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Description: Increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations are expectedto decrease surface ocean pH by 0.3–0.5 units by 2100, lowering the carbonate ion concentration of surfacewaters. This rapid acidification is predicted to dramatically decrease calcification in many marine organisms. Reduced skeletal growth under increased CO2 levels has already been shown for corals, molluscs and many other marine organisms. The impact of acidification on the ability of individual species to calcify has remained elusive, however, as measuring net calcification fails to disentangle the relative contributions of gross calcification and dissolution rates on growth. Here, we show that corals and molluscs transplanted along gradients of carbonate saturation state at Mediterranean CO2 vents are able to calcify and grow at even faster than normal rates when exposed to the high CO2 levels projected for the next 300 years. Calcifiers remain at risk, however, owing to the dissolution of exposed shells and skeletons that occurs as pH levels fall. Our results show that tissues and external organic layers play a major role in protecting shells and skeletons from corrosive sea water, limiting dissolution and allowing organisms to calcify. Our combined field and laboratory results demonstrate that the adverse effects of global warming are exacerbated when high temperatures coincide with acidification.

Description: A coral reef represents the net accumulation of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) produced by corals and other calcifying organisms. If calcification declines, then reef-building capacity also declines. Coral reef calcification depends on the saturation state of the carbonate mineral aragonite of surface waters. By the middle of the next century, an increased concentration of carbon dioxide will decrease the aragonite saturation state in the tropics by 30 percent and biogenic aragonite precipitation by 14 to 30 percent. Coral reefs are particularly threatened, because reef-building organisms secrete metastable forms of CaCO3, but the biogeochemical consequences on other calcifying marine ecosystems may be equally severe.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kleypas -- Buddemeier -- Archer -- Gattuso -- Langdon -- Opdyke -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Apr 2;284(5411):118-20.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO 80307, USA. Kansas Geological Survey, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA. Department of Geophysical Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA. Observatoire Oceanolo.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10102806" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Elderfield, Harry -- Riebesell, Ulf -- Raven, John -- Gattuso, Jean-Pierre -- Lipps, Jere -- England -- Nature. 2010 Jun 24;465(7301):1005. doi: 10.1038/4651005c.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20577187" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gattuso, J P -- Frankignoulle, M -- Smith, S V -- Ware, J R -- Wollast, R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1996 Mar 1;271(5253):1298a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17820926" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: Agulhas rings provide the principal route for ocean waters to circulate from the Indo-Pacific to the Atlantic basin. Their influence on global ocean circulation is well known, but their role in plankton transport is largely unexplored. We show that, although the coarse taxonomic structure of plankton communities is continuous across the Agulhas choke point, South Atlantic plankton diversity is altered compared with Indian Ocean source populations. Modeling and in situ sampling of a young Agulhas ring indicate that strong vertical mixing drives complex nitrogen cycling, shaping community metabolism and biogeochemical signatures as the ring and associated plankton transit westward. The peculiar local environment inside Agulhas rings may provide a selective mechanism contributing to the limited dispersal of Indian Ocean plankton populations into the Atlantic.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Villar, Emilie -- Farrant, Gregory K -- Follows, Michael -- Garczarek, Laurence -- Speich, Sabrina -- Audic, Stephane -- Bittner, Lucie -- Blanke, Bruno -- Brum, Jennifer R -- Brunet, Christophe -- Casotti, Raffaella -- Chase, Alison -- Dolan, John R -- d'Ortenzio, Fabrizio -- Gattuso, Jean-Pierre -- Grima, Nicolas -- Guidi, Lionel -- Hill, Christopher N -- Jahn, Oliver -- Jamet, Jean-Louis -- Le Goff, Herve -- Lepoivre, Cyrille -- Malviya, Shruti -- Pelletier, Eric -- Romagnan, Jean-Baptiste -- Roux, Simon -- Santini, Sebastien -- Scalco, Eleonora -- Schwenck, Sarah M -- Tanaka, Atsuko -- Testor, Pierre -- Vannier, Thomas -- Vincent, Flora -- Zingone, Adriana -- Dimier, Celine -- Picheral, Marc -- Searson, Sarah -- Kandels-Lewis, Stefanie -- Tara Oceans Coordinators -- Acinas, Silvia G -- Bork, Peer -- Boss, Emmanuel -- de Vargas, Colomban -- Gorsky, Gabriel -- Ogata, Hiroyuki -- Pesant, Stephane -- Sullivan, Matthew B -- Sunagawa, Shinichi -- Wincker, Patrick -- Karsenti, Eric -- Bowler, Chris -- Not, Fabrice -- Hingamp, Pascal -- Iudicone, Daniele -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2015 May 22;348(6237):1261447. doi: 10.1126/science.1261447.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Aix Marseille Universite, CNRS, IGS UMR 7256, 13288 Marseille, France. villar@igs.cnrs-mrs.fr not@sb-roscoff.fr hingamp@igs.cnrs-mrs.fr iudicone@szn.it karsenti@embl.de cbowler@biologie.ens.fr. ; CNRS, UMR 7144, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Place Georges Teissier, 29680 Roscoff, France. Sorbonne Universites, Universite Pierre et Marie Curie UPMC, Universite Paris 06, UMR 7144, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Place Georges Teissier, 29680 Roscoff, France. ; Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA. ; Laboratoire de Physique des Oceans (LPO) UMR 6523 CNRS-Ifremer-IRD-UBO, Plouzane, France. Department of Geosciences, Laboratoire de Meteorologie Dynamique (LMD) UMR 8539, Ecole Normale Superieure, 24 Rue Lhomond, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France. ; CNRS, UMR 7144, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Place Georges Teissier, 29680 Roscoff, France. Sorbonne Universites, Universite Pierre et Marie Curie UPMC, Universite Paris 06, UMR 7144, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Place Georges Teissier, 29680 Roscoff, France. Ecole Normale Superieure, Institut de Biologie de l'ENS (IBENS), and Inserm U1024, and CNRS UMR 8197, F-75005 Paris, France. ; Laboratoire de Physique des Oceans (LPO) UMR 6523 CNRS-Ifremer-IRD-UBO, Plouzane, France. ; Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA. ; Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Naples, Italy. ; School of Marine Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA. ; Sorbonne Universites, UPMC Universite Paris 06, Observatoire Oceanologique, F-06230 Villefranche-sur-Mer, France. INSU-CNRS, UMR 7093, LOV, Observatoire Oceanologique, F-06230 Villefranche-sur-Mer, France. ; Universite de Toulon, Laboratoire PROTEE-EBMA E.A. 3819, BP 20132, 83957 La Garde Cedex, France. ; CNRS, UMR 7159, Laboratoire d'Oceanographie et du Climat LOCEAN, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France. ; Aix Marseille Universite, CNRS, IGS UMR 7256, 13288 Marseille, France. ; Ecole Normale Superieure, Institut de Biologie de l'ENS (IBENS), and Inserm U1024, and CNRS UMR 8197, F-75005 Paris, France. ; Commissariat a l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA), Institut de Genomique, Genoscope, 2 Rue Gaston Cremieux, 91057 Evry, France. CNRS, UMR 8030, CP5706, Evry, France. Universite d'Evry, UMR 8030, CP5706, Evry, France. ; Structural and Computational Biology, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany. Directors' Research, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany. ; Department of Marine Biology and Oceanography, Institute of Marine Sciences (ICM), CSIC, Passeig Maritim de la Barceloneta, 37-49, Barcelona E08003, Spain. ; Structural and Computational Biology, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany. Max-Delbruck-Centre for Molecular Medicine, 13092 Berlin, Germany. ; PANGAEA, Data Publisher for Earth and Environmental Science, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany. MARUM, Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany. ; Structural and Computational Biology, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany. ; Ecole Normale Superieure, Institut de Biologie de l'ENS (IBENS), and Inserm U1024, and CNRS UMR 8197, F-75005 Paris, France. Directors' Research, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany. villar@igs.cnrs-mrs.fr not@sb-roscoff.fr hingamp@igs.cnrs-mrs.fr iudicone@szn.it karsenti@embl.de cbowler@biologie.ens.fr. ; Ecole Normale Superieure, Institut de Biologie de l'ENS (IBENS), and Inserm U1024, and CNRS UMR 8197, F-75005 Paris, France. villar@igs.cnrs-mrs.fr not@sb-roscoff.fr hingamp@igs.cnrs-mrs.fr iudicone@szn.it karsenti@embl.de cbowler@biologie.ens.fr. ; CNRS, UMR 7144, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Place Georges Teissier, 29680 Roscoff, France. Sorbonne Universites, Universite Pierre et Marie Curie UPMC, Universite Paris 06, UMR 7144, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Place Georges Teissier, 29680 Roscoff, France. villar@igs.cnrs-mrs.fr not@sb-roscoff.fr hingamp@igs.cnrs-mrs.fr iudicone@szn.it karsenti@embl.de cbowler@biologie.ens.fr. ; Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Naples, Italy. villar@igs.cnrs-mrs.fr not@sb-roscoff.fr hingamp@igs.cnrs-mrs.fr iudicone@szn.it karsenti@embl.de cbowler@biologie.ens.fr.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25999514" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: The ocean moderates anthropogenic climate change at the cost of profound alterations of its physics, chemistry, ecology, and services. Here, we evaluate and compare the risks of impacts on marine and coastal ecosystems-and the goods and services they provide-for growing cumulative carbon emissions under two contrasting emissions scenarios. The current emissions trajectory would rapidly and significantly alter many ecosystems and the associated services on which humans heavily depend. A reduced emissions scenario-consistent with the Copenhagen Accord's goal of a global temperature increase of less than 2 degrees C-is much more favorable to the ocean but still substantially alters important marine ecosystems and associated goods and services. The management options to address ocean impacts narrow as the ocean warms and acidifies. Consequently, any new climate regime that fails to minimize ocean impacts would be incomplete and inadequate.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gattuso, J-P -- Magnan, A -- Bille, R -- Cheung, W W L -- Howes, E L -- Joos, F -- Allemand, D -- Bopp, L -- Cooley, S R -- Eakin, C M -- Hoegh-Guldberg, O -- Kelly, R P -- Portner, H-O -- Rogers, A D -- Baxter, J M -- Laffoley, D -- Osborn, D -- Rankovic, A -- Rochette, J -- Sumaila, U R -- Treyer, S -- Turley, C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2015 Jul 3;349(6243):aac4722. doi: 10.1126/science.aac4722.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratoire d'Oceanographie de Villefranche, CNRS-Institut National des Sciences de l'Univers, F-06230 Villefranche-sur-mer, France. Sorbonne Universites, Universite Pierre et Marie Curie, Univ Paris 06, Observatoire Oceanologique, F-06230 Villefranche-sur-mer, France. Institute for Sustainable Development and International Relations, Sciences Po, 27 rue Saint Guillaume, F-75007 Paris, France. gattuso@obs-vlfr.fr. ; Institute for Sustainable Development and International Relations, Sciences Po, 27 rue Saint Guillaume, F-75007 Paris, France. ; Secretariat of the Pacific Community, B.P. D5, 98848 Noumea Cedex, New Caledonia. ; Nippon Foundation-UBC Nereus Program, University of British Columbia (UBC), Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada. ; Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, D-27570, Bremenrhaven, Germany. ; Climate and Environmental Physics, Physics Institute and Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Sidlerstrasse 5, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland. ; Centre Scientifique de Monaco, 8 Quai Antoine Ier, MC-98000 Monaco, Principality of Monaco. Institut Pierre Simon Laplace/Laboratoire des Science du Climat et de l'Environnement, UMR8212, CNRS-Commissariat a l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives-Universite de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Gif sur Yvette, France. ; Ocean Conservancy, 1300 19th Street NW, 8th Floor, Washington, DC 20036, USA. ; Coral Reef Watch, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, College Park, MD 20740, USA. ; Global Change Institute and Australian Research Council Centre for Excellence in Coral Reef Studies, University of Queensland, Building 20, St Lucia, 4072 Queensland, Australia. ; School of Marine and Environmental Affairs, University of Washington, 3707 Brooklyn Avenue NE, Seattle, WA 98105, USA. ; Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK. ; Scottish Natural Heritage, 231 Corstorphine Road, Edinburgh EH12 7AT, Scotland. ; IUCN, Rue Mauverney 28, CH-1196 Gland, Switzerland. ; Environment Laboratories, International Atomic Energy Agency, 4a Quai Antoine 1er, MC-98000 Monaco, Principality of Monaco. ; Program on Science, Technology, and Society, John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University, 79 John F. Kennedy Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA. ; Institute for Sustainable Development and International Relations, Sciences Po, 27 rue Saint Guillaume, F-75007 Paris, France. Fisheries Economics Research Unit, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada. ; Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Prospect Place, The Hoe, Plymouth PL1 3DH, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26138982" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉