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  • Articles  (292)
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  • American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)  (292)
  • 2010-2014  (74)
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  • Articles  (292)
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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2014-10-25
    Description: In recent years, biologists have increasingly recognized that evolutionary change can occur rapidly when natural selection is strong; thus, real-time studies of evolution can be used to test classic evolutionary hypotheses directly. One such hypothesis is that negative interactions between closely related species can drive phenotypic divergence. Such divergence is thought to be ubiquitous, though well-documented cases are surprisingly rare. On small islands in Florida, we found that the lizard Anolis carolinensis moved to higher perches following invasion by Anolis sagrei and, in response, adaptively evolved larger toepads after only 20 generations. These results illustrate that interspecific interactions between closely related species can drive evolutionary change on observable time scales.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stuart, Y E -- Campbell, T S -- Hohenlohe, P A -- Reynolds, R G -- Revell, L J -- Losos, J B -- P30GM103324/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Oct 24;346(6208):463-6. doi: 10.1126/science.1257008.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Museum of Comparative Zoology and Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA. yestuart@utexas.edu. ; Department of Biology, University of Tampa, Tampa, FL, USA. ; Department of Biological Sciences and Institute for Bioinformatics and Evolutionary Studies, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA. ; Museum of Comparative Zoology and Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA. Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Boston, MA, USA. ; Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Boston, MA, USA. ; Museum of Comparative Zoology and Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25342801" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animal Migration ; Animals ; *Evolution, Molecular ; Florida ; *Genetic Variation ; *Introduced Species ; Lizards/*genetics ; Phylogeny ; *Selection, Genetic ; Time Factors
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2014-10-18
    Description: In the past decade, attosecond technology has opened up the investigation of ultrafast electronic processes in atoms, simple molecules, and solids. Here, we report the application of isolated attosecond pulses to prompt ionization of the amino acid phenylalanine and the subsequent detection of ultrafast dynamics on a sub-4.5-femtosecond temporal scale, which is shorter than the vibrational response of the molecule. The ability to initiate and observe such electronic dynamics in polyatomic molecules represents a crucial step forward in attosecond science, which is progressively moving toward the investigation of more and more complex systems.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Calegari, F -- Ayuso, D -- Trabattoni, A -- Belshaw, L -- De Camillis, S -- Anumula, S -- Frassetto, F -- Poletto, L -- Palacios, A -- Decleva, P -- Greenwood, J B -- Martin, F -- Nisoli, M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Oct 17;346(6207):336-9. doi: 10.1126/science.1254061.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute of Photonics and Nanotechnologies (IFN)-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy. ; Departamento de Quimica, Modulo 13, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco 28049 Madrid, Spain. ; Department of Physics, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy. ; Centre for Plasma Physics, School of Maths and Physics, Queen's University, Belfast BT7 1NN, UK. ; IFN-CNR, Via Trasea 7, 35131 Padova, Italy. ; Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Universita di Trieste and CNR-Istituto Officina dei Materiali, 34127 Trieste, Italy. ; Departamento de Quimica, Modulo 13, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco 28049 Madrid, Spain. Instituto Madrileno de Estudios Avanzados en Nanociencia, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain. fernando.martin@uam.es mauro.nisoli@polimi.it. ; Institute of Photonics and Nanotechnologies (IFN)-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy. Department of Physics, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy. fernando.martin@uam.es mauro.nisoli@polimi.it.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25324385" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Electrons ; Ions/chemistry ; Molecular Structure ; Phenylalanine/*chemistry ; Time Factors
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 3
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2014-05-31
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉van Kolfschooten, Frank -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 May 30;344(6187):957-8. doi: 10.1126/science.344.6187.957.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24876472" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Electronic Mail ; Germany ; Humans ; Netherlands ; Psychology, Social/*ethics ; Research Design ; *Scientific Misconduct ; Time Factors ; Universities
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 4
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2014-01-11
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Qiu, Jane -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Jan 10;343(6167):132. doi: 10.1126/science.343.6167.132.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24408413" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Climate Change ; *Desert Climate ; *Fossils ; Geologic Sediments ; Tibet ; Time Factors
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2014-02-01
    Description: Plant floral stem cells divide a limited number of times before they stop and terminally differentiate, but the mechanisms that control this timing remain unclear. The precise temporal induction of the Arabidopsis zinc finger repressor KNUCKLES (KNU) is essential for the coordinated growth and differentiation of floral stem cells. We identify an epigenetic mechanism in which the floral homeotic protein AGAMOUS (AG) induces KNU at ~2 days of delay. AG binding sites colocalize with a Polycomb response element in the KNU upstream region. AG binding to the KNU promoter causes the eviction of the Polycomb group proteins from the locus, leading to cell division-dependent induction. These analyses demonstrate that floral stem cells measure developmental timing by a division-dependent epigenetic timer triggered by Polycomb eviction.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sun, Bo -- Looi, Liang-Sheng -- Guo, Siyi -- He, Zemiao -- Gan, Eng-Seng -- Huang, Jiangbo -- Xu, Yifeng -- Wee, Wan-Yi -- Ito, Toshiro -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Jan 31;343(6170):1248559. doi: 10.1126/science.1248559.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, 1 Research Link, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117604, Republic of Singapore.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24482483" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: AGAMOUS Protein, Arabidopsis/genetics/*metabolism ; Arabidopsis/cytology/genetics/*growth & development ; Arabidopsis Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Base Sequence ; Carrier Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Cell Division/genetics/*physiology ; Epigenesis, Genetic ; Flowers/cytology/genetics/*growth & development ; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ; Meristem/*cytology ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Plants, Genetically Modified/cytology/growth & development ; Polycomb-Group Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Promoter Regions, Genetic ; Stem Cells/*cytology ; Time Factors ; Trans-Activators/genetics/metabolism
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2014-09-27
    Description: Animal behaviors are reinforced by subsequent rewards following within a narrow time window. Such reward signals are primarily coded by dopamine, which modulates the synaptic connections of medium spiny neurons in the striatum. The mechanisms of the narrow timing detection, however, remain unknown. Here, we optically stimulated dopaminergic and glutamatergic inputs separately and found that dopamine promoted spine enlargement only during a narrow time window (0.3 to 2 seconds) after the glutamatergic inputs. The temporal contingency was detected by rapid regulation of adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate in thin distal dendrites, in which protein-kinase A was activated only within the time window because of a high phosphodiesterase activity. Thus, we describe a molecular basis of reinforcement plasticity at the level of single dendritic spines.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4225776/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4225776/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Yagishita, Sho -- Hayashi-Takagi, Akiko -- Ellis-Davies, Graham C R -- Urakubo, Hidetoshi -- Ishii, Shin -- Kasai, Haruo -- DA035612/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- GM53395/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- NS069720/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM053395/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 NS069720/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R21 DA035612/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Sep 26;345(6204):1616-20. doi: 10.1126/science.1255514.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory of Structural Physiology, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan. Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan. ; Laboratory of Structural Physiology, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan. Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan. Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan. ; Department of Neuroscience, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA. ; Integrated Systems Biology Laboratory, Department of Systems Science, Graduate School of Informatics, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan. ; Laboratory of Structural Physiology, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan. Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan. hkasai@m.u-tokyo.ac.jp.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25258080" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cyclic AMP/metabolism ; Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases/metabolism ; Dendritic Spines/*drug effects/physiology ; Dopamine/*pharmacology ; Dopamine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Electrical Synapses/drug effects/physiology ; Glutamic Acid/*physiology ; Learning/drug effects/*physiology ; Mice ; Neuronal Plasticity/*drug effects ; Phosphoric Diester Hydrolases/metabolism ; *Reward ; Time Factors
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2014-12-06
    Description: Serial femtosecond crystallography using ultrashort pulses from x-ray free electron lasers (XFELs) enables studies of the light-triggered dynamics of biomolecules. We used microcrystals of photoactive yellow protein (a bacterial blue light photoreceptor) as a model system and obtained high-resolution, time-resolved difference electron density maps of excellent quality with strong features; these allowed the determination of structures of reaction intermediates to a resolution of 1.6 angstroms. Our results open the way to the study of reversible and nonreversible biological reactions on time scales as short as femtoseconds under conditions that maximize the extent of reaction initiation throughout the crystal.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4361027/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4361027/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Tenboer, Jason -- Basu, Shibom -- Zatsepin, Nadia -- Pande, Kanupriya -- Milathianaki, Despina -- Frank, Matthias -- Hunter, Mark -- Boutet, Sebastien -- Williams, Garth J -- Koglin, Jason E -- Oberthuer, Dominik -- Heymann, Michael -- Kupitz, Christopher -- Conrad, Chelsie -- Coe, Jesse -- Roy-Chowdhury, Shatabdi -- Weierstall, Uwe -- James, Daniel -- Wang, Dingjie -- Grant, Thomas -- Barty, Anton -- Yefanov, Oleksandr -- Scales, Jennifer -- Gati, Cornelius -- Seuring, Carolin -- Srajer, Vukica -- Henning, Robert -- Schwander, Peter -- Fromme, Raimund -- Ourmazd, Abbas -- Moffat, Keith -- Van Thor, Jasper J -- Spence, John C H -- Fromme, Petra -- Chapman, Henry N -- Schmidt, Marius -- P41 GM103543/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01GM095583/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R24 GM111072/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R24GM111072/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Dec 5;346(6214):1242-6. doi: 10.1126/science.1259357.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Physics Department, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA. ; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA. ; Department of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA. ; Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA. ; Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA. ; Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, University of Hamburg, 22761 Hamburg, Germany. ; Center for Free Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany. ; Hauptman-Woodward Institute, State University of New York at Buffalo, 700 Ellicott Street, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA. ; Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, University of Hamburg, 22761 Hamburg, Germany. Center for Free Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany. ; Center for Advanced Radiation Sources, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA. ; Center for Advanced Radiation Sources, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA. ; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA. ; Physics Department, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA. m-schmidt@uwm.edu.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25477465" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Bacterial Proteins/chemistry/*ultrastructure ; Crystallography, X-Ray/*methods ; Photoreceptors, Microbial/chemistry/*ultrastructure ; Protein Conformation ; Time Factors
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2014-09-27
    Description: The mechanisms that shape plant diversity along resource gradients remain unresolved because competing theories have been evaluated in isolation. By testing multiple theories simultaneously across a 〉2-million-year dune chronosequence in an Australian biodiversity hotspot, we show that variation in plant diversity is not explained by local resource heterogeneity, resource partitioning, nutrient stoichiometry, or soil fertility along this strong resource gradient. Rather, our results suggest that diversity is determined by environmental filtering from the regional flora, driven by soil acidification during long-term pedogenesis. This finding challenges the prevailing view that resource competition controls local plant diversity along resource gradients, and instead reflects processes shaping species pools over evolutionary time scales.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Laliberte, Etienne -- Zemunik, Graham -- Turner, Benjamin L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Sep 26;345(6204):1602-5. doi: 10.1126/science.1256330.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉School of Plant Biology, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia. etienne.laliberte@uwa.edu.au. ; School of Plant Biology, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia. ; Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado 0843-03092, Balboa, Ancon, Republic of Panama.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25258078" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Australia ; *Biodiversity ; Biological Evolution ; Drug Combinations ; Oils ; Phenols ; *Plants ; Soil/*chemistry ; Time Factors
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2014-03-08
    Description: With the recent advances in ultrabright electron and x-ray sources, it is now possible to extend crystallography to the femtosecond time domain to literally light up atomic motions involved in the primary processes governing structural transitions. This review chronicles the development of brighter and brighter electron and x-ray sources that have enabled atomic resolution to structural dynamics for increasingly complex systems. The primary focus is on achieving sufficient brightness using pump-probe protocols to resolve the far-from-equilibrium motions directing chemical processes that in general lead to irreversible changes in samples. Given the central importance of structural transitions to conceptualizing chemistry, this emerging field has the potential to significantly improve our understanding of chemistry and its connection to driving biological processes.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Miller, R J Dwayne -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Mar 7;343(6175):1108-16. doi: 10.1126/science.1248488.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Atomically Resolved Dynamics Division, The Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, Luruper Chaussee 149, Hamburg 22761, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24604195" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Biochemical Processes ; *Chemical Processes ; Crystallography, X-Ray/*methods ; Electrons ; Motion ; Motion Pictures as Topic ; *Photochemical Processes ; Protein Conformation ; Proteins/chemistry ; Time Factors ; X-Rays
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  • 10
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2014-05-24
    Description: Poverty remains one of the most pressing problems facing the world; the mechanisms through which poverty arises and perpetuates itself, however, are not well understood. Here, we examine the evidence for the hypothesis that poverty may have particular psychological consequences that can lead to economic behaviors that make it difficult to escape poverty. The evidence indicates that poverty causes stress and negative affective states which in turn may lead to short-sighted and risk-averse decision-making, possibly by limiting attention and favoring habitual behaviors at the expense of goal-directed ones. Together, these relationships may constitute a feedback loop that contributes to the perpetuation of poverty. We conclude by pointing toward specific gaps in our knowledge and outlining poverty alleviation programs that this mechanism suggests.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Haushofer, Johannes -- Fehr, Ernst -- R01AG039297/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 May 23;344(6186):862-7. doi: 10.1126/science.1232491.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Abdul Latif Jameel Poverty Action Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 30 Wadsworth Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA. Program in Economics, History, and Politics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA. Department of Economics, University of Zurich, Blumlisalpstrasse 10, Zurich 8006, Switzerland. Department of Psychology and Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA. joha@mit.edu ernst.fehr@econ.uzh.ch. ; Department of Economics, University of Zurich, Blumlisalpstrasse 10, Zurich 8006, Switzerland. joha@mit.edu ernst.fehr@econ.uzh.ch.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24855262" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Affect ; Decision Making ; Humans ; Poverty/*psychology ; *Risk-Taking ; Socioeconomic Factors ; Stress, Psychological/epidemiology/metabolism ; Time Factors
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  • 11
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2014-12-17
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Dobson, Andy -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Dec 12;346(6215):1294-5. doi: 10.1126/science.aaa3441.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology (EEB), Eno Hall, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA. Santa Fe Institute, 1399 Hyde Park Road, Santa Fe, NM 87501, USA. dobson@princeton.edu.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25504704" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Communicable Diseases, Emerging/*epidemiology ; *Epidemics ; Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola/epidemiology ; Humans ; *Models, Biological ; *Models, Theoretical ; Time Factors
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  • 12
    Publication Date: 2014-11-08
    Description: Insects are the most speciose group of animals, but the phylogenetic relationships of many major lineages remain unresolved. We inferred the phylogeny of insects from 1478 protein-coding genes. Phylogenomic analyses of nucleotide and amino acid sequences, with site-specific nucleotide or domain-specific amino acid substitution models, produced statistically robust and congruent results resolving previously controversial phylogenetic relations hips. We dated the origin of insects to the Early Ordovician [~479 million years ago (Ma)], of insect flight to the Early Devonian (~406 Ma), of major extant lineages to the Mississippian (~345 Ma), and the major diversification of holometabolous insects to the Early Cretaceous. Our phylogenomic study provides a comprehensive reliable scaffold for future comparative analyses of evolutionary innovations among insects.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Misof, Bernhard -- Liu, Shanlin -- Meusemann, Karen -- Peters, Ralph S -- Donath, Alexander -- Mayer, Christoph -- Frandsen, Paul B -- Ware, Jessica -- Flouri, Tomas -- Beutel, Rolf G -- Niehuis, Oliver -- Petersen, Malte -- Izquierdo-Carrasco, Fernando -- Wappler, Torsten -- Rust, Jes -- Aberer, Andre J -- Aspock, Ulrike -- Aspock, Horst -- Bartel, Daniela -- Blanke, Alexander -- Berger, Simon -- Bohm, Alexander -- Buckley, Thomas R -- Calcott, Brett -- Chen, Junqing -- Friedrich, Frank -- Fukui, Makiko -- Fujita, Mari -- Greve, Carola -- Grobe, Peter -- Gu, Shengchang -- Huang, Ying -- Jermiin, Lars S -- Kawahara, Akito Y -- Krogmann, Lars -- Kubiak, Martin -- Lanfear, Robert -- Letsch, Harald -- Li, Yiyuan -- Li, Zhenyu -- Li, Jiguang -- Lu, Haorong -- Machida, Ryuichiro -- Mashimo, Yuta -- Kapli, Pashalia -- McKenna, Duane D -- Meng, Guanliang -- Nakagaki, Yasutaka -- Navarrete-Heredia, Jose Luis -- Ott, Michael -- Ou, Yanxiang -- Pass, Gunther -- Podsiadlowski, Lars -- Pohl, Hans -- von Reumont, Bjorn M -- Schutte, Kai -- Sekiya, Kaoru -- Shimizu, Shota -- Slipinski, Adam -- Stamatakis, Alexandros -- Song, Wenhui -- Su, Xu -- Szucsich, Nikolaus U -- Tan, Meihua -- Tan, Xuemei -- Tang, Min -- Tang, Jingbo -- Timelthaler, Gerald -- Tomizuka, Shigekazu -- Trautwein, Michelle -- Tong, Xiaoli -- Uchifune, Toshiki -- Walzl, Manfred G -- Wiegmann, Brian M -- Wilbrandt, Jeanne -- Wipfler, Benjamin -- Wong, Thomas K F -- Wu, Qiong -- Wu, Gengxiong -- Xie, Yinlong -- Yang, Shenzhou -- Yang, Qing -- Yeates, David K -- Yoshizawa, Kazunori -- Zhang, Qing -- Zhang, Rui -- Zhang, Wenwei -- Zhang, Yunhui -- Zhao, Jing -- Zhou, Chengran -- Zhou, Lili -- Ziesmann, Tanja -- Zou, Shijie -- Li, Yingrui -- Xu, Xun -- Zhang, Yong -- Yang, Huanming -- Wang, Jian -- Wang, Jun -- Kjer, Karl M -- Zhou, Xin -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Nov 7;346(6210):763-7. doi: 10.1126/science.1257570. Epub 2014 Nov 6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig (ZFMK)/Zentrum fur Molekulare Biodiversitatsforschung (ZMB), Bonn, Germany. xinzhou@genomics.cn b.misof.zfmk@uni-bonn.de kjer@aesop.rutgers.edu wangj@genomics.cn. ; China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, China. BGI-Shenzhen, China. ; Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig (ZFMK)/Zentrum fur Molekulare Biodiversitatsforschung (ZMB), Bonn, Germany. Australian National Insect Collection, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (Australia) (CSIRO), National Research Collections Australia, Canberra, ACT, Australia. ; Abteilung Arthropoda, Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig (ZFMK), Bonn, Germany. ; Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig (ZFMK)/Zentrum fur Molekulare Biodiversitatsforschung (ZMB), Bonn, Germany. ; Department of Entomology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08854, USA. ; Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 08854, USA. ; Scientific Computing, Heidelberg Institute for Theoretical Studies (HITS), Heidelberg, Germany. ; Institut fur Spezielle Zoologie und Evolutionsbiologie mit Phyletischem Museum Jena, FSU Jena, Germany. ; Steinmann-Institut, Bereich Palaontologie, Universitat Bonn, Germany. ; 2. Zoologische Abteilung (Insekten), Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, Vienna, Austria. Department of Integrative Zoology, Universitat Wien, Vienna, Austria. ; Institut fur Spezifische Prophylaxe und Tropenmedizin, Medizinische Parasitologie, Medizinische Universitat Wien (MUW), Vienna, Austria. ; Department of Integrative Zoology, Universitat Wien, Vienna, Austria. ; Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig (ZFMK)/Zentrum fur Molekulare Biodiversitatsforschung (ZMB), Bonn, Germany. Sugadaira Montane Research Center/Hexapod Comparative Embryology Laboratory, University of Tsukuba, Japan. ; Manaaki Whenua Landcare Research, Auckland, New Zealand. ; Center for Advanced Modeling, Emergency Medicine Department, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21209, USA. ; BGI-Shenzhen, China. ; Biozentrum Grindel und Zoologisches Museum, Universitat Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany. ; Evolutionary Morphology Laboratory, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, Japan. ; Sugadaira Montane Research Center/Hexapod Comparative Embryology Laboratory, University of Tsukuba, Japan. ; Land and Water Flagship, CSIRO, Canberra, ACT, Australia. ; Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA. ; Entomology, Staatliches Museum fur Naturkunde Stuttgart (SMNS), Germany. ; Ecology Evolution and Genetics, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia. National Evolutionary Synthesis Center, Durham, NC 27705, USA. Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia. ; Department fur Botanik und Biodiversitatsforschung, Universitat Wien, Vienna, Austria. ; Scientific Computing, Heidelberg Institute for Theoretical Studies (HITS), Heidelberg, Germany. Natural History Museum of Crete, University of Crete, Post Office Box 2208, Gr-71409, Iraklio, and Biology Department, University of Crete, Iraklio, Crete, Greece. ; Department of Biological Sciences and Feinstone Center for Genomic Research, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152, USA. ; Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biologicas y Agropecuarias, Centro de Estudios en Zoologia, Universidad de Guadalajara, Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico. ; Leibniz Supercomputing Centre of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences and Humanities, Garching, Germany. ; Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Ecology, Zoology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany. ; Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum London, London, UK. ; Abteilung Entomologie, Biozentrum Grindel und Zoologisches Museum, Universitat Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany. ; Australian National Insect Collection, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (Australia) (CSIRO), National Research Collections Australia, Canberra, ACT, Australia. ; Scientific Computing, Heidelberg Institute for Theoretical Studies (HITS), Heidelberg, Germany. Fakultat fur Informatik, Karlsruher Institut fur Technologie, Karlsruhe, Germany. ; California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA. ; Department of Entomology, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, China. ; Sugadaira Montane Research Center/Hexapod Comparative Embryology Laboratory, University of Tsukuba, Japan. Yokosuka City Museum, Yokosuka, Kanagawa, Japan. ; Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA. ; Systematic Entomology, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan. ; BGI-Shenzhen, China. Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark. Princess Al Jawhara Center of Excellence in the Research of Hereditary Disorders, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macau, China. Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong. xinzhou@genomics.cn b.misof.zfmk@uni-bonn.de kjer@aesop.rutgers.edu wangj@genomics.cn. ; Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Natural Resources, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08854, USA. xinzhou@genomics.cn b.misof.zfmk@uni-bonn.de kjer@aesop.rutgers.edu wangj@genomics.cn. ; China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, China. BGI-Shenzhen, China. xinzhou@genomics.cn b.misof.zfmk@uni-bonn.de kjer@aesop.rutgers.edu wangj@genomics.cn.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25378627" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Genetic Code ; Genome, Insect ; Genomics ; Insect Proteins/*classification/genetics ; Insects/*classification/genetics ; *Phylogeny ; Time Factors
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  • 13
    Publication Date: 2014-04-20
    Description: The extent to which biodiversity change in local assemblages contributes to global biodiversity loss is poorly understood. We analyzed 100 time series from biomes across Earth to ask how diversity within assemblages is changing through time. We quantified patterns of temporal alpha diversity, measured as change in local diversity, and temporal beta diversity, measured as change in community composition. Contrary to our expectations, we did not detect systematic loss of alpha diversity. However, community composition changed systematically through time, in excess of predictions from null models. Heterogeneous rates of environmental change, species range shifts associated with climate change, and biotic homogenization may explain the different patterns of temporal alpha and beta diversity. Monitoring and understanding change in species composition should be a conservation priority.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Dornelas, Maria -- Gotelli, Nicholas J -- McGill, Brian -- Shimadzu, Hideyasu -- Moyes, Faye -- Sievers, Caya -- Magurran, Anne E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Apr 18;344(6181):296-9. doi: 10.1126/science.1248484.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Centre for Biological Diversity and Scottish Oceans Institute, School of Biology, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, Fife KY16 9TH, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24744374" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biodiversity ; *Birds ; *Ecosystem ; Extinction, Biological ; *Fishes ; Introduced Species ; *Invertebrates ; *Mammals ; *Plants ; Population Dynamics ; Time Factors
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  • 14
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2014-03-29
    Description: Widely available data on the number of people living outside of their country of birth do not adequately capture contemporary intensities and patterns of global migration flows. We present data on bilateral flows between 196 countries from 1990 through 2010 that provide a comprehensive view of international migration flows. Our data suggest a stable intensity of global 5-year migration flows at ~0.6% of world population since 1995. In addition, the results aid the interpretation of trends and patterns of migration flows to and from individual countries by placing them in a regional or global context. We estimate the largest movements to occur between South and West Asia, from Latin to North America, and within Africa.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Abel, Guy J -- Sander, Nikola -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Mar 28;343(6178):1520-2. doi: 10.1126/science.1248676.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Wittgenstein Centre for Demography and Global Human Capital (IIASA, VID/OAW, WU), Vienna Institute of Demography (Austrian Academy of Sciences), Wohllebengasse 12-14, Vienna, 1040, Austria.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24675962" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Africa ; Asia, Southeastern ; Asia, Western ; Human Migration/*statistics & numerical data/*trends ; Humans ; Latin America ; North America ; Time Factors ; Transients and Migrants/*statistics & numerical data
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  • 15
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    Unknown
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2014-01-25
    Description: The extent to which ongoing seismicity in intraplate regions represents long-lived aftershock activity is unclear. We examined historical and instrumental seismicity in the New Madrid central U.S. region to determine whether present-day seismicity is composed predominantly of aftershocks of the 1811-1812 earthquake sequence. High aftershock productivity is required both to match the observation of multiple mainshocks and to explain the modern level of activity as aftershocks; synthetic sequences consistent with these observations substantially overpredict the number of events of magnitude 〉/= 6 that were observed in the past 200 years. Our results imply that ongoing background seismicity in the New Madrid region is driven by ongoing strain accrual processes and that, despite low deformation rates, seismic activity in the zone is not decaying with time.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Page, Morgan T -- Hough, Susan E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Feb 14;343(6172):762-4. doi: 10.1126/science.1248215. Epub 2014 Jan 23.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉U.S. Geological Survey, Pasadena, CA, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24457216" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Disaster Planning/history ; *Earthquakes/history ; History, 19th Century ; Midwestern United States ; Time Factors
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  • 16
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    Unknown
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2014-08-16
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Servick, Kelly -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Aug 15;345(6198):744-6. doi: 10.1126/science.345.6198.744.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25124423" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Congenital Abnormalities/etiology ; Embryo Culture Techniques ; Female ; Fertilization in Vitro/*adverse effects ; Fetal Development ; Humans ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy Outcome ; Reproductive Techniques, Assisted/*adverse effects ; Risk ; Time Factors
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  • 17
    Publication Date: 2014-12-17
    Description: The Chicxulub asteroid impact (Mexico) and the eruption of the massive Deccan volcanic province (India) are two proposed causes of the end-Cretaceous mass extinction, which includes the demise of nonavian dinosaurs. Despite widespread acceptance of the impact hypothesis, the lack of a high-resolution eruption timeline for the Deccan basalts has prevented full assessment of their relationship to the mass extinction. Here we apply uranium-lead (U-Pb) zircon geochronology to Deccan rocks and show that the main phase of eruptions initiated ~250,000 years before the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary and that 〉1.1 million cubic kilometers of basalt erupted in ~750,000 years. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that the Deccan Traps contributed to the latest Cretaceous environmental change and biologic turnover that culminated in the marine and terrestrial mass extinctions.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Schoene, Blair -- Samperton, Kyle M -- Eddy, Michael P -- Keller, Gerta -- Adatte, Thierry -- Bowring, Samuel A -- Khadri, Syed F R -- Gertsch, Brian -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2015 Jan 9;347(6218):182-4. doi: 10.1126/science.aaa0118. Epub 2014 Dec 11.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Geosciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA. bschoene@princeton.edu. ; Department of Geosciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA. ; Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. ; Institut des Sciences de la Terre (ISTE), Universite de Lausanne, GEOPOLIS, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland. ; Department of Geology, Amravati University, Amravati, India.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25502315" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Earth (Planet) ; *Extinction, Biological ; *Lead ; *Silicates ; Time Factors ; *Uranium ; Volcanic Eruptions ; *Zirconium
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  • 18
    Publication Date: 2013-07-06
    Description: Transcription is reported to be spatially compartmentalized in nuclear transcription factories with clusters of RNA polymerase II (Pol II). However, little is known about when these foci assemble or their relative stability. We developed a quantitative single-cell approach to characterize protein spatiotemporal organization, with single-molecule sensitivity in live eukaryotic cells. We observed that Pol II clusters form transiently, with an average lifetime of 5.1 (+/- 0.4) seconds, which refutes the notion that they are statically assembled substructures. Stimuli affecting transcription yielded orders-of-magnitude changes in the dynamics of Pol II clusters, which implies that clustering is regulated and plays a role in the cell's ability to effect rapid response to external signals. Our results suggest that transient crowding of enzymes may aid in rate-limiting steps of gene regulation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cisse, Ibrahim I -- Izeddin, Ignacio -- Causse, Sebastien Z -- Boudarene, Lydia -- Senecal, Adrien -- Muresan, Leila -- Dugast-Darzacq, Claire -- Hajj, Bassam -- Dahan, Maxime -- Darzacq, Xavier -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Aug 9;341(6146):664-7. doi: 10.1126/science.1239053. Epub 2013 Jul 4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Functional Imaging of Transcription, CNRS UMR8197, Ecole Normale Superieure, Institut de Biologie de l'ENS, IBENS, Paris, 75005 France.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23828889" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Cell Line, Tumor ; Flavonoids/pharmacology ; *Gene Expression Regulation ; Humans ; Piperidines/pharmacology ; RNA Polymerase II/*metabolism ; Single-Cell Analysis/methods ; Time Factors ; Transcription Elongation, Genetic/drug effects ; *Transcription, Genetic
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  • 19
    Publication Date: 2013-12-18
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Shoemaker, J K -- Schrag, D P -- Molina, M J -- Ramanathan, V -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Dec 13;342(6164):1323-4. doi: 10.1126/science.1240162.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24337280" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Climate Change ; *Environmental Policy ; Environmental Pollutants/*standards ; Fluorocarbons/standards ; Methane/standards ; Ozone/standards ; Soot/standards ; Time Factors
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  • 20
    Publication Date: 2013-09-07
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pennisi, Elizabeth -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Sep 6;341(6150):1055. doi: 10.1126/science.341.6150.1055.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24009370" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Arabidopsis/*genetics/growth & development ; *Biological Evolution ; Breeding ; Congresses as Topic ; *Epigenesis, Genetic ; Flowers/*genetics ; *Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental ; *Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ; Portugal ; *Quantitative Trait, Heritable ; Time Factors
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  • 21
    Publication Date: 2013-06-01
    Description: Perennial plants live for more than 1 year and flower only after an extended vegetative phase. We used Arabis alpina, a perennial relative of annual Arabidopsis thaliana, to study how increasing age and exposure to winter cold (vernalization) coordinate to establish competence to flower. We show that the APETALA2 transcription factor, a target of microRNA miR172, prevents flowering before vernalization. Additionally, miR156 levels decline as A. alpina ages, causing increased production of SPL (SQUAMOSA PROMOTER BINDING PROTEIN LIKE) transcription factors and ensuring that flowering occurs in response to cold. The age at which plants respond to vernalization can be altered by manipulating miR156 levels. Although miR156 and miR172 levels are uncoupled in A. alpina, miR156 abundance represents the timer controlling age-dependent flowering responses to cold.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bergonzi, Sara -- Albani, Maria C -- Ver Loren van Themaat, Emiel -- Nordstrom, Karl J V -- Wang, Renhou -- Schneeberger, Korbinian -- Moerland, Perry D -- Coupland, George -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 May 31;340(6136):1094-7. doi: 10.1126/science.1234116.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23723236" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Arabis/genetics/*physiology ; *Cold Temperature ; Flowers/genetics/*physiology ; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ; MicroRNAs/metabolism ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Phylogeny ; Plant Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; *Seasons ; Time Factors ; Transcription Factors/classification/metabolism
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  • 22
    Publication Date: 2013-03-23
    Description: The end-Triassic extinction is characterized by major losses in both terrestrial and marine diversity, setting the stage for dinosaurs to dominate Earth for the next 136 million years. Despite the approximate coincidence between this extinction and flood basalt volcanism, existing geochronologic dates have insufficient resolution to confirm eruptive rates required to induce major climate perturbations. Here, we present new zircon uranium-lead (U-Pb) geochronologic constraints on the age and duration of flood basalt volcanism within the Central Atlantic Magmatic Province. This chronology demonstrates synchroneity between the earliest volcanism and extinction, tests and corroborates the existing astrochronologic time scale, and shows that the release of magma and associated atmospheric flux occurred in four pulses over about 600,000 years, indicating expansive volcanism even as the biologic recovery was under way.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Blackburn, Terrence J -- Olsen, Paul E -- Bowring, Samuel A -- McLean, Noah M -- Kent, Dennis V -- Puffer, John -- McHone, Greg -- Rasbury, E Troy -- Et-Touhami, Mohammed -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 May 24;340(6135):941-5. doi: 10.1126/science.1234204. Epub 2013 Mar 21.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. tblackburn@ciw.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23519213" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Atlantic Ocean ; *Climate Change ; *Earth (Planet) ; *Lead ; *Silicates ; Time Factors ; *Uranium ; *Volcanic Eruptions ; *Zirconium
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  • 23
    Publication Date: 2013-12-21
    Description: X-ray crystallography of G protein-coupled receptors and other membrane proteins is hampered by difficulties associated with growing sufficiently large crystals that withstand radiation damage and yield high-resolution data at synchrotron sources. We used an x-ray free-electron laser (XFEL) with individual 50-femtosecond-duration x-ray pulses to minimize radiation damage and obtained a high-resolution room-temperature structure of a human serotonin receptor using sub-10-micrometer microcrystals grown in a membrane mimetic matrix known as lipidic cubic phase. Compared with the structure solved by using traditional microcrystallography from cryo-cooled crystals of about two orders of magnitude larger volume, the room-temperature XFEL structure displays a distinct distribution of thermal motions and conformations of residues that likely more accurately represent the receptor structure and dynamics in a cellular environment.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3902108/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3902108/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Liu, Wei -- Wacker, Daniel -- Gati, Cornelius -- Han, Gye Won -- James, Daniel -- Wang, Dingjie -- Nelson, Garrett -- Weierstall, Uwe -- Katritch, Vsevolod -- Barty, Anton -- Zatsepin, Nadia A -- Li, Dianfan -- Messerschmidt, Marc -- Boutet, Sebastien -- Williams, Garth J -- Koglin, Jason E -- Seibert, M Marvin -- Wang, Chong -- Shah, Syed T A -- Basu, Shibom -- Fromme, Raimund -- Kupitz, Christopher -- Rendek, Kimberley N -- Grotjohann, Ingo -- Fromme, Petra -- Kirian, Richard A -- Beyerlein, Kenneth R -- White, Thomas A -- Chapman, Henry N -- Caffrey, Martin -- Spence, John C H -- Stevens, Raymond C -- Cherezov, Vadim -- P50 GM073197/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- P50 GM073210/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM095583/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- U54 GM094599/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- U54 GM094618/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Dec 20;342(6165):1521-4. doi: 10.1126/science.1244142.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24357322" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Crystallography, X-Ray/*instrumentation/*methods ; Humans ; Lasers ; Protein Conformation ; Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2B/chemistry/radiation effects ; Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/*chemistry/radiation effects ; Time Factors
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  • 24
    Publication Date: 2013-02-23
    Description: Hosts have numerous defenses against parasites, of which behavioral immune responses are an important but underappreciated component. Here we describe a behavioral immune response that Drosophila melanogaster uses against endoparasitoid wasps. We found that when flies see wasps, they switch to laying eggs in alcohol-laden food sources that protect hatched larvae from infection. This change in oviposition behavior, mediated by neuropeptide F, is retained long after wasps are removed. Flies respond to diverse female larval endoparasitoids but not to males or pupal endoparasitoids, showing that they maintain specific wasp search images. Furthermore, the response evolved multiple times across the genus Drosophila. Our data reveal a behavioral immune response based on anticipatory medication of offspring and outline a nonassociative memory paradigm based on innate parasite recognition by the host.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3760715/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3760715/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kacsoh, Balint Z -- Lynch, Zachary R -- Mortimer, Nathan T -- Schlenke, Todd A -- AI081879/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- P30NS055077/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI081879/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Feb 22;339(6122):947-50. doi: 10.1126/science.1229625.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, Emory University, 1510 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23430653" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Brain/metabolism ; Cues ; Drosophila Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Drosophila melanogaster/immunology/parasitology/*physiology ; *Ethanol/analysis/pharmacology ; Female ; Food ; *Host-Parasite Interactions ; Larva ; Male ; Memory ; Mutation ; Neuropeptides/metabolism ; *Oviposition ; Time Factors ; Transcription Factors/genetics/metabolism ; Visual Perception ; *Wasps/growth & development
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  • 25
    Publication Date: 2013-03-30
    Description: The last step of cell division, cytokinesis, produces two daughter cells that remain connected by an intercellular bridge. This state often represents the longest stage of the division process. Severing the bridge (abscission) requires a well-described series of molecular events, but the trigger for abscission remains unknown. We found that pulling forces exerted by daughter cells on the intercellular bridge appear to regulate abscission. Counterintuitively, these forces prolonged connection, whereas a release of tension induced abscission. Tension release triggered the assembly of ESCRT-III (endosomal sorting complex required for transport-III), which was followed by membrane fission. This mechanism may allow daughter cells to remain connected until they have settled in their final locations, a process potentially important for tissue organization and morphogenesis.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lafaurie-Janvore, Julie -- Maiuri, Paolo -- Wang, Irene -- Pinot, Mathieu -- Manneville, Jean-Baptiste -- Betz, Timo -- Balland, Martial -- Piel, Matthieu -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Mar 29;339(6127):1625-9. doi: 10.1126/science.1233866.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institut Curie, CNRS UMR 144, Paris, France.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23539606" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Cell Communication ; *Cytokinesis ; Endosomal Sorting Complexes Required for Transport/genetics/*metabolism ; Gene Knockdown Techniques ; Green Fluorescent Proteins/metabolism ; HeLa Cells ; Humans ; *Mechanical Processes ; RNA, Small Interfering/genetics ; Time Factors ; Tubulin/metabolism
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  • 26
    Publication Date: 2013-08-03
    Description: The Y chromosome and the mitochondrial genome have been used to estimate when the common patrilineal and matrilineal ancestors of humans lived. We sequenced the genomes of 69 males from nine populations, including two in which we find basal branches of the Y-chromosome tree. We identify ancient phylogenetic structure within African haplogroups and resolve a long-standing ambiguity deep within the tree. Applying equivalent methodologies to the Y chromosome and the mitochondrial genome, we estimate the time to the most recent common ancestor (T(MRCA)) of the Y chromosome to be 120 to 156 thousand years and the mitochondrial genome T(MRCA) to be 99 to 148 thousand years. Our findings suggest that, contrary to previous claims, male lineages do not coalesce significantly more recently than female lineages.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4032117/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4032117/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Poznik, G David -- Henn, Brenna M -- Yee, Muh-Ching -- Sliwerska, Elzbieta -- Euskirchen, Ghia M -- Lin, Alice A -- Snyder, Michael -- Quintana-Murci, Lluis -- Kidd, Jeffrey M -- Underhill, Peter A -- Bustamante, Carlos D -- 3R01HG003229/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- DP5 OD009154/OD/NIH HHS/ -- DP5OD009154/OD/NIH HHS/ -- LM-07033/LM/NLM NIH HHS/ -- R01 HG003229/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- T15 LM007033/LM/NLM NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Aug 2;341(6145):562-5. doi: 10.1126/science.1237619.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Program in Biomedical Informatics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23908239" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: African Continental Ancestry Group/genetics ; Chromosomes, Human, Y/*classification/*genetics ; Evolution, Molecular ; Female ; *Genetic Variation ; Genome, Mitochondrial/genetics ; Haploidy ; Humans ; Male ; Mutation ; Phylogeny ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Time Factors
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  • 27
    Publication Date: 2013-06-01
    Description: Plants flower in response to many varied cues, such as temperature, photoperiod, and age. The floral transition of Cardamine flexuosa, a herbaceous biennial-to-perennial plant, requires exposure to cold temperature, a treatment known as vernalization. C. flexuosa younger than 5 weeks old are not fully responsive to cold treatment. We demonstrate that the levels of two age-regulated microRNAs, miR156 and miR172, regulate the timing of sensitivity in response to vernalization. Age and vernalization pathways coordinately regulate flowering through modulating the expression of CfSOC1, a flower-promoting MADS-box gene. The related annual Arabidopsis thaliana, which has both vernalization and age pathways, does not possess an age-dependent vernalization response. Thus, the recruitment of age cue in response to environmental signals contributes to the evolution of life cycle in plants.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zhou, Chuan-Miao -- Zhang, Tian-Qi -- Wang, Xi -- Yu, Sha -- Lian, Heng -- Tang, Hongbo -- Feng, Zheng-Yan -- Zozomova-Lihova, Judita -- Wang, Jia-Wei -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 May 31;340(6136):1097-100. doi: 10.1126/science.1234340.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics (NKLPMG), Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology (SIPPE), Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences (SIBS), Shanghai, P R China.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23723237" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Cardamine/genetics/*growth & development ; *Cold Temperature ; Flowers/genetics/*growth & development ; *Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ; MADS Domain Proteins/*genetics ; MicroRNAs/metabolism ; Plant Proteins/*genetics ; Time Factors
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  • 28
    Publication Date: 2013-07-06
    Description: A low-error 16S ribosomal RNA amplicon sequencing method, in combination with whole-genome sequencing of 〉500 cultured isolates, was used to characterize bacterial strain composition in the fecal microbiota of 37 U.S. adults sampled for up to 5 years. Microbiota stability followed a power-law function, which when extrapolated suggests that most strains in an individual are residents for decades. Shared strains were recovered from family members but not from unrelated individuals. Sampling of individuals who consumed a monotonous liquid diet for up to 32 weeks indicated that changes in strain composition were better predicted by changes in weight than by differences in sampling interval. This combination of stability and responsiveness to physiologic change confirms the potential of the gut microbiota as a diagnostic tool and therapeutic target.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3791589/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3791589/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Faith, Jeremiah J -- Guruge, Janaki L -- Charbonneau, Mark -- Subramanian, Sathish -- Seedorf, Henning -- Goodman, Andrew L -- Clemente, Jose C -- Knight, Rob -- Heath, Andrew C -- Leibel, Rudolph L -- Rosenbaum, Michael -- Gordon, Jeffrey I -- DK078669/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- DK30292/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- DK64774/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- DK70977/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- K05 AA017688/AA/NIAAA NIH HHS/ -- P01 DK078669/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- P30 DK026687/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- P60 DK020541/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R01 DK064773/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R01 DK070977/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R37 DK030292/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- UL1TR000040/TR/NCATS NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Jul 5;341(6141):1237439. doi: 10.1126/science.1237439.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23828941" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Bacteria/classification/genetics/isolation & purification ; Body Composition ; Caloric Restriction ; Family ; Feces/microbiology ; Female ; Gastrointestinal Tract/*microbiology ; Genome, Bacterial/genetics ; Genomic Instability ; Humans ; Male ; *Metagenome ; Models, Biological ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Time Factors ; Weight Loss ; Young Adult
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  • 29
    Publication Date: 2012-05-05
    Description: Plant diversity generally promotes biomass production, but how the shape of the response curve changes with time remains unclear. This is a critical knowledge gap because the shape of this relationship indicates the extent to which loss of the first few species will influence biomass production. Using two long-term (〉/=13 years) biodiversity experiments, we show that the effects of diversity on biomass productivity increased and became less saturating over time. Our analyses suggest that effects of diversity-dependent ecosystem feedbacks and interspecific complementarity accumulate over time, causing high-diversity species combinations that appeared functionally redundant during early years to become more functionally unique through time. Consequently, simplification of diverse ecosystems will likely have greater negative impacts on ecosystem functioning than has been suggested by short-term experiments.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Reich, Peter B -- Tilman, David -- Isbell, Forest -- Mueller, Kevin -- Hobbie, Sarah E -- Flynn, Dan F B -- Eisenhauer, Nico -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 May 4;336(6081):589-92. doi: 10.1126/science.1217909.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22556253" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Biodiversity ; Biomass ; *Ecosystem ; Fabaceae/growth & development ; Minnesota ; Nitrogen ; Nitrogen Cycle ; Plant Development ; *Plants ; *Poaceae/growth & development ; Soil/chemistry ; Time Factors
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  • 30
    Publication Date: 2012-02-04
    Description: To combat the functional decline of the proteome, cells use the process of protein turnover to replace potentially impaired polypeptides with new functional copies. We found that extremely long-lived proteins (ELLPs) did not turn over in postmitotic cells of the rat central nervous system. These ELLPs were associated with chromatin and the nuclear pore complex, the central transport channels that mediate all molecular trafficking in and out of the nucleus. The longevity of these proteins would be expected to expose them to potentially harmful metabolites, putting them at risk of accumulating damage over extended periods of time. Thus, it is possible that failure to maintain proper levels and functional integrity of ELLPs in nonproliferative cells might contribute to age-related deterioration in cell and tissue function.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3296478/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3296478/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Savas, Jeffrey N -- Toyama, Brandon H -- Xu, Tao -- Yates, John R 3rd -- Hetzer, Martin W -- F32 AG039127/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- F32 AG039127-01A1/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- F32AG039127/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- HHSN268201000035C/PHS HHS/ -- P01 AG031097/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- P01 AG031097-03/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- P30 CA014195/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- P30 CA014195-35/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- P41 RR011823/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- P41 RR011823-14/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- R01 MH067880/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- R01 MH067880-08/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Feb 24;335(6071):942. doi: 10.1126/science.1217421. Epub 2012 Feb 2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22300851" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Brain/cytology/*metabolism ; Cell Aging ; Chromatin/metabolism ; Female ; Half-Life ; Liver/metabolism ; Mitosis ; Nuclear Pore/*metabolism ; Nuclear Pore Complex Proteins/*metabolism ; Proteome/metabolism ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Time Factors
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  • 31
    Publication Date: 2012-03-03
    Description: Over 90 capsular serotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae, a common nasopharyngeal colonizer and major cause of pneumonia, bacteremia, and meningitis, are known. It is unclear why some serotypes can persist at all: They are more easily cleared from carriage and compete poorly in vivo. Serotype-specific immune responses, which could promote diversity in principle, are weak enough to allow repeated colonizations by the same type. We show that weak serotype-specific immunity and an acquired response not specific to the capsule can together reproduce observed diversity. Serotype-specific immunity stabilizes competition, and acquired immunity to noncapsular antigens reduces fitness differences. Our model can be used to explain the effects of pneumococcal vaccination and indicates general factors that regulate the diversity of pathogens.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3341938/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3341938/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cobey, Sarah -- Lipsitch, Marc -- 1F32GM097997/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- 5R01AI048935/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- F32 GM097997/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- U54 GM088558/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- U54 GM088558-02/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- U54GM088558/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Mar 16;335(6074):1376-80. doi: 10.1126/science.1215947. Epub 2012 Mar 1.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center for Communicable Disease Dynamics and Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA. scobey@hsph.harvard.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22383809" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Adaptive Immunity ; Adult ; Antigenic Variation ; Antigens, Bacterial/*immunology ; Bacterial Capsules/immunology ; Carrier State/immunology/*microbiology ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Computer Simulation ; Humans ; Immunity, Innate ; Infant ; Models, Biological ; Nasopharynx/*microbiology ; Pneumococcal Infections/immunology/*microbiology ; Pneumococcal Vaccines/immunology ; Serotyping ; Streptococcus pneumoniae/classification/*immunology/*physiology ; Time Factors
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  • 32
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2012-04-21
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Shibata, Darryl -- R21 CA149990/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Apr 20;336(6079):304-5. doi: 10.1126/science.1222361.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, 1441 Eastlake Avenue, NOR2424, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA. dshibata@usc.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22517848" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Carcinoma, Renal Cell/drug therapy/pathology ; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic ; Clonal Evolution ; *Genetic Heterogeneity ; Humans ; Kidney Neoplasms/drug therapy/genetics/pathology ; *Mutation ; Neoplasms/diagnosis/*genetics/pathology/therapy ; Time Factors
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  • 33
    Publication Date: 2012-05-05
    Description: Little is known about how organ growth is monitored and coordinated with the developmental timing in complex organisms. In insects, impairment of larval tissue growth delays growth and morphogenesis, revealing a coupling mechanism. We carried out a genetic screen in Drosophila to identify molecules expressed by growing tissues participating in this coupling and identified dilp8 as a gene whose silencing rescues the developmental delay induced by abnormally growing tissues. dilp8 is highly induced in conditions where growth impairment produces a developmental delay. dilp8 encodes a peptide for which expression and secretion are sufficient to delay metamorphosis without affecting tissue integrity. We propose that Dilp8 peptide is a secreted signal that coordinates the growth status of tissues with developmental timing.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Colombani, Julien -- Andersen, Ditte S -- Leopold, Pierre -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 May 4;336(6081):582-5. doi: 10.1126/science.1216689.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Universite de Nice, INSERM 1091, CNRS 7277, and France Institute of Biology, Parc Valrose, 06108 Nice, France.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22556251" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Brain/metabolism ; Drosophila Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Drosophila melanogaster/genetics/*growth & development/*metabolism ; Ecdysone/biosynthesis ; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental ; Genes, Insect ; Imaginal Discs/*growth & development ; Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism ; Larva/genetics/growth & development/metabolism ; MAP Kinase Signaling System ; *Metamorphosis, Biological ; RNA Interference ; Sequence Deletion ; Time Factors ; Wings, Animal/growth & development
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  • 34
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2012-10-16
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gibbons, Ann -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Oct 12;338(6104):189-91. doi: 10.1126/science.338.6104.189.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23066056" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Anthropology ; *Evolution, Molecular ; Fossils ; Humans ; Mutagenesis ; *Mutation ; Time Factors
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  • 35
    Publication Date: 2012-04-14
    Description: Drug use and relapse involve learned associations between drug-associated environmental cues and drug effects. Extinction procedures in the clinic can suppress conditioned responses to drug cues, but the extinguished responses typically reemerge after exposure to the drug itself (reinstatement), the drug-associated environment (renewal), or the passage of time (spontaneous recovery). We describe a memory retrieval-extinction procedure that decreases conditioned drug effects and drug seeking in rat models of relapse, and drug craving in abstinent heroin addicts. In rats, daily retrieval of drug-associated memories 10 minutes or 1 hour but not 6 hours before extinction sessions attenuated drug-induced reinstatement, spontaneous recovery, and renewal of conditioned drug effects and drug seeking. In heroin addicts, retrieval of drug-associated memories 10 minutes before extinction sessions attenuated cue-induced heroin craving 1, 30, and 180 days later. The memory retrieval-extinction procedure is a promising nonpharmacological method for decreasing drug craving and relapse during abstinence.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3695463/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3695463/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Xue, Yan-Xue -- Luo, Yi-Xiao -- Wu, Ping -- Shi, Hai-Shui -- Xue, Li-Fen -- Chen, Chen -- Zhu, Wei-Li -- Ding, Zeng-Bo -- Bao, Yan-ping -- Shi, Jie -- Epstein, David H -- Shaham, Yavin -- Lu, Lin -- Z99 DA999999/Intramural NIH HHS/ -- ZIA DA000434-12/Intramural NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Apr 13;336(6078):241-5. doi: 10.1126/science.1215070.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉National Institute on Drug Dependence, Peking University, Beijing, China.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22499948" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amygdala/enzymology ; Animals ; Behavior, Addictive/*prevention & control ; Cocaine/administration & dosage ; Cocaine-Related Disorders/*psychology/therapy ; Conditioning, Classical ; Conditioning, Operant ; Cues ; *Extinction, Psychological ; Heroin/administration & dosage ; Heroin Dependence/*psychology/therapy ; Humans ; Male ; *Memory ; Mental Recall ; Models, Animal ; Prefrontal Cortex/enzymology ; Protein Kinase C/metabolism ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Recurrence ; Self Administration ; Time Factors
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  • 36
    Publication Date: 2012-07-17
    Description: Predicting when future species extinctions will occur is necessary for directing conservation investments but has proved difficult. We developed a new method for predicting extinctions over time, accounting for the timing and magnitude of habitat loss. We applied this to the Brazilian Amazon, predicting that local extinctions of forest-dependent vertebrate species have thus far been minimal (1% of species by 2008), with more than 80% of extinctions expected to be incurred from historical habitat loss still to come. Realistic deforestation scenarios suggest that local regions will lose an average of nine vertebrate species and have a further 16 committed to extinction by 2050. There is a window of opportunity to dilute the legacy of historical deforestation by concentrating conservation efforts in areas with greatest debt.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wearn, Oliver R -- Reuman, Daniel C -- Ewers, Robert M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Jul 13;337(6091):228-32. doi: 10.1126/science.1219013.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Imperial College London, Silwood Park, Ascot SL5 7PY, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22798612" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amphibians ; Animals ; Birds ; Brazil ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; *Extinction, Biological ; Mammals ; Monte Carlo Method ; Time Factors ; *Trees ; *Vertebrates
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  • 37
    Publication Date: 2012-01-17
    Description: Westerly winds in the Southern Ocean have increased in intensity and moved poleward. Using long-term demographic and foraging records, we show that foraging range in wandering albatrosses has shifted poleward in conjunction with these changes in wind pattern, while their rates of travel and flight speeds have increased. Consequently, the duration of foraging trips has decreased, breeding success has improved, and birds have increased in mass by more than 1 kilogram. These positive consequences of climate change may be temporary if patterns of wind in the southern westerlies follow predicted climate change scenarios. This study stresses the importance of foraging performance as the key link between environmental changes and population processes.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Weimerskirch, Henri -- Louzao, Maite -- de Grissac, Sophie -- Delord, Karine -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Jan 13;335(6065):211-4. doi: 10.1126/science.1210270.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chize, CNRS, 79360 Villiers en Bois, France. henriw@cebc.cnrs.fr〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22246774" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Birds/anatomy & histology/*physiology ; Body Size ; Body Weight ; Climate Change ; Environment ; Feeding Behavior ; Female ; *Flight, Animal ; Geography ; Male ; Oceans and Seas ; Population Dynamics ; Reproduction ; Time Factors ; *Wind
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  • 38
    Publication Date: 2012-07-24
    Description: Fluid inclusion data suggest that the composition of major elements in seawater changes slowly over geological time scales. This view contrasts with high-resolution isotope data that imply more rapid fluctuations of seawater chemistry. We used a non-steady-state box model of the global sulfur cycle to show that the global delta(34)S record can be explained by variable marine sulfate concentrations triggered by basin-scale evaporite precipitation and dissolution. The record is characterized by long phases of stasis, punctuated by short intervals of rapid change. Sulfate concentrations affect several important biological processes, including carbonate mineralogy, microbially mediated organic matter remineralization, sedimentary phosphorous regeneration, nitrogen fixation, and sulfate aerosol formation. These changes are likely to affect ocean productivity, the global carbon cycle, and climate.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wortmann, Ulrich G -- Paytan, Adina -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Jul 20;337(6092):334-6. doi: 10.1126/science.1220656.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Geobiology Isotope Laboratory, Department of Geology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3B1, Canada. uli.wortmann@utoronto.ca〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22822148" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Carbon Cycle ; Carbonates/chemistry ; Climate ; Geologic Sediments/analysis/*chemistry ; Minerals/chemistry ; Nitrogen Fixation ; Phosphorus ; Seawater/analysis/*chemistry ; Sulfates/chemistry ; Sulfur/analysis/*chemistry ; Time Factors
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  • 39
    Publication Date: 2012-06-23
    Description: The reliability of Arctic climate predictions is currently hampered by insufficient knowledge of natural climate variability in the past. A sediment core from Lake El'gygytgyn in northeastern (NE) Russia provides a continuous, high-resolution record from the Arctic, spanning the past 2.8 million years. This core reveals numerous "super interglacials" during the Quaternary; for marine benthic isotope stages (MIS) 11c and 31, maximum summer temperatures and annual precipitation values are ~4 degrees to 5 degrees C and ~300 millimeters higher than those of MIS 1 and 5e. Climate simulations show that these extreme warm conditions are difficult to explain with greenhouse gas and astronomical forcing alone, implying the importance of amplifying feedbacks and far field influences. The timing of Arctic warming relative to West Antarctic Ice Sheet retreats implies strong interhemispheric climate connectivity.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Melles, Martin -- Brigham-Grette, Julie -- Minyuk, Pavel S -- Nowaczyk, Norbert R -- Wennrich, Volker -- DeConto, Robert M -- Anderson, Patricia M -- Andreev, Andrei A -- Coletti, Anthony -- Cook, Timothy L -- Haltia-Hovi, Eeva -- Kukkonen, Maaret -- Lozhkin, Anatoli V -- Rosen, Peter -- Tarasov, Pavel -- Vogel, Hendrik -- Wagner, Bernd -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Jul 20;337(6092):315-20. doi: 10.1126/science.1222135. Epub 2012 Jun 21.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute of Geology and Mineralogy, University of Cologne, Zuelpicher Strasse 49a, D-50674 Cologne, Germany. mmelles@uni-koeln.de〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22722254" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Arctic Regions ; *Climate Change ; *Cold Climate ; Geologic Sediments ; Ice Cover ; *Lakes ; Radiometric Dating ; Russia ; Time Factors
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  • 40
    Publication Date: 2012-07-24
    Description: The sulfur cycle influences the respiration of sedimentary organic matter, the oxidation state of the atmosphere and oceans, and the composition of seawater. However, the factors governing the major sulfur fluxes between seawater and sedimentary reservoirs remain incompletely understood. Using macrostratigraphic data, we quantified sulfate evaporite burial fluxes through Phanerozoic time. Approximately half of the modern riverine sulfate flux comes from weathering of recently deposited evaporites. Rates of sulfate burial are unsteady and linked to changes in the area of marine environments suitable for evaporite formation and preservation. By contrast, rates of pyrite burial and weathering are higher, less variable, and largely balanced, highlighting a greater role of the sulfur cycle in regulating atmospheric oxygen.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Halevy, Itay -- Peters, Shanan E -- Fischer, Woodward W -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Jul 20;337(6092):331-4. doi: 10.1126/science.1220224.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Environmental Sciences and Energy Research, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel. itay.halevy@weizmann.ac.il〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22822147" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Atmosphere/*chemistry ; Geologic Sediments/*chemistry ; Iron/chemistry ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Oxygen/*chemistry ; Seawater/*chemistry ; Sulfates/*chemistry ; Sulfides/chemistry ; Sulfur/*chemistry ; Time Factors ; Weather
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  • 41
    Publication Date: 2012-04-28
    Description: Few data are available on how quickly free-living microorganisms evolve. We analyzed biofilms collected from a well-defined acid mine drainage system over 9 years to investigate the processes and determine rates of bacterial evolution directly in the environment. Population metagenomic analyses of the dominant primary producer yielded the nucleotide substitution rate, which we used to show that proliferation of a series of recombinant bacterial strains occurred over the past few decades. The ecological success of hybrid bacterial types highlights the role of evolutionary processes in rapid adaptation within natural microbial communities.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Denef, Vincent J -- Banfield, Jillian F -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Apr 27;336(6080):462-6. doi: 10.1126/science.1218389.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Earth and Planetary Science, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22539719" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adaptation, Biological ; Bacteria/*genetics ; Bacterial Physiological Phenomena ; Base Sequence ; *Biofilms ; *Biological Evolution ; California ; *Ecosystem ; Genome, Bacterial ; Genotype ; Hybridization, Genetic ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Metagenome ; *Mining ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Phylogeny ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; *Recombination, Genetic ; Time Factors
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  • 42
    Publication Date: 2012-08-28
    Description: The mammalian gastrointestinal tract contains a large and diverse population of commensal bacteria and is also one of the primary sites of exposure to pathogens. How the immune system perceives commensals in the context of mucosal infection is unclear. Here, we show that during a gastrointestinal infection, tolerance to commensals is lost, and microbiota-specific T cells are activated and differentiate to inflammatory effector cells. Furthermore, these T cells go on to form memory cells that are phenotypically and functionally consistent with pathogen-specific T cells. Our results suggest that during a gastrointestinal infection, the immune response to commensals parallels the immune response against pathogenic microbes and that adaptive responses against commensals are an integral component of mucosal immunity.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3784339/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3784339/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hand, Timothy W -- Dos Santos, Liliane M -- Bouladoux, Nicolas -- Molloy, Michael J -- Pagan, Antonio J -- Pepper, Marion -- Maynard, Craig L -- Elson, Charles O 3rd -- Belkaid, Yasmine -- DK071176/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- DK64400/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R24 DK064400/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- T32 AI007051/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- Z99 AI999999/Intramural NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Sep 21;337(6101):1553-6. Epub 2012 Aug 23.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Mucosal Immunology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22923434" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acute Disease ; Animals ; Bacteria/*immunology ; Bacterial Translocation ; CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/*immunology ; Flagellin/immunology ; Gastrointestinal Tract/*immunology/microbiology/parasitology ; *Immunity, Mucosal ; Immunologic Memory ; Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic/*immunology/parasitology ; Intestinal Mucosa/microbiology/parasitology ; Lymphocyte Activation ; Metagenome/*immunology ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mice, Transgenic ; Th1 Cells/immunology ; Time Factors ; Toxoplasma/immunology/physiology ; Toxoplasmosis, Animal/*immunology/parasitology
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  • 43
    Publication Date: 2011-06-28
    Description: The functions of sleep remain elusive, but a strong link exists between sleep need and neuronal plasticity. We tested the hypothesis that plastic processes during wake lead to a net increase in synaptic strength and sleep is necessary for synaptic renormalization. We found that, in three Drosophila neuronal circuits, synapse size or number increases after a few hours of wake and decreases only if flies are allowed to sleep. A richer wake experience resulted in both larger synaptic growth and greater sleep need. Finally, we demonstrate that the gene Fmr1 (fragile X mental retardation 1) plays an important role in sleep-dependent synaptic renormalization.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3128387/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3128387/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bushey, Daniel -- Tononi, Giulio -- Cirelli, Chiara -- DP1 OD000579/OD/NIH HHS/ -- DP1 OD000579-05/OD/NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM075315/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM075315-01A2/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM075315-02/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM075315-03/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM075315-04/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM075315-05/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM075315-05S1/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- Canadian Institutes of Health Research/Canada -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Jun 24;332(6037):1576-81. doi: 10.1126/science.1202839.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53719, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21700878" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Dendrites/physiology/ultrastructure ; Drosophila Proteins/*genetics/metabolism/physiology ; Drosophila melanogaster/genetics/*physiology ; Female ; Fragile X Mental Retardation Protein/*genetics/physiology ; *Homeostasis ; Male ; Mushroom Bodies/cytology/physiology ; *Neuronal Plasticity ; Neurons/physiology ; Neuropeptides/genetics/metabolism ; Sleep/*physiology ; Sleep Deprivation ; Synapses/*physiology/ultrastructure ; Time Factors
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  • 44
    Publication Date: 2011-05-10
    Description: Control of many infectious diseases relies on the detection of clinical cases and the isolation, removal, or treatment of cases and their contacts. The success of such "reactive" strategies is influenced by the fraction of transmission occurring before signs appear. We performed experimental studies of foot-and-mouth disease transmission in cattle and estimated this fraction at less than half the value expected from detecting virus in body fluids, the standard proxy measure of infectiousness. This is because the infectious period is shorter (mean 1.7 days) than currently realized, and animals are not infectious until, on average, 0.5 days after clinical signs appear. These results imply that controversial preemptive control measures may be unnecessary; instead, efforts should be directed at early detection of infection and rapid intervention.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Charleston, Bryan -- Bankowski, Bartlomies M -- Gubbins, Simon -- Chase-Topping, Margo E -- Schley, David -- Howey, Richard -- Barnett, Paul V -- Gibson, Debi -- Juleff, Nicholas D -- Woolhouse, Mark E J -- BBSB00549/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom -- BBSEI00001444/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom -- Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 May 6;332(6030):726-9. doi: 10.1126/science.1199884.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute for Animal Health, Pirbright Laboratory, Ash Road, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK. bryan.charleston@bbsrc.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21551063" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antibodies, Viral/blood ; Bayes Theorem ; Cattle ; Cattle Diseases/prevention & control/*transmission/virology ; *Communicable Disease Control ; Foot-and-Mouth Disease/*physiopathology/prevention & ; control/*transmission/virology ; Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus/immunology/isolation & purification/physiology ; Time Factors ; Viremia/diagnosis/veterinary ; Virus Latency
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  • 45
    Publication Date: 2011-02-19
    Description: Black bears hibernate for 5 to 7 months a year and, during this time, do not eat, drink, urinate, or defecate. We measured metabolic rate and body temperature in hibernating black bears and found that they suppress metabolism to 25% of basal rates while regulating body temperature from 30 degrees to 36 degrees C, in multiday cycles. Heart rates were reduced from 55 to as few as 9 beats per minute, with profound sinus arrhythmia. After returning to normal body temperature and emerging from dens, bears maintained a reduced metabolic rate for up to 3 weeks. The pronounced reduction and delayed recovery of metabolic rate in hibernating bears suggest that the majority of metabolic suppression during hibernation is independent of lowered body temperature.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Toien, Oivind -- Blake, John -- Edgar, Dale M -- Grahn, Dennis A -- Heller, H Craig -- Barnes, Brian M -- HD-00973/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Feb 18;331(6019):906-9. doi: 10.1126/science.1199435.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA. otoien@alaska.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21330544" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Basal Metabolism ; *Body Temperature ; *Energy Metabolism ; Female ; Heart Rate ; *Hibernation ; Humans ; Male ; *Oxygen Consumption ; Time Factors ; Ursidae/metabolism/*physiology
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  • 46
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    Unknown
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2011-04-02
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Christou, Apostolos -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Apr 1;332(6025):37. doi: 10.1126/science.332.6025.37.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21454774" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Humans ; Minor Planets ; *Space Flight ; Time Factors
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  • 47
    Publication Date: 2011-10-29
    Description: The World Wide Web is commonly seen as a platform that can harness the collective abilities of large numbers of people to accomplish tasks with unprecedented speed, accuracy, and scale. To explore the Web's ability for social mobilization, the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) held the DARPA Network Challenge, in which competing teams were asked to locate 10 red weather balloons placed at locations around the continental United States. Using a recursive incentive mechanism that both spread information about the task and incentivized individuals to act, our team was able to find all 10 balloons in less than 9 hours, thus winning the Challenge. We analyzed the theoretical and practical properties of this mechanism and compared it with other approaches.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pickard, Galen -- Pan, Wei -- Rahwan, Iyad -- Cebrian, Manuel -- Crane, Riley -- Madan, Anmol -- Pentland, Alex -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Oct 28;334(6055):509-12. doi: 10.1126/science.1205869.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Media Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22034432" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Altruism ; *Communication ; *Cooperative Behavior ; Humans ; *Internet ; *Motivation ; *Social Facilitation ; Time Factors
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  • 48
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    Unknown
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2011-02-19
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sweatt, J David -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Feb 18;331(6019):869-70. doi: 10.1126/science.1202283.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA. dsweatt@nrc.uab.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21330525" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: 6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione/pharmacology ; Acetylation ; Animals ; *Epigenesis, Genetic ; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists/pharmacology ; Frontal Lobe/*physiology ; Hippocampus/*physiology ; Histones/*metabolism ; *Memory, Long-Term ; Mice ; Neural Pathways ; Neurons/*physiology ; Odors ; Receptors, Glutamate/metabolism ; Synapses/*physiology ; Taste ; Time Factors
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  • 49
    Publication Date: 2011-08-20
    Description: The distributions of many terrestrial organisms are currently shifting in latitude or elevation in response to changing climate. Using a meta-analysis, we estimated that the distributions of species have recently shifted to higher elevations at a median rate of 11.0 meters per decade, and to higher latitudes at a median rate of 16.9 kilometers per decade. These rates are approximately two and three times faster than previously reported. The distances moved by species are greatest in studies showing the highest levels of warming, with average latitudinal shifts being generally sufficient to track temperature changes. However, individual species vary greatly in their rates of change, suggesting that the range shift of each species depends on multiple internal species traits and external drivers of change. Rapid average shifts derive from a wide diversity of responses by individual species.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Chen, I-Ching -- Hill, Jane K -- Ohlemuller, Ralf -- Roy, David B -- Thomas, Chris D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Aug 19;333(6045):1024-6. doi: 10.1126/science.1206432.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, University of York, Wentworth Way, York YO10 5DD, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21852500" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Altitude ; Animals ; *Behavior, Animal ; *Climate Change ; *Ecosystem ; *Environment ; Geography ; Population Dynamics ; Species Specificity ; Time Factors
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  • 50
    Publication Date: 2011-10-08
    Description: The effects of climate change on biodiversity should depend in part on climate displacement rate (climate-change velocity) and its interaction with species' capacity to migrate. We estimated Late Quaternary glacial-interglacial climate-change velocity by integrating macroclimatic shifts since the Last Glacial Maximum with topoclimatic gradients. Globally, areas with high velocities were associated with marked absences of small-ranged amphibians, mammals, and birds. The association between endemism and velocity was weakest in the highly vagile birds and strongest in the weakly dispersing amphibians, linking dispersal ability to extinction risk due to climate change. High velocity was also associated with low endemism at regional scales, especially in wet and aseasonal regions. Overall, we show that low-velocity areas are essential refuges for Earth's many small-ranged species.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sandel, B -- Arge, L -- Dalsgaard, B -- Davies, R G -- Gaston, K J -- Sutherland, W J -- Svenning, J-C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Nov 4;334(6056):660-4. doi: 10.1126/science.1210173. Epub 2011 Oct 6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity Group, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus 8000 C, Denmark. brody.sandel@biology.au.dk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21979937" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amphibians ; Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Birds ; *Climate Change ; Ecosystem ; Mammals ; Time Factors
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  • 51
    Publication Date: 2011-09-03
    Description: Diet strongly affects human health, partly by modulating gut microbiome composition. We used diet inventories and 16S rDNA sequencing to characterize fecal samples from 98 individuals. Fecal communities clustered into enterotypes distinguished primarily by levels of Bacteroides and Prevotella. Enterotypes were strongly associated with long-term diets, particularly protein and animal fat (Bacteroides) versus carbohydrates (Prevotella). A controlled-feeding study of 10 subjects showed that microbiome composition changed detectably within 24 hours of initiating a high-fat/low-fiber or low-fat/high-fiber diet, but that enterotype identity remained stable during the 10-day study. Thus, alternative enterotype states are associated with long-term diet.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3368382/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3368382/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wu, Gary D -- Chen, Jun -- Hoffmann, Christian -- Bittinger, Kyle -- Chen, Ying-Yu -- Keilbaugh, Sue A -- Bewtra, Meenakshi -- Knights, Dan -- Walters, William A -- Knight, Rob -- Sinha, Rohini -- Gilroy, Erin -- Gupta, Kernika -- Baldassano, Robert -- Nessel, Lisa -- Li, Hongzhe -- Bushman, Frederic D -- Lewis, James D -- K24 DK078228/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- K24-DK078228/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- P30 DK050306/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI39368/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- S10RR024525/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- UH2 DK083981/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- UL1RR024134/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Oct 7;334(6052):105-8. doi: 10.1126/science.1208344. Epub 2011 Sep 1.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Gastroenterology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. gdwu@mail.med.upenn.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21885731" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adolescent ; Adult ; Bacteria/classification/*isolation & purification ; Bacteroides/classification/isolation & purification ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; *Diet ; Dietary Carbohydrates/administration & dosage ; Dietary Fats/administration & dosage ; Dietary Fiber/administration & dosage ; Feces/*microbiology ; Gastrointestinal Tract/*microbiology ; Humans ; *Metagenome ; Middle Aged ; Prevotella/classification/isolation & purification ; Ruminococcus/classification/isolation & purification ; Time Factors ; Young Adult
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 52
    Publication Date: 2011-06-11
    Description: Oxygen (O(2)) is a critical constraint on marine ecosystems. As oceanic O(2) falls to hypoxic concentrations, habitability for aerobic organisms decreases rapidly. We show that the spatial extent of hypoxia is highly sensitive to small changes in the ocean's O(2) content, with maximum responses at suboxic concentrations where anaerobic metabolisms predominate. In model-based reconstructions of historical oxygen changes, the world's largest suboxic zone, in the Pacific Ocean, varies in size by a factor of 2. This is attributable to climate-driven changes in the depth of the tropical and subtropical thermocline that have multiplicative effects on respiration rates in low-O(2) water. The same mechanism yields even larger fluctuations in the rate of nitrogen removal by denitrification, creating a link between decadal climate oscillations and the nutrient limitation of marine photosynthesis.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Deutsch, Curtis -- Brix, Holger -- Ito, Taka -- Frenzel, Hartmut -- Thompson, LuAnne -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Jul 15;333(6040):336-9. doi: 10.1126/science.1202422. Epub 2011 Jun 9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA. cdeutsch@atmos.ucla.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21659566" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Anaerobiosis ; *Climate Change ; Computer Simulation ; Denitrification ; *Ecosystem ; Nitrogen/metabolism ; Oceans and Seas ; Oxygen/*analysis/metabolism ; Pacific Ocean ; Seawater/*chemistry ; Temperature ; Time Factors ; Water Movements
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  • 53
    Publication Date: 2011-12-17
    Description: Cells use both deterministic and stochastic mechanisms to generate cell-to-cell heterogeneity, which enables the population to better withstand environmental stress. Here we show that, within a clonal population of mycobacteria, there is deterministic heterogeneity in elongation rate that arises because mycobacteria grow in an unusual, unipolar fashion. Division of the asymmetrically growing mother cell gives rise to daughter cells that differ in elongation rate and size. Because the mycobacterial cell division cycle is governed by time, not cell size, rapidly elongating cells do not divide more frequently than slowly elongating cells. The physiologically distinct subpopulations of cells that arise through asymmetric growth and division are differentially susceptible to clinically important classes of antibiotics.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3397429/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3397429/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Aldridge, Bree B -- Fernandez-Suarez, Marta -- Heller, Danielle -- Ambravaneswaran, Vijay -- Irimia, Daniel -- Toner, Mehmet -- Fortune, Sarah M -- 1DP20D001378/DP/NCCDPHP CDC HHS/ -- DP2 OD001378/OD/NIH HHS/ -- P30 AI060354/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- P41 EB002503/EB/NIBIB NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Jan 6;335(6064):100-4. doi: 10.1126/science.1216166. Epub 2011 Dec 15.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22174129" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Anti-Bacterial Agents/*pharmacology ; Cell Cycle ; Cell Division ; Cell Wall/metabolism ; Cycloserine/pharmacology ; Escherichia coli/cytology/growth & development ; Isoniazid/pharmacology ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Microfluidic Analytical Techniques ; Mycobacterium smegmatis/cytology/*drug effects/*growth & development/metabolism ; Mycobacterium tuberculosis/cytology/*drug effects/*growth & ; development/metabolism ; Rifampin/pharmacology ; Thienamycins/pharmacology ; Time Factors
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  • 54
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2010-03-06
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Clutton-Brock, Tim -- Sheldon, Ben C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Mar 5;327(5970):1207-8. doi: 10.1126/science.1187796.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK. thcb@cam.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20203037" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Behavior, Animal ; *Ecosystem ; Female ; Interdisciplinary Communication ; Male ; *Mammals/physiology ; Pan troglodytes/physiology ; *Primates/physiology ; Reproduction ; *Research ; Research Support as Topic ; Time Factors
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  • 55
    Publication Date: 2010-12-04
    Description: Optical imaging in vivo with molecular specificity is important in biomedicine because of its high spatial resolution and sensitivity compared with magnetic resonance imaging. Stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy allows highly sensitive optical imaging based on vibrational spectroscopy without adding toxic or perturbative labels. However, SRS imaging in living animals and humans has not been feasible because light cannot be collected through thick tissues, and motion-blur arises from slow imaging based on backscattered light. In this work, we enable in vivo SRS imaging by substantially enhancing the collection of the backscattered signal and increasing the imaging speed by three orders of magnitude to video rate. This approach allows label-free in vivo imaging of water, lipid, and protein in skin and mapping of penetration pathways of topically applied drugs in mice and humans.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3462359/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3462359/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Saar, Brian G -- Freudiger, Christian W -- Reichman, Jay -- Stanley, C Michael -- Holtom, Gary R -- Xie, X Sunney -- 1R01EB010244-01/EB/NIBIB NIH HHS/ -- R01 EB010244/EB/NIBIB NIH HHS/ -- R01 EB010244-02/EB/NIBIB NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Dec 3;330(6009):1368-70. doi: 10.1126/science.1197236.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21127249" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Administration, Cutaneous ; Animals ; Capillaries ; Dimethyl Sulfoxide/administration & dosage/pharmacokinetics ; Epidermis/chemistry/metabolism ; Erythrocytes/physiology ; Humans ; Imaging, Three-Dimensional ; Light ; Lipids ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Nude ; Molecular Imaging/*methods ; Skin/blood supply/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Spectrum Analysis, Raman/*methods ; Time Factors ; Vitamin A/administration & dosage/pharmacokinetics ; Water
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  • 56
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2010-06-19
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Marder, Jenny -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Jun 18;328(5985):1474-5. doi: 10.1126/science.328.5985.1474.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20558684" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adolescent ; Adult ; Alcohol Oxidoreductases/genetics/metabolism ; Antineoplastic Agents/*adverse effects/metabolism ; Child ; Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; Humans ; Neoplasms/*drug therapy/*radiotherapy ; Neoplasms, Second Primary/etiology ; Radiation Injuries/*etiology ; Radiotherapy/adverse effects ; Survivors ; Time Factors ; Young Adult
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  • 57
    Publication Date: 2010-02-13
    Description: Soil acidification is a major problem in soils of intensive Chinese agricultural systems. We used two nationwide surveys, paired comparisons in numerous individual sites, and several long-term monitoring-field data sets to evaluate changes in soil acidity. Soil pH declined significantly (P 〈 0.001) from the 1980s to the 2000s in the major Chinese crop-production areas. Processes related to nitrogen cycling released 20 to 221 kilomoles of hydrogen ion (H+) per hectare per year, and base cations uptake contributed a further 15 to 20 kilomoles of H+ per hectare per year to soil acidification in four widespread cropping systems. In comparison, acid deposition (0.4 to 2.0 kilomoles of H+ per hectare per year) made a small contribution to the acidification of agricultural soils across China.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Guo, J H -- Liu, X J -- Zhang, Y -- Shen, J L -- Han, W X -- Zhang, W F -- Christie, P -- Goulding, K W T -- Vitousek, P M -- Zhang, F S -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Feb 19;327(5968):1008-10. doi: 10.1126/science.1182570. Epub 2010 Feb 11.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20150447" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Agriculture ; Cations ; China ; Crops, Agricultural/*growth & development/metabolism ; Fertilizers ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Nitrogen ; *Soil ; Time Factors
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  • 58
    Publication Date: 2010-01-23
    Description: Current methods for differentiating isolates of predominant lineages of pathogenic bacteria often do not provide sufficient resolution to define precise relationships. Here, we describe a high-throughput genomics approach that provides a high-resolution view of the epidemiology and microevolution of a dominant strain of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). This approach reveals the global geographic structure within the lineage, its intercontinental transmission through four decades, and the potential to trace person-to-person transmission within a hospital environment. The ability to interrogate and resolve bacterial populations is applicable to a range of infectious diseases, as well as microbial ecology.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2821690/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2821690/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Harris, Simon R -- Feil, Edward J -- Holden, Matthew T G -- Quail, Michael A -- Nickerson, Emma K -- Chantratita, Narisara -- Gardete, Susana -- Tavares, Ana -- Day, Nick -- Lindsay, Jodi A -- Edgeworth, Jonathan D -- de Lencastre, Herminia -- Parkhill, Julian -- Peacock, Sharon J -- Bentley, Stephen D -- 076964/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- Department of Health/United Kingdom -- Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Jan 22;327(5964):469-74. doi: 10.1126/science.1182395.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 15A, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20093474" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Asia/epidemiology ; Bacterial Typing Techniques ; Cross Infection/epidemiology/*microbiology/transmission ; Europe/epidemiology ; Evolution, Molecular ; *Genome, Bacterial ; Genomics/methods ; Humans ; Likelihood Functions ; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus/*classification/*genetics/isolation & ; purification ; Molecular Epidemiology ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Phylogeny ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; South America/epidemiology ; Staphylococcal Infections/epidemiology/*microbiology/transmission ; Time Factors ; United States/epidemiology
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  • 59
    Publication Date: 2010-07-31
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Holland, Scott K -- Byars, Anna W -- Plante, Elena -- Szaflarski, Jerzy P -- Dietrich, Kim -- Altaye, Mekibib -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Jul 30;329(5991):512-3. doi: 10.1126/science.329.5991.512-e.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20671170" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging/*adverse effects ; Risk ; Time Factors
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  • 60
    Publication Date: 2010-10-23
    Description: The intracerebral injection of beta-amyloid-containing brain extracts can induce cerebral beta-amyloidosis and associated pathologies in susceptible hosts. We found that intraperitoneal inoculation with beta-amyloid-rich extracts induced beta-amyloidosis in the brains of beta-amyloid precursor protein transgenic mice after prolonged incubation times.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3233904/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3233904/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Eisele, Yvonne S -- Obermuller, Ulrike -- Heilbronner, Gotz -- Baumann, Frank -- Kaeser, Stephan A -- Wolburg, Hartwig -- Walker, Lary C -- Staufenbiel, Matthias -- Heikenwalder, Mathias -- Jucker, Mathias -- P51 RR000165/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- P51 RR000165-51/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- RR-00165/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Nov 12;330(6006):980-2. doi: 10.1126/science.1194516. Epub 2010 Oct 21.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Cellular Neurology, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tubingen, D-72076 Tubingen, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20966215" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alzheimer Disease/metabolism/pathology ; Amyloid beta-Peptides/administration & dosage/*chemistry/metabolism ; Animals ; Brain/blood supply/*pathology ; Brain Chemistry ; Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy/metabolism/pathology ; Female ; Injections, Intraperitoneal ; Mice ; Mice, Transgenic ; Plaque, Amyloid/pathology ; Prions/chemistry/metabolism ; Protein Folding ; Time Factors
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  • 61
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2010-12-18
    Description: To investigate the origin and evolution of essential genes, we identified and phenotyped 195 young protein-coding genes, which originated 3 to 35 million years ago in Drosophila. Knocking down expression with RNA interference showed that 30% of newly arisen genes are essential for viability. The proportion of genes that are essential is similar in every evolutionary age group that we examined. Under constitutive silencing of these young essential genes, lethality was high in the pupal stage and also found in the larval stages. Lethality was attributed to diverse cellular and developmental defects, such as organ formation and patterning defects. These data suggest that new genes frequently and rapidly evolve essential functions and participate in development.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Chen, Sidi -- Zhang, Yong E -- Long, Manyuan -- R01GM065429-01A1/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01GM078070-01A1/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Dec 17;330(6011):1682-5. doi: 10.1126/science.1196380.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Ecology and Evolution, The University of Chicago, 1101 East 57th Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21164016" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Substitution ; Animals ; Body Patterning/genetics ; Drosophila/classification/*genetics/growth & development ; Drosophila Proteins/chemistry/genetics/physiology ; Drosophila melanogaster/classification/*genetics/growth & development ; *Evolution, Molecular ; Gene Duplication ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental ; *Genes, Essential ; *Genes, Insect ; Larva/genetics/growth & development ; Metamorphosis, Biological ; Phenotype ; Phylogeny ; Pupa/genetics/growth & development ; RNA Interference ; Time Factors ; Wings, Animal/abnormalities/growth & development
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  • 62
    Publication Date: 2010-09-11
    Description: Plants and animals produce modular developmental units in a periodic fashion. In plants, lateral roots form as repeating units along the root primary axis; however, the developmental mechanism regulating this process is unknown. We found that cyclic expression pulses of a reporter gene mark the position of future lateral roots by establishing prebranch sites and that prebranch site production and root bending are periodic. Microarray and promoter-luciferase studies revealed two sets of genes oscillating in opposite phases at the root tip. Genetic studies show that some oscillating transcriptional regulators are required for periodicity in one or both developmental processes. This molecular mechanism has characteristics that resemble molecular clock-driven activities in animal species.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2976612/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2976612/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Moreno-Risueno, Miguel A -- Van Norman, Jaimie M -- Moreno, Antonio -- Zhang, Jingyuan -- Ahnert, Sebastian E -- Benfey, Philip N -- R01 GM043778/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM043778-19/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM043778-20/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM043778-21/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01-GM043778/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Sep 10;329(5997):1306-11. doi: 10.1126/science.1191937.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology and Institute for Genome Sciences and Policy Center for Systems Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20829477" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Arabidopsis/cytology/*genetics/*growth & development/metabolism ; Arabidopsis Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Gene Expression Profiling ; *Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ; Gene Regulatory Networks ; Genes, Plant ; Genes, Reporter ; Gravitation ; Indoleacetic Acids/metabolism/pharmacology ; Meristem/*genetics/*growth & development/metabolism ; Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis ; Phthalimides/pharmacology ; Plant Roots/cytology/genetics/*growth & development ; Promoter Regions, Genetic ; Signal Transduction ; Temperature ; Time Factors ; Transcription Factors/genetics/metabolism ; Transcription, Genetic
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  • 63
    Publication Date: 2010-05-01
    Description: Governance of social-ecological systems is a major policy problem of the contemporary era. Field studies of fisheries, forests, and pastoral and water resources have identified many variables that influence the outcomes of governance efforts. We introduce an experimental environment that involves spatial and temporal resource dynamics in order to capture these two critical variables identified in field research. Previous behavioral experiments of commons dilemmas have found that people are willing to engage in costly punishment, frequently generating increases in gross benefits, contrary to game-theoretical predictions based on a static pay-off function. Results in our experimental environment find that costly punishment is again used but lacks a gross positive effect on resource harvesting unless combined with communication. These findings illustrate the importance of careful generalization from the laboratory to the world of policy.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Janssen, Marco A -- Holahan, Robert -- Lee, Allen -- Ostrom, Elinor -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Apr 30;328(5978):613-7. doi: 10.1126/science.1183532.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Arizona State University, Post Office Box 872402, Tempe, AZ 85287-2402, USA. Marco.Janssen@asu.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20431012" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Communication ; *Cooperative Behavior ; *Decision Making ; Game Theory ; *Group Processes ; Humans ; Public Policy ; *Punishment ; *Social Behavior ; Time Factors
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  • 64
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2010-07-22
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Swaisgood, Ronald R -- Terborgh, John W -- Blumstein, Daniel T -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Jul 16;329(5989):276. doi: 10.1126/science.329.5989.276-a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20647447" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Behavioral Research/*economics ; *Ecosystem ; Research/*economics ; *Research Support as Topic ; Time Factors
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  • 65
    Publication Date: 2010-08-21
    Description: The rapid antidepressant response after ketamine administration in treatment-resistant depressed patients suggests a possible new approach for treating mood disorders compared to the weeks or months required for standard medications. However, the mechanisms underlying this action of ketamine [a glutamate N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptor antagonist] have not been identified. We observed that ketamine rapidly activated the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway, leading to increased synaptic signaling proteins and increased number and function of new spine synapses in the prefrontal cortex of rats. Moreover, blockade of mTOR signaling completely blocked ketamine induction of synaptogenesis and behavioral responses in models of depression. Our results demonstrate that these effects of ketamine are opposite to the synaptic deficits that result from exposure to stress and could contribute to the fast antidepressant actions of ketamine.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3116441/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3116441/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Li, Nanxin -- Lee, Boyoung -- Liu, Rong-Jian -- Banasr, Mounira -- Dwyer, Jason M -- Iwata, Masaaki -- Li, Xiao-Yuan -- Aghajanian, George -- Duman, Ronald S -- 2P01 MH25642/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- MH45481/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- P01 MH025642/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- P01 MH025642-30/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- P01 MH025642-31/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- P01 MH025642-32/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- R01 MH045481/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- R01 MH045481-13/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- R01 MH045481-14/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- R01 MH045481-15/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Aug 20;329(5994):959-64. doi: 10.1126/science.1190287.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry, Center for Genes and Behavior, Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, 34 Park Street, New Haven, CT 06508, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20724638" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antidepressive Agents/pharmacokinetics/*pharmacology ; Dendritic Spines/drug effects/metabolism ; Depression/drug therapy/metabolism ; Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/agonists ; Ketamine/pharmacokinetics/*pharmacology ; Male ; Neurons/drug effects/metabolism ; Neuropeptides/*biosynthesis/metabolism ; Phenols/pharmacology ; Piperidines/pharmacology ; Protein Biosynthesis/drug effects ; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate/*antagonists & inhibitors ; Signal Transduction/drug effects ; Sirolimus/pharmacology ; Synapses/*drug effects/metabolism ; TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases ; Time Factors
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  • 66
    Publication Date: 2010-07-10
    Description: HIV infection can persist in spite of efficacious antiretroviral therapies. Although incomplete inhibition of viral replication may contribute to this phenomenon, this is largely due to the early establishment of a stable reservoir of latently infected cells. Thus, life-long antiviral therapy may be needed to control HIV. Such therapy is prone to drug resistance and cumulative side effects and is an unbearable financial burden for regions of the world hit hardest by the epidemic. This review discusses our current understanding of HIV persistence and the limitations of potential approaches to eradicate the virus and accordingly pleads for a joint multidisciplinary effort toward two highly related goals: the development of an HIV prophylactic vaccine and the achievement of long-term drug-free remissions in HIV-infected individuals.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Trono, Didier -- Van Lint, Carine -- Rouzioux, Christine -- Verdin, Eric -- Barre-Sinoussi, Francoise -- Chun, Tae-Wook -- Chomont, Nicolas -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Jul 9;329(5988):174-80. doi: 10.1126/science.1191047.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉School of Life Sciences and Frontiers-in-Genetics Program, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland. Didier.trono@epfl.ch〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20616270" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: AIDS Vaccines/therapeutic use ; Animals ; Anti-HIV Agents/*therapeutic use ; Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active ; CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology/virology ; HIV/drug effects/immunology/*physiology ; HIV Infections/*drug therapy/immunology/prevention & control/*virology ; Humans ; Immunologic Memory ; Time Factors ; Viremia ; Virus Latency ; Virus Replication
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  • 67
    Publication Date: 2010-07-24
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Contreras, Jorge L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Jul 23;329(5990):393-4. doi: 10.1126/science.1189253.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉School of Law, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA. jlcontreras@wulaw.wustl.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20651137" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Access to Information ; *Databases, Factual ; Databases, Nucleic Acid ; Financing, Government ; *Genome, Human ; Genome-Wide Association Study/economics ; Human Genome Project ; Humans ; *Information Dissemination ; National Institutes of Health (U.S.) ; Patents as Topic ; Policy Making ; *Publishing ; Research Support as Topic ; Time Factors ; United States
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  • 68
    Publication Date: 2010-08-14
    Description: The detection and discrimination of temporal sequences is fundamental to brain function and underlies perception, cognition, and motor output. By applying patterned, two-photon glutamate uncaging, we found that single dendrites of cortical pyramidal neurons exhibit sensitivity to the sequence of synaptic activation. This sensitivity is encoded by both local dendritic calcium signals and somatic depolarization, leading to sequence-selective spike output. The mechanism involves dendritic impedance gradients and nonlinear synaptic N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor activation and is generalizable to dendrites in different neuronal types. This enables discrimination of patterns delivered to a single dendrite, as well as patterns distributed randomly across the dendritic tree. Pyramidal cell dendrites can thus act as processing compartments for the detection of synaptic sequences, thereby implementing a fundamental cortical computation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Branco, Tiago -- Clark, Beverley A -- Hausser, Michael -- Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Sep 24;329(5999):1671-5. doi: 10.1126/science.1189664. Epub 2010 Aug 12.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research and Department of Neuroscience, Physiology, and Pharmacology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20705816" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Action Potentials ; Animals ; Calcium/metabolism ; Calcium Signaling ; Dendrites/*physiology/ultrastructure ; Dendritic Spines/*physiology/ultrastructure ; Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials ; Models, Neurological ; Pyramidal Cells/*physiology/ultrastructure ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate/metabolism ; Somatosensory Cortex/cytology/*physiology ; Synapses/*physiology ; Time Factors ; Visual Cortex/cytology/*physiology
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  • 69
    Publication Date: 2010-05-01
    Description: In 2002, world leaders committed, through the Convention on Biological Diversity, to achieve a significant reduction in the rate of biodiversity loss by 2010. We compiled 31 indicators to report on progress toward this target. Most indicators of the state of biodiversity (covering species' population trends, extinction risk, habitat extent and condition, and community composition) showed declines, with no significant recent reductions in rate, whereas indicators of pressures on biodiversity (including resource consumption, invasive alien species, nitrogen pollution, overexploitation, and climate change impacts) showed increases. Despite some local successes and increasing responses (including extent and biodiversity coverage of protected areas, sustainable forest management, policy responses to invasive alien species, and biodiversity-related aid), the rate of biodiversity loss does not appear to be slowing.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Butchart, Stuart H M -- Walpole, Matt -- Collen, Ben -- van Strien, Arco -- Scharlemann, Jorn P W -- Almond, Rosamunde E A -- Baillie, Jonathan E M -- Bomhard, Bastian -- Brown, Claire -- Bruno, John -- Carpenter, Kent E -- Carr, Genevieve M -- Chanson, Janice -- Chenery, Anna M -- Csirke, Jorge -- Davidson, Nick C -- Dentener, Frank -- Foster, Matt -- Galli, Alessandro -- Galloway, James N -- Genovesi, Piero -- Gregory, Richard D -- Hockings, Marc -- Kapos, Valerie -- Lamarque, Jean-Francois -- Leverington, Fiona -- Loh, Jonathan -- McGeoch, Melodie A -- McRae, Louise -- Minasyan, Anahit -- Hernandez Morcillo, Monica -- Oldfield, Thomasina E E -- Pauly, Daniel -- Quader, Suhel -- Revenga, Carmen -- Sauer, John R -- Skolnik, Benjamin -- Spear, Dian -- Stanwell-Smith, Damon -- Stuart, Simon N -- Symes, Andy -- Tierney, Megan -- Tyrrell, Tristan D -- Vie, Jean-Christophe -- Watson, Reg -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 May 28;328(5982):1164-8. doi: 10.1126/science.1187512. Epub 2010 Apr 29.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉United Nations Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre, 219 Huntingdon Road, Cambridge CB3 0DL, UK. stuart.butchart@birdlife.org〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20430971" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Anthozoa ; *Biodiversity ; Conservation of Natural Resources/trends ; *Ecosystem ; Extinction, Biological ; Humans ; International Cooperation ; *Internationality ; Plants ; Population Dynamics ; Time Factors ; Trees ; Vertebrates
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  • 70
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2010-05-01
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉McGill, Brian J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Apr 30;328(5978):575-6. doi: 10.1126/science.1188528.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉School of Natural Resources, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA. mcgillb@u.arizona.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20431001" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Birds ; Climate ; Competitive Behavior ; Demography ; Denmark ; *Ecosystem ; Population Density ; Time Factors
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  • 71
    Publication Date: 2010-06-26
    Description: The lower intestine of adult mammals is densely colonized with nonpathogenic (commensal) microbes. Gut bacteria induce protective immune responses, which ensure host-microbial mutualism. The continuous presence of commensal intestinal bacteria has made it difficult to study mucosal immune dynamics. Here, we report a reversible germ-free colonization system in mice that is independent of diet or antibiotic manipulation. A slow (more than 14 days) onset of a long-lived (half-life over 16 weeks), highly specific anticommensal immunoglobulin A (IgA) response in germ-free mice was observed. Ongoing commensal exposure in colonized mice rapidly abrogated this response. Sequential doses lacked a classical prime-boost effect seen in systemic vaccination, but specific IgA induction occurred as a stepwise response to current bacterial exposure, such that the antibody repertoire matched the existing commensal content.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3923373/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3923373/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hapfelmeier, Siegfried -- Lawson, Melissa A E -- Slack, Emma -- Kirundi, Jorum K -- Stoel, Maaike -- Heikenwalder, Mathias -- Cahenzli, Julia -- Velykoredko, Yuliya -- Balmer, Maria L -- Endt, Kathrin -- Geuking, Markus B -- Curtiss, Roy 3rd -- McCoy, Kathy D -- Macpherson, Andrew J -- R01 AI060557/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- Canadian Institutes of Health Research/Canada -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Jun 25;328(5986):1705-9. doi: 10.1126/science.1188454.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉DKF (Maurice Muller Laboratories), MEM, Universitatsklinik fur Viszerale Chirurgie und Medizin (UVCM), University of Bern, 3013 Bern, Switzerland. hapfelmeier@gmail.com〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20576892" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antibodies, Bacterial/biosynthesis/*immunology ; Antibody Specificity ; Colony Count, Microbial ; Dose-Response Relationship, Immunologic ; Escherichia coli/*growth & development/*immunology ; Germ-Free Life ; Half-Life ; Immunoglobulin A/biosynthesis/*immunology ; Immunologic Memory ; Intestinal Mucosa/*immunology/*microbiology ; Intestines/immunology/microbiology ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mucous Membrane/immunology ; Plasma Cells/immunology ; Time Factors
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  • 72
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2010-06-26
    Description: Electron tomography provides three-dimensional (3D) imaging of noncrystalline and crystalline equilibrium structures, as well as elemental volume composition, of materials and biological specimens, including those of viruses and cells. We report the development of 4D electron tomography by integrating the fourth dimension (time resolution) with the 3D spatial resolution obtained from a complete tilt series of 2D projections of an object. The different time frames of tomograms constitute a movie of the object in motion, thus enabling studies of nonequilibrium structures and transient processes. The method was demonstrated using carbon nanotubes of a bracelet-like ring structure for which 4D tomograms display different modes of motion, such as breathing and wiggling, with resonance frequencies up to 30 megahertz. Applications can now make use of the full space-time range with the nanometer-femtosecond resolution of ultrafast electron tomography.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kwon, Oh-Hoon -- Zewail, Ahmed H -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Jun 25;328(5986):1668-73. doi: 10.1126/science.1190470.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Physical Biology Center for Ultrafast Science and Technology, Arthur Amos Noyes Laboratory of Chemical Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20576886" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Algorithms ; Electron Microscope Tomography/instrumentation/*methods ; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted ; Imaging, Three-Dimensional ; Nanotubes, Carbon/*ultrastructure ; Time Factors
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  • 73
    Publication Date: 2010-09-18
    Description: Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) lineages have been identified that are endemic to Bioko Island. The time the island formed offers a geological time scale calibration point for dating the most recent common ancestor of SIV. The Bioko viruses cover the whole range of SIV genetic diversity, and each Bioko SIV clade is most closely related to viruses circulating in hosts of the same genus on the African mainland rather than to SIVs of other Bioko species. Our phylogeographic approach establishes that SIV is ancient and at least 32,000 years old. Our conservative calibration point and analyses of gene sequence saturation and dating bias suggest it may be much older.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Worobey, Michael -- Telfer, Paul -- Souquiere, Sandrine -- Hunter, Meredith -- Coleman, Clint A -- Metzger, Michael J -- Reed, Patricia -- Makuwa, Maria -- Hearn, Gail -- Honarvar, Shaya -- Roques, Pierre -- Apetrei, Cristian -- Kazanji, Mirdad -- Marx, Preston A -- 1R01AI27698/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- 1R01AI44596/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Sep 17;329(5998):1487. doi: 10.1126/science.1193550.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20847261" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cercopithecidae/*virology ; Cercopithecus/virology ; Colobus/virology ; Equatorial Guinea ; Evolution, Molecular ; Genes, pol ; Genetic Variation ; Geography ; Mandrillus/virology ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Phylogeny ; Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/*virology ; Simian Immunodeficiency Virus/*classification/*genetics/isolation & purification ; Time Factors
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  • 74
    Publication Date: 2010-05-15
    Description: Network science is an interdisciplinary endeavor, with methods and applications drawn from across the natural, social, and information sciences. A prominent problem in network science is the algorithmic detection of tightly connected groups of nodes known as communities. We developed a generalized framework of network quality functions that allowed us to study the community structure of arbitrary multislice networks, which are combinations of individual networks coupled through links that connect each node in one network slice to itself in other slices. This framework allows studies of community structure in a general setting encompassing networks that evolve over time, have multiple types of links (multiplexity), and have multiple scales.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mucha, Peter J -- Richardson, Thomas -- Macon, Kevin -- Porter, Mason A -- Onnela, Jukka-Pekka -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 May 14;328(5980):876-8. doi: 10.1126/science.1184819.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Carolina Center for Interdisciplinary Applied Mathematics, Department of Mathematics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA. mucha@unc.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20466926" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Algorithms ; *Friends ; *Group Processes ; Humans ; *Interpersonal Relations ; *Models, Theoretical ; Politics ; *Population Groups ; Time Factors ; United States
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  • 75
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1999-09-08
    Description: Postdoctoral appointments can have different functions and meanings, depending on the field and whether the postdoc is a man or a woman. The Ph.D.'s-Ten Years Later study confirmed that in biochemistry, the postdoc, not the Ph.D., has become the general proving ground for excellence both in academia and industry. Because they spent a longer time in these "mandatory" postdocs, biochemists had the largest proportion of untenured faculty 10 to 13 years after the Ph. D. In mathematics, where substantially fewer postdoctoral positions are available, Ph.D.'s taking postdocs are more likely to obtain faculty positions, but this is true only for men. University administrators should be accountable for monitoring the total time spent in these positions and should provide administrative assistance for skills training, career growth, and the job search. In addition, creative solutions concerning the dual-career couple phenomenon are necessary.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Nerad, M -- Cerny, J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Sep 3;285(5433):1533-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Graduate Division, University of California, Berkeley, 424 Sproul Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720-5900, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10477510" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Biochemistry/education ; *Career Mobility ; *Education, Graduate ; Employment ; Faculty ; *Fellowships and Scholarships ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; *Mathematics ; Salaries and Fringe Benefits ; Societies, Scientific ; Time Factors ; United States ; Universities
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  • 76
    Publication Date: 1999-07-27
    Description: Glycoprotein adhesion receptors such as selectins contribute to tissue injury in stroke. Ischemic neurons strongly expressed C1q, which may target them for complement-mediated attack or C1qRp-mediated clearance. A hybrid molecule was used to simultaneously inhibit both complement activation and selectin-mediated adhesion. The extracellular domain of soluble complement receptor-1 (sCR1) was sialyl Lewis x glycosylated (sCR1sLex) to inhibit complement activation and endothelial-platelet-leukocyte interactions. sCR1 and sCR1sLex colocalized to ischemic cerebral microvessels and C1q-expressing neurons, inhibited neutrophil and platelet accumulation, and reduced cerebral infarct volumes. Additional benefit was conferred by sialyl Lewis x glycosylation of the unmodified parent sCR1 molecule.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Huang, J -- Kim, L J -- Mealey, R -- Marsh, H C Jr -- Zhang, Y -- Tenner, A J -- Connolly, E S Jr -- Pinsky, D J -- R01 HL55397/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- R01 HL59488/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- R01 NS35144/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- etc. -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Jul 23;285(5427):595-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10417391" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Blood Platelets/physiology ; Cell Adhesion ; Cerebral Cortex/blood supply/immunology/metabolism ; Cerebral Infarction/drug therapy ; Cerebrovascular Circulation ; Cerebrovascular Disorders/*drug therapy/immunology/physiopathology ; Complement Activation ; Complement C1q/metabolism ; Glycosylation ; Humans ; Ischemic Attack, Transient/*drug therapy/immunology/physiopathology ; Leukocytes/physiology ; Mice ; Neurons/immunology/metabolism ; Neuroprotective Agents/administration & dosage/adverse ; effects/metabolism/*therapeutic use ; Neutrophils/physiology ; Oligosaccharides/administration & dosage/adverse effects/metabolism/*therapeutic ; use ; Platelet Adhesiveness ; Receptors, Complement/administration & dosage/metabolism/*therapeutic use ; Reperfusion Injury/drug therapy/immunology/metabolism ; Selectins/metabolism ; Time Factors
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  • 77
    Publication Date: 1999-05-29
    Description: Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) is a second messenger that elicits complex spatiotemporal patterns of calcium ion (Ca2+) mobilization and has essential roles in the regulation of many cellular functions. In Madin-Darby canine kidney epithelial cells, green fluorescent protein-tagged pleckstrin homology domain translocated from the plasma membrane to the cytoplasm in response to increased concentration of IP3. The detection of translocation enabled monitoring of IP3 concentration changes within single cells and revealed spatiotemporal dynamics in the concentration of IP3 synchronous with Ca2+ oscillations and intracellular and intercellular IP3 waves that accompanied Ca2+ waves. Such changes in IP3 concentration may be fundamental to Ca2+ signaling.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hirose, K -- Kadowaki, S -- Tanabe, M -- Takeshima, H -- Iino, M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 May 28;284(5419):1527-30.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo and CREST, Japan Science and Technology Corporation, Tokyo 113-8654, Japan. hirose@calcium.cmp.m.u-tokyo.ac.jp〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10348740" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenosine Triphosphate/pharmacology ; Animals ; Calcium/*metabolism ; *Calcium Signaling ; Cell Line ; Cell Membrane/metabolism ; Cell Nucleus/metabolism ; Cytoplasm/metabolism ; Dogs ; Green Fluorescent Proteins ; Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate/*metabolism ; Inositol Phosphates/metabolism ; Isoenzymes/chemistry/metabolism ; Ligands ; Luminescent Proteins ; Microscopy, Confocal ; Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-Diphosphate/metabolism ; Phospholipase C delta ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; Time Factors ; Type C Phospholipases/chemistry/metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 78
    Publication Date: 1999-09-08
    Description: A fundamental question about human memory is which brain structures are involved, and when, in transforming experiences into memories. This experiment sought to identify neural correlates of memory formation with the use of intracerebral electrodes implanted in the brains of patients with temporal lobe epilepsy. Event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded directly from the medial temporal lobe (MTL) as the patients studied single words. ERPs elicited by words subsequently recalled in a memory test were contrasted with ERPs elicited by unrecalled words. Memory formation was associated with distinct but interrelated ERP differences within the rhinal cortex and the hippocampus, which arose after about 300 and 500 milliseconds, respectively. These findings suggest that declarative memory formation is dissociable into subprocesses and sequentially organized within the MTL.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Fernandez, G -- Effern, A -- Grunwald, T -- Pezer, N -- Lehnertz, K -- Dumpelmann, M -- Van Roost, D -- Elger, C E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Sep 3;285(5433):1582-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Epileptology, University of Bonn, 53105 Bonn, Germany. gf@mailer.meb.uni-bonn.de〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10477525" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Analysis of Variance ; Brain Mapping ; Electrodes, Implanted ; Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe/physiopathology ; Evoked Potentials ; Female ; Hippocampus/*physiology ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Memory/*physiology ; Mental Recall/*physiology ; Middle Aged ; Neurons/physiology ; Temporal Lobe/*physiology ; Time Factors
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 79
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1999-11-13
    Description: Although ion channels have been detected in mitochondria, scientists have not been able to record ion transport in mitochondria of intact cells. A variation of the patch clamp technique was used to record ion channel activity from intracellular organelles in the presynaptic terminal of the squid. Electron microscopy indicated that mitochondria are numerous in this terminal and are the only organelles compatible with the tips of the pipettes. Before synaptic stimulation, channel activity was infrequent and its conductance was small, although large conductances ( approximately 0.5 to 2.5 nanosiemens) could be detected occasionally. During a train of action potentials, the conductance of the mitochondrial membrane increased up to 60-fold. The conductance increased after a delay of several hundred milliseconds and continued to increase after stimulation had stopped. Recovery occurred over tens of seconds.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Jonas, E A -- Buchanan, J -- Kaczmarek, L K -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Nov 12;286(5443):1347-50.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10558987" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Action Potentials ; Animals ; Calcium/metabolism ; Calcium Channels/metabolism ; Decapodiformes ; Electric Conductivity ; Electric Stimulation ; Intracellular Membranes/metabolism ; Ion Channels/*metabolism ; Ion Transport ; Microscopy, Electron ; Mitochondria/*metabolism ; Patch-Clamp Techniques ; Porins/metabolism ; Presynaptic Terminals/*metabolism/ultrastructure ; *Synaptic Transmission ; Time Factors ; Voltage-Dependent Anion Channels
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  • 80
    Publication Date: 1999-11-24
    Description: Substance P receptor (SPR)-expressing spinal neurons were ablated with the selective cytotoxin substance P-saporin. Loss of these neurons resulted in a reduction of thermal hyperalgesia and mechanical allodynia associated with persistent neuropathic and inflammatory pain states. This loss appeared to be permanent. Responses to mildly painful stimuli and morphine analgesia were unaffected by this treatment. These results identify a target for treating persistent pain and suggest that the small population of SPR-expressing neurons in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord plays a pivotal role in the generation and maintenance of chronic neuropathic and inflammatory pain.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Nichols, M L -- Allen, B J -- Rogers, S D -- Ghilardi, J R -- Honore, P -- Luger, N M -- Finke, M P -- Li, J -- Lappi, D A -- Simone, D A -- Mantyh, P W -- 23970/PHS HHS/ -- 31223/PHS HHS/ -- DEO 7288/DE/NIDCR NIH HHS/ -- etc. -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Nov 19;286(5444):1558-61.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Preventive Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10567262" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Ganglia, Spinal/drug effects/physiology ; *Immunotoxins ; Inflammation/physiopathology ; Ligation ; *N-Glycosyl Hydrolases ; Neuralgia/drug therapy/physiopathology ; Pain/*drug therapy/*physiopathology ; Plant Proteins/administration & dosage/*pharmacology ; Posterior Horn Cells/drug effects/*physiology ; Rats ; Receptors, Neurokinin-1/*metabolism ; Ribosome Inactivating Proteins, Type 1 ; Spinal Nerves ; Substance P/administration & dosage/*pharmacology ; Time Factors
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  • 81
    Publication Date: 1999-09-18
    Description: Induction of long-term synaptic changes at one synapse can facilitate the induction of long-term plasticity at another synapse. Evidence is presented here that if Aplysia sensory neuron somata and their remote motor neuron synapses are simultaneously exposed to serotonin pulses insufficient to induce long-term facilitation (LTF) at either site alone, processes activated at these sites interact to induce LTF. This coincident induction of LTF requires that (i) the synaptic pulse occur within a brief temporal window of the somatic pulse, and (ii) local protein synthesis occur immediately at the synapse, followed by delayed protein synthesis at the soma.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sherff, C M -- Carew, T J -- F32-MH12004/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- R01MH-14-1083/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Sep 17;285(5435):1911-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Psychology and Department of Cellular, Molecular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8205 USA. carolyn.sherff@yale.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10489370" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Aplysia ; Emetine/pharmacology ; Interneurons/*physiology ; Membrane Potentials ; Neuronal Plasticity/*physiology ; Neurons, Afferent/*physiology ; Protein Biosynthesis ; Protein Synthesis Inhibitors/pharmacology ; Serotonin/physiology ; Synapses/*physiology ; Synaptic Transmission/physiology ; Time Factors
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  • 82
    Publication Date: 1999
    Description: The temporal program of gene expression during a model physiological response of human cells, the response of fibroblasts to serum, was explored with a complementary DNA microarray representing about 8600 different human genes. Genes could be clustered into groups on the basis of their temporal patterns of expression in this program. Many features of the transcriptional program appeared to be related to the physiology of wound repair, suggesting that fibroblasts play a larger and richer role in this complex multicellular response than had previously been appreciated.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Iyer, V R -- Eisen, M B -- Ross, D T -- Schuler, G -- Moore, T -- Lee, J C -- Trent, J M -- Staudt, L M -- Hudson, J Jr -- Boguski, M S -- Lashkari, D -- Shalon, D -- Botstein, D -- Brown, P O -- CA 77097/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- HG00450/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- T32 HG00450/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- etc. -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Jan 1;283(5398):83-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford CA 94305, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9872747" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Blood ; Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases/genetics/metabolism ; Cell Cycle/*genetics ; Cell Line ; Cholesterol/biosynthesis ; Culture Media ; Culture Media, Serum-Free ; Expressed Sequence Tags ; Fibroblasts/cytology/*physiology ; Fluorescent Dyes ; *Gene Expression Regulation ; Genes, Immediate-Early ; Humans ; Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis ; Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods ; Software ; Time Factors ; Transcription Factors/genetics ; *Transcription, Genetic ; Wound Healing/*genetics
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  • 83
    Publication Date: 1999-11-13
    Description: In sexual transmission of simian immunodeficiency virus, and early and later stages of human immunodeficiency virus-type 1 (HIV-1) infection, both viruses were found to replicate predominantly in CD4(+) T cells at the portal of entry and in lymphoid tissues. Infection was propagated not only in activated and proliferating T cells but also, surprisingly, in resting T cells. The infected proliferating cells correspond to the short-lived population that produces the bulk of HIV-1. Most of the HIV-1-infected resting T cells persisted after antiretroviral therapy. Latently and chronically infected cells that may be derived from this population pose challenges to eradicating infection and developing an effective vaccine.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zhang, Z -- Schuler, T -- Zupancic, M -- Wietgrefe, S -- Staskus, K A -- Reimann, K A -- Reinhart, T A -- Rogan, M -- Cavert, W -- Miller, C J -- Veazey, R S -- Notermans, D -- Little, S -- Danner, S A -- Richman, D D -- Havlir, D -- Wong, J -- Jordan, H L -- Schacker, T W -- Racz, P -- Tenner-Racz, K -- Letvin, N L -- Wolinsky, S -- Haase, A T -- AI 28246/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI 38565/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- RR 00168/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Nov 12;286(5443):1353-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Microbiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10558989" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Anti-HIV Agents/therapeutic use ; CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/cytology/immunology/*virology ; Cell Cycle ; Cervix Uteri/virology ; Epithelial Cells/virology ; Female ; HIV Infections/drug therapy/*transmission/virology ; HIV-1/*physiology ; Lymph Nodes/virology ; *Lymphocyte Activation ; Macaca mulatta ; RNA, Viral/analysis ; Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/*transmission/virology ; Simian Immunodeficiency Virus/*physiology ; Time Factors ; Virus Replication
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  • 84
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1999-06-12
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Barinaga, M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 May 14;284(5417):1098-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10366337" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Brain/*physiology ; Cues ; Form Perception/*physiology ; Humans ; Motion Perception/*physiology ; Neurons/physiology ; Time Factors
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  • 85
    Publication Date: 1999-10-09
    Description: Many human diseases are associated with the overproduction of oxygen free radicals that inflict cell damage. A manganese(II) complex with a bis(cyclohexylpyridine)-substituted macrocyclic ligand (M40403) was designed to be a functional mimic of the superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzymes that normally remove these radicals. M40403 had high catalytic SOD activity and was chemically and biologically stable in vivo. Injection of M40403 into rat models of inflammation and ischemia-reperfusion injury protected the animals against tissue damage. Such mimics may result in better clinical therapies for diseases mediated by superoxide radicals.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Salvemini, D -- Wang, Z Q -- Zweier, J L -- Samouilov, A -- Macarthur, H -- Misko, T P -- Currie, M G -- Cuzzocrea, S -- Sikorski, J A -- Riley, D P -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Oct 8;286(5438):304-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉MetaPhore Pharmaceuticals, 1910 Innerbelt Business Center Drive, St. Louis, MO 63114, USA. dsalvemini@metaphore.com〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10514375" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/chemical ; synthesis/chemistry/metabolism/*therapeutic use ; Cytoprotection ; Dinoprostone/metabolism ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Drug Design ; Drug Stability ; Inflammation/*drug therapy ; Interleukin-1/metabolism ; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase/metabolism ; Male ; Manganese ; Molecular Mimicry ; Neutrophils/drug effects ; Organometallic Compounds/chemical synthesis/chemistry/metabolism/*toxicity ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Reperfusion Injury/*drug therapy ; Splanchnic Circulation ; *Superoxide Dismutase/metabolism ; Superoxides/*metabolism ; Time Factors ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolism
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  • 86
    Publication Date: 1999-04-30
    Description: Viral clearance during hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection has been thought to reflect the destruction of infected hepatocytes by CD8(+) T lymphocytes. However, in this study, HBV DNA was shown to largely disappear from the liver and the blood of acutely infected chimpanzees long before the peak of T cell infiltration and most of the liver disease. These results demonstrate that noncytopathic antiviral mechanisms contribute to viral clearance during acute viral hepatitis by purging HBV replicative intermediates from the cytoplasm and covalently closed circular viral DNA from the nucleus of infected cells.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Guidotti, L G -- Rochford, R -- Chung, J -- Shapiro, M -- Purcell, R -- Chisari, F V -- R01 AI20001/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI40696/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R37 CA40489/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Apr 30;284(5415):825-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10221919" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acute Disease ; Animals ; Cytotoxicity, Immunologic ; DNA, Circular/analysis ; DNA, Viral/analysis/blood ; Hepatitis B/*immunology/pathology/virology ; Hepatitis B Antibodies/blood ; Hepatitis B Core Antigens/analysis ; Hepatitis B virus/genetics/*immunology/isolation & purification/physiology ; Killer Cells, Natural/immunology ; Liver/immunology/pathology/*virology ; Mice ; Mice, Transgenic ; Pan troglodytes ; T-Lymphocytes/immunology ; Time Factors ; Virus Replication
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  • 87
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1999-09-25
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Schacter, D L -- Wagner, A D -- AG05778/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- AG08441/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- MH57915/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Sep 3;285(5433):1503-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA. dls@wjh.harvard.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10498535" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Brain Mapping ; Electrodes, Implanted ; Electrophysiology ; Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe/physiopathology ; Evoked Potentials ; Frontal Lobe/physiology ; Hippocampus/*physiology ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Memory/*physiology ; Mental Recall/*physiology ; Temporal Lobe/*physiology ; Time Factors
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  • 88
    Publication Date: 1999-07-10
    Description: Endotoxin, a constituent of Gram-negative bacteria, stimulates macrophages to release large quantities of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and interleukin-1 (IL-1), which can precipitate tissue injury and lethal shock (endotoxemia). Antagonists of TNF and IL-1 have shown limited efficacy in clinical trials, possibly because these cytokines are early mediators in pathogenesis. Here a potential late mediator of lethality is identified and characterized in a mouse model. High mobility group-1 (HMG-1) protein was found to be released by cultured macrophages more than 8 hours after stimulation with endotoxin, TNF, or IL-1. Mice showed increased serum levels of HMG-1 from 8 to 32 hours after endotoxin exposure. Delayed administration of antibodies to HMG-1 attenuated endotoxin lethality in mice, and administration of HMG-1 itself was lethal. Septic patients who succumbed to infection had increased serum HMG-1 levels, suggesting that this protein warrants investigation as a therapeutic target.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wang, H -- Bloom, O -- Zhang, M -- Vishnubhakat, J M -- Ombrellino, M -- Che, J -- Frazier, A -- Yang, H -- Ivanova, S -- Borovikova, L -- Manogue, K R -- Faist, E -- Abraham, E -- Andersson, J -- Andersson, U -- Molina, P E -- Abumrad, N N -- Sama, A -- Tracey, K J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Jul 9;285(5425):248-51.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Emergency Medicine and Department of Surgery, North Shore University Hospital-New York University School of Medicine, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA. hwang@picower.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10398600" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Bacteremia/*blood ; Carrier Proteins/genetics/immunology/*metabolism/toxicity ; Cell Line ; Cells, Cultured ; Endotoxemia/*blood ; Endotoxins/blood/*toxicity ; HMGB1 Protein ; High Mobility Group Proteins/genetics/immunology/*metabolism/toxicity ; Humans ; Immune Sera/immunology ; Immunization, Passive ; Interferon-gamma/pharmacology ; Interleukin-1/pharmacology ; Lethal Dose 50 ; Leukocytes, Mononuclear/metabolism ; Lipopolysaccharides/toxicity ; Macrophages/*metabolism ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Mice, Inbred C3H ; RNA, Messenger/genetics/metabolism ; Time Factors ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/pharmacology
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  • 89
    Publication Date: 1999-09-11
    Description: Chemotherapy and radiation therapy for cancer often have severe side effects that limit their efficacy. Because these effects are in part determined by p53-mediated apoptosis, temporary suppression of p53 has been suggested as a therapeutic strategy to prevent damage of normal tissues during treatment of p53-deficient tumors. To test this possibility, a small molecule was isolated for its ability to reversibly block p53-dependent transcriptional activation and apoptosis. This compound, pifithrin-alpha, protected mice from the lethal genotoxic stress associated with anticancer treatment without promoting the formation of tumors. Thus, inhibitors of p53 may be useful drugs for reducing the side effects of cancer therapy and other types of stress associated with p53 induction.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Komarov, P G -- Komarova, E A -- Kondratov, R V -- Christov-Tselkov, K -- Coon, J S -- Chernov, M V -- Gudkov, A V -- CA60730/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- CA75179/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Sep 10;285(5434):1733-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10481009" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antineoplastic Agents/*adverse effects/pharmacology ; Apoptosis/*drug effects ; Benzothiazoles ; Cell Division/drug effects ; Cell Line ; Cell Nucleus/drug effects/metabolism ; Cytoplasm/drug effects/metabolism ; DNA/biosynthesis ; DNA Damage ; G2 Phase/drug effects ; Gamma Rays/*adverse effects ; Humans ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mice, Nude ; Neoplasms/drug therapy/radiotherapy/*therapy ; Radiation Tolerance/*drug effects ; Thiazoles/*pharmacology ; Time Factors ; Toluene/*analogs & derivatives/pharmacology ; Tumor Cells, Cultured ; Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/*antagonists & inhibitors/physiology ; Ultraviolet Rays/adverse effects
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 90
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1999-08-28
    Description: Complex cells in striate cortex of macaque showed a rapid pattern-specific adaptation. Adaptation made cells more sensitive to orientation change near the adapting orientation. It reduced correlations among the responses of populations of cells, thereby increasing the information transmitted by each action potential. These changes were brought about by brief exposures to stationary patterns, on the time scale of a single fixation. Thus, if successive fixations expose neurons' receptive fields to images with similar but not identical structure, adaptation will remove correlations and improve discriminability.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Muller, J R -- Metha, A B -- Krauskopf, J -- Lennie, P -- EY01319/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- EY04440/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- EY06638/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- etc. -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Aug 27;285(5432):1405-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center for Visual Science and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA. jim@monkeybiz.stanford.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10464100" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Action Potentials ; Adaptation, Physiological ; Animals ; Evoked Potentials, Visual ; Fixation, Ocular ; Macaca fascicularis ; Neurons/*physiology ; *Pattern Recognition, Visual ; *Photic Stimulation ; Time Factors ; Visual Cortex/cytology/*physiology
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 91
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1999-03-19
    Description: In a recent study, it was concluded that natural time-varying stimuli are represented more reliably in the brain than constant stimuli are. The results presented here disagree with this conclusion, although they were obtained from the same identified neuron (H1) in the fly's visual system. For large parts of the neuron's activity range, the variability of the responses was very similar for constant and time-varying stimuli and was considerably smaller than that in many visual interneurons of vertebrates.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Warzecha, A K -- Egelhaaf, M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Mar 19;283(5409):1927-30.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Lehrstuhl fur Neurobiologie, Fakultat fur Biologie, Universitat Bielefeld, Postfach 10 01 31, D-33501 Bielefeld, Germany. ak.warzecha@biologie.uni-bielefeld.de〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10082467" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Action Potentials ; Animals ; Brain/physiology ; Diptera/*physiology ; Female ; Motion Perception ; Neurons/*physiology ; Photic Stimulation ; Time Factors ; Visual Pathways
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 92
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1999-12-30
    Description: Leptin, a hormone secreted by fat cells, suppresses food intake and promotes weight loss. To assess the action of this hormone on brain reward circuitry, changes in the rewarding effect of lateral hypothalamic stimulation were measured after leptin administration. At five stimulation sites near the fornix, the effectiveness of the rewarding electrical stimulation was enhanced by chronic food restriction and attenuated by intracerebroventricular infusion of leptin. In contrast, the rewarding effect of stimulating neighboring sites was insensitive to chronic food restriction and was enhanced by leptin in three of four cases. These opposing effects of leptin may mirror complementary changes in the rewarding effects of feeding and of competing behaviors.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Fulton, S -- Woodside, B -- Shizgal, P -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Jan 7;287(5450):125-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center for Studies in Behavioural Neurobiology, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, H3G 1M8, Canada.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10615045" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Electric Stimulation ; Energy Metabolism ; Feeding Behavior ; Food Deprivation/*physiology ; Hypothalamic Area, Lateral/drug effects/*physiology ; Injections, Intraventricular ; Leptin/administration & dosage/*pharmacology ; Male ; Neurons/physiology ; Neuropeptides/physiology ; Rats ; Rats, Long-Evans ; Recombinant Proteins/administration & dosage/pharmacology ; *Reward ; Self Stimulation/physiology ; Time Factors
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 93
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1999-10-26
    Description: This review critically examines neuronal coding strategies and how they might apply to olfactory processing. Basic notions such as identity, spatial, temporal, and correlation codes are defined and different perspectives are brought to the study of neural codes. Odors as physical stimuli and their processing by the early olfactory system, one or two synapses away from the receptors, are discussed. Finally, the concept of lateral inhibition, as usually understood and applied to odor coding by mitral (or equivalent) cells, is challenged and extended to a broader context, possibly more appropriate for olfactory processing.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Laurent, G -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Oct 22;286(5440):723-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA. laurentg@its.caltech.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10531051" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Neural Inhibition ; Neurons/physiology ; *Odors ; Olfactory Bulb/*physiology ; Olfactory Pathways ; Olfactory Receptor Neurons/*physiology ; Perception ; Receptors, Odorant/*physiology ; Smell/*physiology ; Time Factors
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 94
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1999-07-31
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Malissen, B -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Jul 9;285(5425):207-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Centre d'Immunologie INSERM-CNRS de Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France. bernardm@ciml.univ-mrs.fr〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10428718" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antigen-Presenting Cells/immunology/metabolism ; Antigens, CD/metabolism ; Antigens, CD80/metabolism ; Histocompatibility Antigens/*metabolism ; Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/metabolism ; Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1/metabolism ; Ligands ; Lipid Bilayers ; *Lymphocyte Activation ; Lymphocyte Function-Associated Antigen-1/metabolism ; Models, Immunological ; Peptides/metabolism ; Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/*metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; T-Lymphocytes/*immunology/metabolism ; Time Factors
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 95
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1999-09-25
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Smith, O -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Sep 3;285(5433):1504.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10498536" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Aged ; Amnesia/physiopathology ; Animals ; Brain Mapping ; Hippocampus/*physiology ; Humans ; Male ; Maze Learning ; Memory/*physiology ; Mice ; Neocortex/*physiology ; Temporal Lobe/*physiology ; Time Factors
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  • 96
    Publication Date: 1999-09-11
    Description: In congenitally deaf cats, the central auditory system is deprived of acoustic input because of degeneration of the organ of Corti before the onset of hearing. Primary auditory afferents survive and can be stimulated electrically. By means of an intracochlear implant and an accompanying sound processor, congenitally deaf kittens were exposed to sounds and conditioned to respond to tones. After months of exposure to meaningful stimuli, the cortical activity in chronically implanted cats produced field potentials of higher amplitudes, expanded in area, developed long latency responses indicative of intracortical information processing, and showed more synaptic efficacy than in naive, unstimulated deaf cats. The activity established by auditory experience resembles activity in hearing animals.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Klinke, R -- Kral, A -- Heid, S -- Tillein, J -- Hartmann, R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Sep 10;285(5434):1729-33.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Physiologisches Institut III, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, D-60590 Frankfurt/M, Germany. klinke@em.uni-frankfurt.de〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10481008" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acoustic Stimulation ; Animals ; Auditory Cortex/*physiology ; Auditory Pathways/*physiology ; Cats ; Cochlea/*physiology ; *Cochlear Implants ; Conditioning (Psychology) ; Deafness/congenital/*physiopathology/therapy ; Electric Stimulation ; Evoked Potentials, Auditory ; Hearing ; Synapses/physiology ; Time Factors
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  • 97
    Publication Date: 1999-07-10
    Description: The specialized junction between a T lymphocyte and an antigen-presenting cell, the immunological synapse, consists of a central cluster of T cell receptors surrounded by a ring of adhesion molecules. Immunological synapse formation is now shown to be an active and dynamic mechanism that allows T cells to distinguish potential antigenic ligands. Initially, T cell receptor ligands were engaged in an outermost ring of the nascent synapse. Transport of these complexes into the central cluster was dependent on T cell receptor-ligand interaction kinetics. Finally, formation of a stable central cluster at the heart of the synapse was a determinative event for T cell proliferation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Grakoui, A -- Bromley, S K -- Sumen, C -- Davis, M M -- Shaw, A S -- Allen, P M -- Dustin, M L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Jul 9;285(5425):221-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center for Immunology and the Department of Pathology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10398592" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antigen-Presenting Cells/immunology/metabolism ; Antigens, CD4/immunology/metabolism ; CHO Cells ; Cell Movement ; Cricetinae ; Cytochrome c Group/immunology/metabolism ; Fluorescence ; Histocompatibility Antigens/immunology/*metabolism ; Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1/immunology/metabolism ; Ligands ; Lipid Bilayers ; *Lymphocyte Activation ; Mice ; Mice, Transgenic ; Microscopy, Interference ; Models, Immunological ; Peptides/immunology/metabolism ; Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology/*metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; T-Lymphocytes/*immunology/metabolism ; Time Factors
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  • 98
    Publication Date: 1999-02-05
    Description: Clinical evidence suggests that cellular immunity is involved in controlling human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) replication. An animal model of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected rhesus monkey, was used to show that virus replication is not controlled in monkeys depleted of CD8+ lymphocytes during primary SIV infection. Eliminating CD8+ lymphocytes from monkeys during chronic SIV infection resulted in a rapid and marked increase in viremia that was again suppressed coincident with the reappearance of SIV-specific CD8+ T cells. These results confirm the importance of cell-mediated immunity in controlling HIV-1 infection and support the exploration of vaccination approaches for preventing infection that will elicit these immune responses.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Schmitz, J E -- Kuroda, M J -- Santra, S -- Sasseville, V G -- Simon, M A -- Lifton, M A -- Racz, P -- Tenner-Racz, K -- Dalesandro, M -- Scallon, B J -- Ghrayeb, J -- Forman, M A -- Montefiori, D C -- Rieber, E P -- Letvin, N L -- Reimann, K A -- P51 RR000168/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- RR-00168/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- RR-13150/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Feb 5;283(5403):857-60.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Viral Pathogenesis, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA. jschmitz@caregroup.harvard.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9933172" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/immunology/virology ; Animals ; Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology ; Antibodies, Viral/blood ; CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/*immunology ; Disease Progression ; Gene Products, gag/blood ; Humans ; Lymphocyte Count ; Lymphocyte Depletion ; Macaca mulatta ; Neutralization Tests ; RNA, Viral/blood ; Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/*immunology/*virology ; Simian Immunodeficiency Virus/*immunology/physiology ; T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology ; Time Factors ; Viral Load ; Viremia/immunology/virology ; Virus Replication
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  • 99
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1999-06-05
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Antelman, S M -- Levine, J -- Gershon, S -- Caggiula, A R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 May 7;284(5416):913-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10357673" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Antidepressive Agents/*therapeutic use ; Controlled Clinical Trials as Topic ; Depressive Disorder/*drug therapy/therapy ; Humans ; Placebo Effect ; *Placebos ; Time Factors
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  • 100
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1999-05-15
    Description: In several experiments, it was found that global perception of spatial form can arise exclusively from unpredictable but synchronized changes among local features. Within an array of nonoverlapping apertures, contours move in one of two directions, with direction reversing randomly over time. When contours within a region of the array reverse directions in synchrony, they stand out conspicuously from the rest of the array where direction reversals are unsynchronized. Clarity of spatial structure from synchronized change depends on the rate of motion reversal and on the proportion of elements reversing direction in synchrony. Evidently, human vision is sensitive to the rich temporal structure in these stochastic events.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lee, S H -- Blake, R -- EY01826/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- EY07760/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 May 14;284(5417):1165-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Vanderbilt Vision Research Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10325226" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Brain/*physiology ; Contrast Sensitivity ; Cues ; Form Perception/*physiology ; Humans ; Motion Perception/*physiology ; Neurons/physiology ; Stochastic Processes ; Time Factors
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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