicases/chemistry ; RNA-Binding Proteins/chemistry ; Ribonucleoprotein, U4-U6 Small Nuclear/*chemistry ; Ribonucleoprotein, U5 Small Nuclear/*chemistry ; Ribonucleoproteins, Small Nuclear/chemistry ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins/chemistry ; Schizosaccharomyces/metabolism ; Ubiquitin Thiolesterase/chemistry
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 7
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    Response to Comment on "Global assessment of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus diversity reveals very low endemism" (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-02-26
    Description: Bruns and Taylor argue that our finding of widespread distribution among Glomeromycota "virtual taxa" is undermined by the species definition applied. Although identifying appropriate species concepts and accessing taxonomically informative traits are challenges for microorganism biogeography, the virtual taxa represent a pragmatic classification that corresponds approximately to the species rank of classical Glomeromycota taxonomy, yet is applicable to environmental DNA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Opik, Maarja -- Davison, John -- Moora, Mari -- Partel, Meelis -- Zobel, Martin -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2016 Feb 19;351(6275):826. doi: 10.1126/science.aad5495.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Botany, University of Tartu, 40 Lai Street, 51005 Tartu, Estonia. maarja.opik@ut.ee. ; Department of Botany, University of Tartu, 40 Lai Street, 51005 Tartu, Estonia.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26912890" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Ecosystem ; Humans ; *Mycorrhizae ; Plant Roots/*microbiology ; *Symbiosis
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 8
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    Comparative biology. Female organs revealed as weapons in sexual arms race (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-01-28
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pennisi, Elizabeth -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2016 Jan 15;351(6270):214-5. doi: 10.1126/science.351.6270.214. Epub 2016 Jan 14.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26816357" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Anatomy, Comparative ; Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Colubridae/anatomy & histology/physiology ; *Copulation ; Female ; Genitalia, Female/*anatomy & histology/*physiology ; Male
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  • 9
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    EVOLUTION. Pathogen to powerhouse (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-02-26
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ball, Steven G -- Bhattacharya, Debashish -- Weber, Andreas P M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2016 Feb 12;351(6274):659-60. doi: 10.1126/science.aad8864.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Universite de Lille CNRS, UMR 8576-UGSF-Unite de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, F 59000 Lille, France. ; Department of Ecology, Evolution and Natural Resources, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA. debash.bhattacharya@gmail.com. ; Institute for Plant Biochemistry, Center of Excellence on Plant Sciences, Heinrich-Heine-University, Universitatsstrasse 1, D-40225 Dusseldorf, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26912842" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alphaproteobacteria/*genetics/pathogenicity ; Animals ; Archaea/metabolism ; *Biological Evolution ; Endocytosis ; Energy Metabolism/genetics ; Eukaryota/genetics ; *Host-Pathogen Interactions ; Humans ; Mitochondria/*genetics ; Plastids/*genetics ; Rickettsia/genetics/pathogenicity ; Symbiosis/*genetics
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  • 10
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    Invasive species shape evolution (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2016-04-23
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hulme, Philip E -- Le Roux, Johannes J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2016 Apr 22;352(6284):422. doi: 10.1126/science.352.6284.422-b. Epub 2016 Apr 21.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉The Bio-Protection Research Centre, Lincoln University, Lincoln 7647, Canterbury, New Zealand. philip.hulme@lincoln.ac.nz. ; The Bio-Protection Research Centre, Lincoln University, Lincoln 7647, Canterbury, New Zealand. Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Matieland 7602, South Africa.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27102471" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; *Extinction, Biological ; Humans
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  • 11
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    Structures of a CRISPR-Cas9 R-loop complex primed for DNA cleavage (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-02-04
    Description: Bacterial adaptive immunity and genome engineering involving the CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats)-associated (Cas) protein Cas9 begin with RNA-guided DNA unwinding to form an RNA-DNA hybrid and a displaced DNA strand inside the protein. The role of this R-loop structure in positioning each DNA strand for cleavage by the two Cas9 nuclease domains is unknown. We determine molecular structures of the catalytically active Streptococcus pyogenes Cas9 R-loop that show the displaced DNA strand located near the RuvC nuclease domain active site. These protein-DNA interactions, in turn, position the HNH nuclease domain adjacent to the target DNA strand cleavage site in a conformation essential for concerted DNA cutting. Cas9 bends the DNA helix by 30 degrees , providing the structural distortion needed for R-loop formation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Jiang, Fuguo -- Taylor, David W -- Chen, Janice S -- Kornfeld, Jack E -- Zhou, Kaihong -- Thompson, Aubri J -- Nogales, Eva -- Doudna, Jennifer A -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2016 Feb 19;351(6275):867-71. doi: 10.1126/science.aad8282. Epub 2016 Jan 14.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. ; Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. ; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. ; Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. ; Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. doudna@berkeley.edu enogales@lbl.gov. ; Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. doudna@berkeley.edu enogales@lbl.gov.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26841432" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *CRISPR-Cas Systems ; Catalytic Domain ; *Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; DNA/*chemistry ; *DNA Cleavage ; Endonucleases/*chemistry/ultrastructure ; Genetic Engineering ; Genome ; Nucleic Acid Conformation ; Protein Conformation ; RNA/chemistry ; RNA, Guide ; Streptococcus pyogenes/*enzymology
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  • 12
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    HIV-1 broadly neutralizing antibody precursor B cells revealed by germline-targeting immunogen (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-03-26
    Description: Induction of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) is a major HIV vaccine goal. Germline-targeting immunogens aim to initiate bnAb induction by activating bnAb germline precursor B cells. Critical unmet challenges are to determine whether bnAb precursor naive B cells bind germline-targeting immunogens and occur at sufficient frequency in humans for reliable vaccine responses. Using deep mutational scanning and multitarget optimization, we developed a germline-targeting immunogen (eOD-GT8) for diverse VRC01-class bnAbs. We then used the immunogen to isolate VRC01-class precursor naive B cells from HIV-uninfected donors. Frequencies of true VRC01-class precursors, their structures, and their eOD-GT8 affinities support this immunogen as a candidate human vaccine prime. These methods could be applied to germline targeting for other classes of HIV bnAbs and for Abs to other pathogens.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4872700/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4872700/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Jardine, Joseph G -- Kulp, Daniel W -- Havenar-Daughton, Colin -- Sarkar, Anita -- Briney, Bryan -- Sok, Devin -- Sesterhenn, Fabian -- Ereno-Orbea, June -- Kalyuzhniy, Oleksandr -- Deresa, Isaiah -- Hu, Xiaozhen -- Spencer, Skye -- Jones, Meaghan -- Georgeson, Erik -- Adachi, Yumiko -- Kubitz, Michael -- deCamp, Allan C -- Julien, Jean-Philippe -- Wilson, Ian A -- Burton, Dennis R -- Crotty, Shane -- Schief, William R -- P01 AI094419/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- P01 AI110657/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- P41GM103393/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI084817/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- UM1 AI100663/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2016 Mar 25;351(6280):1458-63. doi: 10.1126/science.aad9195.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. ; Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. ; IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. ; Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. ; Program in Molecular Structure and Function, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A4, Canada. ; Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. ; Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention (SCHARP), Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA. ; IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. Program in Molecular Structure and Function, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A4, Canada. Departments of Biochemistry and Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada. ; IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. ; Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02129, USA. ; Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA. schief@scripps.edu shane@lji.org. ; Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02129, USA. schief@scripps.edu shane@lji.org.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27013733" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: AIDS Vaccines/*immunology ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Antibodies, Monoclonal/chemistry/*immunology/isolation & purification ; Antibodies, Neutralizing/chemistry/*immunology/isolation & purification ; Antibody Affinity ; B-Lymphocytes/immunology ; Cell Separation ; Combinatorial Chemistry Techniques ; Epitopes, B-Lymphocyte/chemistry/genetics/*immunology ; Germ Cells/*immunology ; HIV Antibodies/chemistry/*immunology/isolation & purification ; HIV-1/*immunology ; Humans ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Peptide Library ; Precursor Cells, B-Lymphoid/*immunology ; Protein Conformation
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 13
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    Comment on "Global assessment of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus diversity reveals very low endemism" (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-02-26
    Description: Davison et al. (Reports, 28 August 2015, p. 970) claim that virtual taxa of Glomeromycota show little endemism and that endemism that exists is similar to the levels seen in plant families. We show that this is likely due to the conservative species definition rather than to any ecological pattern.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bruns, Thomas D -- Taylor, John W -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2016 Feb 19;351(6275):826. doi: 10.1126/science.aad4228.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, 111 Koshland Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720-3102, USA. pogon@berkeley.edu. ; Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, 111 Koshland Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720-3102, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26912889" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Ecosystem ; Humans ; *Mycorrhizae ; Plant Roots/*microbiology ; *Symbiosis
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 14
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    Response--Invasive species shape evolution (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-04-23
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sarrazin, Francois -- Lecomte, Jane -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2016 Apr 22;352(6284):422-3. doi: 10.1126/science.352.6284.422-c. Epub 2016 Apr 21.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Sorbonne Universites, UPMC Univ. Paris 06, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, CESCO, UMR 7204, 75005 Paris, France. sarrazin@mnhn.fr. ; Ecologie Systematique Evolution, Univ. Paris-Sud, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Universite Paris-Saclay, 91400 Orsay, France.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27102472" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; *Extinction, Biological ; Humans
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 15
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    Ecology. Mothers shape ecological communities (2015)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-02-24
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Dantzer, Ben -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2015 Feb 20;347(6224):822-3. doi: 10.1126/science.aaa6480.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Psychology and Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA. dantzer@umich.edu.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25700499" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; *Competitive Behavior ; *Ecosystem ; Female ; Male ; *Maternal Behavior ; Songbirds/*physiology
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 16
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    ECOLOGY. NSF looks for new contractor to finish troubled observatory (2015)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-12-19
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mervis, Jeffrey -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2015 Dec 18;350(6267):1454. doi: 10.1126/science.350.6267.1454.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26680170" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Contract Services/*economics ; Ecology/*economics ; *Ecosystem ; United States
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 17
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    FUNGAL SYMBIONTS. Global assessment of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus diversity reveals very low endemism (2015)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-09-01
    Description: The global biogeography of microorganisms remains largely unknown, in contrast to the well-studied diversity patterns of macroorganisms. We used arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus DNA from 1014 plant-root samples collected worldwide to determine the global distribution of these plant symbionts. We found that AM fungal communities reflected local environmental conditions and the spatial distance between sites. However, despite AM fungi apparently possessing limited dispersal ability, we found 93% of taxa on multiple continents and 34% on all six continents surveyed. This contrasts with the high spatial turnover of other fungal taxa and with the endemism displayed by plants at the global scale. We suggest that the biogeography of AM fungi is driven by unexpectedly efficient dispersal, probably via both abiotic and biotic vectors, including humans.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Davison, J -- Moora, M -- Opik, M -- Adholeya, A -- Ainsaar, L -- Ba, A -- Burla, S -- Diedhiou, A G -- Hiiesalu, I -- Jairus, T -- Johnson, N C -- Kane, A -- Koorem, K -- Kochar, M -- Ndiaye, C -- Partel, M -- Reier, U -- Saks, U -- Singh, R -- Vasar, M -- Zobel, M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2015 Aug 28;349(6251):970-3. doi: 10.1126/science.aab1161.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Lai 40, Tartu 51005, Estonia. ; Centre for Mycorrhizal Research, The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI), India Habitat Centre, Lodhi Road, New Delhi 110 003, India. ; Laboratoire des Symbioses Tropicales et Mediterraneennes, Unite Mixte de Recherche 113, Laboratoire de Biologie et Physiologie Vegetales, Faculte des Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, Universite des Antilles, BP 592, 97159, Pointe-a-Pitre, Guadeloupe (French West Indies). ; Laboratoire Commun de Microbiologie de l'Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement-Institut Senegalais de Recherches Agricoles-Universite Cheikh Anta Diop (UCAD), Departement de Biologie Vegetale, UCAD, BP 5005 Dakar, Senegal. ; Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Lai 40, Tartu 51005, Estonia. Institute of Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Dukelska 135, 379 01 Trebon, Czech Republic. ; School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011-5694, USA. ; Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Lai 40, Tartu 51005, Estonia. Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Droevendaalsesteeg 10, 6708 PB Wageningen, Netherlands. ; TERI-Deakin Nano Biotechnology Centre, Biotechnology and Management of Bioresources Division, TERI, India Habitat Centre, Lodhi Road, New Delhi 110 003, India.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26315436" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biodiversity ; DNA, Fungal/analysis ; *Ecosystem ; Environment ; Humans ; *Mycorrhizae/genetics/isolation & purification/physiology ; Phylogeny ; Phylogeography ; Plant Roots/*microbiology ; *Symbiosis ; Water ; Wind
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 18
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    Education. Why many U.S. biology teachers are 'wishy-washy' (2015)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-03-07
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mervis, Jeffrey -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2015 Mar 6;347(6226):1054. doi: 10.1126/science.347.6226.1054.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25745139" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Biological Evolution ; Biology/*education ; Curriculum ; *Faculty ; Knowledge ; *Professional Competence ; *Religion and Science ; Role ; United States
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 19
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    Evolution. Evolutionary resurrection of flagellar motility via rewiring of the nitrogen regulation system (2015)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-02-28
    Description: A central process in evolution is the recruitment of genes to regulatory networks. We engineered immotile strains of the bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens that lack flagella due to deletion of the regulatory gene fleQ. Under strong selection for motility, these bacteria consistently regained flagella within 96 hours via a two-step evolutionary pathway. Step 1 mutations increase intracellular levels of phosphorylated NtrC, a distant homolog of FleQ, which begins to commandeer control of the fleQ regulon at the cost of disrupting nitrogen uptake and assimilation. Step 2 is a switch-of-function mutation that redirects NtrC away from nitrogen uptake and toward its novel function as a flagellar regulator. Our results demonstrate that natural selection can rapidly rewire regulatory networks in very few, repeatable mutational steps.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Taylor, Tiffany B -- Mulley, Geraldine -- Dills, Alexander H -- Alsohim, Abdullah S -- McGuffin, Liam J -- Studholme, David J -- Silby, Mark W -- Brockhurst, Michael A -- Johnson, Louise J -- Jackson, Robert W -- BB/J015350/1/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom -- BB/K003240/1/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom -- WT097835MF/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- WT101650MA/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2015 Feb 27;347(6225):1014-7. doi: 10.1126/science.1259145.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AJ, UK. ; Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, 285 Old Westport Road, North Dartmouth, MA 02747, USA. ; School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AJ, UK. Department of Plant Production and Protection, Qassim University, Qassim, P.O. Box 6622, Saudi Arabia. ; College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK. ; Department of Biology, University of York, Wentworth Way, York YO10 5DD, UK. ; School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AJ, UK. l.j.johnson@reading.ac.uk. ; School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AJ, UK. The University of Akureyri, Borgir vid Nordurslod, IS-600 Akureyri, Iceland.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25722415" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Bacterial Proteins/genetics/*physiology ; *Biological Evolution ; Flagella/genetics/metabolism/*physiology ; Gene Deletion ; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial ; Gene Regulatory Networks ; Nitrogen/*metabolism ; Pseudomonas fluorescens/genetics/metabolism/*physiology ; Regulon ; *Selection, Genetic
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 20
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    Biology, wet and dry (2015)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-08-08
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Teichmann, Sarah -- Pain, Elisabeth -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2015 Aug 7;349(6248):662. doi: 10.1126/science.349.6248.662.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Elisabeth Pain is Science Careers contributing editor for Europe. Send your story to SciCareerEditor@aaas.org.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26250686" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Career Choice ; *Computational Biology ; Molecular Biology ; Protein Conformation
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 21
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    Ecological feedbacks. Termite mounds can increase the robustness of dryland ecosystems to climatic change (2015)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-02-07
    Description: Self-organized spatial vegetation patterning is widespread and has been described using models of scale-dependent feedback between plants and water on homogeneous substrates. As rainfall decreases, these models yield a characteristic sequence of patterns with increasingly sparse vegetation, followed by sudden collapse to desert. Thus, the final, spot-like pattern may provide early warning for such catastrophic shifts. In many arid ecosystems, however, termite nests impart substrate heterogeneity by altering soil properties, thereby enhancing plant growth. We show that termite-induced heterogeneity interacts with scale-dependent feedbacks to produce vegetation patterns at different spatial grains. Although the coarse-grained patterning resembles that created by scale-dependent feedback alone, it does not indicate imminent desertification. Rather, mound-field landscapes are more robust to aridity, suggesting that termites may help stabilize ecosystems under global change.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bonachela, Juan A -- Pringle, Robert M -- Sheffer, Efrat -- Coverdale, Tyler C -- Guyton, Jennifer A -- Caylor, Kelly K -- Levin, Simon A -- Tarnita, Corina E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2015 Feb 6;347(6222):651-5. doi: 10.1126/science.1261487.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA. ; Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA. Mpala Research Centre, Post Office Box 555, Nanyuki, Kenya. ; Mpala Research Centre, Post Office Box 555, Nanyuki, Kenya. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA. ; Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA. Mpala Research Centre, Post Office Box 555, Nanyuki, Kenya. ctarnita@princeton.edu.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25657247" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Climate Change ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Desert Climate ; *Ecosystem ; Feedback ; Isoptera/*physiology ; Models, Biological ; *Plant Development ; *Rain ; Soil ; *Water
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 22
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    Paleoanthropology. Late Pliocene fossiliferous sedimentary record and the environmental context of early Homo from Afar, Ethiopia (2015)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-03-06
    Description: Sedimentary basins in eastern Africa preserve a record of continental rifting and contain important fossil assemblages for interpreting hominin evolution. However, the record of hominin evolution between 3 and 2.5 million years ago (Ma) is poorly documented in surface outcrops, particularly in Afar, Ethiopia. Here we present the discovery of a 2.84- to 2.58-million-year-old fossil and hominin-bearing sediments in the Ledi-Geraru research area of Afar, Ethiopia, that have produced the earliest record of the genus Homo. Vertebrate fossils record a faunal turnover indicative of more open and probably arid habitats than those reconstructed earlier in this region, which is in broad agreement with hypotheses addressing the role of environmental forcing in hominin evolution at this time. Geological analyses constrain depositional and structural models of Afar and date the LD 350-1 Homo mandible to 2.80 to 2.75 Ma.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉DiMaggio, Erin N -- Campisano, Christopher J -- Rowan, John -- Dupont-Nivet, Guillaume -- Deino, Alan L -- Bibi, Faysal -- Lewis, Margaret E -- Souron, Antoine -- Garello, Dominique -- Werdelin, Lars -- Reed, Kaye E -- Arrowsmith, J Ramon -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2015 Mar 20;347(6228):1355-9. doi: 10.1126/science.aaa1415. Epub 2015 Mar 4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Geosciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA. dimaggio@psu.edu kreed@asu.edu. ; Institute of Human Origins, School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA. ; CNRS Geosciences Rennes, Campus de Beaulieu, 35042 Rennes, France. ; Berkeley Geochronology Center, 2455 Ridge Road, Berkeley, CA 94709, USA. ; Museum fur Naturkunde, Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science, Invalidenstrasse 43, 10115 Berlin, Germany. ; Biology Program, Stockton University, 101 Vera King Farris Drive, Galloway, NJ 08205, USA. ; Human Evolution Research Center, University of California, Berkeley, 3101 Valley Life Sciences Building, Berkeley, CA, 94720-3160, USA. ; School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA. ; Swedish Museum of Natural History, Department of Palaeobiology, Box 50007, SE-10405 Stockholm, Sweden.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25739409" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; *Ecosystem ; Ethiopia ; Fossils ; *Geologic Sediments ; *Hominidae
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 23
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    Structural basis of pre-mRNA splicing (2015)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-08-22
    Description: Splicing of precursor messenger RNA is performed by the spliceosome. In the cryogenic electron microscopy structure of the yeast spliceosome, U5 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein acts as a central scaffold onto which U6 and U2 small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) are intertwined to form a catalytic center next to Loop I of U5 snRNA. Magnesium ions are coordinated by conserved nucleotides in U6 snRNA. The intron lariat is held in place through base-pairing interactions with both U2 and U6 snRNAs, leaving the variable-length middle portion on the solvent-accessible surface of the catalytic center. The protein components of the spliceosome anchor both 5' and 3' ends of the U2 and U6 snRNAs away from the active site, direct the RNA sequences, and allow sufficient flexibility between the ends and the catalytic center. Thus, the spliceosome is in essence a protein-directed ribozyme, with the protein components essential for the delivery of critical RNA molecules into close proximity of one another at the right time for the splicing reaction.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hang, Jing -- Wan, Ruixue -- Yan, Chuangye -- Shi, Yigong -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2015 Sep 11;349(6253):1191-8. doi: 10.1126/science.aac8159. Epub 2015 Aug 20.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Protein Science, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Center for Structural Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China. ; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Protein Science, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Center for Structural Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China. shi-lab@tsinghua.edu.cn.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26292705" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Catalytic Domain ; Exons ; Introns ; Nucleic Acid Conformation ; Protein Conformation ; RNA Precursors/*genetics ; *RNA Splicing ; RNA, Messenger/*biosynthesis/genetics ; RNA, Small Nuclear/chemistry ; Ribonucleoprotein, U5 Small Nuclear/chemistry ; Spliceosomes/*chemistry
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    K2P channel gating mechanisms revealed by structures of TREK-2 and a complex with Prozac (2015)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-03-15
    Description: TREK-2 (KCNK10/K2P10), a two-pore domain potassium (K2P) channel, is gated by multiple stimuli such as stretch, fatty acids, and pH and by several drugs. However, the mechanisms that control channel gating are unclear. Here we present crystal structures of the human TREK-2 channel (up to 3.4 angstrom resolution) in two conformations and in complex with norfluoxetine, the active metabolite of fluoxetine (Prozac) and a state-dependent blocker of TREK channels. Norfluoxetine binds within intramembrane fenestrations found in only one of these two conformations. Channel activation by arachidonic acid and mechanical stretch involves conversion between these states through movement of the pore-lining helices. These results provide an explanation for TREK channel mechanosensitivity, regulation by diverse stimuli, and possible off-target effects of the serotonin reuptake inhibitor Prozac.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Dong, Yin Yao -- Pike, Ashley C W -- Mackenzie, Alexandra -- McClenaghan, Conor -- Aryal, Prafulla -- Dong, Liang -- Quigley, Andrew -- Grieben, Mariana -- Goubin, Solenne -- Mukhopadhyay, Shubhashish -- Ruda, Gian Filippo -- Clausen, Michael V -- Cao, Lishuang -- Brennan, Paul E -- Burgess-Brown, Nicola A -- Sansom, Mark S P -- Tucker, Stephen J -- Carpenter, Elisabeth P -- 084655/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 092809/Z/10/Z/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2015 Mar 13;347(6227):1256-9. doi: 10.1126/science.1261512.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK. ; Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK. Clarendon Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PU, UK. ; Clarendon Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PU, UK. OXION Initiative in Ion Channels and Disease, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PN, UK. ; Clarendon Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PU, UK. OXION Initiative in Ion Channels and Disease, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PN, UK. Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK. ; Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK. Target Discovery Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK. ; Clarendon Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PU, UK. ; Pfizer Neusentis, Granta Park, Cambridge CB21 6GS, UK. ; OXION Initiative in Ion Channels and Disease, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PN, UK. Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK. ; Clarendon Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PU, UK. OXION Initiative in Ion Channels and Disease, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PN, UK. liz.carpenter@sgc.ox.ac.uk stephen.tucker@physics.ox.ac.uk. ; Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK. OXION Initiative in Ion Channels and Disease, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PN, UK. liz.carpenter@sgc.ox.ac.uk stephen.tucker@physics.ox.ac.uk.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25766236" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Arachidonic Acid/pharmacology ; Binding Sites ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Fluoxetine/analogs & derivatives/chemistry/metabolism/pharmacology ; Humans ; *Ion Channel Gating ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Dynamics Simulation ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Potassium/metabolism ; Potassium Channels, Tandem Pore Domain/antagonists & ; inhibitors/*chemistry/metabolism ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Folding ; Protein Structure, Secondary ; Protein Structure, Tertiary
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    Nonparadoxical evolutionary stability of the recombination initiation landscape in yeast (2015)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2015-11-21
    Description: The nonrandom distribution of meiotic recombination shapes heredity and genetic diversification. Theoretically, hotspots--favored sites of recombination initiation--either evolve rapidly toward extinction or are conserved, especially if they are chromosomal features under selective constraint, such as promoters. We tested these theories by comparing genome-wide recombination initiation maps from widely divergent Saccharomyces species. We find that hotspots frequently overlap with promoters in the species tested, and consequently, hotspot positions are well conserved. Remarkably, the relative strength of individual hotspots is also highly conserved, as are larger-scale features of the distribution of recombination initiation. This stability, not predicted by prior models, suggests that the particular shape of the yeast recombination landscape is adaptive and helps in understanding evolutionary dynamics of recombination in other species.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4656144/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4656144/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lam, Isabel -- Keeney, Scott -- F31 GM097861/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- P30 CA008748/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM058673/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2015 Nov 20;350(6263):932-7. doi: 10.1126/science.aad0814.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Louis V. Gerstner, Jr., Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA. Molecular Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA. ; Louis V. Gerstner, Jr., Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA. Molecular Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA. Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA. s-keeney@ski.mskcc.org.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26586758" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Biological Evolution ; Chromosomes, Fungal/genetics ; *DNA Breaks, Double-Stranded ; Genome, Fungal/genetics ; *Homologous Recombination ; Meiosis/*genetics ; Phylogeny ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae/classification/*genetics
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    A cucurbit androecy gene reveals how unisexual flowers develop and dioecy emerges (2015)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2015-11-07
    Description: Understanding the evolution of sex determination in plants requires identifying the mechanisms underlying the transition from monoecious plants, where male and female flowers coexist, to unisexual individuals found in dioecious species. We show that in melon and cucumber, the androecy gene controls female flower development and encodes a limiting enzyme of ethylene biosynthesis, ACS11. ACS11 is expressed in phloem cells connected to flowers programmed to become female, and ACS11 loss-of-function mutants lead to male plants (androecy). CmACS11 represses the expression of the male promoting gene CmWIP1 to control the development and the coexistence of male and female flowers in monoecious species. Because monoecy can lead to dioecy, we show how a combination of alleles of CmACS11 and CmWIP1 can create artificial dioecy.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Boualem, Adnane -- Troadec, Christelle -- Camps, Celine -- Lemhemdi, Afef -- Morin, Halima -- Sari, Marie-Agnes -- Fraenkel-Zagouri, Rina -- Kovalski, Irina -- Dogimont, Catherine -- Perl-Treves, Rafael -- Bendahmane, Abdelhafid -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2015 Nov 6;350(6261):688-91. doi: 10.1126/science.aac8370.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Universite Paris-Sud, Universite d'Evry, Universite Paris-Diderot, Batiment 630, 91405, Orsay, France. ; Laboratoire de Chimie et Biochimie Pharmacologiques et Toxicologiques, CNRS, UMR 8601, Universite Rene Descartes, Paris, France. ; The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel. ; INRA, UR 1052, Unite de Genetique et d'Amelioration des Fruits et Legumes, BP 94, F-84143 Montfavet, France. ; Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Universite Paris-Sud, Universite d'Evry, Universite Paris-Diderot, Batiment 630, 91405, Orsay, France. bendahm@evry.inra.fr.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26542573" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alleles ; Amino Acid Sequence ; *Biological Evolution ; Cucumis sativus/enzymology/genetics/growth & development ; Cucurbitaceae/enzymology/genetics/*growth & development ; Ethylenes/biosynthesis ; Flowers/enzymology/genetics/*growth & development ; Genes, Plant/genetics/physiology ; Lyases/genetics/*physiology ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Phloem/enzymology/genetics/growth & development ; Plant Proteins/genetics/*physiology ; Sex Determination Processes/*genetics
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    Evolutionary ecology. Cycles of species replacement emerge from locally induced maternal effects on offspring behavior in a passerine bird (2015)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2015-02-24
    Description: An important question in ecology is how mechanistic processes occurring among individuals drive large-scale patterns of community formation and change. Here we show that in two species of bluebirds, cycles of replacement of one by the other emerge as an indirect consequence of maternal influence on offspring behavior in response to local resource availability. Sampling across broad temporal and spatial scales, we found that western bluebirds, the more competitive species, bias the birth order of offspring by sex in a way that influences offspring aggression and dispersal, setting the stage for rapid increases in population density that ultimately result in the replacement of their sister species. Our results provide insight into how predictable community dynamics can occur despite the contingency of local behavioral interactions.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Duckworth, Renee A -- Belloni, Virginia -- Anderson, Samantha R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2015 Feb 20;347(6224):875-7. doi: 10.1126/science.1260154.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA. rad3@email.arizona.edu. ; Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA. Department of Tropical Medicine, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA. ; Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25700519" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Androgens/analysis ; Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Clutch Size ; *Competitive Behavior ; *Ecosystem ; Egg Yolk/chemistry ; Female ; Fires ; Male ; *Maternal Behavior ; Population Density ; Songbirds/*physiology ; United States
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    PALEOANTHROPOLOGY. Comment on "Early Homo at 2.8 Ma from Ledi-Geraru, Afar, Ethiopia" (2015)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2015-06-20
    Description: Villmoare et al. (Reports, 20 March 2015, p. 1352) report on a hominin mandible from the Ledi-Geraru research area, Ethiopia, which they claim to be the earliest known representative of the genus Homo. However, certain measurements and observations for Australopithecus sediba mandibles presented are incorrect or are not included in critical aspects of the study. When correctly used, these data demonstrate that specimen LD 350-1 cannot be unequivocally assigned to the genus Homo.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hawks, John -- de Ruiter, Darryl J -- Berger, Lee R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2015 Jun 19;348(6241):1326. doi: 10.1126/science.aab0591.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Anthropology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA. Institute for Human Evolution, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa. jhawks@wisc.edu. ; Institute for Human Evolution, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa. Department of Anthropology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA. ; Institute for Human Evolution, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26089505" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Hominidae/*anatomy & histology ; Humans
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    Linked canopy, climate, and faunal change in the Cenozoic of Patagonia (2015)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2015-01-17
    Description: Vegetation structure is a key determinant of ecosystems and ecosystem function, but paleoecological techniques to quantify it are lacking. We present a method for reconstructing leaf area index (LAI) based on light-dependent morphology of leaf epidermal cells and phytoliths derived from them. Using this proxy, we reconstruct LAI for the Cenozoic (49 million to 11 million years ago) of middle-latitude Patagonia. Our record shows that dense forests opened up by the late Eocene; open forests and shrubland habitats then fluctuated, with a brief middle-Miocene regreening period. Furthermore, endemic herbivorous mammals show accelerated tooth crown height evolution during open, yet relatively grass-free, shrubland habitat intervals. Our Patagonian LAI record provides a high-resolution, sensitive tool with which to dissect terrestrial ecosystem response to changing Southern Ocean conditions during the Cenozoic.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Dunn, Regan E -- Stromberg, Caroline A E -- Madden, Richard H -- Kohn, Matthew J -- Carlini, Alfredo A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2015 Jan 16;347(6219):258-61. doi: 10.1126/science.1260947.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology and Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA. dunnr@u.washington.edu. ; Department of Biology and Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA. ; Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA. ; Department of Geosciences, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA. ; Paleontologia de Vertebrados, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas (CONICET), La Plata, Argentina.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25593182" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Cell Shape ; Cell Size ; *Climate Change ; Costa Rica ; *Ecosystem ; *Forests ; Fossils ; Grassland ; Mammals/anatomy & histology ; Plant Epidermis/cytology ; *Plant Leaves/anatomy & histology ; *Plants ; South America ; Time ; Tooth Crown/anatomy & histology
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    Animal evolution. Cope's rule in the evolution of marine animals (2015)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2015-02-24
    Description: Cope's rule proposes that animal lineages evolve toward larger body size over time. To test this hypothesis across all marine animals, we compiled a data set of body sizes for 17,208 genera of marine animals spanning the past 542 million years. Mean biovolume across genera has increased by a factor of 150 since the Cambrian, whereas minimum biovolume has decreased by less than a factor of 10, and maximum biovolume has increased by more than a factor of 100,000. Neutral drift from a small initial value cannot explain this pattern. Instead, most of the size increase reflects differential diversification across classes, indicating that the pattern does not reflect a simple scaling-up of widespread and persistent selection for larger size within populations.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Heim, Noel A -- Knope, Matthew L -- Schaal, Ellen K -- Wang, Steve C -- Payne, Jonathan L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2015 Feb 20;347(6224):867-70. doi: 10.1126/science.1260065.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Geological and Environmental Sciences, Stanford University, 450 Serra Mall, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. naheim@stanford.edu. ; Department of Geological and Environmental Sciences, Stanford University, 450 Serra Mall, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. ; Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, PA 19081, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25700517" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Aquatic Organisms ; *Biological Evolution ; *Body Size
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    Innate lymphoid cells. Innate lymphoid cells: a new paradigm in immunology (2015)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2015-05-23
    Description: Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are a growing family of immune cells that mirror the phenotypes and functions of T cells. However, in contrast to T cells, ILCs do not express acquired antigen receptors or undergo clonal selection and expansion when stimulated. Instead, ILCs react promptly to signals from infected or injured tissues and produce an array of secreted proteins termed cytokines that direct the developing immune response into one that is adapted to the original insult. The complex cross-talk between microenvironment, ILCs, and adaptive immunity remains to be fully deciphered. Only by understanding these complex regulatory networks can the power of ILCs be controlled or unleashed in order to regulate or enhance immune responses in disease prevention and therapy.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Eberl, Gerard -- Colonna, Marco -- Di Santo, James P -- McKenzie, Andrew N J -- 100963/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 1U01AI095542/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- MC_U105178805/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- R01DE021255/DE/NIDCR NIH HHS/ -- R21CA16719/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2015 May 22;348(6237):aaa6566. doi: 10.1126/science.aaa6566. Epub 2015 May 21.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institut Pasteur, Microenvironment and Immunity Unit, 75724 Paris, France. gerard.eberl@pasteur.fr. ; Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA. ; Institut Pasteur, Innate Immunity Unit, INSERM U668, 75724 Paris, France. ; Medical Research Council (MRC) Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25999512" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adaptive Immunity ; Adipose Tissue/immunology ; *Biological Evolution ; Bone Marrow/immunology ; Cytokines/immunology ; Diet ; Humans ; *Immunity, Innate ; Immunotherapy ; Inflammation/immunology ; Liver/embryology/immunology ; Lymphocyte Activation ; Lymphocytes/*immunology ; Microbiota/immunology ; T-Lymphocytes/immunology
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    Ocean plankton. Patterns and ecological drivers of ocean viral communities (2015)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2015-05-23
    Description: Viruses influence ecosystems by modulating microbial population size, diversity, metabolic outputs, and gene flow. Here, we use quantitative double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) viral-fraction metagenomes (viromes) and whole viral community morphological data sets from 43 Tara Oceans expedition samples to assess viral community patterns and structure in the upper ocean. Protein cluster cataloging defined pelagic upper-ocean viral community pan and core gene sets and suggested that this sequence space is well-sampled. Analyses of viral protein clusters, populations, and morphology revealed biogeographic patterns whereby viral communities were passively transported on oceanic currents and locally structured by environmental conditions that affect host community structure. Together, these investigations establish a global ocean dsDNA viromic data set with analyses supporting the seed-bank hypothesis to explain how oceanic viral communities maintain high local diversity.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Brum, Jennifer R -- Ignacio-Espinoza, J Cesar -- Roux, Simon -- Doulcier, Guilhem -- Acinas, Silvia G -- Alberti, Adriana -- Chaffron, Samuel -- Cruaud, Corinne -- de Vargas, Colomban -- Gasol, Josep M -- Gorsky, Gabriel -- Gregory, Ann C -- Guidi, Lionel -- Hingamp, Pascal -- Iudicone, Daniele -- Not, Fabrice -- Ogata, Hiroyuki -- Pesant, Stephane -- Poulos, Bonnie T -- Schwenck, Sarah M -- Speich, Sabrina -- Dimier, Celine -- Kandels-Lewis, Stefanie -- Picheral, Marc -- Searson, Sarah -- Tara Oceans Coordinators -- Bork, Peer -- Bowler, Chris -- Sunagawa, Shinichi -- Wincker, Patrick -- Karsenti, Eric -- Sullivan, Matthew B -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2015 May 22;348(6237):1261498. doi: 10.1126/science.1261498.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA. ; Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA. ; Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA. Environmental and Evolutionary Genomics Section, Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Superieure (IBENS), CNRS, UMR8197, INSERM U1024, 75230 Paris, France. ; Department of Marine Biology and Oceanography, Institute of Marine Sciences (ICM)-CSIC, Pg. Maritim de la Barceloneta 37-49, Barcelona, E08003, Spain. ; Genoscope, Commissariat a l'Energie Atomique (CEA)-Institut de Genomique, 2 rue Gaston Cremieux, 91057 Evry, France. ; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium. Center for the Biology of Disease, VIB KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium. Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium. ; CNRS, UMR 7144, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Place Georges Teissier, 29680 Roscoff, France. Sorbonne Universites, Universite Pierre et Marie Curie, Universite Paris 06, and UMR 7144, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Place Georges Teissier, 29680 Roscoff, France. ; CNRS, UMR 7093, Laboratoire d'oceanographie de Villefranche (LOV), Observatoire Oceanologique, 06230 Villefranche-sur-mer, France. Sorbonne Universites, Uiversite Pierre et Marie Curie, Universite Paris 06, UMR 7093, Laboratoire d'oceanographie de Villefranche (LOV), Observatoire Oceanologique, 06230 Villefranche-sur-mer, France. ; Soil, Water, and Environmental Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA. ; Aix Marseille Universite, CNRS IGS UMR 7256, 13288 Marseille, France. ; Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Naples, Italy. ; Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0001, Japan. ; PANGAEA, Data Publisher for Earth and Environmental Science, University of Bremen, 28359 Bremen, Germany. MARUM, Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, University of Bremen, 28359 Bremen, Germany. ; Laboratoire de Physique des Oceans, Institut Universitaire Europeen de la Mer, Universite de Bretagne Occidentale (UBO-IUEM), Place Copernic, 29820 Plouzane, France. ; CNRS, UMR 7144, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Place Georges Teissier, 29680 Roscoff, France. Sorbonne Universites, Universite Pierre et Marie Curie, Universite Paris 06, and UMR 7144, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Place Georges Teissier, 29680 Roscoff, France. Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Superieure (IBENS), and INSERM U1024, and CNRS UMR 8197, Paris, 75005, France. ; Structural and Computational Biology, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany. Directors' Research, European Molecular Biology Laboratory Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany. ; Structural and Computational Biology, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany. Max-Delbruck-Centre for Molecular Medicine, 13092 Berlin, Germany. ; Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Superieure (IBENS), and INSERM U1024, and CNRS UMR 8197, Paris, 75005, France. ; Structural and Computational Biology, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany. ; Genoscope, Commissariat a l'Energie Atomique (CEA)-Institut de Genomique, 2 rue Gaston Cremieux, 91057 Evry, France. CNRS, UMR 8030, CP5706, 91057 Evry, France. Universite d'Evry, UMR 8030, CP5706, 91057 Evry, France. ; Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Superieure (IBENS), and INSERM U1024, and CNRS UMR 8197, Paris, 75005, France. Directors' Research, European Molecular Biology Laboratory Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany. mbsulli@gmail.com karsenti@embl.de. ; Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA. Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA. Soil, Water, and Environmental Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA. mbsulli@gmail.com karsenti@embl.de.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25999515" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Biodiversity ; DNA, Viral/genetics ; Ecological and Environmental Processes ; *Ecosystem ; Metagenome/genetics ; Microbiota/genetics ; Oceans and Seas ; Plankton/*classification/genetics ; Seawater/*virology ; Viral Proteins/genetics ; Viruses/*classification/genetics
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    Body-size reduction in vertebrates following the end-Devonian mass extinction (2015)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-11-14
    Description: Following the end-Devonian mass extinction (359 million years ago), vertebrates experienced persistent reductions in body size for at least 36 million years. Global shrinkage was not related to oxygen or temperature, which suggests that ecological drivers played a key role in determining the length and direction of size trends. Small, fast-breeding ray-finned fishes, sharks, and tetrapods, most under 1 meter in length from snout to tail, radiated to dominate postextinction ecosystems and vertebrae biodiversity. The few large-bodied, slow-breeding survivors failed to diversify, facing extinction despite earlier evolutionary success. Thus, the recovery interval resembled modern ecological successions in terms of active selection on size and related life histories. Disruption of global vertebrate, and particularly fish, biotas may commonly lead to widespread, long-term reduction in body size, structuring future biodiversity.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sallan, Lauren -- Galimberti, Andrew K -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2015 Nov 13;350(6262):812-5. doi: 10.1126/science.aac7373.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Earth and Environmental Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. lsallan@sas.upenn.edu. ; Department of Biology, Kalamazoo College, Kalamazoo, MI 49006, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26564854" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biodiversity ; *Biological Evolution ; *Body Size ; Extinction, Biological ; Fishes/*anatomy & histology ; Tail/anatomy & histology
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    Environment and Development. Get the science right when paying for nature's services (2015)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-03-15
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Naeem, S -- Ingram, J C -- Varga, A -- Agardy, T -- Barten, P -- Bennett, G -- Bloomgarden, E -- Bremer, L L -- Burkill, P -- Cattau, M -- Ching, C -- Colby, M -- Cook, D C -- Costanza, R -- DeClerck, F -- Freund, C -- Gartner, T -- Goldman-Benner, R -- Gunderson, J -- Jarrett, D -- Kinzig, A P -- Kiss, A -- Koontz, A -- Kumar, P -- Lasky, J R -- Masozera, M -- Meyers, D -- Milano, F -- Naughton-Treves, L -- Nichols, E -- Olander, L -- Olmsted, P -- Perge, E -- Perrings, C -- Polasky, S -- Potent, J -- Prager, C -- Quetier, F -- Redford, K -- Saterson, K -- Thoumi, G -- Vargas, M T -- Vickerman, S -- Weisser, W -- Wilkie, D -- Wunder, S -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2015 Mar 13;347(6227):1206-7. doi: 10.1126/science.aaa1403. Epub 2015 Mar 12.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25766222" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Conservation of Natural Resources/economics ; *Ecosystem ; *Environment ; Guidelines as Topic ; Policy
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    Social evolution. Oxytocin-gaze positive loop and the coevolution of human-dog bonds (2015)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-04-18
    Description: Human-like modes of communication, including mutual gaze, in dogs may have been acquired during domestication with humans. We show that gazing behavior from dogs, but not wolves, increased urinary oxytocin concentrations in owners, which consequently facilitated owners' affiliation and increased oxytocin concentration in dogs. Further, nasally administered oxytocin increased gazing behavior in dogs, which in turn increased urinary oxytocin concentrations in owners. These findings support the existence of an interspecies oxytocin-mediated positive loop facilitated and modulated by gazing, which may have supported the coevolution of human-dog bonding by engaging common modes of communicating social attachment.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Nagasawa, Miho -- Mitsui, Shouhei -- En, Shiori -- Ohtani, Nobuyo -- Ohta, Mitsuaki -- Sakuma, Yasuo -- Onaka, Tatsushi -- Mogi, Kazutaka -- Kikusui, Takefumi -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2015 Apr 17;348(6232):333-6. doi: 10.1126/science.1261022. Epub 2015 Apr 16.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Azabu University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Physiology, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan. ; Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Azabu University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan. ; University of Tokyo Health Sciences, Tama, Tokyo, Japan. ; Department of Physiology, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan. ; Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Azabu University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan. kikusui@azabu-u.ac.jp.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25883356" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Animals, Domestic/*psychology ; *Biological Evolution ; *Bonding, Human-Pet ; *Communication ; Dogs/*psychology ; Female ; *Fixation, Ocular ; Humans ; Oxytocin/*physiology ; Wolves/*psychology
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    ENTREPRENEURSHIP. Accelerators and ecosystems (2015)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-06-13
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hochberg, Yael V -- Fehder, Daniel C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2015 Jun 12;348(6240):1202-3. doi: 10.1126/science.aab3351.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Rice University, Houston, TX 77251, USA. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA. hochberg@rice.edu. ; Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26068829" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Ecosystem ; *Entrepreneurship ; Software
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    PALEONTOLOGY. Four legs too many? (2015)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-07-25
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Evans, Susan -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2015 Jul 24;349(6246):374-5. doi: 10.1126/science.aac5672. Epub 2015 Jul 23.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, UK. s.e.evans@ucl.ac.uk.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26206915" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Extremities/*anatomy & histology ; Lizards/*anatomy & histology ; Snakes/*anatomy & histology/*classification
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    Evolution. Deep-ocean microbe is closest living relative of complex cells (2015)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-05-09
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Leslie, Mitch -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2015 May 8;348(6235):615-6. doi: 10.1126/science.348.6235.615.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25953984" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Archaea/enzymology/genetics/ultrastructure ; Bacteria/enzymology/genetics/ultrastructure ; *Biological Evolution ; Chloroplasts ; Eukaryota/*classification/genetics/*ultrastructure ; Mitochondria ; Oceans and Seas ; Seawater/*microbiology
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    Cleanup crew (2015)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2015-03-07
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Leslie, Mitch -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2015 Mar 6;347(6226):1058-9, 1061. doi: 10.1126/science.347.6226.1058.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25745143" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antibodies, Monoclonal/chemistry/immunology/*therapeutic use ; Clinical Trials as Topic ; Drug Approval ; Humans ; Immune System/immunology ; Mice ; Multiple Sclerosis/*therapy ; Myelin Sheath/immunology ; Protein Conformation ; Recombinant Proteins/immunology/*therapeutic use ; United States ; United States Food and Drug Administration
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    EVOLUTION. How Victoria's fishes were knocked from their perch (2015)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2015-11-28
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Vermeij, Geerat -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2015 Nov 27;350(6264):1038. doi: 10.1126/science.aad7032.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Dept. of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA. gjvermeij@ucdavis.edu.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26612940" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Adaptation, Biological ; Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Cichlids/*anatomy & histology ; *Extinction, Biological ; Jaw/*anatomy & histology ; Pharynx/*anatomy & histology
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    PALEOANTHROPOLOGY. Response to Comment on "Early Homo at 2.8 Ma from Ledi-Geraru, Afar, Ethiopia" (2015)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-06-20
    Description: Hawks et al. argue that our analysis of Australopithecus sediba mandibles is flawed and that specimen LD 350-1 cannot be distinguished from this, or any other, Australopithecus species. Our reexamination of the evidence confirms that LD 350-1 falls outside of the pattern that A. sediba shares with Australopithecus and thus is reasonably assigned to the genus Homo.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Villmoare, Brian -- Kimbel, William H -- Seyoum, Chalachew -- Campisano, Christopher J -- DiMaggio, Erin -- Rowan, John -- Braun, David R -- Arrowsmith, J Ramon -- Reed, Kaye E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2015 Jun 19;348(6241):1326. doi: 10.1126/science.aab1122.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Anthropology, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, 89154, USA. Center for the Advanced Study of Hominin Paleobiology, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA. Department of Anthropology, University College London, London WC1H 0BW, UK. brian.villmoare@unlv.edu wkimbel.iho@asu.edu. ; School of Human Evolution and Social Change and Institute of Human Origins, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA. brian.villmoare@unlv.edu wkimbel.iho@asu.edu. ; School of Human Evolution and Social Change and Institute of Human Origins, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA. Authority for Research and Conservation of Cultural Heritage, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. ; School of Human Evolution and Social Change and Institute of Human Origins, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA. ; Department of Geosciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA. ; Center for the Advanced Study of Hominin Paleobiology, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA. ; School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26089506" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Hominidae/*anatomy & histology ; Humans
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    Paleoanthropology. Early Homo at 2.8 Ma from Ledi-Geraru, Afar, Ethiopia (2015)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-03-06
    Description: Our understanding of the origin of the genus Homo has been hampered by a limited fossil record in eastern Africa between 2.0 and 3.0 million years ago (Ma). Here we report the discovery of a partial hominin mandible with teeth from the Ledi-Geraru research area, Afar Regional State, Ethiopia, that establishes the presence of Homo at 2.80 to 2.75 Ma. This specimen combines primitive traits seen in early Australopithecus with derived morphology observed in later Homo, confirming that dentognathic departures from the australopith pattern occurred early in the Homo lineage. The Ledi-Geraru discovery has implications for hypotheses about the timing and place of origin of the genus Homo.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Villmoare, Brian -- Kimbel, William H -- Seyoum, Chalachew -- Campisano, Christopher J -- DiMaggio, Erin N -- Rowan, John -- Braun, David R -- Arrowsmith, J Ramon -- Reed, Kaye E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2015 Mar 20;347(6228):1352-5. doi: 10.1126/science.aaa1343. Epub 2015 Mar 4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Anthropology, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA. Center for the Advanced Study of Hominin Paleobiology, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA. Department of Anthropology, University College London, London WC1H 0BW, UK. brian.villmoare@unlv.edu wkimbel.iho@asu.edu. ; Institute of Human Origins and School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA. brian.villmoare@unlv.edu wkimbel.iho@asu.edu. ; Institute of Human Origins and School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA. Authority for Research and Conservation of Cultural Heritage, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. ; Institute of Human Origins and School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA. ; Department of Geosciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA. ; Center for the Advanced Study of Hominin Paleobiology, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA. ; School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25739410" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Ethiopia ; Fossils ; Hominidae/*anatomy & histology ; Humans ; Mandible/anatomy & histology ; Tooth/anatomy & histology
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    Protein structure. Crystal structures of translocator protein (TSPO) and mutant mimic of a human polymorphism (2015)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2015-01-31
    Description: The 18-kilodalton translocator protein (TSPO), proposed to be a key player in cholesterol transport into mitochondria, is highly expressed in steroidogenic tissues, metastatic cancer, and inflammatory and neurological diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. TSPO ligands, including benzodiazepine drugs, are implicated in regulating apoptosis and are extensively used in diagnostic imaging. We report crystal structures (at 1.8, 2.4, and 2.5 angstrom resolution) of TSPO from Rhodobacter sphaeroides and a mutant that mimics the human Ala(147)--〉Thr(147) polymorphism associated with psychiatric disorders and reduced pregnenolone production. Crystals obtained in the lipidic cubic phase reveal the binding site of an endogenous porphyrin ligand and conformational effects of the mutation. The three crystal structures show the same tightly interacting dimer and provide insights into the controversial physiological role of TSPO and how the mutation affects cholesterol binding.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Li, Fei -- Liu, Jian -- Zheng, Yi -- Garavito, R Michael -- Ferguson-Miller, Shelagh -- ACB-12002/PHS HHS/ -- AGM-12006/PHS HHS/ -- GM094625/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM26916/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2015 Jan 30;347(6221):555-8. doi: 10.1126/science.1260590.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA. ; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA. fergus20@msu.edu.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25635101" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Bacterial Proteins/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Binding Sites ; Cholesterol/metabolism ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Humans ; Hydrogen Bonding ; Isoquinolines/metabolism ; Ligands ; Membrane Transport Proteins/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutant Proteins/chemistry ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Porphyrins/metabolism ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Multimerization ; Protein Structure, Secondary ; Protoporphyrins/metabolism ; Receptors, GABA/chemistry/genetics ; Rhodobacter sphaeroides/*chemistry
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    Molecular biology. Putting the breaks on meiosis (2015)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-11-21
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lichten, Michael -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2015 Nov 20;350(6263):913. doi: 10.1126/science.aad5404. Epub 2015 Nov 19.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA. mlichten@helix.nih.gov.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26586748" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; *DNA Breaks, Double-Stranded ; *Evolution, Molecular ; Finches/*genetics ; *Gene Expression Regulation ; *Homologous Recombination ; Meiosis/*genetics ; *Recombination, Genetic ; Repressor Proteins/*genetics ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae/*genetics
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    Protein power (2015)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-07-25
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Service, Robert F -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2015 Jul 24;349(6246):372-3. doi: 10.1126/science.349.6246.372.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26206914" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Collagen/chemistry ; *Extinction, Biological ; Fossils ; Humans ; Mammals ; Paleontology/*methods ; Proteomics/*methods ; Sequence Analysis, Protein/*methods ; Skull
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    Breaking a tropical taboo (2015)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-07-25
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wade, Lizzie -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2015 Jul 24;349(6246):370-1. doi: 10.1126/science.349.6246.370. Epub 2015 Jul 23.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26206913" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Analytic Sample Preparation Methods ; Animals ; Biodiversity ; *Biological Evolution ; *Caves ; Cold Temperature ; DNA/chemistry/*genetics/*isolation & purification ; Hot Temperature ; Mexico ; Rodentia/*genetics ; Tooth/chemistry ; *Tropical Climate
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    EVOLUTION. One era you are in-the next you are out (2015)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-11-14
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wagner, Peter J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2015 Nov 13;350(6262):736-7. doi: 10.1126/science.aad6283.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560, USA. wagnerpj@si.edu.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26564831" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; *Body Size ; Fishes/*anatomy & histology
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    Evolution and dispersal of mammoths across the Northern Hemisphere (2015)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-11-14
    Description: Mammoths provide a detailed example of species origins and dispersal, but understanding has been impeded by taxonomic confusion, especially in North America. The Columbian mammoth Mammuthus columbi was thought to have evolved in North America from a more primitive Eurasian immigrant. The earliest American mammoths (1.5 million years ago), however, resemble the advanced Eurasian M. trogontherii that crossed the Bering land bridge around that time, giving rise directly to M. columbi. Woolly mammoth M. primigenius later evolved in Beringia and spread into Europe and North America, leading to a diversity of morphologies as it encountered endemic M. trogontherii and M. columbi, respectively. In North America, this included intermediates ("M. jeffersonii"), suggesting introgression of M. primigenius with M. columbi. The lineage illustrates the dynamic interplay of local adaptation, dispersal, and gene flow in the evolution of a widely distributed species complex.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lister, A M -- Sher, A V -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2015 Nov 13;350(6262):805-9. doi: 10.1126/science.aac5660.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Earth Sciences, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK. a.lister@nhm.ac.uk. ; Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Moscow 119071, Russia.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26564853" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adaptation, Physiological ; Animal Migration ; Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Europe ; Fossils ; Gene Flow ; Mammoths/anatomy & histology/*classification/genetics ; Molar/anatomy & histology ; North America ; Tooth Wear/pathology
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    Cryo-EM shows the polymerase structures and a nonspooled genome within a dsRNA virus (2015)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-09-19
    Description: Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) viruses possess a segmented dsRNA genome and a number of RNA-dependent RNA polymerases (RdRps) enclosed in a capsid. Until now, the precise structures of genomes and RdRps within the capsids have been unknown. Here we report the structures of RdRps and associated RNAs within nontranscribing and transcribing cypoviruses (NCPV and TCPV, respectively), using a combination of cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) and a symmetry-mismatch reconstruction method. The RdRps and associated RNAs appear to exhibit a pseudo-D3 symmetric organization in both NCPV and TCPV. However, the molecular interactions between RdRps and the genomic RNA were found to differ in these states. Our work provides insight into the mechanisms of the replication and transcription in dsRNA viruses and paves a way for structural determination of lower-symmetry complexes enclosed in higher-symmetry structures.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Liu, Hongrong -- Cheng, Lingpeng -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2015 Sep 18;349(6254):1347-50. doi: 10.1126/science.aaa4938.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉College of Physics and Information Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410081, China. hrliu@hunnu.edu.cn lingpengcheng@mail.tsinghua.edu.cn. ; School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China. hrliu@hunnu.edu.cn lingpengcheng@mail.tsinghua.edu.cn.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26383954" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Capsid/enzymology/ultrastructure ; Capsid Proteins/*ultrastructure ; Cryoelectron Microscopy ; Genome, Viral ; Humans ; Protein Conformation ; RNA Replicase/*ultrastructure ; RNA, Double-Stranded/genetics/*ultrastructure ; RNA, Viral/genetics/*ultrastructure ; *Reoviridae/enzymology/genetics/ultrastructure ; Transcription, Genetic ; Virus Assembly
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    SUSTAINABILITY. Comment on "Planetary boundaries: Guiding human development on a changing planet" (2015)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-06-13
    Description: Steffen et al. (Research Articles, 13 February 2015, p. 736) recently assessed current global freshwater use, finding it to be well below a corresponding planetary boundary. However, they ignored recent scientific advances implying that the global consumptive use of freshwater may have already crossed the associated planetary boundary.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Jaramillo, Fernando -- Destouni, Georgia -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2015 Jun 12;348(6240):1217. doi: 10.1126/science.aaa9629. Epub 2015 Jun 11.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Physical Geography, Stockholm University, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden. Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden. fernando.jaramillo@natgeo.su.se. ; Department of Physical Geography, Stockholm University, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden. Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26068843" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Biological Evolution ; *Climate Change ; *Earth (Planet) ; Humans ; *Ozone Depletion
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    Protein synthesis. Rqc2p and 60S ribosomal subunits mediate mRNA-independent elongation of nascent chains (2015)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-01-03
    Description: In Eukarya, stalled translation induces 40S dissociation and recruitment of the ribosome quality control complex (RQC) to the 60S subunit, which mediates nascent chain degradation. Here we report cryo-electron microscopy structures revealing that the RQC components Rqc2p (YPL009C/Tae2) and Ltn1p (YMR247C/Rkr1) bind to the 60S subunit at sites exposed after 40S dissociation, placing the Ltn1p RING (Really Interesting New Gene) domain near the exit channel and Rqc2p over the P-site transfer RNA (tRNA). We further demonstrate that Rqc2p recruits alanine- and threonine-charged tRNA to the A site and directs the elongation of nascent chains independently of mRNA or 40S subunits. Our work uncovers an unexpected mechanism of protein synthesis, in which a protein--not an mRNA--determines tRNA recruitment and the tagging of nascent chains with carboxy-terminal Ala and Thr extensions ("CAT tails").〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4451101/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4451101/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Shen, Peter S -- Park, Joseph -- Qin, Yidan -- Li, Xueming -- Parsawar, Krishna -- Larson, Matthew H -- Cox, James -- Cheng, Yifan -- Lambowitz, Alan M -- Weissman, Jonathan S -- Brandman, Onn -- Frost, Adam -- 1DP2GM110772-01/DP/NCCDPHP CDC HHS/ -- DP2 GM110772/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM37949/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM37951/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- P50 GM102706/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM037949/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM037951/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- U01 GM098254/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2015 Jan 2;347(6217):75-8. doi: 10.1126/science.1259724.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah, UT 84112, USA. ; Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA. ; Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA. Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA. ; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA. ; Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Core Facility, University of Utah, UT 84112, USA. ; Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA. Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA. California Institute for Quantitative Biomedical Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA. Center for RNA Systems Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA. ; Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah, UT 84112, USA. Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Core Facility, University of Utah, UT 84112, USA. ; Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA. Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA. California Institute for Quantitative Biomedical Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA. Center for RNA Systems Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA. jonathan.weissman@ucsf.edu onn@stanford.edu adam.frost@ucsf.edu. ; Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA. jonathan.weissman@ucsf.edu onn@stanford.edu adam.frost@ucsf.edu. ; Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah, UT 84112, USA. Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA. jonathan.weissman@ucsf.edu onn@stanford.edu adam.frost@ucsf.edu.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25554787" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Cryoelectron Microscopy ; Nucleic Acid Conformation ; *Peptide Biosynthesis, Nucleic Acid-Independent ; Protein Conformation ; RNA, Messenger/metabolism ; RNA, Transfer, Ala/chemistry/metabolism ; RNA, Transfer, Thr/chemistry/metabolism ; Ribosome Subunits, Large, Eukaryotic/chemistry/*metabolism/ultrastructure ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae/genetics/*metabolism ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins/*metabolism/ultrastructure ; Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases/*metabolism/ultrastructure
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    Miocene small-bodied ape from Eurasia sheds light on hominoid evolution (2015)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-10-31
    Description: Miocene small-bodied anthropoid primates from Africa and Eurasia are generally considered to precede the divergence between the two groups of extant catarrhines-hominoids (apes and humans) and Old World monkeys-and are thus viewed as more primitive than the stem ape Proconsul. Here we describe Pliobates cataloniae gen. et sp. nov., a small-bodied (4 to 5 kilograms) primate from the Iberian Miocene (11.6 million years ago) that displays a mosaic of primitive characteristics coupled with multiple cranial and postcranial shared derived features of extant hominoids. Our cladistic analyses show that Pliobates is a stem hominoid that is more derived than previously described small catarrhines and Proconsul. This forces us to reevaluate the role played by small-bodied catarrhines in ape evolution and provides key insight into the last common ancestor of hylobatids (gibbons) and hominids (great apes and humans).〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Alba, David M -- Almecija, Sergio -- DeMiguel, Daniel -- Fortuny, Josep -- Perez de los Rios, Miriam -- Pina, Marta -- Robles, Josep M -- Moya-Sola, Salvador -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2015 Oct 30;350(6260):aab2625. doi: 10.1126/science.aab2625. Epub 2015 Oct 29.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institut Catala de Paleontologia Miquel Crusafont (ICP), Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona (UAB), Edifici ICTA-ICP, Carrer de les Columnes sense numero, Campus de la UAB, 08193 Cerdanyola del Valles, Barcelona, Spain. ; Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, Department of Anthropology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA. Institut Catala de Paleontologia Miquel Crusafont (ICP), Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona (UAB), Edifici ICTA-ICP, Carrer de les Columnes sense numero, Campus de la UAB, 08193 Cerdanyola del Valles, Barcelona, Spain. ; Institut Catala de Paleontologia Miquel Crusafont (ICP), Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona (UAB), Edifici ICTA-ICP, Carrer de les Columnes sense numero, Campus de la UAB, 08193 Cerdanyola del Valles, Barcelona, Spain. FOSSILIA Serveis Paleontologics i Geologics, Jaume I 87, 5e 1a, 08470 Sant Celoni, Barcelona, Spain. ; Institucio Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avancats at ICP and Unitat d'Antropologia Biologica (Department de Biologia Animal, de Biologia Vegetal i d'Ecologia), Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Edifici ICTA-ICP, Carrer de les Columnes sense numero, Campus de la UAB, 08193 Cerdanyola del Valles, Barcelona, Spain.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26516285" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Body Weight ; Bone and Bones/anatomy & histology ; Brain/anatomy & histology/growth & development ; Dentition ; Hominidae/anatomy & histology/*classification/growth & development ; Humans ; Hylobates/anatomy & histology/*classification/growth & development ; Phylogeny ; Skull/anatomy & histology/growth & development ; Spain
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    Structure of Tetrahymena telomerase reveals previously unknown subunits, functions, and interactions (2015)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-10-17
    Description: Telomerase helps maintain telomeres by processive synthesis of telomere repeat DNA at their 3'-ends, using an integral telomerase RNA (TER) and telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT). We report the cryo-electron microscopy structure of Tetrahymena telomerase at ~9 angstrom resolution. In addition to seven known holoenzyme proteins, we identify two additional proteins that form a complex (TEB) with single-stranded telomere DNA-binding protein Teb1, paralogous to heterotrimeric replication protein A (RPA). The p75-p45-p19 subcomplex is identified as another RPA-related complex, CST (CTC1-STN1-TEN1). This study reveals the paths of TER in the TERT-TER-p65 catalytic core and single-stranded DNA exit; extensive subunit interactions of the TERT essential N-terminal domain, p50, and TEB; and other subunit identities and structures, including p19 and p45C crystal structures. Our findings provide structural and mechanistic insights into telomerase holoenzyme function.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4687456/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4687456/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Jiang, Jiansen -- Chan, Henry -- Cash, Darian D -- Miracco, Edward J -- Ogorzalek Loo, Rachel R -- Upton, Heather E -- Cascio, Duilio -- O'Brien Johnson, Reid -- Collins, Kathleen -- Loo, Joseph A -- Zhou, Z Hong -- Feigon, Juli -- GM007185/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM048123/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM071940/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM101874/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM103479/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- P41 GM103403/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- P41 RR015301/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM048123/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM054198/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM071940/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM103479/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01GM054198/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- S10OD018111/OD/NIH HHS/ -- S10RR23057/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- UL1TR000124/TR/NCATS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2015 Oct 30;350(6260):aab4070. doi: 10.1126/science.aab4070. Epub 2015 Oct 15.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA. Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA. California Nanosystems Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA. ; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA. ; Department of Biological Chemistry, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA. ; Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. ; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA. UCLA-U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Institute of Genomics and Proteomics, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA. ; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA. Department of Biological Chemistry, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA. UCLA-U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Institute of Genomics and Proteomics, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA. ; Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA. California Nanosystems Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA. ; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA. California Nanosystems Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA. UCLA-U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Institute of Genomics and Proteomics, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA. feigon@mbi.ucla.edu.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26472759" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Catalytic Domain ; Cryoelectron Microscopy ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; DNA, Single-Stranded/chemistry ; Holoenzymes/chemistry ; Protein Binding ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Subunits/chemistry ; RNA/*chemistry ; Replication Protein A/chemistry ; Telomerase/*chemistry ; Telomere/chemistry ; Telomere Homeostasis ; Telomere-Binding Proteins ; Tetrahymena/*enzymology
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    OCEANOGRAPHY. Contrasting futures for ocean and society from different anthropogenic CO(2) emissions scenarios (2015)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-07-04
    Description: The ocean moderates anthropogenic climate change at the cost of profound alterations of its physics, chemistry, ecology, and services. Here, we evaluate and compare the risks of impacts on marine and coastal ecosystems-and the goods and services they provide-for growing cumulative carbon emissions under two contrasting emissions scenarios. The current emissions trajectory would rapidly and significantly alter many ecosystems and the associated services on which humans heavily depend. A reduced emissions scenario-consistent with the Copenhagen Accord's goal of a global temperature increase of less than 2 degrees C-is much more favorable to the ocean but still substantially alters important marine ecosystems and associated goods and services. The management options to address ocean impacts narrow as the ocean warms and acidifies. Consequently, any new climate regime that fails to minimize ocean impacts would be incomplete and inadequate.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gattuso, J-P -- Magnan, A -- Bille, R -- Cheung, W W L -- Howes, E L -- Joos, F -- Allemand, D -- Bopp, L -- Cooley, S R -- Eakin, C M -- Hoegh-Guldberg, O -- Kelly, R P -- Portner, H-O -- Rogers, A D -- Baxter, J M -- Laffoley, D -- Osborn, D -- Rankovic, A -- Rochette, J -- Sumaila, U R -- Treyer, S -- Turley, C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2015 Jul 3;349(6243):aac4722. doi: 10.1126/science.aac4722.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratoire d'Oceanographie de Villefranche, CNRS-Institut National des Sciences de l'Univers, F-06230 Villefranche-sur-mer, France. Sorbonne Universites, Universite Pierre et Marie Curie, Univ Paris 06, Observatoire Oceanologique, F-06230 Villefranche-sur-mer, France. Institute for Sustainable Development and International Relations, Sciences Po, 27 rue Saint Guillaume, F-75007 Paris, France. gattuso@obs-vlfr.fr. ; Institute for Sustainable Development and International Relations, Sciences Po, 27 rue Saint Guillaume, F-75007 Paris, France. ; Secretariat of the Pacific Community, B.P. D5, 98848 Noumea Cedex, New Caledonia. ; Nippon Foundation-UBC Nereus Program, University of British Columbia (UBC), Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada. ; Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, D-27570, Bremenrhaven, Germany. ; Climate and Environmental Physics, Physics Institute and Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Sidlerstrasse 5, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland. ; Centre Scientifique de Monaco, 8 Quai Antoine Ier, MC-98000 Monaco, Principality of Monaco. Institut Pierre Simon Laplace/Laboratoire des Science du Climat et de l'Environnement, UMR8212, CNRS-Commissariat a l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives-Universite de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Gif sur Yvette, France. ; Ocean Conservancy, 1300 19th Street NW, 8th Floor, Washington, DC 20036, USA. ; Coral Reef Watch, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, College Park, MD 20740, USA. ; Global Change Institute and Australian Research Council Centre for Excellence in Coral Reef Studies, University of Queensland, Building 20, St Lucia, 4072 Queensland, Australia. ; School of Marine and Environmental Affairs, University of Washington, 3707 Brooklyn Avenue NE, Seattle, WA 98105, USA. ; Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK. ; Scottish Natural Heritage, 231 Corstorphine Road, Edinburgh EH12 7AT, Scotland. ; IUCN, Rue Mauverney 28, CH-1196 Gland, Switzerland. ; Environment Laboratories, International Atomic Energy Agency, 4a Quai Antoine 1er, MC-98000 Monaco, Principality of Monaco. ; Program on Science, Technology, and Society, John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University, 79 John F. Kennedy Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA. ; Institute for Sustainable Development and International Relations, Sciences Po, 27 rue Saint Guillaume, F-75007 Paris, France. Fisheries Economics Research Unit, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada. ; Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Prospect Place, The Hoe, Plymouth PL1 3DH, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26138982" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Aquaculture ; *Aquatic Organisms ; *Carbon Dioxide ; *Ecosystem ; *Global Warming ; *Greenhouse Effect ; Health ; Humans ; Oceans and Seas ; Risk ; Travel
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Sustainability. Ecosystem services lost to oil and gas in North America (2015)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-04-25
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Allred, Brady W -- Smith, W Kolby -- Twidwell, Dirac -- Haggerty, Julia H -- Running, Steven W -- Naugle, David E -- Fuhlendorf, Samuel D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2015 Apr 24;348(6233):401-2. doi: 10.1126/science.aaa4785. Epub 2015 Apr 23.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉College of Forestry and Conservation, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA. brady.allred@umontana.edu. ; College of Forestry and Conservation, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA. Institute on the Environment, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA. ; Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA. ; Department of Earth Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA. ; College of Forestry and Conservation, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA. ; Department of Natural Resource Ecology and Management, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25908812" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Canada ; *Crops, Agricultural ; *Ecosystem ; *Extraction and Processing Industry ; *Oil and Gas Fields ; United States
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Human evolution. Comment on "Human-like hand use in Australopithecus africanus" (2015)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-06-06
    Description: Skinner and colleagues (Research Article, 23 January 2015, p. 395), based on metacarpal trabecular bone structure, argue that Australopithecus africanus employed human-like dexterity for stone tool making and use 3 million years ago. However, their evolutionary and biological assumptions are misinformed, failing to refute the previously existing hypothesis that human-like manipulation preceded systematized stone tool manufacture, as indicated by the fossil record.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Almecija, Sergio -- Wallace, Ian J -- Judex, Stefan -- Alba, David M -- Moya-Sola, Salvador -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2015 Jun 5;348(6239):1101. doi: 10.1126/science.aaa8414.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Anatomical Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA. Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, Department of Anthropology, The George Washington University, Science and Engineering Hall, 800 22nd Street NW, Washington, DC 20052, USA. Institut Catala de Paleontologia Miquel Crusafont, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Edifici ICTA-ICP, Carrer de les Columnes s/n, Campus de la UAB, 08193 Cerdanyola del Valles, Barcelona, Spain. sergio.almecija@gmail.com. ; Department of Anthropology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA. ; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA. ; Institut Catala de Paleontologia Miquel Crusafont, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Edifici ICTA-ICP, Carrer de les Columnes s/n, Campus de la UAB, 08193 Cerdanyola del Valles, Barcelona, Spain. ; ICREA at Institut Catala de Paleontologia Miquel Crusafont and Unitat d'Antropologia Biologica (Departament BABVE), Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Edifici ICTA-CP, Carrer de les Columnes s/n, Campus de la UAB, 08193 Cerdanyola del Valles, Barcelona, Spain.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26045428" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Humans ; Metacarpal Bones/*anatomy & histology ; Metacarpus/*anatomy & histology ; Thumb/*anatomy & histology
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    SUSTAINABILITY. Response to Comment on "Planetary boundaries: Guiding human development on a changing planet" (2015)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-06-13
    Description: Jaramillo and Destouni claim that freshwater consumption is beyond the planetary boundary, based on high estimates of water cycle components, different definitions of water consumption, and extrapolation from a single case study. The difference from our analysis, based on mainstream assessments of global water consumption, highlights the need for clearer definitions of water cycle components and improved models and databases.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gerten, Dieter -- Rockstrom, Johan -- Heinke, Jens -- Steffen, Will -- Richardson, Katherine -- Cornell, Sarah -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2015 Jun 12;348(6240):1217. doi: 10.1126/science.aab0031. Epub 2015 Jun 11.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Research Domain of Earth System Analysis, Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, 14473 Potsdam, Germany. gerten@pik-potsdam.de. ; Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden. ; Research Domain of Earth System Analysis, Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, 14473 Potsdam, Germany. International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, 00100 Kenya. Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, St. Lucia, QLD 4067, Australia. ; Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden. Fenner School of Environment and Society, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia. ; Center for Macroecology, Evolution, and Climate, University of Copenhagen, Natural History Museum of Denmark, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26068844" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Biological Evolution ; *Climate Change ; *Earth (Planet) ; Humans ; *Ozone Depletion
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    PALEOECOLOGY. Human impacts on ecosystems began thousands of years ago (2015)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-12-19
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pennisi, Elizabeth -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2015 Dec 18;350(6267):1452. doi: 10.1126/science.350.6267.1452.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26680168" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Ecosystem ; *Extinction, Biological ; *Human Activities ; Humans ; Paleontology ; Plants
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    EVOLUTION. Fruit flies diversify their offspring in response to parasite infection (2015)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-08-15
    Description: The evolution of sexual reproduction is often explained by Red Queen dynamics: Organisms must continually evolve to maintain fitness relative to interacting organisms, such as parasites. Recombination accompanies sexual reproduction and helps diversify an organism's offspring, so that parasites cannot exploit static host genotypes. Here we show that Drosophila melanogaster plastically increases the production of recombinant offspring after infection. The response is consistent across genetic backgrounds, developmental stages, and parasite types but is not induced after sterile wounding. Furthermore, the response appears to be driven by transmission distortion rather than increased recombination. Our study extends the Red Queen model to include the increased production of recombinant offspring and uncovers a remarkable ability of hosts to actively distort their recombination fraction in rapid response to environmental cues.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Singh, Nadia D -- Criscoe, Dallas R -- Skolfield, Shelly -- Kohl, Kathryn P -- Keebaugh, Erin S -- Schlenke, Todd A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2015 Aug 14;349(6249):747-50. doi: 10.1126/science.aab1768.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biological Sciences and Bioinformatics Research Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA. ndsingh@ncsu.edu schlenkt@reed.edu. ; Translational Biology and Molecular Medicine Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA. ; Department of Biology, Reed College, Portland, OR, USA. ; Department of Biology, Winthrop University, Rock Hill, SC, USA. ; Department of Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA. ; Department of Biology, Reed College, Portland, OR, USA. ndsingh@ncsu.edu schlenkt@reed.edu.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26273057" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Drosophila melanogaster/*genetics/growth & development/*parasitology ; Female ; *Genetic Fitness ; Genetic Variation ; Larva ; Male ; Mutation ; Parasitic Diseases/genetics ; *Recombination, Genetic ; Reproduction/genetics
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    EVOLUTION. Fossils, cells point to early appearance of the brain (2015)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-11-14
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pennisi, Elizabeth -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2015 Nov 13;350(6262):729-30. doi: 10.1126/science.350.6262.729.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26564827" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Brain/*growth & development ; *Fossils ; Pandalidae
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    HUMAN EVOLUTION. First modern humans in China (2015)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-10-17
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gibbons, Ann -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2015 Oct 16;350(6258):264. doi: 10.1126/science.350.6258.264.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26472887" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Africa ; *Biological Evolution ; Caves ; China ; *Fossils ; *Human Migration ; Humans ; Tooth
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Human evolution. Response to Comment on "Human-like hand use in Australopithecus africanus" (2015)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-06-06
    Description: Almecija and colleagues claim that we apply a simplified understanding of bone functional adaptation and that our results of human-like hand use in Australopithecus africanus are not novel. We argue that our results speak to actual behavior, rather than potential behaviors, and our functional interpretation is well supported by our methodological approach, comparative sample, and previous experimental data.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Skinner, Matthew M -- Stephens, Nicholas B -- Tsegai, Zewdi J -- Foote, Alexandra C -- Nguyen, N Huynh -- Gross, Thomas -- Pahr, Dieter H -- Hublin, Jean-Jacques -- Kivell, Tracy L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2015 Jun 5;348(6239):1101. doi: 10.1126/science.aaa8931.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent, Canterbury CT2 7NR, UK. Department of Anthropology, University College London London, WC1H 0BW, UK. Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany. Evolutionary Studies Institute and Centre for Excellence in PalaeoSciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Wits 2050, South Africa. m.skinner@kent.ac.uk t.l.kivell@kent.ac.uk. ; Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany. ; Department of Anthropology, University College London London, WC1H 0BW, UK. ; Institute of Lightweight Design and Structural Biomechanics, Vienna University of Technology, Gusshausstrasse 27-29, 1040 Wien, Vienna, Austria. ; School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent, Canterbury CT2 7NR, UK. Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany. Evolutionary Studies Institute and Centre for Excellence in PalaeoSciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Wits 2050, South Africa. m.skinner@kent.ac.uk t.l.kivell@kent.ac.uk.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26045429" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Humans ; Metacarpal Bones/*anatomy & histology ; Metacarpus/*anatomy & histology ; Thumb/*anatomy & histology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Mammalian evolution. Evolutionary development in basal mammaliaforms as revealed by a docodontan (2015)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2015-02-14
    Description: A new Late Jurassic docodontan shows specializations for a subterranean lifestyle. It is similar to extant subterranean golden moles in having reduced digit segments as compared to the ancestral phalangeal pattern of mammaliaforms and extant mammals. The reduction of digit segments can occur in mammals by fusion of the proximal and intermediate phalangeal precursors, a developmental process for which a gene and signaling network have been characterized in mouse and human. Docodontans show a positional shift of thoracolumbar ribs, a developmental variation that is controlled by Hox9 and Myf5 genes in extant mammals. We argue that these morphogenetic mechanisms of modern mammals were operating before the rise of modern mammals, driving the morphological disparity in the earliest mammaliaform diversification.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Luo, Zhe-Xi -- Meng, Qing-Jin -- Ji, Qiang -- Liu, Di -- Zhang, Yu-Guang -- Neander, April I -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2015 Feb 13;347(6223):760-4. doi: 10.1126/science.1260880.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA. zxluo@uchicago.edu mengqingjin@bmnh.org.cn. ; Beijing Museum of Natural History, Beijing 100050, China. zxluo@uchicago.edu mengqingjin@bmnh.org.cn. ; Institute of Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing 100037, China. ; Beijing Museum of Natural History, Beijing 100050, China. ; Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25678660" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; China ; Finger Phalanges/*anatomy & histology/*growth & development ; Foot/anatomy & histology/growth & development ; Homeodomain Proteins/genetics/physiology ; Humans ; Mammals/*anatomy & histology/genetics/*growth & development ; Mice ; Morphogenesis/genetics/*physiology ; Myogenic Regulatory Factor 5/genetics/physiology
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    Human evolution. Human-like hand use in Australopithecus africanus (2015)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-01-24
    Description: The distinctly human ability for forceful precision and power "squeeze" gripping is linked to two key evolutionary transitions in hand use: a reduction in arboreal climbing and the manufacture and use of tools. However, it is unclear when these locomotory and manipulative transitions occurred. Here we show that Australopithecus africanus (~3 to 2 million years ago) and several Pleistocene hominins, traditionally considered not to have engaged in habitual tool manufacture, have a human-like trabecular bone pattern in the metacarpals consistent with forceful opposition of the thumb and fingers typically adopted during tool use. These results support archaeological evidence for stone tool use in australopiths and provide morphological evidence that Pliocene hominins achieved human-like hand postures much earlier and more frequently than previously considered.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Skinner, Matthew M -- Stephens, Nicholas B -- Tsegai, Zewdi J -- Foote, Alexandra C -- Nguyen, N Huynh -- Gross, Thomas -- Pahr, Dieter H -- Hublin, Jean-Jacques -- Kivell, Tracy L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2015 Jan 23;347(6220):395-9. doi: 10.1126/science.1261735.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent, Canterbury CT2 7NR, UK. Department of Anthropology, University College London, London WC1H 0BW, UK. Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig Germany. Evolutionary Studies Institute and Centre for Excellence in PalaeoSciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Wits 2050, South Africa. m.skinner@kent.ac.uk t.l.kivell@kent.ac.uk. ; Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig Germany. ; Department of Anthropology, University College London, London WC1H 0BW, UK. ; Institute of Lightweight Design and Structural Biomechanics, Vienna University of Technology, Gusshausstrasse 27-29, 1040 Wien, Vienna, Austria. ; School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent, Canterbury CT2 7NR, UK. Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig Germany. Evolutionary Studies Institute and Centre for Excellence in PalaeoSciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Wits 2050, South Africa. m.skinner@kent.ac.uk t.l.kivell@kent.ac.uk.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25613885" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Archaeology ; *Biological Evolution ; Hominidae/anatomy & histology ; Humans ; Metacarpal Bones/*anatomy & histology ; Metacarpus/*anatomy & histology/physiology ; Neanderthals/anatomy & histology ; Posture ; Thumb/*anatomy & histology/physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Revolution in human evolution (2015)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-07-25
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gibbons, Ann -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2015 Jul 24;349(6246):362-6. doi: 10.1126/science.349.6246.362.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26206910" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Archaeology ; Asia/ethnology ; *Biological Evolution ; DNA/*genetics ; Europe/ethnology ; *Genome, Human ; Humans ; Russia/ethnology ; *Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Skull
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Of mice and men (2015)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2015-07-04
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pennisi, Elizabeth -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2015 Jul 3;349(6243):21-3. doi: 10.1126/science.349.6243.21.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26138961" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Brain/*anatomy & histology/*embryology ; DNA/genetics ; *Enhancer Elements, Genetic ; GTPase-Activating Proteins/genetics ; Gene Dosage ; Genes, Regulator ; Genetic Engineering ; *Genome, Human ; Humans ; Mice ; Mutagenesis, Insertional ; Organ Size/genetics ; Pan troglodytes/anatomy & histology/embryology/genetics ; Receptors, Cell Surface/genetics ; Species Specificity
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    Human evolution. Ancient DNA pinpoints Paleolithic liaison in Europe (2015)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-05-23
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gibbons, Ann -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2015 May 22;348(6237):847. doi: 10.1126/science.348.6237.847.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25999485" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; DNA/*genetics ; Europe ; *Fossils ; Humans ; *Mandible ; Neanderthals/*genetics
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Paleoanthropology. Deep roots for the genus Homo (2015)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-03-07
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gibbons, Ann -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2015 Mar 6;347(6226):1056-7. doi: 10.1126/science.347.6226.1056-b.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25745142" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Ethiopia ; *Fossils ; Hominidae/anatomy & histology/*genetics ; Jaw/anatomy & histology
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    PALEOANTHROPOLOGY. New human species discovered (2015)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-09-12
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gibbons, Ann -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2015 Sep 11;349(6253):1149-50. doi: 10.1126/science.349.6253.1149.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26359379" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Biological Evolution ; Bone and Bones/*anatomy & histology ; Caves ; *Fossils ; Humans ; South Africa ; Species Specificity
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Evolution. Dogs hijack the human bonding pathway (2015)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-04-18
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉MacLean, Evan L -- Hare, Brian -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2015 Apr 17;348(6232):280-1. doi: 10.1126/science.aab1200. Epub 2015 Apr 16.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Duke Canine Cognition Center, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA. Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA. ; Duke Canine Cognition Center, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA. Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA. Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA. b.hare@duke.edu.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25883339" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Animals, Domestic/*psychology ; *Biological Evolution ; *Bonding, Human-Pet ; *Communication ; Dogs/*psychology ; Female ; *Fixation, Ocular ; Humans ; Oxytocin/*physiology ; Wolves/*psychology
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    Evolution. How birds got their beaks (2015)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-05-16
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pennisi, Elizabeth -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2015 May 15;348(6236):744. doi: 10.1126/science.348.6236.744.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25977530" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Beak/*anatomy & histology/embryology ; *Biological Evolution ; Birds/*anatomy & histology/embryology/*genetics ; Bone and Bones/anatomy & histology/embryology ; Fibroblast Growth Factor 8/*genetics ; Fossils ; Hedgehog Proteins/*genetics
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Evolution. All in the (bigger) family (2015)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-01-17
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pennisi, Elizabeth -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2015 Jan 16;347(6219):220-1. doi: 10.1126/science.347.6219.220.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25593165" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Arthropods/anatomy & histology/classification/physiology ; *Biological Evolution ; *Crustacea/anatomy & histology/classification/physiology ; Fatty Acids, Unsaturated/metabolism ; *Insects/anatomy & histology/classification/physiology ; Juvenile Hormones/metabolism ; Phylogeny ; Respiration
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    EVOLUTION. How teeth got tough: enamel's evolutionary journey (2015)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-09-26
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Perkins, Sid -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2015 Sep 25;349(6255):1431. doi: 10.1126/science.349.6255.1431.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26404802" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; *Dental Enamel ; *Fishes ; Fossils ; Hardness ; *Tooth
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    Proteasomes. A molecular census of 26S proteasomes in intact neurons (2015)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2015-01-24
    Description: The 26S proteasome is a key player in eukaryotic protein quality control and in the regulation of numerous cellular processes. Here, we describe quantitative in situ structural studies of this highly dynamic molecular machine in intact hippocampal neurons. We used electron cryotomography with the Volta phase plate, which allowed high fidelity and nanometer precision localization of 26S proteasomes. We undertook a molecular census of single- and double-capped proteasomes and assessed the conformational states of individual complexes. Under the conditions of the experiment-that is, in the absence of proteotoxic stress-only 20% of the 26S proteasomes were engaged in substrate processing. The remainder was in the substrate-accepting ground state. These findings suggest that in the absence of stress, the capacity of the proteasome system is not fully used.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Asano, Shoh -- Fukuda, Yoshiyuki -- Beck, Florian -- Aufderheide, Antje -- Forster, Friedrich -- Danev, Radostin -- Baumeister, Wolfgang -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2015 Jan 23;347(6220):439-42. doi: 10.1126/science.1261197.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular Structural Biology, Max-Planck Institute of Biochemistry, 82152 Martinsried, Germany. ; Department of Molecular Structural Biology, Max-Planck Institute of Biochemistry, 82152 Martinsried, Germany. baumeist@biochem.mpg.de.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25613890" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cells, Cultured ; Hippocampus/*cytology/enzymology ; Neurons/*enzymology/*ultrastructure ; Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex/*chemistry ; Protein Conformation ; Rats ; Stress, Physiological
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    Protein structure. Engineering of a superhelicase through conformational control (2015)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-04-18
    Description: Conformational control of biomolecular activities can reveal functional insights and enable the engineering of novel activities. Here we show that conformational control through intramolecular cross-linking of a helicase monomer with undetectable unwinding activity converts it into a superhelicase that can unwind thousands of base pairs processively, even against a large opposing force. A natural partner that enhances the helicase activity is shown to achieve its stimulating role also by selectively stabilizing the active conformation. Our work provides insight into the regulation of nucleic acid unwinding activity and introduces a monomeric superhelicase without nuclease activities, which may be useful for biotechnological applications.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4417355/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4417355/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Arslan, Sinan -- Khafizov, Rustem -- Thomas, Christopher D -- Chemla, Yann R -- Ha, Taekjip -- GM065367/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM065367/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2015 Apr 17;348(6232):344-7. doi: 10.1126/science.aaa0445.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Physics Department and Center for the Physics of Living Cells, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA. ; Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK. ; Physics Department and Center for the Physics of Living Cells, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA. Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA. Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA. tjha@illinois.edu.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25883358" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Bacterial Proteins/*chemistry/genetics ; Cross-Linking Reagents/chemistry ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; DNA Helicases/*chemistry/genetics ; *DNA Replication ; DNA, Single-Stranded/*chemistry ; Deoxyribonucleases/chemistry/genetics ; Enzyme Stability ; Escherichia coli Proteins/*chemistry/genetics ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Engineering
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    EVOLUTION. A four-legged snake from the Early Cretaceous of Gondwana (2015)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2015-07-25
    Description: Snakes are a remarkably diverse and successful group today, but their evolutionary origins are obscure. The discovery of snakes with two legs has shed light on the transition from lizards to snakes, but no snake has been described with four limbs, and the ecology of early snakes is poorly known. We describe a four-limbed snake from the Early Cretaceous (Aptian) Crato Formation of Brazil. The snake has a serpentiform body plan with an elongate trunk, short tail, and large ventral scales suggesting characteristic serpentine locomotion, yet retains small prehensile limbs. Skull and body proportions as well as reduced neural spines indicate fossorial adaptation, suggesting that snakes evolved from burrowing rather than marine ancestors. Hooked teeth, an intramandibular joint, a flexible spine capable of constricting prey, and the presence of vertebrate remains in the guts indicate that this species preyed on vertebrates and that snakes made the transition to carnivory early in their history. The structure of the limbs suggests that they were adapted for grasping, either to seize prey or as claspers during mating. Together with a diverse fauna of basal snakes from the Cretaceous of South America, Africa, and India, this snake suggests that crown Serpentes originated in Gondwana.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Martill, David M -- Tischlinger, Helmut -- Longrich, Nicholas R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2015 Jul 24;349(6246):416-9. doi: 10.1126/science.aaa9208.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 3QL, UK. ; Tannenweg 16, 85134 Stammham, Germany. ; Department of Biology and Biochemistry and Milner Centre for Evolution, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26206932" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Africa ; Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Brazil ; Extinction, Biological ; Extremities/*anatomy & histology ; Fossils ; India ; Lizards/*anatomy & histology ; Phylogeny ; Skull/anatomy & histology ; Snakes/*anatomy & histology/*classification ; South America ; Spine/anatomy & histology ; Tooth/anatomy & histology
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    Protein structure. Direct observation of structure-function relationship in a nucleic acid-processing enzyme (2015)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-04-18
    Description: The relationship between protein three-dimensional structure and function is essential for mechanism determination. Unfortunately, most techniques do not provide a direct measurement of this relationship. Structural data are typically limited to static pictures, and function must be inferred. Conversely, functional assays usually provide little information on structural conformation. We developed a single-molecule technique combining optical tweezers and fluorescence microscopy that allows for both measurements simultaneously. Here we present measurements of UvrD, a DNA repair helicase, that directly and unambiguously reveal the connection between its structure and function. Our data reveal that UvrD exhibits two distinct types of unwinding activity regulated by its stoichiometry. Furthermore, two UvrD conformational states, termed "closed" and "open," correlate with movement toward or away from the DNA fork.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4424897/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4424897/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Comstock, Matthew J -- Whitley, Kevin D -- Jia, Haifeng -- Sokoloski, Joshua -- Lohman, Timothy M -- Ha, Taekjip -- Chemla, Yann R -- R01 GM045948/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM065367/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R21 RR025341/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2015 Apr 17;348(6232):352-4. doi: 10.1126/science.aaa0130. Epub 2015 Apr 16.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Physics, Center for the Physics of Living Cells, and Center for Biophysics and Computational Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA. ; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA. ; Department of Physics, Center for the Physics of Living Cells, and Center for Biophysics and Computational Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA. Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Urbana, IL 61801, USA. Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA. ; Department of Physics, Center for the Physics of Living Cells, and Center for Biophysics and Computational Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA. ychemla@illinois.edu.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25883359" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: DNA Helicases/*chemistry/*physiology ; DNA Repair ; *DNA Replication ; Escherichia coli Proteins/*chemistry/*physiology ; Microscopy, Fluorescence/methods ; Optical Tweezers ; Protein Conformation ; Structure-Activity Relationship
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    PLANT EVOLUTION. Convergent evolution of strigolactone perception enabled host detection in parasitic plants (2015)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-01
    Description: Obligate parasitic plants in the Orobanchaceae germinate after sensing plant hormones, strigolactones, exuded from host roots. In Arabidopsis thaliana, the alpha/beta-hydrolase D14 acts as a strigolactone receptor that controls shoot branching, whereas its ancestral paralog, KAI2, mediates karrikin-specific germination responses. We observed that KAI2, but not D14, is present at higher copy numbers in parasitic species than in nonparasitic relatives. KAI2 paralogs in parasites are distributed into three phylogenetic clades. The fastest-evolving clade, KAI2d, contains the majority of KAI2 paralogs. Homology models predict that the ligand-binding pockets of KAI2d resemble D14. KAI2d transgenes confer strigolactone-specific germination responses to Arabidopsis thaliana. Thus, the KAI2 paralogs D14 and KAI2d underwent convergent evolution of strigolactone recognition, respectively enabling developmental responses to strigolactones in angiosperms and host detection in parasites.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Conn, Caitlin E -- Bythell-Douglas, Rohan -- Neumann, Drexel -- Yoshida, Satoko -- Whittington, Bryan -- Westwood, James H -- Shirasu, Ken -- Bond, Charles S -- Dyer, Kelly A -- Nelson, David C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2015 Jul 31;349(6247):540-3. doi: 10.1126/science.aab1140.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA. ; School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia. ; RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan. ; Department of Plant Pathology, Physiology, and Weed Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26228149" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Arabidopsis/*metabolism/*parasitology ; Arabidopsis Proteins/*classification/genetics/metabolism ; *Biological Evolution ; Gene Dosage ; Germination ; Heterocyclic Compounds, 1-Ring/*metabolism ; Host-Parasite Interactions ; Hydrolases/*classification/genetics/metabolism ; Lactones/*metabolism ; Orobanchaceae/*enzymology/genetics/growth & development ; Phylogeny ; Plant Growth Regulators/*metabolism ; Plant Roots/metabolism/parasitology ; Plants, Genetically Modified/genetics/metabolism
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    Anthropology. New World monkey origins (2015)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2015-03-07
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kay, Richard F -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2015 Mar 6;347(6226):1068-9. doi: 10.1126/science.aaa9217.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Evolutionary Anthropology and Division of Earth and Ocean Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA. richard.kay@duke.edu.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25745147" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; *Fossils ; Peru ; Phylogeny ; *Platyrrhini/anatomy & histology/classification/genetics
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    Sustainability. Planetary boundaries: guiding human development on a changing planet (2015)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-01-17
    Description: The planetary boundaries framework defines a safe operating space for humanity based on the intrinsic biophysical processes that regulate the stability of the Earth system. Here, we revise and update the planetary boundary framework, with a focus on the underpinning biophysical science, based on targeted input from expert research communities and on more general scientific advances over the past 5 years. Several of the boundaries now have a two-tier approach, reflecting the importance of cross-scale interactions and the regional-level heterogeneity of the processes that underpin the boundaries. Two core boundaries-climate change and biosphere integrity-have been identified, each of which has the potential on its own to drive the Earth system into a new state should they be substantially and persistently transgressed.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Steffen, Will -- Richardson, Katherine -- Rockstrom, Johan -- Cornell, Sarah E -- Fetzer, Ingo -- Bennett, Elena M -- Biggs, Reinette -- Carpenter, Stephen R -- de Vries, Wim -- de Wit, Cynthia A -- Folke, Carl -- Gerten, Dieter -- Heinke, Jens -- Mace, Georgina M -- Persson, Linn M -- Ramanathan, Veerabhadran -- Reyers, Belinda -- Sorlin, Sverker -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2015 Feb 13;347(6223):1259855. doi: 10.1126/science.1259855. Epub 2015 Jan 15.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden. Fenner School of Environment and Society, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia. will.steffen@anu.edu.au. ; Center for Macroecology, Evolution, and Climate, University of Copenhagen, Natural History Museum of Denmark, Universitetsparken 15, Building 3, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark. ; Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden. ; Department of Natural Resource Sciences and McGill School of Environment, McGill University, 21, 111 Lakeshore Road, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada. ; Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden. Centre for Studies in Complexity, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa. ; Center for Limnology, University of Wisconsin, 680 North Park Street, Madison WI 53706 USA. ; Alterra Wageningen University and Research Centre, P.O. Box 47, 6700AA Wageningen, Netherlands. Environmental Systems Analysis Group, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, Netherlands. ; Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden. ; Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden. Beijer Institute of Ecological Economics, Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, SE-10405 Stockholm, Sweden. ; Research Domain Earth System Analysis, Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), Telegraphenberg A62, 14473 Potsdam, Germany. ; Research Domain Earth System Analysis, Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), Telegraphenberg A62, 14473 Potsdam, Germany. International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi, 00100 Kenya. CSIRO (Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization), St. Lucia, QLD 4067, Australia. ; Centre for Biodiversity and Environment Research (CBER), Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK. ; Stockholm Environment Institute, Linnegatan 87D, SE-10451 Stockholm, Sweden. ; Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California at San Diego, 8622 Kennel Way, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. TERI (The Energy and Resources Institute) University, 10 Institutional Area, Vasant Kunj, New Delhi, Delhi 110070, India. ; Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden. Natural Resources and the Environment, CSIR, P.O. Box 320, Stellenbosch 7599, South Africa. ; Division of History of Science, Technology and Environment, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-10044 Stockholm, Sweden.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25592418" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Atmosphere ; *Biological Evolution ; *Climate Change ; *Earth (Planet) ; Fresh Water ; Humans ; *Ozone Depletion
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Vertebrate evolution. Evolutionary innovation and ecology in marine tetrapods from the Triassic to the Anthropocene (2015)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-04-18
    Description: Many top consumers in today's oceans are marine tetrapods, a collection of lineages independently derived from terrestrial ancestors. The fossil record illuminates their transitions from land to sea, yet these initial invasions account for a small proportion of their evolutionary history. We review the history of marine invasions that drove major changes in anatomy, physiology, and ecology over more than 250 million years. Many innovations evolved convergently in multiple clades, whereas others are unique to individual lineages. The evolutionary arcs of these ecologically important clades are framed against the backdrop of mass extinctions and regime shifts in ocean ecosystems. Past and present human disruptions to marine tetrapods, with cascading impacts on marine ecosystems, underscore the need to link macroecology with evolutionary change.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kelley, Neil P -- Pyenson, Nicholas D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2015 Apr 17;348(6232):aaa3716. doi: 10.1126/science.aaa3716.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20013, USA. Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA. kelleynp@si.edu. ; Department of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20013, USA. Departments of Mammalogy and Paleontology, Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25883362" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Aquatic Organisms/*classification ; *Biological Evolution ; Ecosystem ; Fossils ; *Introduced Species ; Oceans and Seas ; Vertebrates/*classification
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    Anthropology. Response to Comment on "Late Pleistocene human skeleton and mtDNA link Paleoamericans and modern Native Americans" (2015)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-02-24
    Description: Prufer and Meyer raise concerns over the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) results we reported for the Hoyo Negro individual, citing failure of a portion of these data to conform to their expectations of ancient DNA (aDNA). Because damage patterns in aDNA vary, outright rejection of our findings on this basis is unwarranted, especially in light of our other observations.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kemp, Brian M -- Lindo, John -- Bolnick, Deborah A -- Malhi, Ripan S -- Chatters, James C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2015 Feb 20;347(6224):835. doi: 10.1126/science.1261188.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Anthropology and School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA. paleosci@gmail.com bmkemp@wsu.edu. ; Department of Anthropology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA. ; Department of Anthropology and Population Research Center, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA. ; Department of Anthropology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA. Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA. ; Applied Paleoscience and DirectAMS, 10322 Northeast 190th Street, Bothell, WA 98011, USA. paleosci@gmail.com bmkemp@wsu.edu.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25700511" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Biological Evolution ; Humans ; Indians, North American/*genetics ; *Skeleton
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    Paleontology. When modern birds took flight (2015)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-05-09
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Balter, Michael -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2015 May 8;348(6235):617. doi: 10.1126/science.348.6235.617.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25953986" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Birds/*anatomy & histology/*physiology ; China ; Feathers/*physiology ; *Flight, Animal ; Fossils
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    BOTANY. Orchids' dazzling diversity explained (2015)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-09-01
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stokstad, Erik -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2015 Aug 28;349(6251):914. doi: 10.1126/science.349.6251.914.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26315415" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adaptation, Physiological ; Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Genes, Chloroplast ; *Genetic Speciation ; Genetic Variation ; Genome, Plant ; Orchidaceae/classification/*genetics/physiology ; *Phylogeny ; Pollination
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    TRANSCRIPTION. Structures of the RNA polymerase-sigma54 reveal new and conserved regulatory strategies (2015)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-22
    Description: Transcription by RNA polymerase (RNAP) in bacteria requires specific promoter recognition by sigma factors. The major variant sigma factor (sigma(54)) initially forms a transcriptionally silent complex requiring specialized adenosine triphosphate-dependent activators for initiation. Our crystal structure of the 450-kilodalton RNAP-sigma(54) holoenzyme at 3.8 angstroms reveals molecular details of sigma(54) and its interactions with RNAP. The structure explains how sigma(54) targets different regions in RNAP to exert its inhibitory function. Although sigma(54) and the major sigma factor, sigma(70), have similar functional domains and contact similar regions of RNAP, unanticipated differences are observed in their domain arrangement and interactions with RNAP, explaining their distinct properties. Furthermore, we observe evolutionarily conserved regulatory hotspots in RNAPs that can be targeted by a diverse range of mechanisms to fine tune transcription.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4681505/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4681505/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Yang, Yun -- Darbari, Vidya C -- Zhang, Nan -- Lu, Duo -- Glyde, Robert -- Wang, Yi-Ping -- Winkelman, Jared T -- Gourse, Richard L -- Murakami, Katsuhiko S -- Buck, Martin -- Zhang, Xiaodong -- 098412/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- BB/C504700/1/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom -- GM087350/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM087350/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R37 GM37048/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2015 Aug 21;349(6250):882-5. doi: 10.1126/science.aab1478.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Centre for Structural Biology, Imperial College London, South Kensington SW7 2AZ, UK. State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, China. ; Centre for Structural Biology, Imperial College London, South Kensington SW7 2AZ, UK. Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, South Kensington SW7 2AZ, UK. ; Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, South Kensington SW7 2AZ, UK. ; Centre for Structural Biology, Imperial College London, South Kensington SW7 2AZ, UK. ; State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, China. ; Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA. ; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for RNA Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA. ; Centre for Structural Biology, Imperial College London, South Kensington SW7 2AZ, UK. Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, South Kensington SW7 2AZ, UK. xiaodong.zhang@imperial.ac.uk.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26293966" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Crystallography, X-Ray ; Enzyme Stability ; *Evolution, Molecular ; *Gene Expression Regulation ; Holoenzymes/chemistry ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; RNA Polymerase Sigma 54/*chemistry/genetics ; *Transcription, Genetic
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    Evolutionary biology. Evolving new organisms via symbiosis (2015)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-04-25
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kiers, E Toby -- West, Stuart A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2015 Apr 24;348(6233):392-4. doi: 10.1126/science.aaa9605.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute of Ecological Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, 1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands. toby.kiers@vu.nl. ; Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25908807" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Bacteria ; *Biological Evolution ; Energy Metabolism ; Insects/microbiology ; Platyhelminths ; Symbiosis/*physiology
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    Marine defaunation: animal loss in the global ocean (2015)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-01-17
    Description: Marine defaunation, or human-caused animal loss in the oceans, emerged forcefully only hundreds of years ago, whereas terrestrial defaunation has been occurring far longer. Though humans have caused few global marine extinctions, we have profoundly affected marine wildlife, altering the functioning and provisioning of services in every ocean. Current ocean trends, coupled with terrestrial defaunation lessons, suggest that marine defaunation rates will rapidly intensify as human use of the oceans industrializes. Though protected areas are a powerful tool to harness ocean productivity, especially when designed with future climate in mind, additional management strategies will be required. Overall, habitat degradation is likely to intensify as a major driver of marine wildlife loss. Proactive intervention can avert a marine defaunation disaster of the magnitude observed on land.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉McCauley, Douglas J -- Pinsky, Malin L -- Palumbi, Stephen R -- Estes, James A -- Joyce, Francis H -- Warner, Robert R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2015 Jan 16;347(6219):1255641. doi: 10.1126/science.1255641.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA. douglas.mccauley@lifesci.ucsb.edu. ; Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Natural Resources, Institute of Marine and Coastal Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA. ; Department of Biology, Stanford University, Hopkins Marine Station, Pacific Grove, CA 93950, USA. ; Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USA. ; Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25593191" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Animals, Wild ; *Aquatic Organisms ; Biodiversity ; Climate Change ; *Ecosystem ; *Endangered Species ; *Extinction, Biological ; Human Activities ; Humans ; Oceans and Seas ; Population Dynamics ; *Seawater
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    Anthropology. Comment on "Late Pleistocene human skeleton and mtDNA link Paleoamericans and modern Native Americans" (2015)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-02-24
    Description: Chatters et al. (Reports, 16 May 2014, p. 750) reported the retrieval of DNA sequences from a 12,000- to 13,000-year-old human tooth discovered in an underwater cave in Mexico's Yucatan peninsula. They propose that this ancient human individual's mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) belongs to haplogroup D1. However, our analysis of postmortem damage patterns finds no evidence for an ancient origin of these sequences.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Prufer, Kay -- Meyer, Matthias -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2015 Feb 20;347(6224):835. doi: 10.1126/science.1260617.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany. pruefer@eva.mpg.de mmeyer@eva.mpg.de.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25700510" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Biological Evolution ; Humans ; Indians, North American/*genetics ; *Skeleton
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    Fragile ecosystems under pressure (2015)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2015-09-05
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stone, Richard -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2015 Sep 4;349(6252):1046-7. doi: 10.1126/science.349.6252.1046.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26339010" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acinonyx ; Animals ; *Droughts ; *Ecosystem ; *Environmental Restoration and Remediation ; Extinction, Biological ; Iran ; *Lakes
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    A pharyngeal jaw evolutionary innovation facilitated extinction in Lake Victoria cichlids (2015)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2015-11-28
    Description: Evolutionary innovations, traits that give species access to previously unoccupied niches, may promote speciation and adaptive radiation. Here, we show that such innovations can also result in competitive inferiority and extinction. We present evidence that the modified pharyngeal jaws of cichlid fishes and several marine fish lineages, a classic example of evolutionary innovation, are not universally beneficial. A large-scale analysis of dietary evolution across marine fish lineages reveals that the innovation compromises access to energy-rich predator niches. We show that this competitive inferiority shaped the adaptive radiation of cichlids in Lake Tanganyika and played a pivotal and previously unrecognized role in the mass extinction of cichlid fishes in Lake Victoria after Nile perch invasion.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉McGee, Matthew D -- Borstein, Samuel R -- Neches, Russell Y -- Buescher, Heinz H -- Seehausen, Ole -- Wainwright, Peter C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2015 Nov 27;350(6264):1077-9. doi: 10.1126/science.aab0800.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Evolution and Ecology and Center for Population Biology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA. Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland. Department of Fish Ecology and Evolution, Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute for Aquatic Science and Technology, CH-6047 Kastanienbaum, Switzerland. mcgee.matthew@gmail.com. ; Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA. ; Department of Evolution and Ecology and Center for Population Biology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA. ; Zoological Institute, University of Basel, CH-4051 Basel, Switzerland. ; Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland. Department of Fish Ecology and Evolution, Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute for Aquatic Science and Technology, CH-6047 Kastanienbaum, Switzerland.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26612951" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Adaptation, Biological ; Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Cichlids/*anatomy & histology ; Eating ; *Extinction, Biological ; Jaw/*anatomy & histology ; Lakes ; Malawi ; Pharynx/*anatomy & histology ; Tanzania
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    Emergency response for marine diseases (2015)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2015-03-15
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Groner, Maya -- Breyta, Rachel -- Dobson, Andy -- Friedman, Carolyn S -- Froelich, Brett -- Garren, Melissa -- Gulland, Frances -- Maynard, Jeffrey -- Weil, Ernesto -- Wyllie-Echeverria, Sandy -- Harvell, Drew -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2015 Mar 13;347(6227):1210. doi: 10.1126/science.347.6227.1210-a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Centre for Veterinary and Epidemiological Research, Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, C1A 4P3, Canada. mgroner@upei.ca. ; School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA. ; Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA. ; Department of Marine Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA. ; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. ; The Marine Mammal Center, Sausalito, CA 94965, USA. ; Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA. ; Department of Marine Sciences, University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez, Mayaguez, PR 00680, USA. ; Friday Harbor Laboratories, University of Washington, Friday Harbor, WA 98250, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25766223" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Aquatic Organisms/*microbiology ; *Ecosystem ; Oceans and Seas ; *Plant Diseases ; *Seawater
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    An alternative splicing event amplifies evolutionary differences between vertebrates (2015)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-08-22
    Description: Alternative splicing (AS) generates extensive transcriptomic and proteomic complexity. However, the functions of species- and lineage-specific splice variants are largely unknown. Here we show that mammalian-specific skipping of polypyrimidine tract-binding protein 1 (PTBP1) exon 9 alters the splicing regulatory activities of PTBP1 and affects the inclusion levels of numerous exons. During neurogenesis, skipping of exon 9 reduces PTBP1 repressive activity so as to facilitate activation of a brain-specific AS program. Engineered skipping of the orthologous exon in chicken cells induces a large number of mammalian-like AS changes in PTBP1 target exons. These results thus reveal that a single exon-skipping event in an RNA binding regulator directs numerous AS changes between species. Our results further suggest that these changes contributed to evolutionary differences in the formation of vertebrate nervous systems.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gueroussov, Serge -- Gonatopoulos-Pournatzis, Thomas -- Irimia, Manuel -- Raj, Bushra -- Lin, Zhen-Yuan -- Gingras, Anne-Claude -- Blencowe, Benjamin J -- Canadian Institutes of Health Research/Canada -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2015 Aug 21;349(6250):868-73. doi: 10.1126/science.aaa8381.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E1, Canada. Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada. ; Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E1, Canada. ; Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E1, Canada. EMBL/CRG Systems Biology Research Unit, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain. ; Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, 600 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X5, Canada. ; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada. Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, 600 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X5, Canada. ; Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E1, Canada. Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada. b.blencowe@utoronto.ca.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26293963" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Alternative Splicing ; Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Brain/*embryology ; Chickens ; Embryonic Stem Cells/metabolism ; Exons/genetics ; HEK293 Cells ; Heterogeneous-Nuclear Ribonucleoproteins/*genetics ; Humans ; Mice ; Neural Stem Cells/metabolism ; Neurogenesis/*genetics ; Polypyrimidine Tract-Binding Protein/*genetics
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Boom & bust in the Great White North (2015)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-08-08
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kintisch, Eli -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2015 Aug 7;349(6248):578-81. doi: 10.1126/science.349.6248.578.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26250666" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Arctic Regions ; *Ecosystem ; Fishes ; *Global Warming ; *Ice Cover ; Oceans and Seas ; Plankton ; Species Specificity
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    EVOLUTION. A window into ape evolution (2015)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-10-31
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Benefit, Brenda R -- McCrossin, Monte L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2015 Oct 30;350(6260):515-6. doi: 10.1126/science.aad0677.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Anthropology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA. bbenefit@nmsu.edu. ; Department of Anthropology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26516271" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Hominidae/*classification ; Humans ; Hylobates/*classification
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Protein structure. Structure and activity of tryptophan-rich TSPO proteins (2015)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-01-31
    Description: Translocator proteins (TSPOs) bind steroids and porphyrins, and they are implicated in many human diseases, for which they serve as biomarkers and therapeutic targets. TSPOs have tryptophan-rich sequences that are highly conserved from bacteria to mammals. Here we report crystal structures for Bacillus cereus TSPO (BcTSPO) down to 1.7 A resolution, including a complex with the benzodiazepine-like inhibitor PK11195. We also describe BcTSPO-mediated protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) reactions, including catalytic degradation to a previously undescribed heme derivative. We used structure-inspired mutations to investigate reaction mechanisms, and we showed that TSPOs from Xenopus and man have similar PpIX-directed activities. Although TSPOs have been regarded as transporters, the catalytic activity in PpIX degradation suggests physiological importance for TSPOs in protection against oxidative stress.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4341906/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4341906/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Guo, Youzhong -- Kalathur, Ravi C -- Liu, Qun -- Kloss, Brian -- Bruni, Renato -- Ginter, Christopher -- Kloppmann, Edda -- Rost, Burkhard -- Hendrickson, Wayne A -- GM095315/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM107462/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM107462/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- U54 GM075026/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2015 Jan 30;347(6221):551-5. doi: 10.1126/science.aaa1534.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA. ; The New York Consortium on Membrane Protein Structure (NYCOMPS), New York Structural Biology Center, 89 Convent Avenue, New York, NY 10027, USA. ; The New York Consortium on Membrane Protein Structure (NYCOMPS), New York Structural Biology Center, 89 Convent Avenue, New York, NY 10027, USA. New York Structural Biology Center, Synchrotron Beamlines, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA. ; The New York Consortium on Membrane Protein Structure (NYCOMPS), New York Structural Biology Center, 89 Convent Avenue, New York, NY 10027, USA. Department of Informatics, Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Technische Universitat Munchen, Garching 85748, Germany. ; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA. The New York Consortium on Membrane Protein Structure (NYCOMPS), New York Structural Biology Center, 89 Convent Avenue, New York, NY 10027, USA. New York Structural Biology Center, Synchrotron Beamlines, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA. Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA. wayne@xtl.cumc.columbia.edu.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25635100" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Bacillus cereus/*chemistry ; Bacterial Proteins/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Binding Sites ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Isoquinolines/metabolism ; Ligands ; Membrane Transport Proteins/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutant Proteins/chemistry/metabolism ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Multimerization ; Protein Structure, Secondary ; Protein Subunits/chemistry ; Protoporphyrins/metabolism ; Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism ; Tryptophan/analysis
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    EVOLUTION. How single cells work together (2015)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-09-12
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zehr, Jonathan P -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2015 Sep 11;349(6253):1163-4. doi: 10.1126/science.aac9752.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Ocean Sciences, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA. zehrj@ucsc.edu.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26359387" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Cyanobacteria/*physiology ; Diatoms/physiology ; *Nitrogen Fixation ; Organelles/*physiology ; *Symbiosis
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Emissions reduction is not enough (2015)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-09-26
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Rau, Greg H -- Greene, Charles H -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2015 Sep 25;349(6255):1459. doi: 10.1126/science.349.6255.1459-b.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute of Marine Sciences, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA. ghrau@sbcglobal.net. ; Ocean Resources and Ecosystems Program, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26404817" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Aquatic Organisms ; *Carbon Dioxide ; *Ecosystem ; *Global Warming ; *Greenhouse Effect ; Humans
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Rationally engineered Cas9 nucleases with improved specificity (2015)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-12-03
    Description: The RNA-guided endonuclease Cas9 is a versatile genome-editing tool with a broad range of applications from therapeutics to functional annotation of genes. Cas9 creates double-strand breaks (DSBs) at targeted genomic loci complementary to a short RNA guide. However, Cas9 can cleave off-target sites that are not fully complementary to the guide, which poses a major challenge for genome editing. Here, we use structure-guided protein engineering to improve the specificity of Streptococcus pyogenes Cas9 (SpCas9). Using targeted deep sequencing and unbiased whole-genome off-target analysis to assess Cas9-mediated DNA cleavage in human cells, we demonstrate that "enhanced specificity" SpCas9 (eSpCas9) variants reduce off-target effects and maintain robust on-target cleavage. Thus, eSpCas9 could be broadly useful for genome-editing applications requiring a high level of specificity.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4714946/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4714946/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Slaymaker, Ian M -- Gao, Linyi -- Zetsche, Bernd -- Scott, David A -- Yan, Winston X -- Zhang, Feng -- 1R01MH110049/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- 5DP1-MH100706/DP/NCCDPHP CDC HHS/ -- 5R01DK097768-03/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- DP1 MH100706/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- T32GM007753/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2016 Jan 1;351(6268):84-8. doi: 10.1126/science.aad5227. Epub 2015 Dec 1.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA. McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. ; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA. Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. ; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA. Graduate Program in Biophysics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA. Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA. ; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA. McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. zhang@broadinstitute.org.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26628643" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Bacterial Proteins/*chemistry/genetics ; *DNA Cleavage ; Endonucleases/*chemistry/genetics ; Humans ; Mutagenesis ; Point Mutation ; Protein Conformation ; *Protein Engineering ; RNA, Guide/genetics ; Streptococcus pyogenes/*enzymology
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    The evolution of antievolution policies after Kitzmiller versus Dover (2015)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-12-19
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Matzke, Nicholas J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2016 Jan 1;351(6268):28-30. doi: 10.1126/science.aad4057. Epub 2015 Dec 17.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia. Work began at: National Institute for Mathematical and Biological Synthesis, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. nick.matzke@anu.edu.au.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26678877" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Humans ; Natural History/*education ; *Origin of Life ; Phylogeny ; Public Policy
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Human evolution. How we tamed ourselves--and became modern (2014)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-10-25
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gibbons, Ann -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Oct 24;346(6208):405-6. doi: 10.1126/science.346.6208.405.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25342776" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Animals, Domestic/*psychology ; *Biological Evolution ; *Cooperative Behavior ; Female ; Hominidae/anatomy & histology/psychology ; Humans ; Male ; Skull/*anatomy & histology ; Testosterone/metabolism ; Tooth/anatomy & histology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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