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  • Mutation  (813)
  • Chemistry
  • Time Factors
  • American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)  (1,032)
  • Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
  • 2000-2004  (1,032)
Collection
Publisher
  • American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)  (1,032)
  • Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
  • Wiley-Blackwell  (479)
  • Springer  (18)
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Year
  • 1
    Publication Date: 2004-11-20
    Description: An autoregulatory transcription-translation feedback loop is thought to be essential in generating circadian rhythms in any model organism. In the cyanobacterium Synechococcus elongatus, the essential clock protein KaiC is proposed to form this type of transcriptional negative feedback. Nevertheless, we demonstrate here temperature-compensated, robust circadian cycling of KaiC phosphorylation even without kaiBC messenger RNA accumulation under continuous dark conditions. This rhythm persisted in the presence of a transcription or translation inhibitor. Moreover, kinetic profiles in the ratio of KaiC autophosphorylation-dephosphorylation were also temperature compensated in vitro. Thus, the cyanobacterial clock can keep time independent of de novo transcription and translation processes.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Tomita, Jun -- Nakajima, Masato -- Kondo, Takao -- Iwasaki, Hideo -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2005 Jan 14;307(5707):251-4. Epub 2004 Nov 18.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, and Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15550625" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Bacterial Proteins/biosynthesis/*metabolism ; *Circadian Rhythm ; Circadian Rhythm Signaling Peptides and Proteins ; Darkness ; Feedback, Physiological ; Light ; Mutation ; Operon ; Phosphorylation ; Protein Biosynthesis ; RNA, Bacterial/metabolism ; RNA, Messenger/metabolism ; Recombinant Proteins/metabolism ; Synechococcus/*genetics/*metabolism ; Temperature ; Transcription, Genetic
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2004-06-26
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Beckman, Mary -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Jun 25;304(5679):1888-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15218114" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Animals, Newborn ; Bedding and Linens ; *Behavior, Animal ; Female ; Male ; *Maternal Deprivation ; Mice ; *Mothers ; Mutation ; *Object Attachment ; Odors ; Receptors, Opioid, mu/genetics/*physiology ; Vocalization, Animal
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  • 3
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2004-08-18
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bedalov, Antonio -- Simon, Julian A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Aug 13;305(5686):954-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Clinical Research Division and J. A. Simon is in the Clinical Research and Human Biology Divisions, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA. abedalov@fhcrc.org〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15310883" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Axons/*physiology ; Cell Nucleus/metabolism ; Cell Survival ; Cells, Cultured ; Ganglia, Spinal/cytology ; Mice ; Mutation ; NAD/biosynthesis/*metabolism ; Nerve Tissue Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Neurodegenerative Diseases/drug therapy/physiopathology ; Neuroprotective Agents/therapeutic use ; Nicotinamide-Nucleotide Adenylyltransferase/metabolism ; RNA, Small Interfering ; Sirtuin 1 ; Sirtuins/metabolism ; Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases/metabolism ; Wallerian Degeneration/metabolism/*physiopathology
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2004-05-08
    Description: There are 481 segments longer than 200 base pairs (bp) that are absolutely conserved (100% identity with no insertions or deletions) between orthologous regions of the human, rat, and mouse genomes. Nearly all of these segments are also conserved in the chicken and dog genomes, with an average of 95 and 99% identity, respectively. Many are also significantly conserved in fish. These ultraconserved elements of the human genome are most often located either overlapping exons in genes involved in RNA processing or in introns or nearby genes involved in the regulation of transcription and development. Along with more than 5000 sequences of over 100 bp that are absolutely conserved among the three sequenced mammals, these represent a class of genetic elements whose functions and evolutionary origins are yet to be determined, but which are more highly conserved between these species than are proteins and appear to be essential for the ontogeny of mammals and other vertebrates.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bejerano, Gill -- Pheasant, Michael -- Makunin, Igor -- Stephen, Stuart -- Kent, W James -- Mattick, John S -- Haussler, David -- 1P41HG02371/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 May 28;304(5675):1321-5. Epub 2004 May 6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA. jill@soe.ucsc.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15131266" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alternative Splicing ; Animals ; Base Sequence ; Chickens/genetics ; Computational Biology ; *Conserved Sequence ; DNA, Intergenic ; Dogs/genetics ; Evolution, Molecular ; Exons ; Gene Expression Regulation ; Genes ; Genome ; *Genome, Human ; Humans ; Introns ; Mice/genetics ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Nucleic Acid Conformation ; RNA/chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; Rats/genetics ; Takifugu/genetics
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2004-01-06
    Description: Pairing, synapsis, and recombination are prerequisites for accurate chromosome segregation in meiosis. The phs1 gene in maize is required for pairing to occur between homologous chromosomes. In the phs1 mutant, homologous chromosome synapsis is completely replaced by synapsis between nonhomologous partners. The phs1 gene is also required for installation of the meiotic recombination machinery on chromosomes, as the mutant almost completely lacks chromosomal foci of the recombination protein RAD51. Thus, in the phs1 mutant, synapsis is uncoupled from recombination and pairing. The protein encoded by the phs1 gene likely acts in a multistep process to coordinate pairing, recombination, and synapsis.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pawlowski, Wojciech P -- Golubovskaya, Inna N -- Timofejeva, Ljudmilla -- Meeley, Robert B -- Sheridan, William F -- Cande, W Zacheus -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Jan 2;303(5654):89-92.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. wpawlows@nature.berkeley.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14704428" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Cell Nucleus/metabolism ; *Chromosome Pairing ; Chromosomes, Plant/*physiology ; Cloning, Molecular ; Conserved Sequence ; DNA, Plant/metabolism ; DNA-Binding Proteins ; Genes, Plant ; In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence ; In Situ Nick-End Labeling/methods ; *Meiosis ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Phenotype ; Plant Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*physiology ; RNA, Ribosomal, 5S/genetics ; Rad51 Recombinase ; *Recombination, Genetic ; Sequence Alignment ; Synaptonemal Complex/metabolism/ultrastructure ; Telomere/physiology ; Zea mays/*genetics/physiology
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2004-01-06
    Description: RNA interference (RNAi) is a widespread silencing mechanism that acts at both the posttranscriptional and transcriptional levels. Here, we describe the purification of an RNAi effector complex termed RITS (RNA-induced initiation of transcriptional gene silencing) that is required for heterochromatin assembly in fission yeast. The RITS complex contains Ago1 (the fission yeast Argonaute homolog), Chp1 (a heterochromatin-associated chromodomain protein), and Tas3 (a novel protein). In addition, the complex contains small RNAs that require the Dicer ribonuclease for their production. These small RNAs are homologous to centromeric repeats and are required for the localization of RITS to heterochromatic domains. The results suggest a mechanism for the role of the RNAi machinery and small RNAs in targeting of heterochromatin complexes and epigenetic gene silencing at specific chromosomal loci.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3244756/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3244756/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Verdel, Andre -- Jia, Songtao -- Gerber, Scott -- Sugiyama, Tomoyasu -- Gygi, Steven -- Grewal, Shiv I S -- Moazed, Danesh -- R01 GM072805/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM072805-01/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Jan 30;303(5658):672-6. Epub 2004 Jan 2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02115, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14704433" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Argonaute Proteins ; Cell Cycle Proteins/chemistry/genetics/isolation & purification/*metabolism ; Centromere/metabolism ; Chromosomes, Fungal/metabolism ; Endoribonucleases/chemistry/genetics/isolation & purification/metabolism ; Genes, Reporter ; Heterochromatin/*metabolism ; Mass Spectrometry ; Models, Genetic ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Precipitin Tests ; Protein Binding ; *RNA Interference ; RNA, Fungal/metabolism ; RNA, Small Interfering/metabolism ; RNA-Binding Proteins ; Ribonuclease III/metabolism ; Schizosaccharomyces/*genetics/metabolism ; Schizosaccharomyces pombe Proteins/chemistry/genetics/isolation & ; purification/*metabolism
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2004-02-21
    Description: We have engineered a pathway for the formation of disulfide bonds. By imposing evolutionary pressure, we isolated mutations that changed thioredoxin, which is a monomeric disulfide reductase, into a [2Fe-2S] bridged dimer capable of catalyzing O2-dependent sulfhydryl oxidation in vitro. Expression of the mutant protein in Escherichia coli with oxidizing cytoplasm and secretion via the Tat pathway restored disulfide bond formation in strains that lacked the complete periplasmic oxidative machinery (DsbA and DsbB). The evolution of [2Fe-2S] thioredoxin illustrates how mutations within an existing scaffold can add a cofactor and markedly change protein function.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Masip, Lluis -- Pan, Jonathan L -- Haldar, Suranjana -- Penner-Hahn, James E -- DeLisa, Matthew P -- Georgiou, George -- Bardwell, James C A -- Collet, Jean-Francois -- GM-38047/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM-55090/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM-57039/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM-64662/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- P41-RR01633/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Feb 20;303(5661):1185-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Chemical Engineering and Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14976313" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Motifs ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Amino Acid Substitution ; Bacterial Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Cell Membrane/metabolism ; Cysteine/analysis ; Cytoplasm/metabolism ; Dimerization ; Directed Molecular Evolution ; Disulfides/chemistry/*metabolism ; Escherichia coli/genetics/*metabolism/physiology ; Hirudins/chemistry/metabolism ; Iron/analysis ; Membrane Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Movement ; Mutation ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Oxygen/metabolism ; Protein Disulfide-Isomerases/genetics/metabolism ; *Protein Engineering ; Protein Folding ; Proteins/chemistry/*metabolism ; Sulfides/analysis ; Thioredoxins/*chemistry/genetics/*metabolism
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  • 8
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2004-01-24
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Berger, Frederic -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Jan 23;303(5657):483-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Ecole Normale Superieure de Lyon, Laboratoire RDP UMR 5667, F-69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France. frederic.berger@ens-lyon.fr〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14739448" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alleles ; Arabidopsis/*genetics/growth & development/metabolism ; Arabidopsis Proteins/*genetics/metabolism ; DNA (Cytosine-5-)-Methyltransferase/genetics/metabolism ; DNA Methylation ; *Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ; Gene Silencing ; *Genomic Imprinting ; Homeodomain Proteins/*genetics/metabolism ; Mutation ; N-Glycosyl Hydrolases/genetics/metabolism ; Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid ; Seeds/*genetics/metabolism ; Trans-Activators/genetics/metabolism ; Transcription Factors/*genetics/metabolism ; Transcription, Genetic
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2004-10-30
    Description: Polar transport-dependent local accumulation of auxin provides positional cues for multiple plant patterning processes. This directional auxin flow depends on the polar subcellular localization of the PIN auxin efflux regulators. Overexpression of the PINOID protein kinase induces a basal-to-apical shift in PIN localization, resulting in the loss of auxin gradients and strong defects in embryo and seedling roots. Conversely, pid loss of function induces an apical-to-basal shift in PIN1 polar targeting at the inflorescence apex, accompanied by defective organogenesis. Our results show that a PINOID-dependent binary switch controls PIN polarity and mediates changes in auxin flow to create local gradients for patterning processes.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Friml, Jiri -- Yang, Xiong -- Michniewicz, Marta -- Weijers, Dolf -- Quint, Ab -- Tietz, Olaf -- Benjamins, Rene -- Ouwerkerk, Pieter B F -- Ljung, Karin -- Sandberg, Goran -- Hooykaas, Paul J J -- Palme, Klaus -- Offringa, Remko -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Oct 29;306(5697):862-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Developmental Genetics, Center for Molecular Biology of Plants, University Tubingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 3, D-72076 Tubingen, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15514156" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Arabidopsis/cytology/genetics/growth & development/*metabolism ; Arabidopsis Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Biological Transport ; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ; Indoleacetic Acids/*metabolism ; Membrane Transport Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Meristem/metabolism ; Mutation ; Plant Epidermis/cytology/metabolism ; Plant Roots/metabolism ; Plant Shoots/metabolism ; Plants, Genetically Modified ; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases/genetics/*metabolism ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; Seeds/metabolism
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  • 10
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2004-12-18
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Beutler, Ernest -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Dec 17;306(5704):2051-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. beutler@scripps.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15604397" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides/*metabolism ; Biological Transport ; Cation Transport Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Enterocytes/metabolism ; Erythropoiesis ; Erythropoietin/genetics/metabolism ; Gene Expression Regulation ; Hemochromatosis/genetics ; Hepatocytes/metabolism ; Hepcidins ; Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/genetics ; Homeostasis ; Iron/*metabolism ; Iron Regulatory Protein 1/*metabolism ; Iron Regulatory Protein 2/*metabolism ; Membrane Proteins/genetics ; Mice ; Models, Biological ; Mutation ; Nitric Oxide/metabolism ; Oxygen/physiology ; Response Elements ; Signal Transduction ; Transcription, Genetic
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  • 11
    Publication Date: 2004-10-16
    Description: When humans are offered the choice between rewards available at different points in time, the relative values of the options are discounted according to their expected delays until delivery. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, we examined the neural correlates of time discounting while subjects made a series of choices between monetary reward options that varied by delay to delivery. We demonstrate that two separate systems are involved in such decisions. Parts of the limbic system associated with the midbrain dopamine system, including paralimbic cortex, are preferentially activated by decisions involving immediately available rewards. In contrast, regions of the lateral prefrontal cortex and posterior parietal cortex are engaged uniformly by intertemporal choices irrespective of delay. Furthermore, the relative engagement of the two systems is directly associated with subjects' choices, with greater relative fronto-parietal activity when subjects choose longer term options.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉McClure, Samuel M -- Laibson, David I -- Loewenstein, George -- Cohen, Jonathan D -- AG05842/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- MH065214/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- MH132804/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Oct 15;306(5695):503-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Psychology and Center for the Study of Brain, Mind, and Behavior, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA. smcclure@princeton.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15486304" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Basal Ganglia/physiology ; Brain Mapping ; *Decision Making ; Dopamine/physiology ; Female ; Frontal Lobe/physiology ; Humans ; Limbic System/*physiology ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Parietal Lobe/*physiology ; Prefrontal Cortex/*physiology ; *Reward ; Time Factors
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  • 12
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2004-06-19
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pennisi, Elizabeth -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Jun 18;304(5678):1736.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15205506" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adaptation, Biological ; Alleles ; Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Breeding ; Crosses, Genetic ; Environment ; Extremities/growth & development ; Fresh Water ; Gene Expression Regulation ; Genes ; Genome ; Homeodomain Proteins/*genetics/metabolism ; Mutation ; Paired Box Transcription Factors ; Seawater ; Selection, Genetic ; Smegmamorpha/*anatomy & histology/*genetics ; Transcription Factors/*genetics/metabolism
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  • 13
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2004-11-20
    Description: The gene duplication rate in the yeast genome is estimated without assuming the molecular clock model to be approximately 0.01 to 0.06 per gene per billion years; this rate is two orders of magnitude lower than a previous estimate based on the molecular clock model. This difference is explained by extensive concerted evolution via gene conversion between duplicated genes, which violates the assumption of the molecular clock in the analyses of duplicated genes. The average length of the period of concerted evolution and the gene conversion rate are estimated to be approximately 25 million years and approximately 28 times the mutation rate, respectively.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gao, Li-Zhi -- Innan, Hideki -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Nov 19;306(5700):1367-70.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Human Genetics Center, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center, 1200 Hermann Pressler, Houston, TX 77030, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15550669" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Evolution, Molecular ; Gene Conversion ; *Gene Duplication ; *Genes, Duplicate ; *Genes, Fungal ; Models, Genetic ; Probability ; Saccharomyces/*genetics ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae/*genetics ; Time Factors
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  • 14
    Publication Date: 2004-04-24
    Description: The mechanisms controlling axon guidance are of fundamental importance in understanding brain development. Growing corticospinal and somatosensory axons cross the midline in the medulla to reach their targets and thus form the basis of contralateral motor control and sensory input. The motor and sensory projections appeared uncrossed in patients with horizontal gaze palsy with progressive scoliosis (HGPPS). In patients affected with HGPPS, we identified mutations in the ROBO3 gene, which shares homology with roundabout genes important in axon guidance in developing Drosophila, zebrafish, and mouse. Like its murine homolog Rig1/Robo3, but unlike other Robo proteins, ROBO3 is required for hindbrain axon midline crossing.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1618874/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1618874/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Jen, Joanna C -- Chan, Wai-Man -- Bosley, Thomas M -- Wan, Jijun -- Carr, Janai R -- Rub, Udo -- Shattuck, David -- Salamon, Georges -- Kudo, Lili C -- Ou, Jing -- Lin, Doris D M -- Salih, Mustafa A M -- Kansu, Tulay -- Al Dhalaan, Hesham -- Al Zayed, Zayed -- MacDonald, David B -- Stigsby, Bent -- Plaitakis, Andreas -- Dretakis, Emmanuel K -- Gottlob, Irene -- Pieh, Christina -- Traboulsi, Elias I -- Wang, Qing -- Wang, Lejin -- Andrews, Caroline -- Yamada, Koki -- Demer, Joseph L -- Karim, Shaheen -- Alger, Jeffry R -- Geschwind, Daniel H -- Deller, Thomas -- Sicotte, Nancy L -- Nelson, Stanley F -- Baloh, Robert W -- Engle, Elizabeth C -- DC00162/DC/NIDCD NIH HHS/ -- DC05524/DC/NIDCD NIH HHS/ -- EY12498/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- EY13583/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- EY15298/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- EY15311/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- MH60233/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- P30 HD 18655/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- R01 EY008313/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- R01 EY008313-14/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- R01 HL066251/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Jun 4;304(5676):1509-13. Epub 2004 Apr 22.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA. jjen@ucla.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15105459" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Alternative Splicing ; Amino Acid Motifs ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Axons/*physiology ; Evoked Potentials, Motor ; Evoked Potentials, Somatosensory ; Female ; Functional Laterality ; Genetic Linkage ; Humans ; In Situ Hybridization ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Medulla Oblongata/growth & development/pathology ; Microsatellite Repeats ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Morphogenesis ; Mutation ; Neural Pathways ; Ophthalmoplegia/*genetics/pathology/physiopathology ; Pedigree ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Receptors, Immunologic/chemistry/*genetics/*metabolism ; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Rhombencephalon/*growth & development/pathology ; Scoliosis/*genetics/pathology/physiopathology ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Syndrome
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  • 15
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2004-04-24
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Vogel, Gretchen -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Apr 23;304(5670):501-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15105467" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Animals, Newborn ; *Embryonic and Fetal Development ; Female ; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental ; *Genomic Imprinting ; Insulin-Like Growth Factor II/genetics/physiology ; Japan ; Mice ; Mutation ; Oocytes/*physiology ; *Parthenogenesis ; RNA, Long Noncoding ; RNA, Untranslated/genetics/physiology
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  • 16
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2004-08-03
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Couzin, Jennifer -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Jul 30;305(5684):589.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15286333" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amyloid/chemistry/metabolism ; Animals ; Brain Chemistry ; Escherichia coli/genetics/metabolism ; Mice ; Mice, Transgenic ; Prion Diseases/*etiology ; Prions/administration & dosage/biosynthesis/chemistry/*pathogenicity ; Protein Folding ; Recombinant Proteins/administration & dosage/chemistry ; Time Factors
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  • 17
    Publication Date: 2004-11-06
    Description: In RNA interference (RNAi), double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) triggers degradation of homologous messenger RNA. In many organisms, RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) is required to initiate or amplify RNAi, but the substrate for dsRNA synthesis in vivo is not known. Here, we show that RdRp-dependent transgene silencing in Arabidopsis was caused by mutation of XRN4, which is a ribonuclease (RNase) implicated in mRNA turnover by means of decapping and 5'-3' exonucleolysis. When both XRN4 and the RdRp were mutated, the plants accumulated decapped transgene mRNA. We propose that mRNAs lacking a cap structure become exposed to RdRp to initiate or maintain RNAi.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gazzani, S -- Lawrenson, T -- Woodward, C -- Headon, D -- Sablowski, R -- BBS/E/J/00000594/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Nov 5;306(5698):1046-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15528448" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Arabidopsis/*genetics ; Arabidopsis Proteins/genetics ; Exoribonucleases/genetics ; Gene Silencing ; Homeodomain Proteins/genetics ; Mutation ; Plant Proteins/genetics ; Plants, Genetically Modified ; RNA Caps ; *RNA Interference ; RNA Replicase/metabolism ; RNA, Messenger/*metabolism ; RNA, Plant/*metabolism ; Rats ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/genetics
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  • 18
    Publication Date: 2004-05-25
    Description: The protein-remodeling factor Hsp104 governs inheritance of [PSI+], a yeast prion formed by self-perpetuating amyloid conformers of the translation termination factor Sup35. Perplexingly, either excess or insufficient Hsp104 eliminates [PSI+]. In vitro, at low concentrations, Hsp104 catalyzed the formation of oligomeric intermediates that proved critical for the nucleation of Sup 35 fibrillization de novo and displayed a conformation common among amyloidogenic polypeptides. At higher Hsp104 concentrations, amyloidogenic oligomerization and contingent fibrillization were abolished. Hsp104 also disassembled mature fibers in a manner that initially exposed new surfaces for conformational replication but eventually exterminated prion conformers. These Hsp104 activities differed in their reaction mechanism and can explain [PSI+] inheritance patterns.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Shorter, James -- Lindquist, Susan -- GM25874/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Jun 18;304(5678):1793-7. Epub 2004 May 20.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Nine Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15155912" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenosine Triphosphatases/metabolism ; Adenosine Triphosphate/metabolism ; Amyloid/chemistry ; Amyloid beta-Peptides/chemistry/immunology ; Antibodies/immunology ; Biopolymers ; Catalysis ; Heat-Shock Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Hydrolysis ; Mutation ; Peptide Fragments/chemistry/immunology ; Peptide Termination Factors ; Prions/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins/*chemistry/genetics/*metabolism
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  • 19
    Publication Date: 2004-03-27
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bidoia, C -- Misgeld, T -- Weinzierl, E -- Buffelli, M -- Feng, G -- Cangiano, A -- Lichtman, J W -- Sanes, J R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Mar 26;303(5666):1977; author reply 1977.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Dipartimento di Scienze Neurologiche e della Visione, Universita' di Verona, Strada Le Grazie 8, Verona, Italy.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15044788" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Axons/physiology/ultrastructure ; Cell Adhesion Molecules, Neuronal/genetics/*physiology ; Crosses, Genetic ; Diaphragm/innervation ; Extracellular Matrix Proteins/genetics/*physiology ; Mice ; Mice, Neurologic Mutants ; Mice, Transgenic ; Motor Endplate/ultrastructure ; Muscle, Skeletal/innervation ; Mutation ; Nerve Tissue Proteins ; Neuromuscular Junction/*growth & development/physiology/ultrastructure ; Phenotype ; Serine Endopeptidases ; Synapses/*physiology/ultrastructure
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  • 20
    Publication Date: 2004-08-17
    Description: The SOS response aids bacterial propagation by inhibiting cell division during repair of DNA damage. We report that inactivation of the ftsI gene product, penicillin binding protein 3, by either beta-lactam antibiotics or genetic mutation induces SOS in Escherichia coli through the DpiBA two-component signal transduction system. This event, which requires the SOS-promoting recA and lexA genes as well as dpiA, transiently halts bacterial cell division, enabling survival to otherwise lethal antibiotic exposure. Our findings reveal defective cell wall synthesis as an unexpected initiator of the bacterial SOS response, indicate that beta-lactam antibiotics are extracellular stimuli of this response, and demonstrate a novel mechanism for mitigation of antimicrobial lethality.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Miller, Christine -- Thomsen, Line Elnif -- Gaggero, Carina -- Mosseri, Ronen -- Ingmer, Hanne -- Cohen, Stanley N -- R01 AI08619/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Sep 10;305(5690):1629-31. Epub 2004 Aug 12.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15308764" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Ampicillin/*pharmacology ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/metabolism/*pharmacology ; Bacterial Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Carrier Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Cell Division ; Cell Wall/metabolism ; Escherichia coli/*drug effects/genetics/*metabolism ; Escherichia coli Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Hexosyltransferases/genetics/metabolism ; Lac Operon ; Muramoylpentapeptide Carboxypeptidase/genetics/metabolism ; Mutation ; Operon ; Penicillin-Binding Proteins ; *Peptidoglycan Glycosyltransferase ; Peptidyl Transferases/genetics/metabolism ; Protein Kinases/genetics/metabolism ; *SOS Response (Genetics) ; Signal Transduction ; Temperature ; Transcription Factors/genetics/metabolism ; beta-Galactosidase/biosynthesis ; beta-Lactams/metabolism/*pharmacology
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  • 21
    Publication Date: 2004-02-14
    Description: The ecology of Bornean rainforests is driven by El Nino-induced droughts that trigger synchronous fruiting among trees and bursts of faunal reproduction that sustain vertebrate populations. However, many of these species- and carbon-rich ecosystems have been destroyed by logging and conversion, which increasingly threaten protected areas. Our satellite, Geographic Information System, and field-based analyses show that from 1985 to 2001, Kalimantan's protected lowland forests declined by more than 56% (〉29,000 square kilometers). Even uninhabited frontier parks are logged to supply international markets. "Protected" forests have become increasingly isolated and deforested and their buffer zones degraded. Preserving the ecological integrity of Kalimantan's rainforests requires immediate transnational management.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Curran, L M -- Trigg, S N -- McDonald, A K -- Astiani, D -- Hardiono, Y M -- Siregar, P -- Caniago, I -- Kasischke, E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Feb 13;303(5660):1000-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, 205 Prospect Street, New Haven, CT 06511, USA. lisa.curran@yale.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14963327" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Borneo ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Forestry ; Industry ; Population Density ; Time Factors ; *Trees/growth & development ; Tropical Climate ; Vertebrates ; Wood
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  • 22
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2004-11-30
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Michalakis, Yannis -- Roze, Denis -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Nov 26;306(5701):1492-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Genetique et Evolution des Maladies Infectieuses, UMR CNRS IRD 2724, Montpellier Cedex 5, France. yannis.michalakis@mpl.ird.fr〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15567846" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; *Epistasis, Genetic ; *Evolution, Molecular ; Genes, Viral ; HIV Infections/drug therapy/virology ; HIV Protease/chemistry/genetics ; HIV Reverse Transcriptase/chemistry/genetics ; HIV-1/*genetics/physiology ; Humans ; Models, Genetic ; Mutation ; *Recombination, Genetic ; Reproduction ; Selection, Genetic ; Vesicular stomatitis Indiana virus/*genetics/physiology
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  • 23
    Publication Date: 2004-11-30
    Description: Reproductive strategies such as sexual reproduction and recombination that involve the shuffling of parental genomes for the production of offspring are ubiquitous in nature. However, their evolutionary benefit remains unclear. Many theories have identified potential benefits, but progress is hampered by the scarcity of relevant data. One class of theories is based on the assumption that mutations affecting fitness exhibit negative epistasis. Retroviruses recombine frequently and thus provide a unique opportunity to test these theories. Using amino acid sequence data and fitness values from 9466 human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) isolates, we find in contrast to these theories strong statistical evidence for a predominance of positive epistasis in HIV-1.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bonhoeffer, Sebastian -- Chappey, Colombe -- Parkin, Neil T -- Whitcomb, Jeanette M -- Petropoulos, Christos J -- R43 AI050321/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R43 AI057068/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Nov 26;306(5701):1547-50.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Ecology and Evolution, ETH Zurich, ETH Zentrum NW, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland. seb@env.ethz.ch〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15567861" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Amino Acids ; Anti-HIV Agents/pharmacology ; Drug Resistance, Viral ; *Epistasis, Genetic ; *Evolution, Molecular ; Genotype ; HIV Infections/drug therapy/virology ; HIV Protease/chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; HIV Reverse Transcriptase/chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; HIV-1/drug effects/*genetics/physiology ; Humans ; Mutation ; *Recombination, Genetic ; Software ; Virus Replication
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  • 24
    Publication Date: 2004-02-07
    Description: Theory on the evolution of virulence generally predicts selection for an optimal level of virulence determined by trade-offs with transmission and/or recovery. Here we consider the evolution of pathogen virulence in hosts who acquire long-lived immunity and live in a spatially structured population. We show theoretically that large shifts in virulence may occur in pathogen populations as a result of a bistability in evolutionary dynamics caused by the local contact or social population structure of the host. This model provides an explanation for the rapid emergence of the highly virulent strains of rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Boots, M -- Hudson, P J -- Sasaki, A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Feb 6;303(5659):842-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK. m.boots@sheffield.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14764881" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Caliciviridae Infections/epidemiology/*veterinary/virology ; *Communicable Diseases/epidemiology/immunology/transmission ; Disease Susceptibility ; Hemorrhagic Disease Virus, Rabbit/genetics/*pathogenicity ; Humans ; Immunity, Active ; Mathematics ; Models, Biological ; Molecular Epidemiology ; Mutation ; Recombination, Genetic ; *Virulence/genetics
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  • 25
    Publication Date: 2004-06-12
    Description: During embryogenesis, differentiation of skeletal muscle is regulated by transcription factors that include members of the Msx homeoprotein family. By investigating Msx1 function in repression of myogenic gene expression, we identified a physical interaction between Msx1 and H1b, a specific isoform of mouse histone H1. We found that Msx1 and H1b bind to a key regulatory element of MyoD, a central regulator of skeletal muscle differentiation, where they induce repressed chromatin. Moreover, Msx1 and H1b cooperate to inhibit muscle differentiation in cell culture and in Xenopus animal caps. Our findings define a previously unknown function for "linker" histones in gene-specific transcriptional regulation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lee, Hansol -- Habas, Raymond -- Abate-Shen, Cory -- HD29446/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Jun 11;304(5677):1675-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey (UMDNJ)-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15192231" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cell Differentiation ; Cell Line ; Embryo, Nonmammalian/cytology/metabolism ; Enhancer Elements, Genetic ; *Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental ; Histones/genetics/*metabolism ; Homeodomain Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; MSX1 Transcription Factor ; Mice ; Models, Genetic ; *Muscle Development ; Muscle, Skeletal/*cytology/metabolism ; Mutation ; MyoD Protein/genetics ; Myoblasts/*cytology/metabolism ; Precipitin Tests ; Protein Binding ; RNA Interference ; Recombinant Proteins/metabolism ; Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid ; Transcription Factors/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; *Transcription, Genetic ; Xenopus/embryology/metabolism ; Xenopus Proteins
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  • 26
    Publication Date: 2004-06-26
    Description: Endogenous opioid binding to micro receptors is hypothesized to mediate natural rewards and has been proposed to be the basis of infant attachment behavior. Here, we report that micro-opioid receptor knockout mouse pups emit fewer ultrasonic vocalizations when removed from their mothers but not when exposed to cold or male mice odors. Moreover these knockout pups do not show a preference toward their mothers' cues and do not show ultrasonic calls potentiation after brief maternal exposure. Results from this study may indicate a molecular mechanism for diseases characterized by deficits in attachment behavior, such as autism or reactive attachment disorder.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Moles, Anna -- Kieffer, Brigitte L -- D'Amato, Francesca R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Jun 25;304(5679):1983-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Institute of Neuroscience, Psychobiology and Psychopharmacology, Viale Marx 43, 00137 Roma, Italy.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15218152" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Animals, Newborn ; Bedding and Linens ; *Behavior, Animal ; Cold Temperature ; Cues ; Female ; Genotype ; Male ; Maternal Behavior ; *Maternal Deprivation ; Mice ; Mice, Knockout ; *Mothers ; Mutation ; *Object Attachment ; Odors ; Receptors, Opioid, mu/genetics/*physiology ; Reward ; Vocalization, Animal
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  • 27
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2004-01-06
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Levitt, Pat -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Jan 2;303(5654):48-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Vanderbilt Kennedy Center for Research on Human Development and Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37203, USA. pat.levitt@vanderbilt.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14704417" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cell Differentiation ; Cell Lineage ; Cerebral Cortex/*cytology/embryology ; DNA-Binding Proteins/*genetics/*metabolism ; Down-Regulation ; Forkhead Transcription Factors ; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental ; Mice ; Nerve Tissue Proteins/*genetics/*metabolism ; Neurons/*cytology/*physiology ; Stem Cells/cytology/*physiology ; Time Factors ; Transcription Factors/genetics/*metabolism
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  • 28
    Publication Date: 2004-04-06
    Description: Huntington's disease (HD) is characterized by the accumulation of a pathogenic protein, Huntingtin (Htt), that contains an abnormal polyglutamine expansion. Here, we report that a pathogenic fragment of Htt (Httex1p) can be modified either by small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO)-1 or by ubiquitin on identical lysine residues. In cultured cells, SUMOylation stabilizes Httex1p, reduces its ability to form aggregates, and promotes its capacity to repress transcription. In a Drosophila model of HD, SUMOylation of Httex1p exacerbates neurodegeneration, whereas ubiquitination of Httex1p abrogates neurodegeneration. Lysine mutations that prevent both SUMOylation and ubiquitination of Httex1p reduce HD pathology, indicating that the contribution of SUMOylation to HD pathology extends beyond preventing Htt ubiquitination and degradation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Steffan, Joan S -- Agrawal, Namita -- Pallos, Judit -- Rockabrand, Erica -- Trotman, Lloyd C -- Slepko, Natalia -- Illes, Katalin -- Lukacsovich, Tamas -- Zhu, Ya-Zhen -- Cattaneo, Elena -- Pandolfi, Pier Paolo -- Thompson, Leslie Michels -- Marsh, J Lawrence -- CA-62203/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- HD36049/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- HD36081/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Apr 2;304(5667):100-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Gillespie 2121, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15064418" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Animals, Genetically Modified ; Cell Line ; Cell Nucleus/metabolism ; Corpus Striatum/cytology ; Cytoplasm/metabolism ; Drosophila ; Genes, MDR ; HeLa Cells ; Humans ; Huntington Disease/metabolism/*pathology ; Lysine/genetics/metabolism ; Mutation ; Nerve Degeneration ; Nerve Tissue Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Neurons/metabolism ; Nuclear Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Proline/genetics/metabolism ; Promoter Regions, Genetic ; Rats ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; SUMO-1 Protein/genetics/*metabolism ; Transcription, Genetic ; Transfection ; Ubiquitin/metabolism
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2004-10-16
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Grimm, David -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Oct 15;306(5695):389.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15486263" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Aneuploidy ; Animals ; Cell Cycle Proteins ; Child ; *Chromosomal Instability ; *DNA Repair ; *Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; Genomic Instability ; Humans ; Mice ; Mosaicism ; Mutation ; Neoplasms/*genetics ; Protein Kinases/genetics ; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases
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  • 30
    Publication Date: 2004-01-06
    Description: Hsp70s are a ubiquitous family of molecular chaperones involved in many cellular processes. Two Hsp70s, Lhs1p and Kar2p, are required for protein biogenesis in the yeast endoplasmic reticulum. Here, we found that Lhs1p and Kar2p specifically interacted to couple, and coordinately regulate, their respective activities. Lhs1p stimulated Kar2p by providing a specific nucleotide exchange activity, whereas Kar2p reciprocally activated the Lhs1p adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase). The two ATPase activities are coupled, and their coordinated regulation is essential for normal function in vivo.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Steel, Gregor J -- Fullerton, Donna M -- Tyson, John R -- Stirling, Colin J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Jan 2;303(5654):98-101.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14704430" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenosine Triphosphatases/metabolism ; Adenosine Triphosphate/metabolism ; Carrier Proteins/metabolism ; Endoplasmic Reticulum/metabolism ; *Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factors ; HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Heat-Shock Proteins/chemistry/metabolism ; Membrane Transport Proteins/chemistry/metabolism ; Molecular Chaperones/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Mutation ; Protein Binding ; Protein Folding ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae/genetics/*metabolism ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins/chemistry/metabolism
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2004-04-17
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Levitan, Irwin B -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Apr 16;304(5669):394-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. levitani@mail.med.upenn.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15087533" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Calcium/*metabolism ; Calcium Channels, L-Type/chemistry/*metabolism ; Calcium Signaling ; Calmodulin/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Cell Membrane/metabolism ; Cytoplasm/metabolism ; Mutation ; Peptides/chemistry/genetics ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism
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  • 32
    Publication Date: 2004-02-21
    Description: PTEN is a tumor suppressor protein that dephosphorylates phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5 trisphosphate and antagonizes the phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase signaling pathway. We show here that PTEN can also inhibit cell migration through its C2 domain, independent of its lipid phosphatase activity. This activity depends on the protein phosphatase activity of PTEN and on dephosphorylation at a single residue, threonine(383). The ability of PTEN to control cell migration through its C2 domain is likely to be an important feature of its tumor suppressor activity.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Raftopoulou, Myrto -- Etienne-Manneville, Sandrine -- Self, Annette -- Nicholls, Sarah -- Hall, Alan -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Feb 20;303(5661):1179-81.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Medical Research Council Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology and Cell Biology Unit, Cancer Research UK Oncogene and Signal Transduction Group, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14976311" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; COS Cells ; Catalysis ; Catalytic Domain ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Cell Movement/*physiology ; Cercopithecus aethiops ; Glioma ; Humans ; Mutation ; PTEN Phosphohydrolase ; Phosphoprotein Phosphatases/chemistry/metabolism ; Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases/*chemistry/genetics/metabolism/*physiology ; Phosphorylation ; Phosphothreonine/metabolism ; Precipitin Tests ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Recombinant Proteins/pharmacology ; Sequence Deletion ; Transfection ; Tumor Suppressor Proteins/*chemistry/genetics/metabolism/*physiology
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  • 33
    Publication Date: 2004-04-17
    Description: Calmodulin (CaM) interactions with Ca2+ channels mediate both Ca2+ regulation of channels and local Ca2+ triggering of transcription factors implicated in neuronal memory. Crucial to these functions are the number of CaM molecules (CaMs) regulating each channel, and the number of CaMs privy to the local Ca2+ signal from each channel. To resolve these parameters, we fused L-type Ca2+ channels to single CaM molecules. These chimeric molecules revealed that a single CaM directs L-type channel regulation. Similar fusion molecules were used to estimate the local CaM concentration near Ca2+ channels. This estimate indicates marked enrichment of local CaM, as if a "school" of nearby CaMs were poised to enhance the transduction of local Ca2+ entry into diverse signaling pathways.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mori, Masayuki X -- Erickson, Michael G -- Yue, David T -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Apr 16;304(5669):432-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Ca2+ Signals Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering , Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 720 Rutland Avenue, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15087548" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Calcium/*metabolism ; Calcium Channels, L-Type/chemistry/*metabolism ; Calcium Signaling ; Calmodulin/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Cell Line ; Cell Nucleus/metabolism ; Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein/metabolism ; Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer ; Humans ; Mathematics ; Mutation ; Patch-Clamp Techniques ; Peptides/chemistry/genetics ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/chemistry/metabolism ; Transfection
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  • 34
    Publication Date: 2004-04-10
    Description: Directionality in intracellular trafficking is essential to ensure the correct localization of proteins along the secretory pathway. Here, we found evidence for an active mechanism that prohibited back-fusion of de novo-generated vesicles with their donor compartment. Tip20p is a peripheral membrane protein implicated in consumption of COPI vesicles at the endoplasmic reticulum. However, a specific mutant of TIP20 did not interfere with COPII vesicle generation but allowed these vesicles to fuse back to the endoplasmic reticulum, a process that does not occur normally in the cell.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kamena, Faustin -- Spang, Anne -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Apr 9;304(5668):286-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Friedrich Miescher Laboratorium der Max Planck Gesellschaft, Spemannstrasse 39, D-72076 Tubingen, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15073376" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: COP-Coated Vesicles/*physiology/ultrastructure ; Carrier Proteins/genetics/*physiology ; Endoplasmic Reticulum/metabolism/*physiology/ultrastructure ; Glycoproteins/genetics/*physiology ; Golgi Apparatus/metabolism ; Intracellular Membranes/physiology/ultrastructure ; *Membrane Fusion ; Mutation ; Peptides/metabolism ; Protein Transport ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae/genetics/*physiology/ultrastructure ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Vesicular Transport Proteins ; alpha-Glucosidases/genetics/metabolism
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2004-04-17
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Willis, K J -- Gillson, L -- Brncic, T M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Apr 16;304(5669):402-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Oxford Long-term Ecology Laboratory, Biodiversity Research Group, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TB, UK. kathy.willis@geog.ox.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15087539" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Africa ; Agriculture ; Animals ; Archaeology ; Asia, Southeastern ; *Biodiversity ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Forestry ; Human Activities ; Humans ; Population Dynamics ; South America ; Time Factors ; *Trees ; *Tropical Climate
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  • 36
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2004-07-13
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Guy-Grand, Delphine -- Vassalli, Pierre -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Jul 9;305(5681):185-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Unite de Recherche et d'Expertise Antivirale, INSERM U277, Institut Pasteur, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France. guygrand@pasteur.fr〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15247461" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology ; CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology ; Cell Lineage ; DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism ; Female ; Hematopoietic Stem Cells/immunology/physiology ; Immunity, Innate ; Immunity, Mucosal ; Interleukins/biosynthesis ; Intestinal Mucosa/cytology/*immunology ; Killer Cells, Natural/immunology ; Ligands ; Lymphoid Tissue/embryology/immunology ; Lymphotoxin-alpha/analysis ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Nude ; Mice, Transgenic ; Models, Immunological ; Mutation ; Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group F, Member 3 ; Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/analysis/genetics ; Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/analysis ; Receptors, Retinoic Acid/genetics/metabolism ; Receptors, Thyroid Hormone/genetics/metabolism ; T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology ; T-Lymphocytes/*immunology ; Thymus Gland/cytology/*immunology
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  • 37
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2004-10-02
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hall, Alan -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Oct 1;306(5693):65-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology & Cell Biology Unit, University College, London WC1E 6BT, UK. alan.hall@ucl. ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15459376" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Actin Cytoskeleton/metabolism/virology ; Actins/metabolism ; Catenins ; Cell Adhesion Molecules/metabolism ; Cell Membrane/metabolism/virology ; Enzyme Activation ; Kinesin/metabolism ; Membrane Fusion ; Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics/metabolism ; Microtubules/metabolism ; Mutation ; Phosphoproteins/metabolism ; Phosphorylation ; Vaccinia virus/genetics/growth & development/*metabolism ; Viral Envelope Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Viral Structural Proteins/*metabolism ; src-Family Kinases/*metabolism
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  • 38
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2004-01-31
    Description: Sixty-one SARS coronavirus genomic sequences derived from the early, middle, and late phases of the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) epidemic were analyzed together with two viral sequences from palm civets. Genotypes characteristic of each phase were discovered, and the earliest genotypes were similar to the animal SARS-like coronaviruses. Major deletions were observed in the Orf8 region of the genome, both at the start and the end of the epidemic. The neutral mutation rate of the viral genome was constant but the amino acid substitution rate of the coding sequences slowed during the course of the epidemic. The spike protein showed the strongest initial responses to positive selection pressures, followed by subsequent purifying selection and eventual stabilization.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Chinese SARS Molecular Epidemiology Consortium -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Mar 12;303(5664):1666-9. Epub 2004 Jan 29.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14752165" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adaptation, Physiological ; Amino Acid Substitution ; Animals ; Base Sequence ; Carnivora/virology ; China/epidemiology ; Cluster Analysis ; Coronavirus/genetics/isolation & purification ; *Disease Outbreaks ; *Evolution, Molecular ; *Genome, Viral ; Genotype ; Humans ; Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Nucleic Acid Conformation ; Open Reading Frames ; Phylogeny ; Point Mutation ; RNA, Viral/genetics ; SARS Virus/*genetics/isolation & purification/physiology ; Selection, Genetic ; Sequence Deletion ; Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome/*epidemiology/*virology ; Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus ; Viral Envelope Proteins/genetics ; Viral Matrix Proteins/chemistry/genetics
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  • 39
    Publication Date: 2004-01-13
    Description: During genetic recombination and the recombinational repair of chromosome breaks, DNA molecules become linked at points of strand exchange. Branch migration and resolution of these crossovers, or Holliday junctions (HJs), complete the recombination process. Here, we show that extracts from cells carrying mutations in the recombination/repair genes RAD51C or XRCC3 have reduced levels of HJ resolvase activity. Moreover, depletion of RAD51C from fractionated human extracts caused a loss of branch migration and resolution activity, but these functions were restored by complementation with a variety of RAD51 paralog complexes containing RAD51C. We conclude that the RAD51 paralogs are involved in HJ processing in human cells.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Liu, Yilun -- Masson, Jean-Yves -- Shah, Rajvee -- O'Regan, Paul -- West, Stephen C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Jan 9;303(5655):243-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Cancer Research UK, London Research Institute, Clare Hall Laboratories, South Mimms, Hertfordshire EN6 3LD, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14716019" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Substitution ; Animals ; CHO Cells ; Cell Line ; Cricetinae ; DNA Repair ; DNA, Cruciform/chemistry/*metabolism ; DNA-Binding Proteins/chemistry/genetics/isolation & purification/*metabolism ; Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel ; Female ; HeLa Cells ; Holliday Junction Resolvases/*metabolism ; Humans ; Mutation ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Recombinant Proteins/metabolism ; Recombination, Genetic
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  • 40
    Publication Date: 2004-06-12
    Description: Cells regulate the biophysical properties of their membranes by coordinated synthesis of different classes of lipids. Here, we identified a highly dynamic feedback mechanism by which the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae can regulate phospholipid biosynthesis. Phosphatidic acid on the endoplasmic reticulum directly bound to the soluble transcriptional repressor Opi1p to maintain it as inactive outside the nucleus. After the addition of the lipid precursor inositol, this phosphatidic acid was rapidly consumed, releasing Opi1p from the endoplasmic reticulum and allowing its nuclear translocation and repression of target genes. Thus, phosphatidic acid appears to be both an essential ubiquitous metabolic intermediate and a signaling lipid.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Loewen, C J R -- Gaspar, M L -- Jesch, S A -- Delon, C -- Ktistakis, N T -- Henry, S A -- Levine, T P -- BBS/E/B/0000F969/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom -- GM-19629/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Jun 11;304(5677):1644-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Cell Biology, Institute of Ophthalmology, Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15192221" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Active Transport, Cell Nucleus ; Animals ; Binding Sites ; COS Cells ; Cell Membrane/metabolism ; Cell Nucleus/metabolism ; Cercopithecus aethiops ; Cytidine Diphosphate Diglycerides/metabolism ; Endoplasmic Reticulum/metabolism ; Inositol/*metabolism ; Liposomes/metabolism ; Mutation ; Nuclear Envelope/metabolism ; Phosphatidic Acids/*metabolism ; Phosphatidylinositols/metabolism ; Phospholipids/biosynthesis/*metabolism ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; Repressor Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae/genetics/*metabolism ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Signal Transduction
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  • 41
    Publication Date: 2004-02-07
    Description: The bacterium Listeria monocytogenes can cause a life-threatening systemic illness in humans. Despite decades of progress in animal models of listeriosis, much remains unknown about the processes of infection and colonization. Here, we report that L. monocytogenes can replicate in the murine gall bladder and provide evidence that its replication there is extracellular and intraluminal. In vivo bioluminescence imaging was employed to determine the location of the infection over time in live animals, revealing strong signals from the gall bladder over a period of several days, in diseased as well as asymptomatic animals. The data suggest that L. monocytogenes may be carried in the human gall bladder.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hardy, Jonathan -- Francis, Kevin P -- DeBoer, Monica -- Chu, Pauline -- Gibbs, Karine -- Contag, Christopher H -- R01HD37543/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Feb 6;303(5659):851-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14764883" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Colony Count, Microbial ; Female ; Gallbladder/*microbiology ; Gallbladder Diseases/*microbiology ; Listeria monocytogenes/genetics/*growth & development/isolation & ; purification/pathogenicity ; Listeriosis/*microbiology ; Liver/microbiology ; Luminescence ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Mutation ; Spleen/microbiology ; Time Factors ; Virulence
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  • 42
    Publication Date: 2004-01-31
    Description: The lantibiotic lacticin 481 is synthesized on ribosomes as a prepeptide (LctA) and posttranslationally modified to its mature form. These modifications include dehydration of serines and threonines, followed by intramolecular addition of cysteines to the unsaturated amino acids, which generates cyclic thioethers. This process breaks eight chemical bonds and forms six newbonds and is catalyzed by one enzyme, LctM. We have characterized the in vitro activity of LctM, which completely processed a series of LctA mutants, displaying a permissive substrate specificity that holds promise for antibiotic engineering.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Xie, Lili -- Miller, Leah M -- Chatterjee, Champak -- Averin, Olga -- Kelleher, Neil L -- van der Donk, Wilfred A -- GM 067725/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM58822/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Jan 30;303(5658):679-81.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 S. Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL61801, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14752162" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Bacterial Proteins/*biosynthesis/genetics ; *Bacteriocins ; Cloning, Molecular ; Cysteine/metabolism ; Enzymes/chemistry/genetics/isolation & purification/*metabolism ; Escherichia coli/genetics ; Lactococcus lactis/enzymology/genetics/*metabolism ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Protein Precursors/chemistry/metabolism ; Protein Processing, Post-Translational ; Serine/metabolism ; Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization ; Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization ; Substrate Specificity ; Threonine/metabolism
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  • 43
    Publication Date: 2004-05-25
    Description: Bacteria use conjugation systems, a subfamily of the type IV secretion systems, to transfer DNA to recipient cells. Despite 50 years of research, the architecture and mechanism of action of the channel mediating DNA transfer across the bacterial cell envelope remains obscure. By use of a sensitive, quantifiable assay termed transfer DNA immunoprecipitation (TrIP), we identify contacts between a DNA substrate (T-DNA) and 6 of 12 components of the VirB/D4 conjugation system of the phytopathogen Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Our results define the translocation pathway for a DNA substrate through a bacterial conjugation machine, specifying the contributions of each subunit of the secretory apparatus to substrate passage.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3882297/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3882297/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cascales, Eric -- Christie, Peter J -- GM48746/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM048746/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 May 21;304(5674):1170-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, 6431 Fannin, JFB1.765, Houston, TX 77030, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15155952" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenosine Triphosphatases/metabolism ; Agrobacterium tumefaciens/*genetics/*metabolism ; Bacterial Proteins/*metabolism ; Biological Transport ; Cell Membrane/*metabolism ; *Conjugation, Genetic ; Cross-Linking Reagents ; DNA, Bacterial/genetics/*metabolism ; DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism ; Formaldehyde ; Ion Channels/metabolism ; Lipoproteins/metabolism ; Mutation ; Precipitin Tests ; Virulence Factors/*metabolism
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  • 44
    Publication Date: 2004-06-26
    Description: The nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappaB) family of transcription factors plays a seminal role in inflammation, apoptosis, development, and cancer. Modulation of NF-kappaB-mediated gene expression in response to diverse signals is coordinated by the IkappaB kinase (IKK) complex. We identified ELKS, an essential regulatory subunit of the IKK complex. Silencing ELKS expression by RNA interference blocked induced expression of NF-kappaB target genes, including the NF-kappaB inhibitor IkappaBalpha and proinflammatory genes such as cyclo-oxygenase 2 and interleukin 8. These cells were also not protected from apoptosis in response to cytokines. ELKS likely functions by recruiting IkappaBalpha to the IKK complex and thus serves a regulatory function for IKK activation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ducut Sigala, Jeanette L -- Bottero, Virginie -- Young, David B -- Shevchenko, Andrej -- Mercurio, Frank -- Verma, Inder M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Jun 25;304(5679):1963-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Salk Institute for Biological Sciences, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15218148" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing ; Animals ; Apoptosis ; Carrier Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Cell Line ; Cyclooxygenase 2 ; Gene Expression ; Genes, Reporter ; HeLa Cells ; Humans ; I-kappa B Kinase ; I-kappa B Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Interleukin-1/pharmacology ; Interleukin-8/genetics ; Isoenzymes/genetics ; Membrane Proteins ; Mice ; Mice, Knockout ; Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism ; Mutation ; NF-kappa B/*metabolism ; Nerve Tissue Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Phosphorylation ; Precipitin Tests ; Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases/genetics ; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases/*metabolism ; RNA Interference ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/pharmacology
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  • 45
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2004-02-07
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hartwell, Lee -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Feb 6;303(5659):774-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Genetics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA. lhartwel@fhcrc.org〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14764857" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alleles ; Animals ; Computational Biology ; Gene Deletion ; Genes, Essential ; *Genes, Fungal ; Genetic Variation ; Genotype ; Humans ; Mice ; Mutation ; Phenotype ; Quantitative Trait, Heritable ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae/*genetics/*metabolism ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Selection, Genetic
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  • 46
    Publication Date: 2004-01-06
    Description: A previously unknown maltose transporter is essential for the conversion of starch to sucrose in Arabidopsis leaves at night. The transporter was identified by isolating two allelic mutants with high starch levels and very high maltose, an intermediate of starch breakdown. The mutations affect a gene of previously unknown function, MEX1. We show that MEX1is a maltose transporter that is unrelated to other sugar transporters. The severe mex1 phenotype demonstrates that MEX1is the predominant route of carbohydrate export from chloroplasts at night. Homologous genes in plants including rice and potato indicate that maltose export is of widespread significance.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Niittyla, Totte -- Messerli, Gaelle -- Trevisan, Martine -- Chen, Jychian -- Smith, Alison M -- Zeeman, Samuel C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Jan 2;303(5654):87-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Metabolic Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14704427" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Arabidopsis/genetics/*metabolism ; Arabidopsis Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Biological Transport ; Chloroplasts/metabolism ; Cloning, Molecular ; Crosses, Genetic ; DNA, Complementary ; Genes, Plant ; Glucose/metabolism ; Maltose/*metabolism ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Monosaccharide Transport Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Mutation ; Phenotype ; Plant Leaves/*metabolism ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; Sequence Alignment ; Starch/*metabolism
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  • 47
    Publication Date: 2004-04-17
    Description: Mitochondrial dysfunction is a hallmark of beta-amyloid (Abeta)-induced neuronal toxicity in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Here, we demonstrate that Abeta-binding alcohol dehydrogenase (ABAD) is a direct molecular link from Abeta to mitochondrial toxicity. Abeta interacts with ABAD in the mitochondria of AD patients and transgenic mice. The crystal structure of Abeta-bound ABAD shows substantial deformation of the active site that prevents nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) binding. An ABAD peptide specifically inhibits ABAD-Abeta interaction and suppresses Abeta-induced apoptosis and free-radical generation in neurons. Transgenic mice overexpressing ABAD in an Abeta-rich environment manifest exaggerated neuronal oxidative stress and impaired memory. These data suggest that the ABAD-Abeta interaction may be a therapeutic target in AD.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lustbader, Joyce W -- Cirilli, Maurizio -- Lin, Chang -- Xu, Hong Wei -- Takuma, Kazuhiro -- Wang, Ning -- Caspersen, Casper -- Chen, Xi -- Pollak, Susan -- Chaney, Michael -- Trinchese, Fabrizio -- Liu, Shumin -- Gunn-Moore, Frank -- Lue, Lih-Fen -- Walker, Douglas G -- Kuppusamy, Periannan -- Zewier, Zay L -- Arancio, Ottavio -- Stern, David -- Yan, Shirley ShiDu -- Wu, Hao -- 1K07AG00959/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- AG16736/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- AG17490/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- NS42855/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- P50AG08702/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Apr 16;304(5669):448-52.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center for Reproductive Sciences and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15087549" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: 3-Hydroxyacyl CoA Dehydrogenases/chemistry/*metabolism ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Alzheimer Disease/*metabolism ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Amyloid beta-Peptides/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Animals ; Binding Sites ; Brain/*metabolism ; Brain Chemistry ; Carrier Proteins/chemistry/*metabolism ; Cells, Cultured ; Cerebral Cortex/chemistry/metabolism ; Crystallization ; DNA Fragmentation ; Hippocampus/physiology ; Humans ; Learning ; Memory ; Mice ; Mice, Transgenic ; Microscopy, Confocal ; Microscopy, Immunoelectron ; Mitochondria/chemistry/*metabolism ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; NAD/metabolism ; Neurons/metabolism ; Protein Binding ; Protein Conformation ; Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism
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  • 48
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2004-11-30
    Description: Resource pulses are occasional events of ephemeral resource superabundance that occur in many ecosystems. Aboveground consumers in diverse communities often respond strongly to resource pulses, but few studies have investigated the belowground consequences of resource pulses in natural ecosystems. This study shows that resource pulses of 17-year periodical cicadas (Magicicada spp.) directly increase microbial biomass and nitrogen availability in forest soils, with indirect effects on growth and reproduction in forest plants. These findings suggest that pulses of periodical cicadas create "bottom-up cascades," resulting in strong and reciprocal links between the aboveground and belowground components of a North American forest ecosystem.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Yang, Louie H -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Nov 26;306(5701):1565-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center for Population Biology, Section of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA. lhyang@ucdavis.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15567865" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Bacteria/growth & development ; Biomass ; Campanulaceae/chemistry/*growth & development ; *Ecosystem ; Fatty Acids/analysis ; Fungi/growth & development ; Hemiptera/growth & development/*physiology ; Life Cycle Stages ; Nitrates/analysis ; Nitrogen Isotopes/analysis ; Quaternary Ammonium Compounds/analysis ; Seeds/growth & development ; Soil/analysis ; Soil Microbiology ; Time Factors ; *Trees/growth & development ; United States
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  • 49
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2004-03-27
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Roberts, Leslie -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Mar 26;303(5666):1960-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15044779" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Child ; Child, Preschool ; Developed Countries ; Developing Countries ; Disease Outbreaks/prevention & control ; Endemic Diseases ; *Global Health ; Humans ; *Immunization Programs ; Infant ; Mutation ; Nigeria/epidemiology ; Poliomyelitis/*epidemiology/*prevention & control/transmission/virology ; Poliovirus/genetics/pathogenicity ; Poliovirus Vaccine, Inactivated ; *Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral/administration & dosage/adverse effects/genetics ; Vaccination ; World Health Organization
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  • 50
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2004-05-25
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lybarger, Suzanne R -- Sandkvist, Maria -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 May 21;304(5674):1122-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉American Red Cross, Holland Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Rockville, MD 20855, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15155939" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Agrobacterium tumefaciens/*genetics/*metabolism/pathogenicity ; Bacteria/genetics/metabolism/pathogenicity ; Bacterial Proteins/*metabolism ; Biological Transport ; Cell Membrane/*metabolism ; Conjugation, Genetic ; Cross-Linking Reagents ; DNA, Bacterial/genetics/*metabolism ; Formaldehyde ; Models, Biological ; Mutation ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Precipitin Tests ; Protein Transport ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Virulence Factors/*metabolism
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  • 51
    Publication Date: 2004-05-01
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Dushoff, Jonathan -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Apr 30;304(5671):684; author reply 684.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Ecology and, Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA. dushoff@eno.princeton.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15118146" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Ecosystem ; *Environment ; Population Dynamics ; Probability ; Time Factors
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  • 52
    Publication Date: 2004-09-28
    Description: The correct timing of flowering is essential for plants to maximize reproductive success and is controlled by environmental and endogenous signals. We report that nitric oxide (NO) repressed the floral transition in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plants treated with NO, as well as a mutant overproducing NO (nox1), flowered late, whereas a mutant producing less NO (nos1) flowered early. NO suppressed CONSTANS and GIGANTEA gene expression and enhanced FLOWERING LOCUS C expression, which indicated that NO regulates the photoperiod and autonomous pathways. Because NO is induced by environmental stimuli and constitutively produced, it may integrate both external and internal cues into the floral decision.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉He, Yikun -- Tang, Ru-Hang -- Hao, Yi -- Stevens, Robert D -- Cook, Charles W -- Ahn, Sun M -- Jing, Liufang -- Yang, Zhongguang -- Chen, Longen -- Guo, Fangqing -- Fiorani, Fabio -- Jackson, Robert B -- Crawford, Nigel M -- Pei, Zhen-Ming -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Sep 24;305(5692):1968-71.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15448272" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Arabidopsis/drug effects/genetics/*physiology ; Arabidopsis Proteins/genetics/physiology ; Carrier Proteins/genetics/physiology ; Flowers/growth & development/*physiology ; Membrane Proteins/genetics/physiology ; Mutation ; Nitric Oxide/genetics/*physiology ; Nitroprusside/pharmacology ; Photoperiod ; *Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins
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  • 53
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2004-02-21
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Eagleman, David M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Feb 20;303(5661):1144-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory for Perception and Action, Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Texas, Houston Medical School, Houston, TX 77030, USA. david.eagleman@uth.tmc.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14976300" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Attention ; Brain/*physiology ; Brain Mapping ; Humans ; *Intention ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; *Motor Activity ; Motor Cortex/blood supply/*physiology ; Parietal Lobe/blood supply/physiology ; Prefrontal Cortex/blood supply/physiology ; Regional Blood Flow ; Time Factors
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  • 54
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2004-11-30
    Description: Plants use a structurally very simple gas molecule, the hydrocarbon ethylene, to modulate various developmental programs and coordinate responses to a multitude of external stress factors. How this simple molecule generates such a diverse array of effects has been the subject of intense research for the past two decades. A fascinating signaling pathway, with classical as well as novel plant-specific signaling elements, is emerging from these studies. We describe the four main modules that constitute this signaling pathway: a phosphotransfer relay, an EIN2-based unit, a ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation component, and a transcriptional cascade. The canonical and Arabidopsis ethylene signaling pathways in the Signal Transduction Knowledge Environment Connections Maps provide a complete panoramic view of these signaling events in plants.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Alonso, Jose M -- Stepanova, Anna N -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Nov 26;306(5701):1513-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Genetics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA. jmalonso@unity.ncsu.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15567852" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Arabidopsis/genetics/*metabolism ; Arabidopsis Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Cell Nucleus/metabolism ; DNA-Binding Proteins ; Ethylenes/*metabolism ; Models, Biological ; Mutation ; Nuclear Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Plant Proteins/chemistry/metabolism ; Plants/genetics/*metabolism ; Receptors, Cell Surface/chemistry/metabolism ; SKP Cullin F-Box Protein Ligases/metabolism ; *Signal Transduction ; Transcription Factors/genetics/metabolism ; Transcription, Genetic
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  • 55
    Publication Date: 2004-07-03
    Description: When we look at our hands, we immediately know that they are part of our own body. This feeling of ownership of our limbs is a fundamental aspect of self-consciousness. We have studied the neuronal counterparts of this experience. A perceptual illusion was used to manipulate feelings of ownership of a rubber hand presented in front of healthy subjects while brain activity was measured by functional magnetic resonance imaging. The neural activity in the premotor cortex reflected the feeling of ownership of the hand. This suggests that multisensory integration in the premotor cortex provides a mechanism for bodily self-attribution.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ehrsson, H Henrik -- Spence, Charles -- Passingham, Richard E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Aug 6;305(5685):875-7. Epub 2004 Jul 1.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Wellcome Department of Imaging Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, 12 Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK. h.ehrsson@fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15232072" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Body Image ; Brain/physiology ; Brain Mapping ; Cerebellum/physiology ; Female ; Hand ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Motor Cortex/*physiology ; Neurons/*physiology ; Parietal Lobe/physiology ; Proprioception ; Time Factors ; Touch ; Vision, Ocular
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  • 56
    Publication Date: 2004-06-05
    Description: Strategies for inhibiting phagolysosome fusion are essential for the intracellular survival and replication of many pathogens. We found that the lysosomal synaptotagmin Syt VII is required for a mechanism that promotes phagolysosomal fusion and limits the intracellular growth of pathogenic bacteria. Syt VII was required for a form of Ca2+-dependent phagolysosome fusion that is analogous to Ca2+-regulated exocytosis of lysosomes, which can be triggered by membrane injury. Bacterial type III secretion systems, which permeabilize membranes and cause Ca2+ influx in mammalian cells, promote lysosomal exocytosis and inhibit intracellular survival in Syt VII +/+ but not -/- cells. Thus, the lysosomal repair response can also protect cells against pathogens that trigger membrane permeabilization.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Roy, Deepannita -- Liston, David R -- Idone, Vincent J -- Di, Anke -- Nelson, Deborah J -- Pujol, Celine -- Bliska, James B -- Chakrabarti, Sabyasachi -- Andrews, Norma W -- AI34867/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI43389/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI48507/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- GM64625/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Jun 4;304(5676):1515-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Section of Microbial Pathogenesis and Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15178804" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Bacteria/*growth & development/metabolism ; Bacterial Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; CHO Cells ; Calcium/metabolism ; *Calcium-Binding Proteins ; Cell Membrane/*physiology ; Cells, Cultured ; Cricetinae ; Endocytosis ; Exocytosis ; Listeria monocytogenes/growth & development ; Lysosomes/microbiology/physiology ; Macrophages/microbiology ; Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics/*physiology ; Mice ; Mutation ; Nerve Tissue Proteins/genetics/*physiology ; Permeability ; Phagosomes/microbiology/physiology ; Salmonella typhimurium/*growth & development/metabolism ; Synaptotagmins ; Vacuoles/microbiology ; Yersinia pseudotuberculosis/genetics/growth & development
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  • 57
    Publication Date: 2004-01-24
    Description: Mammalian sex chromosomes have undergone profound changes since evolving from ancestral autosomes. By examining retroposed genes in the human and mouse genomes, we demonstrate that, during evolution, the mammalian X chromosome has generated and recruited a disproportionately high number of functional retroposed genes, whereas the autosomes experienced lower gene turnover. Most autosomal copies originating from X-linked genes exhibited testis-biased expression. Such export is incompatible with mutational bias and is likely driven by natural selection to attain male germline function. However, the excess recruitment is consistent with a combination of both natural selection and mutational bias.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Emerson, J J -- Kaessmann, Henrik -- Betran, Esther -- Long, Manyuan -- GM-065429-01A1/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Jan 23;303(5657):537-40.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14739461" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Chromosomes, Human/genetics ; Chromosomes, Human, X/*genetics ; Chromosomes, Mammalian/genetics ; Computational Biology ; Dosage Compensation, Genetic ; Female ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Genes, Duplicate ; Genetic Linkage ; Genome ; Genome, Human ; Humans ; Introns ; Male ; Mice ; Monte Carlo Method ; Mutation ; Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis ; Ovary/metabolism ; Pseudogenes/*genetics ; *Recombination, Genetic ; Retroelements/*genetics ; Selection, Genetic ; Sex Characteristics ; Testis/metabolism ; X Chromosome/*genetics
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  • 58
    Publication Date: 2004-02-14
    Description: The tumor suppressor p53 exerts its anti-neoplastic activity primarily through the induction of apoptosis. We found that cytosolic localization of endogenous wild-type or trans-activation-deficient p53 was necessary and sufficient for apoptosis. p53 directly activated the proapoptotic Bcl-2 protein Bax in the absence of other proteins to permeabilize mitochondria and engage the apoptotic program. p53 also released both proapoptotic multidomain proteins and BH3-only proteins [Proapoptotic Bcl-2 family proteins that share only the third Bcl-2 homology domain (BH3)] that were sequestered by Bcl-xL. The transcription-independent activation of Bax by p53 occurred with similar kinetics and concentrations to those produced by activated Bid. We propose that when p53 accumulates in the cytosol, it can function analogously to the BH3-only subset of proapoptotic Bcl-2 proteins to activate Bax and trigger apoptosis.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Chipuk, Jerry E -- Kuwana, Tomomi -- Bouchier-Hayes, Lisa -- Droin, Nathalie M -- Newmeyer, Donald D -- Schuler, Martin -- Green, Douglas R -- AI40646/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI47891/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- GM52735/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Feb 13;303(5660):1010-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Cellular Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 10355 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14963330" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Apoptosis ; BH3 Interacting Domain Death Agonist Protein ; Carrier Proteins/metabolism ; Cell Line, Transformed ; Cell Nucleus/metabolism ; Cells, Cultured ; Cytochromes c/metabolism ; Cytosol/metabolism ; Gene Expression Regulation ; Genes, p53 ; HeLa Cells ; Humans ; Intracellular Membranes/*physiology ; Liposomes/metabolism ; Mice ; Mitochondria/*physiology ; Mutation ; Permeability ; Protein Conformation ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2/metabolism ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/chemistry/*metabolism ; Ultraviolet Rays ; Wheat Germ Agglutinins/pharmacology ; bcl-2-Associated X Protein ; bcl-X Protein
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  • 59
    Publication Date: 2004-12-18
    Description: The inositol pyrophosphates IP7 and IP8 contain highly energetic pyrophosphate bonds. Although implicated in various biologic functions, their molecular sites of action have not been clarified. Using radiolabeled IP7, we detected phosphorylation of multiple eukaryotic proteins. We also observed phosphorylation of endogenous proteins by endogenous IP7 in yeast. Phosphorylation by IP7 is nonenzymatic and may represent a novel intracellular signaling mechanism.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Saiardi, Adolfo -- Bhandari, Rashna -- Resnick, Adam C -- Snowman, Adele M -- Snyder, Solomon H -- DA00074/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- MH068830-02/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- MH18501/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Dec 17;306(5704):2101-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, 725 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15604408" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenosine Triphosphate/metabolism ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Amino Acid Substitution ; Animals ; Drosophila Proteins/metabolism ; Drosophila melanogaster ; Escherichia coli Proteins/metabolism ; Humans ; Inositol Phosphates/*metabolism ; Kinetics ; Magnesium/metabolism ; Mice ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Nuclear Proteins/chemistry/*metabolism ; Phosphates/metabolism ; Phosphorylation ; Phosphotransferases (Phosphate Group Acceptor)/metabolism ; Protein Kinases/genetics/metabolism ; Proteins/*metabolism ; RNA-Binding Proteins/chemistry/*metabolism ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae/metabolism ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins/chemistry/*metabolism ; Serine/metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; Temperature
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  • 60
    Publication Date: 2004-11-13
    Description: Consequences of progressive biodiversity declines depend on the functional roles of individual species and the order in which species are lost. Most studies of the biodiversity-ecosystem functioning relation tackle only the first of these factors. We used observed variation in grassland diversity to design an experimental test of how realistic species losses affect invasion resistance. Because entire plant functional groups disappeared faster than expected by chance, resistance declined dramatically with progressive species losses. Realistic biodiversity losses, even of rare species, can thus affect ecosystem processes far more than indicated by randomized-loss experiments.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zavaleta, Erika S -- Hulvey, Kristin B -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Nov 12;306(5699):1175-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Environmental Studies Department, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA. zavaleta@ucsc.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15539600" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Angiosperms/*growth & development ; *Biodiversity ; Biomass ; California ; Centaurea/*growth & development ; *Ecosystem ; Environment ; Poaceae/*growth & development ; Seasons ; Time Factors
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  • 61
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2004-12-28
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hill, Geoffrey E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Dec 24;306(5705):2201-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biological Science, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA. ghill@acesag.auburn.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15619587" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Animal Migration ; Animals ; Carotenoids/*analysis ; Feathers/*chemistry/growth & development ; Female ; Hydrogen/*analysis ; Isotopes ; Life Cycle Stages ; Male ; *Molting ; Pigmentation ; *Reproduction ; Seasons ; Songbirds/growth & development/*physiology ; Time Factors
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  • 62
    Publication Date: 2004-10-30
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Szule, Joseph A -- Coorssen, Jens R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Oct 29;306(5697):813; author reply 813.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Cellular and Molecular NeurobiologyResearch Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15514140" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Calcium/*metabolism ; Cell Membrane Structures/*chemistry/metabolism ; *Exocytosis ; Membrane Fusion ; Membrane Microdomains/metabolism ; Membrane Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Models, Biological ; Mutation ; Neurons/*physiology ; PC12 Cells ; Qa-SNARE Proteins ; Rats
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  • 63
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2004-05-25
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Erwin, Douglas H -- Krakauer, David C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 May 21;304(5674):1117-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Paleobiology, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560, USA. erwin@santafe.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15155937" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Diffusion of Innovation ; Economics ; Ecosystem ; *Engineering ; Environment ; Epigenesis, Genetic ; Gene Duplication ; Gene Transfer, Horizontal ; Genotype ; Mutation ; Phenotype ; Selection, Genetic ; *Technology
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  • 64
    Publication Date: 2004-11-13
    Description: Various forms of birth control have been developed for women; however, there are currently few options for men. The development of male contraceptives that are effective, safe, and reversible is desired for family planning throughout the world. We now report contraception of male nonhuman primates (Macaca radiata) immunized with Eppin, a testis/epididymis-specific protein. Seven out of nine males (78%) developed high titers to Eppin, and all of these high-titer monkeys were infertile. Five out of seven (71%) high-anti-Eppin titer males recovered fertility when immunization was stopped. This study demonstrates that effective and reversible male immunocontraception is an attainable goal. This method of immunocontraception may be extended to humans.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉O'rand, M G -- Widgren, E E -- Sivashanmugam, P -- Richardson, R T -- Hall, S H -- French, F S -- VandeVoort, C A -- Ramachandra, S G -- Ramesh, V -- Jagannadha Rao, A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Nov 12;306(5699):1189-90.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratories for Reproductive Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA. morand@unc.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15539605" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antibodies/analysis/blood ; *Contraception, Immunologic ; Female ; Fertility ; Freund's Adjuvant ; Immunization, Secondary ; Macaca mulatta ; Macaca radiata ; Male ; Proteinase Inhibitory Proteins, Secretory ; Proteins/*immunology ; Recombinant Proteins/immunology ; Semen/immunology ; Time Factors ; Vaccination ; *Vaccines, Contraceptive
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  • 65
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2004-10-23
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Schulz, Burkhard -- Frommer, Wolf B -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Oct 22;306(5696):622-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15499001" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Arabidopsis/genetics/*metabolism ; Arabidopsis Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Biological Transport, Active ; Cell Membrane/metabolism ; Dimerization ; Endoplasmic Reticulum/metabolism ; Fatty Acids/*metabolism ; Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions ; Models, Biological ; Mutation ; Substrate Specificity ; Waxes/*metabolism
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  • 66
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2004-06-19
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Schuske, Kim -- Jorgensen, Erik M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Jun 18;304(5678):1750-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, University of Utah, 257 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, UT 84112-0840, USA. jorgensen@biology.utah.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15205517" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Animals, Newborn ; Brain/metabolism ; Carrier Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Cell Membrane/physiology ; Cells, Cultured ; Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials ; Glutamic Acid/metabolism ; Hippocampus/cytology/metabolism ; Membrane Fusion ; *Membrane Transport Proteins ; Mice ; Mice, Knockout ; Models, Neurological ; Mutation ; Neurons/*metabolism ; *Synaptic Transmission ; Synaptic Vesicles/*metabolism/physiology ; Vesicular Glutamate Transport Protein 1 ; Vesicular Glutamate Transport Protein 2 ; *Vesicular Transport Proteins
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  • 67
    Publication Date: 2004-02-21
    Description: Cyclic nucleotides regulate axonal responses to a number of guidance cues through unknown molecular events. We report here that Drosophila nervy, a member of the myeloid translocation gene family of A kinase anchoring proteins (AKAPs), regulates repulsive axon guidance by linking the cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)-dependent protein kinase (PKA) to the Semaphorin 1a (Sema-1a) receptor Plexin A (PlexA). Nervy and PKA antagonize Sema-1a-PlexA-mediated repulsion, and the AKAP binding region of Nervy is critical for this effect. Thus, Nervy couples cAMP-PKA signaling to PlexA to regulate Sema-1a-mediated axonal repulsion, revealing a simple molecular mechanism that allows growing axons to integrate inputs from multiple guidance cues.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Terman, Jonathan R -- Kolodkin, Alex L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Feb 20;303(5661):1204-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1001 PCTB/725 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14976319" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Amino Acid Substitution ; Animals ; Animals, Genetically Modified ; Axons/*physiology/ultrastructure ; Carrier Proteins/chemistry/*metabolism ; Central Nervous System/embryology ; Cues ; Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases/*metabolism ; Drosophila/cytology/*embryology/genetics/metabolism ; Drosophila Proteins/chemistry/*metabolism ; Embryo, Nonmammalian/cytology/metabolism/physiology ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Motor Neurons/metabolism/*physiology/ultrastructure ; Muscles/embryology/innervation/metabolism ; Mutation ; Nerve Tissue Proteins/*metabolism ; Neural Pathways ; Phenotype ; Receptors, Cell Surface/*metabolism ; Semaphorins/*metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; Transgenes
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  • 68
    Publication Date: 2004-09-09
    Description: Human genetic diseases that resemble accelerated aging provide useful models for gerontologists. They combine known single-gene mutations with deficits in selected tissues that are reminiscent of changes seen during normal aging. Here, we describe recent progress toward linking molecular and cellular changes with the phenotype seen in two of these disorders. One in particular, Werner syndrome, provides evidence to support the hypothesis that the senescence of somatic cells may be a causal agent of normal aging.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kipling, David -- Davis, Terence -- Ostler, Elizabeth L -- Faragher, Richard G A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Sep 3;305(5689):1426-31.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15353794" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Aging ; Animals ; Cell Aging ; Cell Division ; DNA Helicases/genetics/physiology ; Exodeoxyribonucleases ; Female ; Gene Expression ; Humans ; Male ; Mice ; Models, Animal ; Mutation ; Phenotype ; RecQ Helicases ; Telomere/metabolism ; *Werner Syndrome/genetics/pathology/physiopathology
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  • 69
    Publication Date: 2004-10-09
    Description: We identified a previously unknown riboswitch class in bacteria that is selectively triggered by glycine. A representative of these glycine-sensing RNAs from Bacillus subtilis operates as a rare genetic on switch for the gcvT operon, which codes for proteins that form the glycine cleavage system. Most glycine riboswitches integrate two ligand-binding domains that function cooperatively to more closely approximate a two-state genetic switch. This advanced form of riboswitch may have evolved to ensure that excess glycine is efficiently used to provide carbon flux through the citric acid cycle and maintain adequate amounts of the amino acid for protein synthesis. Thus, riboswitches perform key regulatory roles and exhibit complex performance characteristics that previously had been observed only with protein factors.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mandal, Maumita -- Lee, Mark -- Barrick, Jeffrey E -- Weinberg, Zasha -- Emilsson, Gail Mitchell -- Ruzzo, Walter L -- Breaker, Ronald R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Oct 8;306(5694):275-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, Post Office Box 208103, New Haven, CT 06520-8103, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15472076" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: 5' Untranslated Regions/chemistry/*metabolism ; Allosteric Regulation ; Allosteric Site ; Bacillus subtilis/*genetics/metabolism ; Base Pairing ; Base Sequence ; Binding Sites ; *Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial ; Glycine/*metabolism ; Ligands ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Nucleic Acid Conformation ; Operon ; RNA, Bacterial/chemistry/*metabolism ; RNA, Messenger/chemistry/*metabolism ; Transcription, Genetic ; Vibrio cholerae/*genetics/metabolism
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  • 70
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2004-02-14
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Klejnot, John -- Lin, Chentao -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Feb 13;303(5660):965-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14963316" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Arabidopsis/genetics/growth & development/*physiology ; Arabidopsis Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Circadian Rhythm ; Cryptochromes ; DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Darkness ; *Drosophila Proteins ; *Eye Proteins ; Flavoproteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Flowers/*growth & development ; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ; Light ; Mutation ; *Photoperiod ; *Photoreceptor Cells ; *Photoreceptor Cells, Invertebrate ; Photosynthetic Reaction Center Complex Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Phytochrome/genetics/*metabolism ; Phytochrome A ; Phytochrome B ; Plants, Genetically Modified ; RNA, Messenger/genetics/metabolism ; RNA, Plant/genetics/metabolism ; Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled ; Transcription Factors/genetics/*metabolism ; Transcription, Genetic
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  • 71
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2004-11-30
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ostfeld, Richard S -- Keesing, Felicia -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Nov 26;306(5701):1488-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute of Ecosystem Studies, Millbrook, NY 12545, USA. rostfeld@ecostudies.org〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15567844" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Bacteria/growth & development ; Biomass ; Campanulaceae/*growth & development ; *Ecosystem ; Fertilizers ; Fungi/growth & development ; Hemiptera/growth & development/*physiology ; Life Cycle Stages ; Nitrogen/analysis ; Plant Roots ; Soil/analysis ; Soil Microbiology ; Time Factors ; Trees/growth & development
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  • 72
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2004-01-17
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Owen-Hughes, Tom -- Bruno, Michael -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Jan 16;303(5656):324-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Gene Regulation and Expression, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK. t.a.owenhughes@dundee.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14726582" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acetylation ; Acetyltransferases/metabolism ; Adenosine Triphosphatases/genetics/*metabolism ; Adenosine Triphosphate/*metabolism ; Catalysis ; Chromatin/*metabolism ; Chromosomes, Fungal ; Dimerization ; *Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal ; *Gene Silencing ; Genes, Fungal ; Genetic Variation ; Heterochromatin/metabolism ; Histone Acetyltransferases ; Histones/*metabolism ; Mutation ; Nucleosomes/metabolism ; Protein Binding ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae/*genetics/metabolism ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Transcription, Genetic
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  • 73
    Publication Date: 2004-01-31
    Description: Genes normally resident in euchromatic domains are silenced when packaged into heterochromatin, as exemplified in Drosophila melanogaster by position effect variegation (PEV). Loss-of-function mutations resulting in suppression of PEV have identified critical components of heterochromatin, including proteins HP1, HP2, and histone H3 lysine 9 methyltransferase. Here, we demonstrate that this silencing is dependent on the RNA interference machinery, using tandem mini-white arrays and white transgenes in heterochromatin to show loss of silencing as a result of mutations in piwi, aubergine, or spindle-E (homeless), which encode RNAi components. These mutations result in reduction of H3 Lys9 methylation and delocalization of HP1 and HP2, most dramatically in spindle-E mutants.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pal-Bhadra, Manika -- Leibovitch, Boris A -- Gandhi, Sumit G -- Chikka, Madhusudana Rao -- Bhadra, Utpal -- Birchler, James A -- Elgin, Sarah C R -- GM68388/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- HD23844/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Jan 30;303(5658):669-72.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Biological Sciences, 117 Tucker Hall, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14752161" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters/genetics/physiology ; Adenosine Triphosphatases/genetics/physiology ; Alleles ; Animals ; Argonaute Proteins ; Chromosomal Proteins, Non-Histone/genetics/*metabolism ; Drosophila Proteins/genetics/*metabolism/physiology ; Drosophila melanogaster/*genetics/metabolism ; Eye Proteins/genetics/physiology ; *Gene Silencing ; Genes, Insect ; Heterochromatin/*metabolism ; Histone-Lysine N-Methyltransferase/genetics/metabolism ; Histones/metabolism ; Methylation ; Mutation ; Proteins/genetics/physiology ; *RNA Interference ; RNA-Induced Silencing Complex ; Transgenes
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  • 74
    Publication Date: 2004-03-16
    Description: We used force-clamp atomic force microscopy to measure the end-to-end length of the small protein ubiquitin during its folding reaction at the single-molecule level. Ubiquitin was first unfolded and extended at a high force, then the stretching force was quenched and protein folding was observed. The folding trajectories were continuous and marked by several distinct stages. The time taken to fold was dependent on the contour length of the unfolded protein and the stretching force applied during folding. The folding collapse was marked by large fluctuations in the end-to-end length of the protein, but these fluctuations vanished upon the final folding contraction. These direct observations of the complete folding trajectory of a protein provide a benchmark to determine the physical basis of the folding reaction.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Fernandez, Julio M -- Li, Hongbin -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Mar 12;303(5664):1674-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA. jfernandez@columbia.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15017000" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Chemistry, Physical ; *Microscopy, Atomic Force ; Physicochemical Phenomena ; Polyubiquitin/*chemistry ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Denaturation ; *Protein Folding ; Protein Structure, Secondary ; Time Factors ; Ubiquitin/*chemistry
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  • 75
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2004-03-16
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ferster, David -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Mar 12;303(5664):1619-21.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Neurobiology and Physiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208-3520, USA. ferster@northwestern.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15016985" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Carbolines/pharmacology ; Cats ; Cues ; Diazepam/pharmacology ; Dominance, Ocular/*physiology ; Interneurons/physiology ; Mice ; Models, Neurological ; Mutation ; Neural Inhibition ; *Neuronal Plasticity ; Neurons/*physiology ; Protein Subunits ; Receptors, GABA-A/genetics/*physiology ; Synaptic Transmission ; Thalamus/growth & development/physiology ; Vision, Ocular ; Visual Cortex/anatomy & histology/*growth & development/*physiology ; Visual Pathways ; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid/physiology
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 76
    Publication Date: 2004-08-31
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Marshall, Eliot -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Aug 27;305(5688):1226.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15333813" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Genetic Testing ; Humans ; Molecular Diagnostic Techniques ; Multidrug Resistance-Associated Proteins/*genetics ; Mutation ; *Patents as Topic ; *Patient Advocacy ; Pseudoxanthoma Elasticum/diagnosis/*genetics ; United States
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  • 77
    Publication Date: 2004-09-18
    Description: Most explanations of the increase in life expectancy at older ages over history emphasize the importance of medical and public health factors of a particular historical period. We propose that the reduction in lifetime exposure to infectious diseases and other sources of inflammation--a cohort mechanism--has also made an important contribution to the historical decline in old-age mortality. Analysis of birth cohorts across the life-span since 1751 in Sweden reveals strong associations between early-age mortality and subsequent mortality in the same cohorts. We propose that a "cohort morbidity phenotype" represents inflammatory processes that persist from early age into adult life.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Finch, Caleb E -- Crimmins, Eileen M -- AG05142/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- AG13499/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- AG14751/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- AG17265/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Sep 17;305(5691):1736-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Andrus Gerontology Center and Departments of Biological Sciencesand of Sociology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA. cefinch@usc.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15375259" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Aged ; Child ; Cohort Studies ; Humans ; Infant ; *Infection/epidemiology ; *Inflammation/epidemiology ; *Life Expectancy ; Longevity ; Morbidity ; *Mortality ; Nutritional Physiological Phenomena ; Time Factors
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  • 78
    Publication Date: 2004-01-13
    Description: The anaphase-promoting complex (APC) is highly expressed in postmitotic neurons, but its function in the nervous system was previously unknown. We report that the inhibition of Cdh1-APC in primary neurons specifically enhanced axonal growth. Cdh1 knockdown in cerebellar slice overlay assays and in the developing rat cerebellum in vivo revealed cell-autonomous abnormalities in layer-specific growth of granule neuron axons and parallel fiber patterning. Cdh1 RNA interference in neurons was also found to override the inhibitory influence of myelin on axonal growth. Thus, Cdh1-APC appears to play a role in regulating axonal growth and patterning in the developing brain that may also limit the growth of injured axons in the adult brain.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Konishi, Yoshiyuki -- Stegmuller, Judith -- Matsuda, Takahiko -- Bonni, Shirin -- Bonni, Azad -- R01NS41021/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Feb 13;303(5660):1026-30. Epub 2004 Jan 8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14716021" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Anaphase-Promoting Complex-Cyclosome ; Animals ; Axons/*physiology/ultrastructure ; Cell Cycle ; Cell Cycle Proteins/metabolism ; Cell Nucleus/metabolism ; Cells, Cultured ; Cerebellar Cortex/*cytology/growth & development ; Dendrites/physiology/ultrastructure ; Electroporation ; Morphogenesis ; Mutation ; Myelin Sheath/metabolism ; Neurons/*physiology ; Organ Culture Techniques ; RNA Interference ; Rats ; Rats, Long-Evans ; Transfection ; Ubiquitin-Protein Ligase Complexes/genetics/*metabolism
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  • 79
    Publication Date: 2004-05-29
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hungate, Bruce A -- Stiling, Peter D -- Dijkstra, Paul -- Johnson, Dale W -- Ketterer, Michael E -- Hymus, Graham J -- Hinkle, C Ross -- Drake, Bert G -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 May 28;304(5675):1291.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biological Sciences and Merriam-Powell Center for Environmental Research, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA. bruce.hungate@nau.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15166370" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Atmosphere ; Biomass ; *Carbon Dioxide ; Ecosystem ; Fabaceae/*metabolism ; Florida ; Light ; Molybdenum/metabolism ; *Nitrogen Fixation ; Plant Leaves/anatomy & histology/metabolism ; Quercus/metabolism ; Time Factors
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  • 80
    Publication Date: 2004-11-20
    Description: The development of a patterned vasculature is essential for normal organogenesis. We found that signaling by semaphorin 3E (Sema3E) and its receptor plexin-D1 controls endothelial cell positioning and the patterning of the developing vasculature in the mouse. Sema3E is highly expressed in developing somites, where it acts as a repulsive cue for plexin-D1-expressing endothelial cells of adjacent intersomitic vessels. Sema3E-plexin-D1 signaling did not require neuropilins, which were previously presumed to be obligate Sema3 coreceptors. Moreover, genetic ablation of Sema3E or plexin-D1 but not neuropilin-mediated Sema3 signaling disrupted vascular patterning. These findings reveal an unexpected semaphorin signaling pathway and define a mechanism for controlling vascular patterning.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gu, Chenghua -- Yoshida, Yutaka -- Livet, Jean -- Reimert, Dorothy V -- Mann, Fanny -- Merte, Janna -- Henderson, Christopher E -- Jessell, Thomas M -- Kolodkin, Alex L -- Ginty, David D -- CA23767-24/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- MH59199-06/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2005 Jan 14;307(5707):265-8. Epub 2004 Nov 18.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205-2185, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15550623" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Binding Sites ; Blood Vessels/*embryology/metabolism ; Body Patterning ; COS Cells ; Cercopithecus aethiops ; Chick Embryo ; Endothelial Cells/cytology/physiology ; Endothelium, Vascular/cytology/embryology ; Glycoproteins/*metabolism ; In Situ Hybridization ; Ligands ; Membrane Glycoproteins/*metabolism ; Membrane Proteins/*metabolism ; Mice ; Morphogenesis ; Mutation ; Nerve Tissue Proteins/*metabolism ; Neuropilin-1/metabolism ; Neuropilin-2/metabolism ; Phenotype ; Protein Binding ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; Somites/*metabolism ; Transfection
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  • 81
    Publication Date: 2004-04-24
    Description: How can neural activity propagate through cortical networks built with weak, stochastic synapses? We find precise repetitions of spontaneous patterns of synaptic inputs in neocortical neurons in vivo and in vitro. These patterns repeat after minutes, maintaining millisecond accuracy. Calcium imaging of slices reveals reactivation of sequences of cells during the occurrence of repeated intracellular synaptic patterns. The spontaneous activity drifts with time, engaging different cells. Sequences of active neurons have distinct spatial structures and are repeated in the same order over tens of seconds, revealing modular temporal dynamics. Higher order sequences are replayed with compressed timing.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ikegaya, Yuji -- Aaron, Gloster -- Cossart, Rosa -- Aronov, Dmitriy -- Lampl, Ilan -- Ferster, David -- Yuste, Rafael -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Apr 23;304(5670):559-64.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15105494" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: 2,3,4,5-Tetrahydro-7,8-dihydroxy-1-phenyl-1H-3-benzazepine/pharmacology ; 2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate/pharmacology ; Action Potentials ; Animals ; Benzazepines/pharmacology ; Calcium/metabolism ; Cats ; Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials ; In Vitro Techniques ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Microscopy, Confocal ; Nerve Net/physiology ; Neurons/*physiology ; Patch-Clamp Techniques ; Prefrontal Cortex/cytology/*physiology ; Pyramidal Cells/physiology ; Receptors, Dopamine D1/physiology ; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate/physiology ; Synapses/physiology ; *Synaptic Transmission ; Time Factors ; Visual Cortex/cytology/*physiology
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  • 82
    Publication Date: 2004-08-07
    Description: Vesicle fusion involves vesicle tethering, docking, and membrane merger. We show that mitofusin, an integral mitochondrial membrane protein, is required on adjacent mitochondria to mediate fusion, which indicates that mitofusin complexes act in trans (that is, between adjacent mitochondria). A heptad repeat region (HR2) mediates mitofusin oligomerization by assembling a dimeric, antiparallel coiled coil. The transmembrane segments are located at opposite ends of the 95 angstrom coiled coil and provide a mechanism for organelle tethering. Consistent with this proposal, truncated mitofusin, in an HR2-dependent manner, causes mitochondria to become apposed with a uniform gap. Our results suggest that HR2 functions as a mitochondrial tether before fusion.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Koshiba, Takumi -- Detmer, Scott A -- Kaiser, Jens T -- Chen, Hsiuchen -- McCaffery, J Michael -- Chan, David C -- R01 GM62967/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- S10 RR019409-01/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Aug 6;305(5685):858-62.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, MC114-96, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15297672" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Amino Acid Substitution ; Animals ; Cell Line ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Dimerization ; GTP Phosphohydrolases/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Humans ; Hybrid Cells ; Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions ; Intracellular Membranes/physiology/ultrastructure ; Membrane Fusion ; Mice ; Mitochondria/*metabolism/ultrastructure ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Protein Structure, Secondary ; Protein Structure, Tertiary
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  • 83
    Publication Date: 2004-06-26
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Freitag, Michael -- Lee, Dong W -- Kothe, Gregory O -- Pratt, Robert J -- Aramayo, Rodolfo -- Selker, Eric U -- GM35690/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM58770/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM058770/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Jun 25;304(5679):1939.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15218142" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *DNA Methylation ; DNA, Fungal/metabolism ; Fungal Proteins/metabolism ; Gene Silencing ; Heterochromatin/metabolism ; Histone-Lysine N-Methyltransferase/metabolism ; Mutation ; Neurospora crassa/*genetics/metabolism ; Protein Methyltransferases ; *RNA Interference
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  • 84
    Publication Date: 2004-07-03
    Description: The hippocampus is crucial for spatial memory formation, yet it does not store long-lasting memories. By combining functional brain imaging and region-specific neuronal inactivation in mice, we identified prefrontal and anterior cingulate cortices as critical for storage and retrieval of remote spatial memories [correction]. Imaging of activity-dependent genes also revealed an involvement of parietal and retrosplenial cortices during consolidation of remote memory. Long-term memory storage within some of these neocortical regions was accompanied by structural changes including synaptogenesis and laminar reorganization, concomitant with a functional disengagement of the hippocampus and posterior cingulate cortex [correction]. Thus, consolidation of spatial memory requires a time-dependent hippocampal-cortical dialogue, ultimately enabling widespread cortical networks to mediate effortful recall and use of cortically stored remote memories independently.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Maviel, Thibault -- Durkin, Thomas P -- Menzaghi, Frederique -- Bontempi, Bruno -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Jul 2;305(5680):96-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives, CNRS UMR 5106, Universite de Bordeaux 1, Avenue des Facultes, 33405 Talence, France.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15232109" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Brain Mapping ; GAP-43 Protein/metabolism ; Gene Expression Regulation ; Genes, Immediate-Early ; Gyrus Cinguli/*physiology ; Immediate-Early Proteins/metabolism ; Lidocaine/pharmacology ; Male ; Memory/drug effects/*physiology ; Mental Recall ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Neocortex/*physiology ; Nerve Net/physiology ; Neuronal Plasticity ; Neurons/physiology ; Parietal Lobe/physiology ; Prefrontal Cortex/*physiology ; Synapses/physiology ; Time Factors
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  • 85
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    Unknown
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2004-07-03
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mayr, Ernst -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Jul 2;305(5680):46-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA. emayr@oeb.harvard.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15232092" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Biodiversity ; *Biological Evolution ; Biology/*history ; Classification ; Genetics, Population ; Germany ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Mutation ; Selection, Genetic
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  • 86
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2004-05-15
    Description: Two types of consolidated memory have been described in Drosophila, anesthesia-resistant memory (ARM), a shorter-lived form, and stabilized long-term memory (LTM). Until now, it has been thought that ARM and LTM coexist. On the contrary, we show that LTM formation leads to the extinction of ARM. Flies devoid of mushroom body vertical lobes cannot form LTM, but spaced conditioning can still erase their ARM, resulting in a remarkable situation: The more these flies are trained, the less they remember. We propose that ARM acts as a gating mechanism that ensures that LTM is formed only after repetitive and spaced training.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Isabel, Guillaume -- Pascual, Alberto -- Preat, Thomas -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 May 14;304(5673):1024-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Developpement, Evolution, Plasticite du Systeme Nerveux, CNRS, 1 Avenue de la Terrasse, 91190 Gifsur-Yvette, France.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15143285" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenylyl Cyclases/genetics/physiology ; Animals ; Conditioning (Psychology) ; Cyclic AMP/metabolism ; Drosophila/genetics/*physiology ; Drosophila Proteins/genetics/physiology ; Genes, Insect ; Learning ; Memory/*physiology ; Models, Biological ; Mushroom Bodies/anatomy & histology/*physiology ; Mutation ; Neurons/*physiology ; Neuropeptides/genetics/physiology ; Odors ; Transgenes
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  • 87
    Publication Date: 2004-02-21
    Description: The experience of pain arises from both physiological and psychological factors, including one's beliefs and expectations. Thus, placebo treatments that have no intrinsic pharmacological effects may produce analgesia by altering expectations. However, controversy exists regarding whether placebos alter sensory pain transmission, pain affect, or simply produce compliance with the suggestions of investigators. In two functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) experiments, we found that placebo analgesia was related to decreased brain activity in pain-sensitive brain regions, including the thalamus, insula, and anterior cingulate cortex, and was associated with increased activity during anticipation of pain in the prefrontal cortex, providing evidence that placebos alter the experience of pain.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wager, Tor D -- Rilling, James K -- Smith, Edward E -- Sokolik, Alex -- Casey, Kenneth L -- Davidson, Richard J -- Kosslyn, Stephen M -- Rose, Robert M -- Cohen, Jonathan D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Feb 20;303(5661):1162-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, 525 East University, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1109, USA. torw@umich.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14976306" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Analgesia ; Brain/*physiology ; Brain Mapping ; Cerebral Cortex/physiology ; Electroshock ; Frontal Lobe/physiology ; Gyrus Cinguli/physiology ; Hot Temperature ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Mesencephalon/physiology ; *Pain ; *Placebo Effect ; Placebos/*pharmacology ; Prefrontal Cortex/physiology ; Thalamus/physiology ; Time Factors
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  • 88
    Publication Date: 2004-01-24
    Description: DsbA, a thioredoxin superfamily member, introduces disulfide bonds into newly translocated proteins. This process is thought to occur via formation of mixed disulfide complexes between DsbA and its substrates. However, these complexes are difficult to detect, probably because of their short-lived nature. Here we show that it is possible to detect such covalent intermediates in vivo by a mutation in DsbA that alters cis proline-151. Further, this mutant allowed us to identify substrates of DsbA. Alteration of the cis proline, highly conserved among thioredoxin superfamily members, may be useful for the detection of substrates and intermediate complexes in other systems.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kadokura, Hiroshi -- Tian, Hongping -- Zander, Thomas -- Bardwell, James C A -- Beckwith, Jon -- GM41883/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM57039/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Jan 23;303(5657):534-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14739460" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Motifs ; Bacterial Proteins/chemistry/metabolism ; Disulfides/chemistry ; Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel ; Escherichia coli Proteins/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Isomerism ; Mass Spectrometry ; Membrane Proteins/chemistry/metabolism ; Molecular Weight ; Mutation ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Plasmids ; Proline/chemistry ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Disulfide-Isomerases/*chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; *Protein Folding ; Thioredoxins/chemistry/metabolism ; Transduction, Genetic
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  • 89
    Publication Date: 2004-11-13
    Description: Plants under oxidative stress suffer from damages that have been interpreted as unavoidable consequences of injuries inflicted upon plants by toxic levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS). However, this paradigm needs to be modified. Inactivation of a single gene, EXECUTER1, is sufficient to abrogate stress responses of Arabidopsis thaliana caused by the release of singlet oxygen: External conditions under which these stress responses are observed and the amounts of ROS that accumulate in plants exposed to these environmental conditions do not directly cause damages. Instead, seedling lethality and growth inhibition of mature plants result from genetic programs that are activated after the release of singlet oxygen has been perceived by the plant.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wagner, Daniela -- Przybyla, Dominika -- Op den Camp, Roel -- Kim, Chanhong -- Landgraf, Frank -- Lee, Keun Pyo -- Wursch, Marco -- Laloi, Christophe -- Nater, Mena -- Hideg, Eva -- Apel, Klaus -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Nov 12;306(5699):1183-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute of Plant Sciences, Plant Genetics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15539603" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Arabidopsis/cytology/*genetics/growth & development/*physiology ; Arabidopsis Proteins/chemistry/*genetics/*physiology ; Cell Death/drug effects ; Chromosome Mapping ; Cloning, Molecular ; Cosmids ; Darkness ; Diuron/pharmacology ; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ; Genes, Plant ; Genetic Complementation Test ; Light ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Open Reading Frames ; *Oxidative Stress ; Photosystem II Protein Complex/metabolism ; Plant Leaves/cytology/drug effects/metabolism ; Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism ; Singlet Oxygen/*metabolism ; Transformation, Genetic
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  • 90
    Publication Date: 2004-10-23
    Description: A waxy protective cuticle coats all primary aerial plant tissues. Its synthesis requires extensive export of lipids from epidermal cells to the plant surface. Arabidopsis cer5 mutants had reduced stem cuticular wax loads and accumulated sheetlike inclusions in the cytoplasm of wax-secreting cells. These inclusions represented abnormal deposits of cuticular wax and resembled inclusions found in a human disorder caused by a defective peroxisomal adenosine triphosphate binding cassette (ABC) transporter. We found that the CER5 gene encodes an ABC transporter localized in the plasma membrane of epidermal cells and conclude that it is required for wax export to the cuticle.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pighin, Jamie A -- Zheng, Huanquan -- Balakshin, Laura J -- Goodman, Ian P -- Western, Tamara L -- Jetter, Reinhard -- Kunst, Ljerka -- Samuels, A Lacey -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Oct 22;306(5696):702-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Botany, University of British Columbia (UBC), 6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15499022" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Amino Acid Motifs ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Arabidopsis/cytology/genetics/*metabolism ; Arabidopsis Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Biological Transport, Active ; Cell Membrane/metabolism ; Cloning, Molecular ; Dimerization ; Genes, Plant ; Inclusion Bodies/ultrastructure ; *Lipid Metabolism ; Microscopy, Electron ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutagenesis, Insertional ; Mutation ; Plant Epidermis/cytology/*metabolism/ultrastructure ; Plant Stems/cytology/metabolism/ultrastructure ; Plants, Genetically Modified ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; Vacuoles/ultrastructure ; Waxes/*metabolism
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  • 91
    Publication Date: 2004-11-20
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kaiser, Jocelyn -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Nov 19;306(5700):1284-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15550640" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Animals ; Emigration and Immigration ; *Genetic Variation ; Genetics, Population ; Humans ; Lactase/*genetics ; Lactose/*metabolism ; Milk ; Mutation ; Russia
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  • 92
    Publication Date: 2004-06-26
    Description: The antigenic evolution of influenza A (H3N2) virus was quantified and visualized from its introduction into humans in 1968 to 2003. Although there was remarkable correspondence between antigenic and genetic evolution, significant differences were observed: Antigenic evolution was more punctuated than genetic evolution, and genetic change sometimes had a disproportionately large antigenic effect. The method readily allows monitoring of antigenic differences among vaccine and circulating strains and thus estimation of the effects of vaccination. Further, this approach offers a route to predicting the relative success of emerging strains, which could be achieved by quantifying the combined effects of population level immune escape and viral fitness on strain evolution.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Smith, Derek J -- Lapedes, Alan S -- de Jong, Jan C -- Bestebroer, Theo M -- Rimmelzwaan, Guus F -- Osterhaus, Albert D M E -- Fouchier, Ron A M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Jul 16;305(5682):371-6. Epub 2004 Jun 24.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK. dsmith@zoo.cam.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15218094" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Substitution ; Antigenic Variation ; *Evolution, Molecular ; *Genes, Viral ; Genetic Drift ; Genetic Variation ; Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests ; *Hemagglutinins, Viral/chemistry/genetics/immunology ; Humans ; Influenza A virus/*genetics/*immunology ; Influenza, Human/epidemiology/virology ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutagenesis, Site-Directed ; Mutation ; Seasons ; Virology/methods
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 93
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2004-11-30
    Description: The actions of many extracellular stimuli are elicited by complexes of cell surface receptors, heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins), and mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase complexes. Analysis of haploid yeast cells and their response to peptide mating pheromones has produced important advances in our understanding of G protein and MAP kinase signaling mechanisms. Many of the components, their interrelationships, and their regulators were first identified in yeast. Current analysis of the pheromone response pathway (see the Connections Maps at Science's Signal Transduction Knowledge Environment) will benefit from new and powerful genomic, proteomic, and computational approaches that will likely reveal additional general principles that are applicable to more complex organisms.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wang, Yuqi -- Dohlman, Henrik G -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Nov 26;306(5701):1508-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7260, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15567849" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Cell Cycle ; GTP-Binding Proteins/metabolism ; Lipoproteins/*metabolism ; *MAP Kinase Signaling System ; Mutation ; Pheromones/*metabolism ; Phosphorylation ; Protein Precursors/*metabolism ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae/genetics/*metabolism/physiology ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins/*metabolism ; *Signal Transduction
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  • 94
    Publication Date: 2004-12-14
    Description: Cells from Werner syndrome patients are characterized by slow growth rates, premature senescence, accelerated telomere shortening rates, and genome instability. The syndrome is caused by the loss of the RecQ helicase WRN, but the underlying molecular mechanism is unclear. Here we report that cells lacking WRN exhibit deletion of telomeres from single sister chromatids. Only telomeres replicated by lagging strand synthesis were affected, and prevention of loss of individual telomeres was dependent on the helicase activity of WRN. Telomere loss could be counteracted by telomerase activity. We propose that WRN is necessary for efficient replication of G-rich telomeric DNA, preventing telomere dysfunction and consequent genomic instability.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Crabbe, Laure -- Verdun, Ramiro E -- Haggblom, Candy I -- Karlseder, Jan -- GM069525/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Dec 10;306(5703):1951-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15591207" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alleles ; Anaphase ; Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated Proteins ; Cell Cycle Proteins ; Cell Line ; Cells, Cultured ; Chromatids/metabolism ; Chromosomes, Human/physiology ; DNA Damage ; DNA Helicases/genetics/*metabolism ; DNA-Binding Proteins ; Exodeoxyribonucleases ; Genomic Instability ; HeLa Cells ; Humans ; In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence ; Models, Genetic ; Mutation ; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism ; RecQ Helicases ; S Phase ; Telomerase/metabolism ; Telomere/*metabolism ; Tumor Suppressor Proteins ; Werner Syndrome/*genetics
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  • 95
    Publication Date: 2004-01-13
    Description: Wnt signaling has recently emerged as a key factor in controlling stem cell expansion. In contrast, we show here that Wnt/beta-catenin signal activation in emigrating neural crest stem cells (NCSCs) has little effect on the population size and instead regulates fate decisions. Sustained beta-catenin activity in neural crest cells promotes the formation of sensory neural cells in vivo at the expense of virtually all other neural crest derivatives. Moreover, Wnt1 is able to instruct early NCSCs (eNCSCs) to adopt a sensory neuronal fate in a beta-catenin-dependent manner. Thus, the role of Wnt/beta-catenin in stem cells is cell-type dependent.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lee, Hye-Youn -- Kleber, Maurice -- Hari, Lisette -- Brault, Veronique -- Suter, Ueli -- Taketo, Makoto M -- Kemler, Rolf -- Sommer, Lukas -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Feb 13;303(5660):1020-3. Epub 2004 Jan 8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute of Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH-Honggerberg, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14716020" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factors ; Cadherins/metabolism ; Cell Differentiation ; Cell Division ; Cell Lineage ; Cell Movement ; Cells, Cultured ; Central Nervous System/embryology ; Cytoskeletal Proteins/*metabolism ; DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism ; Mice ; Models, Neurological ; Multipotent Stem Cells/*physiology ; Mutation ; Nerve Tissue Proteins/metabolism ; Neural Crest/*cytology/embryology/physiology ; Neurons, Afferent/*cytology/physiology ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins/*metabolism ; *Signal Transduction ; Trans-Activators/*metabolism ; Transcription Factor Brn-3 ; Transcription Factors/metabolism ; Wnt Proteins ; Wnt1 Protein ; *Zebrafish Proteins ; beta Catenin
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  • 96
    Publication Date: 2004-08-03
    Description: Recombinant mouse prion protein (recMoPrP) produced in Escherichia coli was polymerized into amyloid fibrils that represent a subset of beta sheet-rich structures. Fibrils consisting of recMoPrP(89-230) were inoculated intracerebrally into transgenic (Tg) mice expressing MoPrP(89-231). The mice developed neurologic dysfunction between 380 and 660 days after inoculation. Brain extracts showed protease-resistant PrP by Western blotting; these extracts transmitted disease to wild-type FVB mice and Tg mice overexpressing PrP, with incubation times of 150 and 90 days, respectively. Neuropathological findings suggest that a novel prion strain was created. Our results provide compelling evidence that prions are infectious proteins.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Legname, Giuseppe -- Baskakov, Ilia V -- Nguyen, Hoang-Oanh B -- Riesner, Detlev -- Cohen, Fred E -- DeArmond, Stephen J -- Prusiner, Stanley B -- AG02132/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- AG021601/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- AG10770/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Jul 30;305(5684):673-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15286374" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amyloid/chemistry/metabolism ; Animals ; Biopolymers ; Brain/metabolism/pathology ; Brain Chemistry ; Escherichia coli/genetics ; Female ; Glycosylation ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Transgenic ; Plaque, Amyloid/pathology ; PrPSc Proteins/analysis/metabolism ; Prion Diseases/*etiology/pathology/transmission ; Prions/administration & dosage/biosynthesis/chemistry/*pathogenicity ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Folding ; Recombinant Proteins/administration & dosage/biosynthesis/chemistry ; Time Factors ; Tissue Extracts/administration & dosage ; Vacuoles/pathology
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  • 97
    Publication Date: 2004-07-31
    Description: Gefitinib (Iressa, Astra Zeneca Pharmaceuticals) is a tyrosine kinase inhibitor that targets the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and induces dramatic clinical responses in nonsmall cell lung cancers (NSCLCs) with activating mutations within the EGFR kinase domain. We report that these mutant EGFRs selectively activate Akt and signal transduction and activator of transcription (STAT) signaling pathways, which promote cell survival, but have no effect on extracellular signal-regulated kinase signaling, which induces proliferation. NSCLC cells expressing mutant EGFRs underwent extensive apoptosis after small interfering RNA-mediated knockdown of the mutant EGFR or treatment with pharmacological inhibitors of Akt and STAT signaling and were relatively resistant to apoptosis induced by conventional chemotherapeutic drugs. Thus, mutant EGFRs selectively transduce survival signals on which NSCLCs become dependent; inhibition of those signals by gefitinib may contribute to the drug's efficacy.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sordella, Raffaella -- Bell, Daphne W -- Haber, Daniel A -- Settleman, Jeffrey -- P01 95281/PHS HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Aug 20;305(5687):1163-7. Epub 2004 Jul 29.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center for Molecular Therapeutics, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, Building 149, 13th Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15284455" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology ; *Apoptosis ; Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/drug therapy/*genetics/pathology ; Catalytic Domain ; Cell Line ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Cell Survival ; DNA-Binding Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors/metabolism ; Enzyme Activation ; Humans ; Lung Neoplasms/drug therapy/*genetics/pathology ; Mice ; *Milk Proteins ; Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism ; Mutation ; Mutation, Missense ; Phosphorylation ; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors/metabolism ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors/metabolism ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt ; Quinazolines/*pharmacology ; RNA, Small Interfering ; Receptor, Epidermal Growth Factor/*genetics/*metabolism ; STAT5 Transcription Factor ; Sequence Deletion ; Signal Transduction ; Trans-Activators/antagonists & inhibitors/metabolism ; Transfection ; Tyrosine/metabolism
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  • 98
    Publication Date: 2004-05-25
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Greenamyre, J Timothy -- Hastings, Teresa G -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 May 21;304(5674):1120-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA. jgreena@emory.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15155938" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Brain/metabolism ; Dopamine/metabolism ; Electron Transport Complex I/metabolism ; Humans ; Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins ; Mitochondria/enzymology/*metabolism ; Mutation ; Nerve Tissue Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Neurons/metabolism ; Oncogene Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Oxidative Stress ; Parkinson Disease/*etiology/*genetics/metabolism ; Phosphorylation ; Protein Kinases/*genetics/*metabolism ; Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism ; Synucleins ; Ubiquitin Thiolesterase/genetics/metabolism ; Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases/genetics/metabolism
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  • 99
    Publication Date: 2004-01-17
    Description: A key priority for infectious disease research is to clarify how pathogen genetic variation, modulated by host immunity, transmission bottlenecks, and epidemic dynamics, determines the wide variety of pathogen phylogenies observed at scales that range from individual host to population. We call the melding of immunodynamics, epidemiology, and evolutionary biology required to achieve this synthesis pathogen "phylodynamics." We introduce a phylodynamic framework for the dissection of dynamic forces that determine the diversity of epidemiological and phylogenetic patterns observed in RNA viruses of vertebrates. A central pillar of this model is the Evolutionary Infectivity Profile, which captures the relationship between immune selection and pathogen transmission.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Grenfell, Bryan T -- Pybus, Oliver G -- Gog, Julia R -- Wood, James L N -- Daly, Janet M -- Mumford, Jenny A -- Holmes, Edward C -- BB/B524092/1/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Jan 16;303(5656):327-32.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EJ, UK. btg11@cam.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14726583" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adaptation, Physiological ; Animals ; Antigenic Variation/genetics ; Biological Evolution ; *Disease Outbreaks/veterinary ; Genetics, Population ; Humans ; Immunity ; Mutation ; *Phylogeny ; Population Dynamics ; RNA Virus Infections/*epidemiology/immunology/veterinary/*virology ; RNA Viruses/*genetics/immunology/*pathogenicity/physiology ; Selection, Genetic ; Time Factors ; Vaccination
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  • 100
    Publication Date: 2004-10-23
    Description: In mammalian cells, repair of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) by nonhomologous end-joining (NHEJ) is critical for genome stability. Although the end-bridging and ligation steps of NHEJ have been reconstituted in vitro, little is known about the end-processing reactions that occur before ligation. Recently, functionally homologous end-bridging and ligation activities have been identified in prokarya. Consistent with its homology to polymerases and nucleases, we demonstrate that DNA ligase D from Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mt-Lig) possesses a unique variety of nucleotidyl transferase activities, including gap-filling polymerase, terminal transferase, and primase, and is also a 3' to 5' exonuclease. These enzyme activities allow the Mt-Ku and Mt-Lig proteins to join incompatible DSB ends in vitro, as well as to reconstitute NHEJ in vivo in yeast. These results demonstrate that prokaryotic Ku and ligase form a bona fide NHEJ system that encodes all the recognition, processing, and ligation activities required for DSB repair.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Della, Marina -- Palmbos, Phillip L -- Tseng, Hui-Min -- Tonkin, Louise M -- Daley, James M -- Topper, Leana M -- Pitcher, Robert S -- Tomkinson, Alan E -- Wilson, Thomas E -- Doherty, Aidan J -- R01 CA102563/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA102563-01A1/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Oct 22;306(5696):683-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Department of Haematology, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2XY, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15499016" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Bacterial Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; DNA/*metabolism ; DNA Damage ; DNA Ligases/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; DNA Nucleotidyltransferases/chemistry/metabolism ; DNA Primase/chemistry/metabolism ; *DNA Repair ; DNA-Directed DNA Polymerase/chemistry/metabolism ; Exonucleases/chemistry/metabolism ; Mutation ; Mycobacterium tuberculosis/genetics/*metabolism ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Recombination, Genetic ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae/genetics
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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