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  • 1
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    Sexual transmission and propagation of SIV and HIV in resting and activated CD4+ T cells (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-11-13
    Description: In sexual transmission of simian immunodeficiency virus, and early and later stages of human immunodeficiency virus-type 1 (HIV-1) infection, both viruses were found to replicate predominantly in CD4(+) T cells at the portal of entry and in lymphoid tissues. Infection was propagated not only in activated and proliferating T cells but also, surprisingly, in resting T cells. The infected proliferating cells correspond to the short-lived population that produces the bulk of HIV-1. Most of the HIV-1-infected resting T cells persisted after antiretroviral therapy. Latently and chronically infected cells that may be derived from this population pose challenges to eradicating infection and developing an effective vaccine.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zhang, Z -- Schuler, T -- Zupancic, M -- Wietgrefe, S -- Staskus, K A -- Reimann, K A -- Reinhart, T A -- Rogan, M -- Cavert, W -- Miller, C J -- Veazey, R S -- Notermans, D -- Little, S -- Danner, S A -- Richman, D D -- Havlir, D -- Wong, J -- Jordan, H L -- Schacker, T W -- Racz, P -- Tenner-Racz, K -- Letvin, N L -- Wolinsky, S -- Haase, A T -- AI 28246/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI 38565/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- RR 00168/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Nov 12;286(5443):1353-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Microbiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10558989" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Anti-HIV Agents/therapeutic use ; CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/cytology/immunology/*virology ; Cell Cycle ; Cervix Uteri/virology ; Epithelial Cells/virology ; Female ; HIV Infections/drug therapy/*transmission/virology ; HIV-1/*physiology ; Lymph Nodes/virology ; *Lymphocyte Activation ; Macaca mulatta ; RNA, Viral/analysis ; Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/*transmission/virology ; Simian Immunodeficiency Virus/*physiology ; Time Factors ; Virus Replication
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 2
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    Reversal of adriamycin resistance by verapamil in human ovarian cancer (1984)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1984-06-01
    Description: The effectiveness of adriamycin in the treatment of ovarian cancer and other human tumors has been limited by the development of drug resistance. Verapamil, a calcium channel blocking agent, completely reversed adriamycin resistance in human ovarian cancer cells with moderate (three- to sixfold) degrees of resistance and partially reversed resistance in highly (150-fold) resistant cells. The potentiating effect of verapamil was due to inhibition of adriamycin efflux in the resistant cells. These results have led to a clinical trial of adriamycin and verapamil in refractory ovarian cancer patients.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Rogan, A M -- Hamilton, T C -- Young, R C -- Klecker, R W Jr -- Ozols, R F -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1984 Jun 1;224(4652):994-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6372095" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Cell Line ; Clinical Trials as Topic ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Doxorubicin/*therapeutic use ; Drug Resistance ; Female ; Humans ; Ovarian Neoplasms/*drug therapy ; Verapamil/*therapeutic use
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 3
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    Expanding probe repertoire and improving reproducibility in human genomic hybridization (2013)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-04-14
    Description: Diagnostic DNA hybridization relies on probes composed of single copy (sc) genomic sequences. Sc sequences in probe design ensure high specificity and avoid cross-hybridization to other regions of the genome, which could lead to ambiguous results that are difficult to interpret. We examine how the distribution and composition of repetitive sequences in the genome affects sc probe performance. A divide and conquer algorithm was implemented to design sc probes. With this approach, sc probes can include divergent repetitive elements, which hybridize to unique genomic targets under higher stringency experimental conditions. Genome-wide custom probe sets were created for fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) and microarray genomic hybridization. The scFISH probes were developed for detection of copy number changes within small tumour suppressor genes and oncogenes. The microarrays demonstrated increased reproducibility by eliminating cross-hybridization to repetitive sequences adjacent to probe targets. The genome-wide microarrays exhibited lower median coefficients of variation (17.8%) for two HapMap family trios. The coefficients of variations of commercial probes within 300 nt of a repetitive element were 48.3% higher than the nearest custom probe. Furthermore, the custom microarray called a chromosome 15q11.2q13 deletion more consistently. This method for sc probe design increases probe coverage for FISH and lowers variability in genomic microarrays.
    Keywords: Microarray Technology, Genomics
    Print ISSN: 0305-1048
    Electronic ISSN: 1362-4962
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chiral separation of β-amino alcohols by capillary electrophoresis using cyclodextrins as buffer additives. I. Effect of varying operating parameters (1992)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 34 (1992), S. 19-24 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Capillary electrophoresis ; Chiral resolution ; β-Cyclodextrin ; β-Amino alcohols ; Clenbuterol ; Picumeterol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Capillary electrophoresis has been used for the chiral analysis of two β-amino alcohol pharmaceutical compounds. Capillary zone electrophoresis conditions were used with β-cyclodextrin as a chiral mobile phase additive. The effects of variation of β-cyclodextrin concentration, temperature, pH, background electrolyte composition and concentration have been investigated. Optimum separations were achieved for clenbuterol using β-cyclodextrin at its solubility limit (16mM), the lowest practicable temperature (19°C), pH 4.0 and an electrolyte solution with a high ionic strength prepared from 0.1 M citric acid and 0.3 M Na2HPO4. For the development compound picumeterol and its (S)-enationmer, the optimum pH 4.0 buffer was prepared from 0.1 M citric acid and 0.2 M sodium acetate. Baseline separation with resolution greater than 2 was achieved for both compounds.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02290453
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Quantitative determination of drug counter-ion stoichiometry by capillary electrophoresis (1994)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 38 (1994), S. 637-642 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Capillary electrophoresis ; Drug counter-ion stoichiometry ; Internal standard ; Quantitation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary CE has been shown to be a useful technique for the quantitative determination of common drug counterions. Data generated by CE compares well with theoretical ion contents, microanalysis and ion chromatography data. Acceptable method performance in terms of linearity, accuracy, precision of peak areas and migration times for the CE methods are demonstrated. An internal standard was shown to improve injection precision. Given their speed, simplicity and robustness, the CE methods described are now in routine use for batch release of selected drug substance material.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02277168
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Plackett-Burman experimental design in chiral analysis using capillary electrophoresis (1994)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 38 (1994), S. 723-729 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Capillary electrophoresis ; Chiral separation ; Cyclodextrins ; Plackett-Burman experimental design
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Plackett-Burman experimental design has been studied in the chiral separation of clenbuterol using capillary electrophoresis (CE). This saturated fractional design approach was used to simultaneously investigate the variables pH, cyclodextrin concentration, electrolyte ionic strength, methanol concentration, and injection time, each at three levels. Percentage main effects of each variable on resolution, retention time and peak efficiency were calculated. Ionic strength, pH and β-cyclodextrin concentration were found to exert the greatest effect on resolution, pH on retention time and pH and ionic strength on peak efficiency. Results are in agreement with those from a previous univariate study. It is concluded that Plackett-Burman experimental design offers of rapid means for testing robustness of chiral CE methods or for the simultaneous screening of experimental variables.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02269627
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Serotoninergic and peptidergic nerve elements in the protoscolex ofEchinococcus granulosus (Cestoda, Cyclophyllidea) (1994)
    Springer
    Parasitology research 80 (1994), S. 649-656 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1955
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The localisation and distribution of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT, or serotonin) and neuropeptides in the nervous system of the protoscolex of the hydatid organismEchinococcus granulosus were determined by an indirect immunofluorescence technique. Nerve-cell bodies immunoreactive for 5-HT occurred in the lateral ganglia and in association with the lateral longitudinal nerve cords. 5-HT immunostaining was also evident in the central nerve ring, in the rostellar nerves and in the nerve plexus innervating the suckers. Of the antisera used to screen the protoscolex for neuropeptide immunoreactivity (IR), immunostaining was obtained with those raised against pancreatic polypeptide (PP), peptide YY (PYY), substance P (SP), peptide histidine isoleucine (PHI) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP). The most extensive pattern of IR occurred with antisera to PP and PYY. Immunoreactive nerve elements were evident in the lateral ganglia, central nerve ring, rostellar nerves, rostellar ganglia, sucker plexus and longitudinal nerve cords. The distribution of SP-, PHI- and VIP-IRs was more restricted: SP-IR occurred in the lateral ganglia and sucker nerves, whilst PHI- and VIP-immunoreactive nerve elements were associated with the lateral longitudinal nerve cords. Protoscoleces cultured in vitro for 29 days were also examined and neuroanatomical changes noted. A greater development of the longitudinal nerve cords and their cross-connectives in the body of the worm was evident, and a group of nerve cells were seen to develop at the posterior end of the main lateral nerve cords.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00932948
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Development of the tegument ofechinococcus granulosus (Cestoda) protoscoleces during cystic diffentiation in vivo (1989)
    Springer
    Parasitology research 75 (1989), S. 299-306 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1955
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract During the first 4 days following infection, early tegumentary changes are confined to the protoscolex soma ofEchinococcus granulosus, the thick glycocalyx being lost and the blunt elevations, flattened. The Golgi complexes within the tegumentary cytons produce T2 vesicles that increase in number in the tegument from days 4 to 12, whereas T1 vesicles decline. Spineless, truncated microtriches develop at the somal surface, and the laminated layer starts to form around the developing cyst from days 20–40 onwards. T2 vesicles do not appear to be involved in its formation and decline in number. Two additional vesicle types participate in the production of the laminated layer: T4 vesciles contribute to the carbohydrate matrix, and ‘G’ vesicles form granular accumulations. Cystic differentiation is completed after 2–3 months, when the spined microtriches and rostellar hooks of the scolex are shed into the laminated layer and replaced by truncated microtriches. These ultrastructural changes are discussed with respect to parasite survival.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00931814
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  • 9
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    Pigs and humans with cystic fibrosis have reduced insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) levels at birth (2010)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-11-08
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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  • 10
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    Explosive ice age diversification of kiwi (2016)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-08-29
    Description: Molecular dating largely overturned the paradigm that global cooling during recent Pleistocene glacial cycles resulted in a burst of species diversification although some evidence exists that speciation was commonly promoted in habitats near the expanding and retracting ice sheets. Here, we used a genome-wide dataset of more than half a million base pairs of DNA to test for a glacially induced burst of diversification in kiwi, an avian family distributed within several hundred kilometers of the expanding and retracting glaciers of the Southern Alps of New Zealand. By sampling across the geographic range of the five kiwi species, we discovered many cryptic lineages, bringing the total number of kiwi taxa that currently exist to 11 and the number that existed just before human arrival to 16 or 17. We found that 80% of kiwi diversification events date to the major glacial advances of the Middle and Late Pleistocene. During this period, New Zealand was repeatedly fragmented by glaciers into a series of refugia, with the tiny geographic ranges of many kiwi lineages currently distributed in areas adjacent to these refugia. Estimates of effective population size through time show a dramatic bottleneck during the last glacial cycle in all but one kiwi lineage, as expected if kiwi were isolated in glacially induced refugia. Our results support a fivefold increase in diversification rates during key glacial periods, comparable with levels observed in classic adaptive radiations, and confirm that at least some lineages distributed near glaciated regions underwent rapid ice age diversification.
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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