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  • 1
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    The when and where of floor plate induction (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-12-29
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Dodd, J -- Jessell, T M -- Placzek, M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Nov 27;282(5394):1654-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Physiology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9867664" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cell Differentiation ; Cell Lineage ; Central Nervous System/cytology/*embryology ; *Embryonic Induction ; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental ; Hedgehog Proteins ; Mesoderm/physiology ; Notochord/cytology/*embryology ; Proteins/physiology ; *Signal Transduction ; Stem Cells/cytology ; *Trans-Activators ; Zebrafish/embryology/genetics
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 2
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    Ectopic expression of the serotonin 1c receptor and the triggering of malignant transformation (1989)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1989-06-02
    Description: Neurotransmitter receptors are usually restricted to neuronal cells, but the signaling pathways activated by these receptors are widely distributed in both neural and non-neural cells. The functional consequences of activating a brain-specific neurotransmitter receptor, the serotonin 5HT1c receptor, in the unnatural environment of a fibroblast were examined. Introduction of functional 5HT1c receptors into NIH 3T3 cells results, at high frequency, in the generation of transformed foci. Moreover, the generation and maintenance of transformed foci requires continued activation of the serotonin receptor. In addition, the injection of cells derived from transformed foci into nude mice results in the generation of tumors. The serotonin 5HT1c receptor therefore functions as a protooncogene when expressed in NIH 3T3 fibroblasts.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Julius, D -- Livelli, T J -- Jessell, T M -- Axel, R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1989 Jun 2;244(4908):1057-62.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2727693" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Calcium/pharmacology ; Cell Division ; Cell Line ; *Cell Transformation, Neoplastic ; Cloning, Molecular ; Fibroblasts/metabolism ; *Gene Expression Regulation ; Genetic Vectors ; Mice ; Mice, Nude ; Neoplasm Transplantation ; Receptors, Serotonin/*genetics/physiology ; Second Messenger Systems ; Serotonin/pharmacology/physiology ; Transfection
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 3
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    Specificity of sensory-motor connections encoded by Sema3e-Plxnd1 recognition (2009)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-05-08
    Description: Spinal reflexes are mediated by synaptic connections between sensory afferents and motor neurons. The organization of these circuits shows several levels of specificity. Only certain classes of proprioceptive sensory neurons make direct, monosynaptic connections with motor neurons. Those that do are bound by rules of motor pool specificity: they form strong connections with motor neurons supplying the same muscle, but avoid motor pools supplying antagonistic muscles. This pattern of connectivity is initially accurate and is maintained in the absence of activity, implying that wiring specificity relies on the matching of recognition molecules on the surface of sensory and motor neurons. However, determinants of fine synaptic specificity here, as in most regions of the central nervous system, have yet to be defined. To address the origins of synaptic specificity in these reflex circuits we have used molecular genetic methods to manipulate recognition proteins expressed by subsets of sensory and motor neurons. We show here that a recognition system involving expression of the class 3 semaphorin Sema3e by selected motor neuron pools, and its high-affinity receptor plexin D1 (Plxnd1) by proprioceptive sensory neurons, is a critical determinant of synaptic specificity in sensory-motor circuits in mice. Changing the profile of Sema3e-Plxnd1 signalling in sensory or motor neurons results in functional and anatomical rewiring of monosynaptic connections, but does not alter motor pool specificity. Our findings indicate that patterns of monosynaptic connectivity in this prototypic central nervous system circuit are constructed through a recognition program based on repellent signalling.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2847258/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2847258/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pecho-Vrieseling, Eline -- Sigrist, Markus -- Yoshida, Yutaka -- Jessell, Thomas M -- Arber, Silvia -- R01 NS065048/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R01 NS065048-01/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R01NS065048/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- England -- Nature. 2009 Jun 11;459(7248):842-6. doi: 10.1038/nature08000. Epub 2009 May 6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Biozentrum, Department of Cell Biology, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19421194" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cell Adhesion Molecules, Neuronal/deficiency/genetics/*metabolism ; Glycoproteins/deficiency/genetics/*metabolism ; Membrane Glycoproteins ; Membrane Proteins/deficiency/genetics/*metabolism ; Mice ; Models, Neurological ; Motor Neurons/*metabolism ; Muscle, Skeletal/cytology/innervation/metabolism ; Nerve Tissue Proteins ; Neural Pathways/physiology ; Proprioception/physiology ; Reflex, Monosynaptic/physiology ; Sensory Receptor Cells/*metabolism ; Skin/cytology/innervation ; Synapses/*metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 4
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    Early stages of motor neuron differentiation revealed by expression of homeobox gene Islet-1 (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992-06-12
    Description: Motor neurons in the embryonic chick spinal cord express a homeobox gene, Islet-1, soon after their final mitotic division and before the appearance of other differentiated motor neuron properties. The expression of Islet-1 by neural cells is regulated by inductive signals from the floor plate and notochord. These results establish Islet-1 as the earliest marker of developing motor neurons. The molecular nature of the Islet-1 protein suggests that it may be involved in the establishment of motor neuron fate.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ericson, J -- Thor, S -- Edlund, T -- Jessell, T M -- Yamada, T -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Jun 12;256(5063):1555-60.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Microbiology, Umea University, Sweden.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1350865" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cell Differentiation ; Chick Embryo ; Embryonic Induction ; Gene Expression ; *Genes, Homeobox ; Immunoenzyme Techniques ; Motor Neurons/cytology/*physiology ; Notochord/physiology ; Spinal Cord/*embryology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 5
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    Semaphorin 3E and plexin-D1 control vascular pattern independently of neuropilins (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-11-20
    Description: The development of a patterned vasculature is essential for normal organogenesis. We found that signaling by semaphorin 3E (Sema3E) and its receptor plexin-D1 controls endothelial cell positioning and the patterning of the developing vasculature in the mouse. Sema3E is highly expressed in developing somites, where it acts as a repulsive cue for plexin-D1-expressing endothelial cells of adjacent intersomitic vessels. Sema3E-plexin-D1 signaling did not require neuropilins, which were previously presumed to be obligate Sema3 coreceptors. Moreover, genetic ablation of Sema3E or plexin-D1 but not neuropilin-mediated Sema3 signaling disrupted vascular patterning. These findings reveal an unexpected semaphorin signaling pathway and define a mechanism for controlling vascular patterning.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gu, Chenghua -- Yoshida, Yutaka -- Livet, Jean -- Reimert, Dorothy V -- Mann, Fanny -- Merte, Janna -- Henderson, Christopher E -- Jessell, Thomas M -- Kolodkin, Alex L -- Ginty, David D -- CA23767-24/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- MH59199-06/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2005 Jan 14;307(5707):265-8. Epub 2004 Nov 18.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205-2185, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15550623" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Binding Sites ; Blood Vessels/*embryology/metabolism ; Body Patterning ; COS Cells ; Cercopithecus aethiops ; Chick Embryo ; Endothelial Cells/cytology/physiology ; Endothelium, Vascular/cytology/embryology ; Glycoproteins/*metabolism ; In Situ Hybridization ; Ligands ; Membrane Glycoproteins/*metabolism ; Membrane Proteins/*metabolism ; Mice ; Morphogenesis ; Mutation ; Nerve Tissue Proteins/*metabolism ; Neuropilin-1/metabolism ; Neuropilin-2/metabolism ; Phenotype ; Protein Binding ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; Somites/*metabolism ; Transfection
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 6
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    Presynaptic inhibition of spinal sensory feedback ensures smooth movement (2014)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2014-05-03
    Description: The precision of skilled movement depends on sensory feedback and its refinement by local inhibitory microcircuits. One specialized set of spinal GABAergic interneurons forms axo-axonic contacts with the central terminals of sensory afferents, exerting presynaptic inhibitory control over sensory-motor transmission. The inability to achieve selective access to the GABAergic neurons responsible for this unorthodox inhibitory mechanism has left unresolved the contribution of presynaptic inhibition to motor behaviour. We used Gad2 as a genetic entry point to manipulate the interneurons that contact sensory terminals, and show that activation of these interneurons in mice elicits the defining physiological characteristics of presynaptic inhibition. Selective genetic ablation of Gad2-expressing interneurons severely perturbs goal-directed reaching movements, uncovering a pronounced and stereotypic forelimb motor oscillation, the core features of which are captured by modelling the consequences of sensory feedback at high gain. Our findings define the neural substrate of a genetically hardwired gain control system crucial for the smooth execution of movement.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4292914/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4292914/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Fink, Andrew J P -- Croce, Katherine R -- Huang, Z Josh -- Abbott, L F -- Jessell, Thomas M -- Azim, Eiman -- MH078844/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- MH093338/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- NS033245/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R01 MH093338/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- R01 NS033245/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R01 NS080932/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- T32 HD007430/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- U01 MH078844/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- England -- Nature. 2014 May 1;509(7498):43-8. doi: 10.1038/nature13276.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Kavli Institute for Brain Science, Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Departments of Neuroscience and Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA. ; Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724, USA. ; Center for Theoretical Neuroscience, Departments of Physiology and Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24784215" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Axons/physiology ; Efferent Pathways/physiology ; Feedback, Sensory/*physiology ; Female ; Forelimb/physiology ; GABAergic Neurons/cytology/metabolism ; Glutamate Decarboxylase/genetics/metabolism ; Interneurons/cytology/metabolism ; Male ; Mice ; Models, Neurological ; Motor Skills/*physiology ; Movement/*physiology ; Neural Inhibition/*physiology ; Neurotransmitter Agents/secretion ; Presynaptic Terminals/*physiology ; Spinal Cord/*physiology
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 7
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    Skilled reaching relies on a V2a propriospinal internal copy circuit (2014)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2014-02-04
    Description: The precision of skilled forelimb movement has long been presumed to rely on rapid feedback corrections triggered by internally directed copies of outgoing motor commands, but the functional relevance of inferred internal copy circuits has remained unclear. One class of spinal interneurons implicated in the control of mammalian forelimb movement, cervical propriospinal neurons (PNs), has the potential to convey an internal copy of premotor signals through dual innervation of forelimb-innervating motor neurons and precerebellar neurons of the lateral reticular nucleus. Here we examine whether the PN internal copy pathway functions in the control of goal-directed reaching. In mice, PNs include a genetically accessible subpopulation of cervical V2a interneurons, and their targeted ablation perturbs reaching while leaving intact other elements of forelimb movement. Moreover, optogenetic activation of the PN internal copy branch recruits a rapid cerebellar feedback loop that modulates forelimb motor neuron activity and severely disrupts reaching kinematics. Our findings implicate V2a PNs as the focus of an internal copy pathway assigned to the rapid updating of motor output during reaching behaviour.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4230338/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4230338/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Azim, Eiman -- Jiang, Juan -- Alstermark, Bror -- Jessell, Thomas M -- NS033245/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R01 NS033245/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R01 NS080932/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- England -- Nature. 2014 Apr 17;508(7496):357-63. doi: 10.1038/nature13021. Epub 2014 Feb 2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Kavli Institute for Brain Science, Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Departments of Neuroscience and Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA. ; Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Section of Physiology, Umea University, Umea, Sweden.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24487617" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cerebellum/physiology ; Feedback, Physiological ; Female ; Forelimb/*innervation/*physiology ; Interneurons/metabolism ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Models, Neurological ; Motor Neurons/*physiology ; Motor Skills/*physiology ; Movement/*physiology ; *Neural Pathways ; Optogenetics ; Psychomotor Performance/physiology ; Spinal Cord/*cytology
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 8
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    Diversity and pattern in the developing spinal cord (1996)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1996-11-15
    Description: The generation of distinct neuronal cell types in appropriate numbers and at precise positions underlies the assembly of neural circuits that encode animal behavior. Despite the complexity of the vertebrate central nervous system, advances have been made in defining the principles that control the diversification and patterning of its component cells. A combination of molecular genetic, biochemical, and embryological assays has begun to reveal the identity and mechanism of action of molecules that induce and pattern neural tissue and the role of transcription factors in establishing generic and specific neuronal fates. Some of these advances are discussed here, focusing on the spinal cord as a model system for analyzing the molecular control of central nervous system development in vertebrates.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Tanabe, Y -- Jessell, T M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1996 Nov 15;274(5290):1115-23.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Center for Neurobiology and Behavior, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8895454" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Body Patterning ; Cell Differentiation ; Ectoderm/cytology/physiology ; *Embryonic Induction ; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental ; Motor Neurons/cytology/physiology ; Neurons/*cytology/physiology ; Notochord/physiology ; Signal Transduction ; Spinal Cord/cytology/*embryology ; Transcription Factors/physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 9
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    Intrathecal capsaicin depletes substance P in the rat spinal cord and produces prolonged thermal analgesia (1979)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1979-10-26
    Description: A single intrathecal injection of capsaicin depletes substance P from primary sensory neurons and causes a prolonged increase in the thermal and chemical pain thresholds of the rat but no apparent change in responses to noxious mechanical stimuli.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Yaksh, T L -- Farb, D H -- Leeman, S E -- Jessell, T M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1979 Oct 26;206(4417):481-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/228392" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Capsaicin/*pharmacology ; Fatty Acids, Unsaturated/*pharmacology ; Hot Temperature ; Injections, Spinal ; Movement/drug effects ; Nociceptors/drug effects ; Pain/*physiopathology ; Rats ; Spinal Cord/*metabolism ; Substance P/administration & dosage/*metabolism ; Synaptic Transmission/drug effects
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 10
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    Molecular characterization of a functional cDNA encoding the serotonin 1c receptor (1988)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1988-07-29
    Description: Neurons that release serotonin as a neurotransmitter project to most regions of the central and peripheral nervous system and mediate diverse neural functions. The physiological effects of serotonin are initiated by the activation of multiple, distinct receptor subtypes. Cloning in RNA expression vectors was combined with a sensitive electrophysiological assay in Xenopus oocytes in order to isolate a functional cDNA clone encoding the 5HTlc serotonin receptor. Injection of RNA transcribed in vitro from this clone into Xenopus oocytes elicits serotonin sensitivity. Mouse fibroblasts transformed with this clone bind serotonin agonists and antagonists and exhibit an increase in intracellular Ca2+ concentrations in response to serotonin. The sequence of the 5HTlc receptor reveals that it belongs to the family of G protein-coupled receptors, which are thought to traverse the cytoplasmic membrane seven times. Moreover, in situ hybridization and RNA blot analysis indicate that the 5HTlc receptor is expressed in neurons in many regions of the central nervous system and suggest that this subclass of receptor may mediate many of the central actions of serotonin.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Julius, D -- MacDermott, A B -- Axel, R -- Jessell, T M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1988 Jul 29;241(4865):558-64.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3399891" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Base Sequence ; Cloning, Molecular ; DNA/genetics ; Fibroblasts/physiology ; Gene Expression Regulation ; Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Oocytes/physiology ; Phosphoproteins/physiology ; Rats ; Receptors, Serotonin/*genetics ; Serotonin/*physiology ; Xenopus laevis
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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