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  • Female  (628)
  • *Biological Evolution
  • Engineering
  • American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)  (772)
  • 1995-1999  (772)
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Year
  • 1
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    Bid for better beef gives Japan a leg up on cattle (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-01-05
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Normile, D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Dec 11;282(5396):1975-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9874644" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animal Husbandry/*methods ; Animals ; Blastocyst ; Cattle/embryology/*genetics ; Cell Differentiation ; Cells, Cultured ; *Cloning, Organism ; Embryo Transfer/veterinary ; Fallopian Tubes/cytology ; Female ; Japan ; *Nuclear Transfer Techniques ; Oocytes ; Ovarian Follicle/cytology ; Pregnancy
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 2
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    The handy-dandy kitchen device (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-01-05
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Abramson, P R -- Pinkerton, S D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Dec 11;282(5396):1993-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9874650" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Anura/*genetics/physiology ; *Biological Evolution ; Male ; Selection, Genetic ; *Sexual Behavior, Animal ; *Vocalization, Animal
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 3
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    Heat shock protein mutes genetic changes (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-01-05
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pennisi, E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Dec 4;282(5395):1796.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9874626" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Crosses, Genetic ; Drosophila/*genetics ; Female ; *Genes, Insect ; HSP90 Heat-Shock Proteins/genetics/*physiology ; Insect Proteins/genetics/physiology ; Male ; *Mutation ; Temperature
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 4
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    Postdoctoral patterns, career advancement, and problems (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-09-08
    Description: Postdoctoral appointments can have different functions and meanings, depending on the field and whether the postdoc is a man or a woman. The Ph.D.'s-Ten Years Later study confirmed that in biochemistry, the postdoc, not the Ph.D., has become the general proving ground for excellence both in academia and industry. Because they spent a longer time in these "mandatory" postdocs, biochemists had the largest proportion of untenured faculty 10 to 13 years after the Ph. D. In mathematics, where substantially fewer postdoctoral positions are available, Ph.D.'s taking postdocs are more likely to obtain faculty positions, but this is true only for men. University administrators should be accountable for monitoring the total time spent in these positions and should provide administrative assistance for skills training, career growth, and the job search. In addition, creative solutions concerning the dual-career couple phenomenon are necessary.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Nerad, M -- Cerny, J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Sep 3;285(5433):1533-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Graduate Division, University of California, Berkeley, 424 Sproul Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720-5900, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10477510" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Biochemistry/education ; *Career Mobility ; *Education, Graduate ; Employment ; Faculty ; *Fellowships and Scholarships ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; *Mathematics ; Salaries and Fringe Benefits ; Societies, Scientific ; Time Factors ; United States ; Universities
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 5
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    Diminishing returns from mutation supply rate in asexual populations (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-01-15
    Description: Mutator genotypes with increased mutation rates may be especially important in microbial evolution if genetic adaptation is generally limited by the supply of mutations. In experimental populations of the bacterium Escherichia coli, the rate of evolutionary adaptation was proportional to the mutation supply rate only in particular circumstances of small or initially well-adapted populations. These experiments also demonstrate a "speed limit" on adaptive evolution in asexual populations, one that is independent of the mutation supply rate.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Arjan, J A -- Visser, M -- Zeyl, C W -- Gerrish, P J -- Blanchard, J L -- Lenski, R E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Jan 15;283(5400):404-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center for Microbial Ecology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA. arjan.devisser@algemeen.micr.wau.nl〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9888858" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adaptation, Physiological ; *Biological Evolution ; Escherichia coli/*genetics/physiology ; Genetics, Population ; Genotype ; Linear Models ; *Models, Biological ; *Mutation
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 6
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    Test tube evolution catches time in a bottle (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-07-17
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Appenzeller, T -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Jun 25;284(5423):2108-10.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10409068" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Adaptation, Physiological ; *Biological Evolution ; Culture Media ; *Ecosystem ; Escherichia coli/*genetics/physiology ; Glucose/metabolism ; Maltose/metabolism ; *Mutation ; Pseudomonas fluorescens/*genetics/physiology ; Selection, Genetic
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 7
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    New model for hereditary breast cancer (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-05-21
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hagmann, M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Apr 30;284(5415):723, 725.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10336390" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Apoptosis ; Breast Neoplasms/*genetics/pathology ; *Disease Models, Animal ; Female ; *Genes, BRCA1 ; Genes, p53 ; Humans ; Mammary Glands, Animal/pathology ; Mammary Neoplasms, Animal/*genetics/pathology ; Mice ; Mice, Knockout ; Mice, Transgenic ; Mutation
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 8
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    Science and scripture (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-11-30
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Whitehead, F -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Oct 22;286(5440):681.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10577223" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Biological Evolution ; Education/legislation & jurisprudence/standards ; Kansas ; *Politics ; Religion and Science ; Science/*education
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 9
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    Requirement of ATM-dependent phosphorylation of brca1 in the DNA damage response to double-strand breaks (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-11-05
    Description: The Brca1 (breast cancer gene 1) tumor suppressor protein is phosphorylated in response to DNA damage. Results from this study indicate that the checkpoint protein kinase ATM (mutated in ataxia telangiectasia) was required for phosphorylation of Brca1 in response to ionizing radiation. ATM resides in a complex with Brca1 and phosphorylated Brca1 in vivo and in vitro in a region that contains clusters of serine-glutamine residues. Phosphorylation of this domain appears to be functionally important because a mutated Brca1 protein lacking two phosphorylation sites failed to rescue the radiation hypersensitivity of a Brca1-deficient cell line. Thus, phosphorylation of Brca1 by the checkpoint kinase ATM may be critical for proper responses to DNA double-strand breaks and may provide a molecular explanation for the role of ATM in breast cancer.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cortez, D -- Wang, Y -- Qin, J -- Elledge, S J -- GM44664/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Nov 5;286(5442):1162-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Verna and Mars McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Cell Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10550055" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Ataxia Telangiectasia/genetics ; Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated Proteins ; BRCA1 Protein/*metabolism ; Breast Neoplasms/genetics ; Cell Cycle Proteins ; Cell Line ; *DNA Damage ; *DNA Repair ; DNA, Complementary ; DNA-Binding Proteins ; Female ; Gamma Rays ; Genes, BRCA1 ; Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; HeLa Cells ; Heterozygote ; Humans ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Phosphorylation ; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases/genetics/*metabolism ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; Tumor Suppressor Proteins
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
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  • 10
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    Regulation of intestinal alpha-defensin activation by the metalloproteinase matrilysin in innate host defense (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-10-03
    Description: Precursors of alpha-defensin peptides require activation for bactericidal activity. In mouse small intestine, matrilysin colocalized with alpha-defensins (cryptdins) in Paneth cell granules, and in vitro it cleaved the pro segment from cryptdin precursors. Matrilysin-deficient (MAT-/-) mice lacked mature cryptdins and accumulated precursor molecules. Intestinal peptide preparations from MAT-/- mice had decreased antimicrobial activity. Orally administered bacteria survived in greater numbers and were more virulent in MAT-/- mice than in MAT+/+ mice. Thus, matrilysin functions in intestinal mucosal defense by regulating the activity of defensins, which may be a common role for this metalloproteinase in its numerous epithelial sites of expression.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wilson, C L -- Ouellette, A J -- Satchell, D P -- Ayabe, T -- Lopez-Boado, Y S -- Stratman, J L -- Hultgren, S J -- Matrisian, L M -- Parks, W C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Oct 1;286(5437):113-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy and Pulmonary Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA. wilson_c@kids.wustl.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10506557" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Catalysis ; Cytoplasmic Granules/enzymology ; Escherichia coli/growth & development ; Escherichia coli Infections/immunology/microbiology ; Female ; Humans ; *Immunity, Innate ; *Immunity, Mucosal ; Intestinal Mucosa/enzymology/immunology/microbiology ; Intestine, Small/enzymology/*immunology/microbiology ; Male ; Matrix Metalloproteinase 7 ; Metalloendopeptidases/genetics/*metabolism ; Mice ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Paneth Cells/enzymology ; Protein Precursors/genetics/*metabolism ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; Salmonella typhimurium/growth & development/pathogenicity ; Tissue Extracts/pharmacology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
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  • 11
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    A new human ancestor? (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-05-18
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Culotta, E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Apr 23;284(5414):572-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10328732" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Ethiopia ; Facial Bones/anatomy & histology ; *Fossils ; History, Ancient ; *Hominidae/anatomy & histology/classification ; Humans ; Paleodontology ; Skull/anatomy & histology ; Tooth/anatomy & histology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 12
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    Population biology, evolution, and infectious disease: convergence and synthesis (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-02-05
    Description: Traditionally, the interest of population and evolutionary biologists in infectious diseases has been almost exclusively in their role as agents of natural selection in higher organisms. Recently, this interest has expanded to include the genetic structure and evolution of microparasite populations, the mechanisms of pathogenesis and the immune response, and the population biology, ecology, and evolutionary consequences of medical and public health interventions. This article describes recent work in these areas, emphasizing the ways in which quantitative, population-biological approaches have been contributing to the understanding of infectious disease and the design and evaluation of interventions for their treatment and prevention.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Levin, B R -- Lipsitch, M -- Bonhoeffer, S -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Feb 5;283(5403):806-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, Emory University, 1510 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9933155" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Bacterial Physiological Phenomena ; *Biological Evolution ; Drug Resistance, Microbial ; Humans ; Infection/immunology/*microbiology ; Molecular Epidemiology ; Parasites/genetics/physiology ; Parasitic Diseases/immunology/*parasitology ; Population Dynamics ; Vaccination ; Virus Physiological Phenomena
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 13
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    Science and "truth" (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-08-24
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wojcik, J F -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Jul 30;285(5428):663.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10454918" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Biological Evolution ; Humans ; *Religion and Science
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 14
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    Role of nonexercise activity thermogenesis in resistance to fat gain in humans (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-01-08
    Description: Humans show considerable interindividual variation in susceptibility to weight gain in response to overeating. The physiological basis of this variation was investigated by measuring changes in energy storage and expenditure in 16 nonobese volunteers who were fed 1000 kilocalories per day in excess of weight-maintenance requirements for 8 weeks. Two-thirds of the increases in total daily energy expenditure was due to increased nonexercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT), which is associated with fidgeting, maintenance of posture, and other physical activities of daily life. Changes in NEAT accounted for the 10-fold differences in fat storage that occurred and directly predicted resistance to fat gain with overfeeding (correlation coefficient = 0.77, probability 〈 0.001). These results suggest that as humans overeat, activation of NEAT dissipates excess energy to preserve leanness and that failure to activate NEAT may result in ready fat gain.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Levine, J A -- Eberhardt, N L -- Jensen, M D -- DK45343/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- DK50456/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- M01 RR00535/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Jan 8;283(5399):212-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Medicine, Endocrine Research Unit, Mayo Clinic and Mayo Foundation, 200 First Street Southwest, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9880251" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Activities of Daily Living ; *Adipose Tissue ; Adult ; Basal Metabolism ; Body Composition ; Calorimetry, Indirect ; *Energy Intake ; *Energy Metabolism ; Exercise ; Female ; Humans ; Hyperphagia/*physiopathology ; Male ; *Movement ; Posture ; *Weight Gain
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 15
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    Stability, precision, and near-24-hour period of the human circadian pacemaker (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-06-26
    Description: Regulation of circadian period in humans was thought to differ from that of other species, with the period of the activity rhythm reported to range from 13 to 65 hours (median 25.2 hours) and the period of the body temperature rhythm reported to average 25 hours in adulthood, and to shorten with age. However, those observations were based on studies of humans exposed to light levels sufficient to confound circadian period estimation. Precise estimation of the periods of the endogenous circadian rhythms of melatonin, core body temperature, and cortisol in healthy young and older individuals living in carefully controlled lighting conditions has now revealed that the intrinsic period of the human circadian pacemaker averages 24.18 hours in both age groups, with a tight distribution consistent with other species. These findings have important implications for understanding the pathophysiology of disrupted sleep in older people.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Czeisler, C A -- Duffy, J F -- Shanahan, T L -- Brown, E N -- Mitchell, J F -- Rimmer, D W -- Ronda, J M -- Silva, E J -- Allan, J S -- Emens, J S -- Dijk, D J -- Kronauer, R E -- MO1-RR02635/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- P01-AG09975/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- R01-GM53559/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Jun 25;284(5423):2177-81.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Circadian, Neuroendocrine, and Sleep Disorders Section, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 221 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10381883" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Aged ; Aging/*physiology ; Biological Clocks/genetics/*physiology ; Body Temperature ; Circadian Rhythm/genetics/*physiology ; Darkness ; Female ; Humans ; Hydrocortisone/blood ; Light ; Male ; Melatonin/blood ; Middle Aged ; Sleep
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 16
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    Defective angiogenesis in mice lacking endoglin (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-05-29
    Description: Endoglin is a transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) binding protein expressed on the surface of endothelial cells. Loss-of-function mutations in the human endoglin gene ENG cause hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT1), a disease characterized by vascular malformations. Here it is shown that by gestational day 11.5, mice lacking endoglin die from defective vascular development. However, in contrast to mice lacking TGF-beta, vasculogenesis was unaffected. Loss of endoglin caused poor vascular smooth muscle development and arrested endothelial remodeling. These results demonstrate that endoglin is essential for angiogenesis and suggest a pathogenic mechanism for HHT1.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Li, D Y -- Sorensen, L K -- Brooke, B S -- Urness, L D -- Davis, E C -- Taylor, D G -- Boak, B B -- Wendel, D P -- K08 HL03490-03/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- T35 HL07744-06/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 May 28;284(5419):1534-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Program in Human Molecular Biology and Genetics, Department of Human Genetics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112-5330, USA. dean.li@hci.utah.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10348742" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antigens, CD ; Antigens, CD31/analysis ; Blood Vessels/cytology/*embryology/metabolism ; Cell Differentiation ; Crosses, Genetic ; Endothelium, Vascular/cytology/*embryology/metabolism ; Female ; Gene Targeting ; In Situ Hybridization ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Microscopy, Electron ; Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology/*embryology ; *Neovascularization, Physiologic ; Receptors, Cell Surface ; Signal Transduction ; Transforming Growth Factor beta/metabolism ; Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1/genetics/*physiology ; Yolk Sac/ultrastructure
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 17
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    Regulation of maternal behavior and offspring growth by paternally expressed Peg3 (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-04-09
    Description: Imprinted genes display parent-of-origin-dependent monoallelic expression that apparently regulates complex mammalian traits, including growth and behavior. The Peg3 gene is expressed in embryos and the adult brain from the paternal allele only. A mutation in the Peg3 gene resulted in growth retardation, as well as a striking impairment of maternal behavior that frequently resulted in death of the offspring. This result may be partly due to defective neuronal connectivity, as well as reduced oxytocin neurons in the hypothalamus, because mutant mothers were deficient in milk ejection. This study provides further insights on the evolution of epigenetic regulation of imprinted gene dosage in modulating mammalian growth and behavior.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Li, L -- Keverne, E B -- Aparicio, S A -- Ishino, F -- Barton, S C -- Surani, M A -- Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Apr 9;284(5412):330-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Wellcome CRC Institute of Cancer and Developmental Biology, and Physiological Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10195900" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Animals, Newborn ; Brain/metabolism ; Crosses, Genetic ; Female ; Gene Expression ; Gene Targeting ; *Genomic Imprinting ; *Growth ; Hypothalamus/cytology/metabolism ; Kruppel-Like Transcription Factors ; Lactation ; Male ; *Maternal Behavior ; Mice ; Mutation ; Neural Pathways ; Neurons/metabolism ; Oxytocin/metabolism ; Phenotype ; *Protein Kinases ; Proteins/genetics/*physiology ; *Transcription Factors ; *Weight Gain
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    Self-organization of microtubule asters induced in Xenopus egg extracts by GTP-bound Ran (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-05-21
    Description: The nucleotide exchange activity of RCC1, the only known nucleotide exchange factor for Ran, a Ras-like small guanosine triphosphatase, was required for microtubule aster formation with or without demembranated sperm in Xenopus egg extracts arrested in meiosis II. Consistently, in the RCC1-depleted egg extracts, Ran guanosine triphosphate (RanGTP), but not Ran guanosine diphosphate (RanGDP), induced self-organization of microtubule asters, and the process required the activity of dynein. Thus, Ran was shown to regulate formation of the microtubule network.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ohba, T -- Nakamura, M -- Nishitani, H -- Nishimoto, T -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 May 21;284(5418):1356-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyushu University, Maidashi Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10334990" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Cell Cycle Proteins ; Cell Extracts ; Cell Nucleus/metabolism ; DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism ; Dyneins/metabolism ; Female ; GTP Phosphohydrolases/*metabolism ; *Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factors ; Guanosine Diphosphate/metabolism ; Guanosine Triphosphate/*metabolism ; Male ; Microtubules/chemistry/*metabolism/ultrastructure ; Nuclear Proteins/analysis/*metabolism ; Ovum ; Recombinant Proteins/metabolism ; Sperm Head/physiology ; Spindle Apparatus/chemistry/*metabolism/ultrastructure ; Xenopus ; *Xenopus Proteins ; ran GTP-Binding Protein
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    Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-10-26
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hawkins, M M -- Barratt, C L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Oct 1;286(5437):51-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10532889" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Child ; Congenital Abnormalities/etiology ; Developmental Disabilities/etiology ; Female ; Fertilization in Vitro/*adverse effects ; Great Britain ; Humans ; Male ; Neoplasms/etiology ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy Outcome ; Registries ; Risk Factors
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    Behaviorists listen in as animals call and croak (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-09-25
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bagla, P -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Sep 3;285(5433):1480-1.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10498530" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Animal Communication ; Animals ; Anura/*physiology ; Female ; Grasshoppers/*physiology ; Male
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    Breast implant safety (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-04-03
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Davis, D L -- Garry, R F -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Mar 12;283(5408):1644.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10189316" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Breast Implants/*adverse effects ; Female ; Humans ; Silicone Gels/*adverse effects
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    Cell surgery (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-12-28
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sikorski, R -- Peters, R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Nov 19;286(5444):1498.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10610553" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Bone Marrow Cells/*cytology ; Cell Differentiation ; Cell Separation ; Dystrophin/biosynthesis ; Female ; *Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mice, Inbred mdx ; Muscle, Skeletal/*cytology/metabolism ; *Stem Cell Transplantation ; Stem Cells/*cytology
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    Kansas evolution ruling (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-10-09
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lin, H -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Sep 17;285(5435):1849.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10515786" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Biological Evolution ; Biology/education ; Kansas ; Science/*education ; Universities/standards
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    Dosage compensation proteins targeted to X chromosomes by a determinant of hermaphrodite fate (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-06-12
    Description: In many organisms, master control genes coordinately regulate sex-specific aspects of development. SDC-2 was shown to induce hermaphrodite sexual differentiation and activate X chromosome dosage compensation in Caenorhabditis elegans. To control these distinct processes, SDC-2 acts as a strong gene-specific repressor and a weaker chromosome-wide repressor. To initiate hermaphrodite development, SDC-2 associates with the promoter of the male sex-determining gene her-1 to repress its transcription. To activate dosage compensation, SDC-2 triggers assembly of a specialized protein complex exclusively on hermaphrodite X chromosomes to reduce gene expression by half. SDC-2 can localize to X chromosomes without other components of the dosage compensation complex, suggesting that SDC-2 targets dosage compensation machinery to X chromosomes.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Dawes, H E -- Berlin, D S -- Lapidus, D M -- Nusbaum, C -- Davis, T L -- Meyer, B J -- GM30702/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- T32 GM07127/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Jun 11;284(5421):1800-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3204, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10364546" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Caenorhabditis elegans/embryology/*genetics/physiology ; *Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins ; *DNA-Binding Proteins ; Disorders of Sex Development ; *Dosage Compensation, Genetic ; Female ; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental ; Genes, Helminth ; Helminth Proteins/genetics/*physiology ; Male ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Promoter Regions, Genetic ; Repressor Proteins/genetics/*physiology ; *Sex Determination Processes ; Transgenes ; X Chromosome/genetics/*metabolism
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    Human cloning. Korean report sparks anger and inquiry (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-01-23
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Baker, M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Jan 1;283(5398):16-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9917255" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Bioethics ; *Cloning, Organism ; Embryo Research ; Female ; Government Regulation ; Humans ; Korea ; Nuclear Transfer Techniques ; Research
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    Genomic views of human history (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-10-16
    Description: New tools of genomic analysis shed light on historical puzzles. Migrations of ancient peoples, differences in migration patterns of males and females, historical demography of cultures with ancient roots, and patterns of human genetic diversity are increasingly the focus of integrated analysis by historians, anthropologists, and geneticists.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Owens, K -- King, M C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Oct 15;286(5439):451-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Departments of Genetics and Medicine, Box 357720, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10521333" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Anthropology ; Biological Evolution ; Continental Population Groups/genetics ; Culture ; Emigration and Immigration ; Ethnic Groups/genetics ; Female ; Genetic Variation ; *Genetics, Population ; *Genome, Human ; History, Ancient ; Humans ; Jews/genetics ; Male
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    Beating the odds with Big K (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-10-09
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Silberberg, S D -- Magleby, K L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Sep 17;285(5435):1859-60.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel. silber@bgumail.bgu.ac.il〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10515790" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Blood Pressure/drug effects/*physiology ; Estradiol/*metabolism/pharmacology ; Female ; Humans ; Large-Conductance Calcium-Activated Potassium Channels ; Longevity/physiology ; Male ; Muscle Contraction ; Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects/metabolism ; Potassium Channels/*metabolism ; *Potassium Channels, Calcium-Activated ; Recombinant Proteins/metabolism ; Sex Characteristics ; Xenopus
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    A long season puts Catalhoyuk in context (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-11-30
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Balter, M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Oct 29;286(5441):890-1.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10577237" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Child ; Female ; *Fossils ; History, Ancient ; Humans ; Male ; Paleopathology ; Skull/*pathology ; Turkey
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  • 29
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    Paracellin-1, a renal tight junction protein required for paracellular Mg2+ resorption (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-07-03
    Description: Epithelia permit selective and regulated flux from apical to basolateral surfaces by transcellular passage through cells or paracellular flux between cells. Tight junctions constitute the barrier to paracellular conductance; however, little is known about the specific molecules that mediate paracellular permeabilities. Renal magnesium ion (Mg2+) resorption occurs predominantly through a paracellular conductance in the thick ascending limb of Henle (TAL). Here, positional cloning has identified a human gene, paracellin-1 (PCLN-1), mutations in which cause renal Mg2+ wasting. PCLN-1 is located in tight junctions of the TAL and is related to the claudin family of tight junction proteins. These findings provide insight into Mg2+ homeostasis, demonstrate the role of a tight junction protein in human disease, and identify an essential component of a selective paracellular conductance.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Simon, D B -- Lu, Y -- Choate, K A -- Velazquez, H -- Al-Sabban, E -- Praga, M -- Casari, G -- Bettinelli, A -- Colussi, G -- Rodriguez-Soriano, J -- McCredie, D -- Milford, D -- Sanjad, S -- Lifton, R P -- F.1/Telethon/Italy -- R01DK51696/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- TGM06S01/Telethon/Italy -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Jul 2;285(5424):103-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10390358" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Calcium/urine ; Chromosomes, Human, Pair 3/genetics ; Claudins ; Cloning, Molecular ; Female ; Genes, Recessive ; Homeostasis ; Humans ; Kidney Diseases/*genetics/metabolism ; Kidney Tubules/chemistry ; Loop of Henle/chemistry/*metabolism ; Magnesium/blood/*metabolism ; Magnesium Deficiency/*genetics/metabolism ; Male ; Membrane Proteins/analysis/chemistry/genetics/*physiology ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Pedigree ; Physical Chromosome Mapping ; Tight Junctions/*metabolism
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    Regulated delivery of therapeutic proteins after in vivo somatic cell gene transfer (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999
    Description: Stable delivery of a therapeutic protein under pharmacologic control was achieved through in vivo somatic gene transfer. This system was based on the expression of two chimeric, human-derived proteins that were reconstituted by rapamycin into a transcription factor complex. A mixture of two adeno-associated virus vectors, one expressing the transcription factor chimeras and one containing erythropoietin (Epo) under the control of a promoter responsive to the transcription factor, was injected into skeletal muscle of immune-competent mice. Administration of rapamycin resulted in 200-fold induction of plasma Epo. Stable engraftment of this humanized system in immune-competent mice was achieved for 6 months with similar results for at least 3 months in a rhesus monkey.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ye, X -- Rivera, V M -- Zoltick, P -- Cerasoli, F Jr -- Schnell, M A -- Gao, G -- Hughes, J V -- Gilman, M -- Wilson, J M -- P01 AR/NS43648-03/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ -- P30 DK47757-05/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Jan 1;283(5398):88-91.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute for Human Gene Therapy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9872748" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cytomegalovirus/genetics ; Dependovirus/genetics ; Erythropoietin/administration & dosage/blood/*genetics ; Female ; Gene Expression Regulation ; *Gene Transfer Techniques ; Genetic Therapy/*methods ; Genetic Vectors ; Hematocrit ; Injections, Intramuscular ; Macaca mulatta ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Mice, Nude ; Muscle, Skeletal ; Promoter Regions, Genetic ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins ; Recombinant Proteins ; Sirolimus/*pharmacology ; Transcription Factors/*genetics
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    HIV. French-led therapy fund kicks off in Africa (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-06-12
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Balter, M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 May 14;284(5417):1101.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10366339" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Anti-HIV Agents/*therapeutic use ; Cote d'Ivoire ; Female ; *Financial Support ; France ; Fund Raising ; HIV Infections/*drug therapy/*prevention & control/transmission ; Humans ; Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical/prevention & control ; *International Agencies/economics ; Pilot Projects ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/drug therapy
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Search for cross-species transmission of porcine endogenous retrovirus in patients treated with living pig tissue. The XEN 111 Study Group (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-08-24
    Description: Pig organs may offer a solution to the shortage of human donor organs for transplantation, but concerns remain about possible cross-species transmission of porcine endogenous retrovirus (PERV). Samples were collected from 160 patients who had been treated with various living pig tissues up to 12 years earlier. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and protein immunoblot analyses were performed on serum from all 160 patients. No viremia was detected in any patient. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 159 of the patients were analyzed by PCR using PERV-specific primers. No PERV infection was detected in any of the patients from whom sufficient DNA was extracted to allow complete PCR analysis (97 percent of the patients). Persistent microchimerism (presence of donor cells in the recipient) was observed in 23 patients for up to 8.5 years.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Paradis, K -- Langford, G -- Long, Z -- Heneine, W -- Sandstrom, P -- Switzer, W M -- Chapman, L E -- Lockey, C -- Onions, D -- Otto, E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Aug 20;285(5431):1236-41.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Imutran Ltd. (a Novartis Pharma AG company), Post Office Box 399, Cambridge CB2 2YP, UK. khazal.paradis@pharma.novartis.com〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10455044" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Animals ; Antibodies, Viral/blood ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Chimera ; DNA, Viral/analysis ; Extracorporeal Circulation ; Female ; *Gammaretrovirus/genetics/immunology/isolation & purification ; Humans ; Immunoblotting ; Islets of Langerhans Transplantation ; Male ; Middle Aged ; RNA, Viral/analysis ; Retrospective Studies ; Retroviridae Infections/diagnosis/*transmission ; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Skin Transplantation ; Swine ; *Transplantation, Heterologous/adverse effects ; Tumor Virus Infections/diagnosis/*transmission ; Viremia/diagnosis ; *Zoonoses
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    Sources of mathematical thinking: behavioral and brain-imaging evidence (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-05-13
    Description: Does the human capacity for mathematical intuition depend on linguistic competence or on visuo-spatial representations? A series of behavioral and brain-imaging experiments provides evidence for both sources. Exact arithmetic is acquired in a language-specific format, transfers poorly to a different language or to novel facts, and recruits networks involved in word-association processes. In contrast, approximate arithmetic shows language independence, relies on a sense of numerical magnitudes, and recruits bilateral areas of the parietal lobes involved in visuo-spatial processing. Mathematical intuition may emerge from the interplay of these brain systems.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Dehaene, S -- Spelke, E -- Pinel, P -- Stanescu, R -- Tsivkin, S -- HD23103/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 May 7;284(5416):970-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Unite INSERM 334, Service Hospitalier Frederic Joliot, CEA/DSV, 91401 Orsay Cedex, France. dehaene@shfj.cea.fr〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10320379" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Brain Mapping ; Evoked Potentials ; Female ; Frontal Lobe/*physiology ; Humans ; Intuition ; *Language ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; *Mathematics ; Parietal Lobe/*physiology ; *Thinking
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Control of autoimmune diabetes in NOD mice by GAD expression or suppression in beta cells (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-05-15
    Description: Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) is a pancreatic beta cell autoantigen in humans and nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice. beta Cell-specific suppression of GAD expression in two lines of antisense GAD transgenic NOD mice prevented autoimmune diabetes, whereas persistent GAD expression in the beta cells in the other four lines of antisense GAD transgenic NOD mice resulted in diabetes, similar to that seen in transgene-negative NOD mice. Complete suppression of beta cell GAD expression blocked the generation of diabetogenic T cells and protected islet grafts from autoimmune injury. Thus, beta cell-specific GAD expression is required for the development of autoimmune diabetes in NOD mice, and modulation of GAD might, therefore, have therapeutic value in type 1 diabetes.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Yoon, J W -- Yoon, C S -- Lim, H W -- Huang, Q Q -- Kang, Y -- Pyun, K H -- Hirasawa, K -- Sherwin, R S -- Jun, H S -- DK 45735/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- DK 53015-01/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 May 14;284(5417):1183-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory of Viral and Immunopathogenesis of Diabetes, Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada. yoon@ucalgary.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10325232" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adoptive Transfer ; Animals ; Autoantigens/genetics/*immunology/physiology ; Autoimmunity ; DNA, Antisense ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/*enzymology/*immunology/pathology ; Female ; Gene Expression ; Glutamate Decarboxylase/genetics/*immunology/physiology ; Insulin/blood/metabolism ; Islets of Langerhans/*enzymology/immunology/metabolism/pathology ; Islets of Langerhans Transplantation ; Lymphocyte Activation ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred NOD ; Mice, SCID ; Mice, Transgenic ; T-Lymphocytes/immunology ; Transgenes
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Abnormal morphogenesis but intact IKK activation in mice lacking the IKKalpha subunit of IkappaB kinase (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-04-09
    Description: The oligomeric IkappaB kinase (IKK) is composed of three polypeptides: IKKalpha and IKKbeta, the catalytic subunits, and IKKgamma, a regulatory subunit. IKKalpha and IKKbeta are similar in structure and thought to have similar function-phosphorylation of the IkappaB inhibitors in response to proinflammatory stimuli. Such phosphorylation leads to degradation of IkappaB and activation of nuclear factor kappaB transcription factors. The physiological function of these protein kinases was explored by analysis of IKKalpha-deficient mice. IKKalpha was not required for activation of IKK and degradation of IkappaB by proinflammatory stimuli. Instead, loss of IKKalpha interfered with multiple morphogenetic events, including limb and skeletal patterning and proliferation and differentiation of epidermal keratinocytes.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hu, Y -- Baud, V -- Delhase, M -- Zhang, P -- Deerinck, T -- Ellisman, M -- Johnson, R -- Karin, M -- R01 AI43477/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R37 ES04151/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/ -- RR04050/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Apr 9;284(5412):316-20.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Pharmacology, Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0636, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10195896" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Abnormalities, Multiple/enzymology/genetics ; Animals ; Apoptosis ; Body Patterning ; Bone and Bones/abnormalities/embryology ; Cell Differentiation ; Cell Nucleus/metabolism ; Cells, Cultured ; DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism ; Dimerization ; *Embryonic and Fetal Development ; Enzyme Activation ; Epidermis/cytology/embryology ; Female ; Gene Targeting ; I-kappa B Kinase ; I-kappa B Proteins ; Keratinocytes ; Limb Deformities, Congenital/enzymology ; Male ; Mice ; *Morphogenesis ; Mutation ; Phosphorylation ; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Skin/embryology ; Skin Abnormalities/enzymology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Complexity, pattern, and evolutionary trade-offs in animal aggregation (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-04-02
    Description: One of the most striking patterns in biology is the formation of animal aggregations. Classically, aggregation has been viewed as an evolutionarily advantageous state, in which members derive the benefits of protection, mate choice, and centralized information, balanced by the costs of limiting resources. Consisting of individual members, aggregations nevertheless function as an integrated whole, displaying a complex set of behaviors not possible at the level of the individual organism. Complexity theory indicates that large populations of units can self-organize into aggregations that generate pattern, store information, and engage in collective decision-making. This begs the question, are all emergent properties of animal aggregations functional or are some simply pattern? Solutions to this dilemma will necessitate a closer marriage of theoretical and modeling studies linked to empirical work addressing the choices, and trajectories, of individuals constrained by membership in the group.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Parrish, J K -- Edelstein-Keshet, L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Apr 2;284(5411):99-101.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Zoology Department, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA. jparrish@u.washington.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10102827" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Behavior, Animal ; *Biological Evolution ; *Cooperative Behavior ; Mathematics ; Models, Biological
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Communication goes multimodal (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-03-20
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Partan, S -- Marler, P -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Feb 26;283(5406):1272-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center for Animal Behavior, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA. srpartan@ucdavis.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10084931" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Animal Communication ; Animals ; *Communication ; Cues ; Facial Expression ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Pheromones/physiology ; Speech Perception ; Vocalization, Animal
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    Structural maturation of neural pathways in children and adolescents: in vivo study (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1999-03-19
    Description: Structural maturation of fiber tracts in the human brain, including an increase in the diameter and myelination of axons, may play a role in cognitive development during childhood and adolescence. A computational analysis of structural magnetic resonance images obtained in 111 children and adolescents revealed age-related increases in white matter density in fiber tracts constituting putative corticospinal and frontotemporal pathways. The maturation of the corticospinal tract was bilateral, whereas that of the frontotemporal pathway was found predominantly in the left (speech-dominant) hemisphere. These findings provide evidence for a gradual maturation, during late childhood and adolescence, of fiber pathways presumably supporting motor and speech functions.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Paus, T -- Zijdenbos, A -- Worsley, K -- Collins, D L -- Blumenthal, J -- Giedd, J N -- Rapoport, J L -- Evans, A C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Mar 19;283(5409):1908-11.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, 3801 University Street, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2B4, Canada. tomas@bic.mni.mcgill.ca〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10082463" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adolescent ; *Aging ; Axons/physiology/ultrastructure ; Brain/anatomy & histology/*growth & development ; Brain Mapping ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Female ; Frontal Lobe/anatomy & histology/growth & development ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Motor Skills ; Myelin Sheath/ultrastructure ; Nerve Fibers/ultrastructure ; Neural Conduction ; Neural Pathways/anatomy & histology/*growth & development ; Regression Analysis ; Speech ; Spinal Cord/anatomy & histology ; Synaptic Transmission ; Temporal Lobe/anatomy & histology/growth & development
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    Real-time tracking of memory formation in the human rhinal cortex and hippocampus (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1999-09-08
    Description: A fundamental question about human memory is which brain structures are involved, and when, in transforming experiences into memories. This experiment sought to identify neural correlates of memory formation with the use of intracerebral electrodes implanted in the brains of patients with temporal lobe epilepsy. Event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded directly from the medial temporal lobe (MTL) as the patients studied single words. ERPs elicited by words subsequently recalled in a memory test were contrasted with ERPs elicited by unrecalled words. Memory formation was associated with distinct but interrelated ERP differences within the rhinal cortex and the hippocampus, which arose after about 300 and 500 milliseconds, respectively. These findings suggest that declarative memory formation is dissociable into subprocesses and sequentially organized within the MTL.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Fernandez, G -- Effern, A -- Grunwald, T -- Pezer, N -- Lehnertz, K -- Dumpelmann, M -- Van Roost, D -- Elger, C E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Sep 3;285(5433):1582-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Epileptology, University of Bonn, 53105 Bonn, Germany. gf@mailer.meb.uni-bonn.de〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10477525" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Analysis of Variance ; Brain Mapping ; Electrodes, Implanted ; Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe/physiopathology ; Evoked Potentials ; Female ; Hippocampus/*physiology ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Memory/*physiology ; Mental Recall/*physiology ; Middle Aged ; Neurons/physiology ; Temporal Lobe/*physiology ; Time Factors
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    Prospects for in utero human gene therapy (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1999-10-16
    Description: Gene therapy for the treatment of disease in children and adults is being actively pursued at many medical centers. However, a number of genetic disorders result in irreversible damage to the fetus before birth. In these cases, as well as for those with genetic diseases who may benefit from therapy before symptoms are manifested, in utero gene therapy (IUGT) could be beneficial. Although some successes with in utero gene transfer have been reported in animals, significant questions remain to be answered before IUGT clinical trials would be acceptable. This review analyzes the state of the art and delineates the studies that still need to be performed before it would be appropriate to consider human IUGT.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zanjani, E D -- Anderson, W F -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Sep 24;285(5436):2084-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Veterans Administration Medical Center, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89520, USA. zanjani@scs.unr.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10523208" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Female ; Fetal Diseases/*therapy ; *Fetus ; Gene Transfer Techniques ; Genetic Diseases, Inborn/*therapy ; *Genetic Therapy/adverse effects ; Genetic Vectors ; Germ Cells ; Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation ; Hematopoietic Stem Cells/cytology/physiology ; Humans ; Pregnancy
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    The evolution of species interactions (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1999-06-26
    Description: Interactions between species are as evolutionarily malleable as the species themselves and have played a central role in the diversification and organization of life. This malleability creates complex geographic mosaics in interspecific interactions that can evolve rapidly over decades, blurring the distinction between evolutionary time and ecological time and making the study of coevolution crucial for human health and welfare.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Thompson, J N -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Jun 25;284(5423):2116-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Departments of Botany and Zoology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA. jnt@wsu.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10381869" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Drug Resistance, Microbial ; *Ecosystem ; Humans ; Models, Biological ; Parasites/pathogenicity ; *Selection, Genetic ; Virulence/genetics
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    Sex in an age of mechanical reproduction (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-07-31
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Djerassi, C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Jul 2;285(5424):53-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5080, USA. djerassi@stanford.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10428703" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Bioethics ; Female ; *Fertilization in Vitro ; Humans ; Male ; Posthumous Conception ; *Reproductive Techniques
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    Breast cancer detection (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1999-05-21
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Joseph, L P -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Apr 30;284(5415):743.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10336395" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Breast Neoplasms/*diagnosis/etiology/radiography ; Female ; Humans ; Mammography/*adverse effects ; Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced/etiology ; *Thermography
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    Genomes reveal kin connections for whales and pumas (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-07-17
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pennisi, E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Jun 25;284(5423):2081.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10409061" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Artiodactyla/*genetics ; *Biological Evolution ; Carnivora/classification/*genetics ; Short Interspersed Nucleotide Elements ; Whales/*genetics
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    Evolution flies (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1999-11-30
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Dusenbery, D B -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Oct 15;286(5439):413-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10577200" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Genetic Variation
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    Paleoanthropology. Kenyan skeleton shakes ape family tree (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-09-18
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zimmer, C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Aug 27;285(5432):1335, 1337.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10490402" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Bone and Bones/anatomy & histology ; *Fossils ; History, Ancient ; Hominidae/anatomy & histology/*classification ; Humans ; Kenya ; Paleodontology ; Skeleton ; Terminology as Topic
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    Is it time to uproot the tree of life? (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-06-26
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pennisi, E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 May 21;284(5418):1305-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10383313" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Archaea/classification/*genetics ; Bacteria/classification/*genetics ; *Biological Evolution ; *Eukaryotic Cells ; Evolution, Molecular ; Genes, rRNA ; *Genome ; *Phylogeny ; Recombination, Genetic
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    From embryos and fossils, new clues to vertebrate evolution (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-05-18
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pennisi, E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Apr 23;284(5414):575, 577.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10328733" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Fishes/anatomy & histology ; *Fossils ; Jaw/*anatomy & histology ; Neural Crest/cytology/physiology ; *Vertebrates/anatomy & histology
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    Rapid infection of oral mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue with simian immunodeficiency virus (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1999-08-24
    Description: The early events during infection with an immunodeficiency virus were followed by application of pathogenic simian immunodeficiency virus atraumatically to the tonsils of macaques. Analyses by virologic assays and in situ hybridization revealed that the infection started locally in the tonsils, a mucosal-associated lymphoid organ, and quickly spread to other lymphoid tissues. At day 3, there were few infected cells, but then the number increased rapidly, reaching a high plateau between days 4 and 7. The infection was not detected in the dendritic cell-rich squamous epithelium to which the virus was applied; instead, it was primarily in CD4+ tonsillar T cells, close to the specialized antigen-transporting epithelium of the tonsillar crypts. Transport of the virus and immune-activating stimuli across this epithelium would allow mucosal lymphoid tissue to function in the atraumatic transmission of immunodeficiency viruses.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stahl-Hennig, C -- Steinman, R M -- Tenner-Racz, K -- Pope, M -- Stolte, N -- Matz-Rensing, K -- Grobschupff, G -- Raschdorff, B -- Hunsmann, G -- Racz, P -- AI 40874/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI 40877/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI 42129/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- etc. -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Aug 20;285(5431):1261-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉German Primate Center, 37077 Gottingen, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10455052" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/virology ; Epithelium/virology ; Female ; In Situ Hybridization ; Leukocytes, Mononuclear/virology ; Lymph Nodes/virology ; Lymphoid Tissue/*virology ; Macaca mulatta ; Male ; Mouth Mucosa/*virology ; Palatine Tonsil/*virology ; Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/transmission/*virology ; Simian Immunodeficiency Virus/*physiology ; Viral Load ; Virus Replication
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    Neandertals: not so fast (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-01-05
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wolpoff, M H -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Dec 11;282(5396):1991.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9874646" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; DNA, Mitochondrial/*genetics ; Evolution, Molecular ; Gene Frequency ; Hominidae/*genetics ; Humans ; Mutation ; Phylogeny ; Selection, Genetic
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    Genetics of mouse behavior: interactions with laboratory environment (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-06-05
    Description: Strains of mice that show characteristic patterns of behavior are critical for research in neurobehavioral genetics. Possible confounding influences of the laboratory environment were studied in several inbred strains and one null mutant by simultaneous testing in three laboratories on a battery of six behaviors. Apparatus, test protocols, and many environmental variables were rigorously equated. Strains differed markedly in all behaviors, and despite standardization, there were systematic differences in behavior across labs. For some tests, the magnitude of genetic differences depended upon the specific testing lab. Thus, experiments characterizing mutants may yield results that are idiosyncratic to a particular laboratory.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Crabbe, J C -- Wahlsten, D -- Dudek, B C -- AA00170/AA/NIAAA NIH HHS/ -- AA10760/AA/NIAAA NIH HHS/ -- DA10731/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Jun 4;284(5420):1670-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Portland Alcohol Research Center, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Portland, OR 97201, USA. crabbe@ohsu.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10356397" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Animals, Laboratory/genetics ; Anxiety ; *Behavior, Animal ; Confounding Factors (Epidemiology) ; Drinking Behavior ; *Environment ; Female ; Genetics, Behavioral/*methods ; Genotype ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred Strains/genetics ; Mice, Mutant Strains/genetics ; Motor Activity ; Psychological Tests ; Reproducibility of Results
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    An allele of COL9A2 associated with intervertebral disc disease (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-07-20
    Description: Intervertebral disc disease is one of the most common musculoskeletal disorders. A number of environmental and anthropometric risk factors may contribute to it, and recent reports have suggested the importance of genetic factors as well. The COL9A2 gene, which codes for one of the polypeptide chains of collagen IX that is expressed in the intervertebral disc, was screened for sequence variations in individuals with intervertebral disc disease. The analysis identified a putative disease-causing sequence variation that converted a codon for glutamine to one for tryptophan in six out of the 157 individuals but in none of 174 controls. The tryptophan allele cosegregated with the disease phenotype in the four families studied, giving a lod score (logarithm of odds ratio) for linkage of 4.5, and subsequent linkage disequilibrium analysis conditional on linkage gave an additional lod score of 7.1.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Annunen, S -- Paassilta, P -- Lohiniva, J -- Perala, M -- Pihlajamaa, T -- Karppinen, J -- Tervonen, O -- Kroger, H -- Lahde, S -- Vanharanta, H -- Ryhanen, L -- Goring, H H -- Ott, J -- Prockop, D J -- Ala-Kokko, L -- AR39740/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ -- HG00008/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Jul 16;285(5426):409-12.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Collagen Research Unit, Biocenter and Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Oulu, 90220 Oulu, Finland.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10411504" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Aged ; Alleles ; Amino Acid Substitution ; Case-Control Studies ; Codon ; Collagen/chemistry/*genetics ; *Collagen Type IX ; Female ; Genetic Linkage ; *Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; Humans ; Intervertebral Disc Displacement/*genetics ; Linkage Disequilibrium ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Mutation ; Penetrance ; Polymorphism, Genetic ; Sciatica/*genetics ; Tryptophan/genetics
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    Fending off furtive strategists (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-10-09
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hanson, R B -- Bloom, F -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Sep 17;285(5435):1847.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10515785" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Biological Evolution ; Kansas ; Politics ; Religion and Science ; Science/*education
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Genetic study shakes up out of Africa theory (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-04-17
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pennisi, E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Mar 19;283(5409):1828.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10206882" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Africa ; Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Evolution, Molecular ; Haplotypes ; *Hominidae/genetics ; Humans ; Mutation ; *Pyruvate Dehydrogenase (Lipoamide) ; Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex/genetics ; X Chromosome
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    BRCA1 inhibition of estrogen receptor signaling in transfected cells (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-05-21
    Description: Mutations of the breast cancer susceptibility gene BRCA1 confer increased risk for breast, ovarian, and prostatic cancers, but it is not clear why the mutations are associated with these particular tumor types. In transient transfection assays, BRCA1 was found to inhibit signaling by the ligand-activated estrogen receptor (ER-alpha) through the estrogen-responsive enhancer element and to block the transcriptional activation function AF-2 of ER-alpha. These results raise the possibility that wild-type BRCA1 suppresses estrogen-dependent transcriptional pathways related to mammary epithelial cell proliferation and that loss of this ability contributes to tumorigenesis.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Fan, S -- Wang, J -- Yuan, R -- Ma, Y -- Meng, Q -- Erdos, M R -- Pestell, R G -- Yuan, F -- Auborn, K J -- Goldberg, I D -- Rosen, E M -- R01-CA75503/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01-ES09169/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 May 21;284(5418):1354-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Radiation Oncology, Long Island Jewish Medical Center, The Long Island Campus for the Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 270-05 76th Avenue, New Hyde Park, NY 11040, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10334989" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: BRCA1 Protein/*physiology ; Breast/cytology ; Breast Neoplasms/etiology ; Cell Division ; Enhancer Elements, Genetic ; Epithelial Cells/cytology ; Estradiol/metabolism ; Estrogen Receptor alpha ; Female ; Genes, BRCA1 ; Genes, Reporter ; Humans ; Ligands ; Male ; Receptors, Estrogen/*metabolism ; *Signal Transduction ; Transcription Factors/metabolism ; *Transcriptional Activation ; Transfection ; Tumor Cells, Cultured
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    Effects of angiogenesis inhibitors on multistage carcinogenesis in mice (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-04-30
    Description: Solid tumors depend on angiogenesis for their growth. In a transgenic mouse model of pancreatic islet cell carcinogenesis (RIP1-Tag2), an angiogenic switch occurs in premalignant lesions, and angiogenesis persists during progression to expansive solid tumors and invasive carcinomas. RIP1-Tag2 mice were treated so as to compare the effects of four angiogenesis inhibitors at three distinct stages of disease progression. AGM-1470, angiostatin, BB-94, and endostatin each produced distinct efficacy profiles in trials aimed at preventing the angiogenic switch in premalignant lesions, intervening in the rapid expansion of small tumors, or inducing the regression of large end-stage cancers. Thus, anti-angiogenic drugs may prove most efficacious when they are targeted to specific stages of cancer.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bergers, G -- Javaherian, K -- Lo, K M -- Folkman, J -- Hanahan, D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Apr 30;284(5415):808-12.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics and Hormone Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Ave, San Francisco, CA 94143-0534, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10221914" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Angiostatins ; Animals ; Anticarcinogenic Agents/pharmacology ; Antineoplastic Agents/*pharmacology ; Apoptosis ; Carcinoma, Islet Cell/blood supply/*drug therapy/pathology/prevention & control ; Collagen/pharmacology ; Cyclohexanes ; Disease Progression ; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical ; Endostatins ; Female ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mice, Transgenic ; Neoplasm Staging ; Neovascularization, Pathologic/*prevention & control ; Pancreatic Neoplasms/blood supply/*drug therapy/pathology/prevention & control ; Peptide Fragments/pharmacology ; Phenylalanine/analogs & derivatives/pharmacology ; Plasminogen/pharmacology ; Sesquiterpenes/pharmacology ; Thiophenes/pharmacology
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    The future of the fossil record (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-06-26
    Description: The fossil record provides a powerful basis for analyzing the controlling factors and impact of biological evolution over a wide range of temporal and spatial scales and in the context of an evolving Earth. An increasingly interdisciplinary paleontology has begun to formulate the next generation of questions, drawing on a wealth of new data, and on methodological advances ranging from high-resolution geochronology to simulation of morphological evolution. Key issues related to evolutionary biology include the biotic and physical factors that govern biodiversity dynamics, the developmental and ecological basis for the nonrandom introduction of evolutionary innovations in time and space, rules of biotic response to environmental perturbations, and the dynamic feedbacks between life and the Earth's surface processes. The sensitivity of evolutionary processes to rates, magnitudes, and spatial scales of change in the physical and biotic environment will be important in all these areas.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Jablonski, D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Jun 25;284(5423):2114-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Geophysical Sciences, University of Chicago 5734 South Ellis Avenue Chicago, IL 60637, USA. djablons@midway.uchicago.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10381868" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; *Ecosystem ; *Fossils ; *Paleontology
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    Impaired immunoproteasome assembly and immune responses in PA28-/- mice (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-12-11
    Description: In vitro PA28 binds and activates proteasomes. It is shown here that mice with a disrupted PA28b gene lack PA28a and PA28b polypeptides, demonstrating that PA28 functions as a hetero-oligomer in vivo. Processing of antigenic epitopes derived from exogenous or endogenous antigens is altered in PA28-/- mice. Cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses are impaired, and assembly of immunoproteasomes is greatly inhibited in mice lacking PA28. These results show that PA28 is necessary for immunoproteasome assembly and is required for efficient antigen processing, thus demonstrating the importance of PA28-mediated proteasome function in immune responses.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Preckel, T -- Fung-Leung, W P -- Cai, Z -- Vitiello, A -- Salter-Cid, L -- Winqvist, O -- Wolfe, T G -- Von Herrath, M -- Angulo, A -- Ghazal, P -- Lee, J D -- Fourie, A M -- Wu, Y -- Pang, J -- Ngo, K -- Peterson, P A -- Fruh, K -- Yang, Y -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Dec 10;286(5447):2162-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉The R. W. Johnson Pharmaceutical Research Institute, 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10591649" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Antigen Presentation ; Autoantigens ; Cysteine Endopeptidases/chemistry/*metabolism ; Enzyme Activators/*metabolism ; Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology ; Female ; H-Y Antigen/immunology ; Herpesviridae Infections/immunology ; Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/immunology/metabolism ; Interferons/pharmacology ; Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis/immunology ; Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus/immunology ; Male ; Mice ; Multienzyme Complexes/chemistry/*metabolism ; Muromegalovirus/immunology ; Ovalbumin/immunology ; Peptide Fragments/immunology ; Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex ; Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/*immunology
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    Can mitochondrial clocks keep time? (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-04-17
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Strauss, E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Mar 5;283(5407):1435, 1437-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10206868" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; DNA, Mitochondrial/*genetics ; *Evolution, Molecular ; Female ; Fossils ; Humans ; Male ; Mutation ; Ovum ; *Paleontology ; Recombination, Genetic ; Spermatozoa ; Statistics as Topic
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    Uses and abuses of Tuskegee (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-06-05
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Fairchild, A L -- Bayer, R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 May 7;284(5416):919-21.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Program in the History of Public Health and Medicine, Division of Sociomedical Sciences, The Joseph L. Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032-2625, USA. alf4@columbia.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10357678" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: African Americans/history ; Alabama ; Anonymous Testing ; Anti-HIV Agents/*therapeutic use ; Clinical Trials as Topic ; Developing Countries ; Disclosure ; Ethics, Medical ; Female ; HIV Infections/prevention & control/*transmission ; *HIV Seroprevalence ; History, 20th Century ; *Human Experimentation/history ; Humans ; Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical/*prevention & control ; Informed Consent/history ; Male ; *Needle-Exchange Programs ; *Persons ; Pregnant Women ; Syphilis/history ; *Trust ; United States ; *Vulnerable Populations ; Withholding Treatment
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    Silent scientists (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-11-30
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pruett, S B -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Oct 29;286(5441):902-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10577240" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Biological Evolution ; Curriculum ; Kansas ; *Religion and Science ; Science/*education ; Teaching
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    Proapoptotic Bcl-2 relative Bim required for certain apoptotic responses, leukocyte homeostasis, and to preclude autoimmunity (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-11-27
    Description: Apoptosis can be triggered by members of the Bcl-2 protein family, such as Bim, that share only the BH3 domain with this family. Gene targeting in mice revealed important physiological roles for Bim. Lymphoid and myeloid cells accumulated, T cell development was perturbed, and most older mice accumulated plasma cells and succumbed to autoimmune kidney disease. Lymphocytes were refractory to apoptotic stimuli such as cytokine deprivation, calcium ion flux, and microtubule perturbation but not to others. Thus, Bim is required for hematopoietic homeostasis and as a barrier to autoimmunity. Moreover, particular death stimuli appear to activate apoptosis through distinct BH3-only proteins.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bouillet, P -- Metcalf, D -- Huang, D C -- Tarlinton, D M -- Kay, T W -- Kontgen, F -- Adams, J M -- Strasser, A -- CA43540/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- CA80188/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Nov 26;286(5445):1735-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria 3050, Australia.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10576740" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Apoptosis ; Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins ; Autoimmune Diseases/etiology ; *Autoimmunity ; B-Lymphocytes/physiology ; Carrier Proteins/*physiology ; Cells, Cultured ; Crosses, Genetic ; Female ; Gene Targeting ; Glomerulonephritis/etiology ; Hematopoietic Stem Cells/physiology ; Homeostasis ; Leukocyte Count ; Leukocytes/*physiology ; Male ; *Membrane Proteins ; Mice ; Mice, Transgenic ; *Proto-Oncogene Proteins ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2/physiology ; Signal Transduction ; T-Lymphocyte Subsets/physiology
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    Sexual transmission and propagation of SIV and HIV in resting and activated CD4+ T cells (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-11-13
    Description: In sexual transmission of simian immunodeficiency virus, and early and later stages of human immunodeficiency virus-type 1 (HIV-1) infection, both viruses were found to replicate predominantly in CD4(+) T cells at the portal of entry and in lymphoid tissues. Infection was propagated not only in activated and proliferating T cells but also, surprisingly, in resting T cells. The infected proliferating cells correspond to the short-lived population that produces the bulk of HIV-1. Most of the HIV-1-infected resting T cells persisted after antiretroviral therapy. Latently and chronically infected cells that may be derived from this population pose challenges to eradicating infection and developing an effective vaccine.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zhang, Z -- Schuler, T -- Zupancic, M -- Wietgrefe, S -- Staskus, K A -- Reimann, K A -- Reinhart, T A -- Rogan, M -- Cavert, W -- Miller, C J -- Veazey, R S -- Notermans, D -- Little, S -- Danner, S A -- Richman, D D -- Havlir, D -- Wong, J -- Jordan, H L -- Schacker, T W -- Racz, P -- Tenner-Racz, K -- Letvin, N L -- Wolinsky, S -- Haase, A T -- AI 28246/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI 38565/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- RR 00168/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Nov 12;286(5443):1353-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Microbiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10558989" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Anti-HIV Agents/therapeutic use ; CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/cytology/immunology/*virology ; Cell Cycle ; Cervix Uteri/virology ; Epithelial Cells/virology ; Female ; HIV Infections/drug therapy/*transmission/virology ; HIV-1/*physiology ; Lymph Nodes/virology ; *Lymphocyte Activation ; Macaca mulatta ; RNA, Viral/analysis ; Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/*transmission/virology ; Simian Immunodeficiency Virus/*physiology ; Time Factors ; Virus Replication
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    Phylogenetic classification and the universal tree (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-06-26
    Description: From comparative analyses of the nucleotide sequences of genes encoding ribosomal RNAs and several proteins, molecular phylogeneticists have constructed a "universal tree of life," taking it as the basis for a "natural" hierarchical classification of all living things. Although confidence in some of the tree's early branches has recently been shaken, new approaches could still resolve many methodological uncertainties. More challenging is evidence that most archaeal and bacterial genomes (and the inferred ancestral eukaryotic nuclear genome) contain genes from multiple sources. If "chimerism" or "lateral gene transfer" cannot be dismissed as trivial in extent or limited to special categories of genes, then no hierarchical universal classification can be taken as natural. Molecular phylogeneticists will have failed to find the "true tree," not because their methods are inadequate or because they have chosen the wrong genes, but because the history of life cannot properly be represented as a tree. However, taxonomies based on molecular sequences will remain indispensable, and understanding of the evolutionary process will ultimately be enriched, not impoverished.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Doolittle, W F -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Jun 25;284(5423):2124-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4H7, Canada. ford@is.dal.ca〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10381871" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Archaea/*classification/genetics ; Bacteria/*classification/genetics ; *Biological Evolution ; Eukaryotic Cells/*classification ; Genes, rRNA ; Genome ; *Phylogeny ; RNA, Ribosomal/chemistry/genetics ; *Recombination, Genetic
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    Gaining new insight into the molecular basis of evolution (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-08-24
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pennisi, E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Jul 30;285(5428):654-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10454913" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Substitution ; Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; *Evolution, Molecular ; Fishes/*genetics/physiology ; Mutation ; Rhodopsin/chemistry/*genetics/physiology ; *Selection, Genetic ; Vision, Ocular
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    Development shapes evolution (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-08-14
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pennisi, E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Jul 23;285(5427):518-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10447480" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Cervical Vertebrae/*anatomy & histology ; Cockroaches/genetics/*physiology ; Genes, Homeobox ; Humans ; Mammals/*anatomy & histology/embryology ; Mutation ; Neoplasms/genetics ; *Parthenogenesis ; Reactive Oxygen Species
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    Evolving smarts (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-05-18
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Duke, J A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Apr 23;284(5414):589.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10328736" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Brain ; Cooking ; Estrogens, Non-Steroidal/*analysis ; Female ; *Hominidae ; Humans ; *Isoflavones ; Male ; Phytoestrogens ; Plant Preparations ; *Vegetables/chemistry
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    Kansas dumps Darwin, raises alarm across the United States (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-09-15
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Holden, C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Aug 20;285(5431):1186-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10484724" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Biological Evolution ; Curriculum ; Kansas ; Religion and Science ; Science/*education ; United States
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    KDR receptor: a key marker defining hematopoietic stem cells (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-09-08
    Description: Studies on pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) have been hindered by lack of a positive marker, comparable to the CD34 marker of hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs). In human postnatal hematopoietic tissues, 0.1 to 0.5% of CD34(+) cells expressed vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2, also known as KDR). Pluripotent HSCs were restricted to the CD34+KDR+ cell fraction. Conversely, lineage-committed HPCs were in the CD34+KDR- subset. On the basis of limiting dilution analysis, the HSC frequency in the CD34+KDR+ fraction was 20 percent in bone marrow (BM) by mouse xenograft assay and 25 to 42 percent in BM, peripheral blood, and cord blood by 12-week long-term culture (LTC) assay. The latter values rose to 53 to 63 percent in LTC supplemented with VEGF and to greater than 95 percent for the cell subfraction resistant to growth factor starvation. Thus, KDR is a positive functional marker defining stem cells and distinguishing them from progenitors.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ziegler, B L -- Valtieri, M -- Porada, G A -- De Maria, R -- Muller, R -- Masella, B -- Gabbianelli, M -- Casella, I -- Pelosi, E -- Bock, T -- Zanjani, E D -- Peschle, C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Sep 3;285(5433):1553-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Hematology and Oncology, University of Tubingen, Otfried-Muller-Strasse 10, D-72076 Tubingen, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10477517" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antigens, CD34/*analysis ; Bone Marrow Cells/cytology ; Cell Lineage ; Cell Separation ; Cells, Cultured ; Endothelial Growth Factors/pharmacology ; Female ; Fetal Blood/cytology ; Fetus ; Flow Cytometry ; *Hematopoiesis ; Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation ; Hematopoietic Stem Cells/chemistry/*cytology/drug effects/physiology ; Humans ; Lymphokines/pharmacology ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred NOD ; Mice, SCID ; Phenotype ; Pregnancy ; Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/*analysis/physiology ; Receptors, Growth Factor/*analysis/physiology ; Receptors, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor ; Sheep ; Transplantation, Heterologous ; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A ; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors
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    DNA and field data help plumb evolution's secrets (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-07-31
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pennisi, E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Jul 9;285(5425):192-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10428714" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Female ; Genes, Recessive ; Genetic Variation ; Inbreeding ; Male ; Moths/genetics/physiology ; Plants/genetics ; Songbirds/genetics/physiology
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    Science and "truth" (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-08-24
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Touryan, K J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Jul 30;285(5428):663.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10454917" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Humans ; *Science
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    Archean molecular fossils and the early rise of eukaryotes (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-08-14
    Description: Molecular fossils of biological lipids are preserved in 2700-million-year-old shales from the Pilbara Craton, Australia. Sequential extraction of adjacent samples shows that these hydrocarbon biomarkers are indigenous and syngenetic to the Archean shales, greatly extending the known geological range of such molecules. The presence of abundant 2alpha-methylhopanes, which are characteristic of cyanobacteria, indicates that oxygenic photosynthesis evolved well before the atmosphere became oxidizing. The presence of steranes, particularly cholestane and its 28- to 30-carbon analogs, provides persuasive evidence for the existence of eukaryotes 500 million to 1 billion years before the extant fossil record indicates that the lineage arose.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Brocks, J J -- Logan, G A -- Buick, R -- Summons, R E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Aug 13;285(5430):1033-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉School of Geosciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia. jochen.brocks@agso.gov.au〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10446042" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Atmosphere ; Australia ; *Biological Evolution ; Biomarkers/analysis ; Cholestanes/analysis ; Cyanobacteria/physiology ; Eukaryotic Cells/*physiology ; Fossils ; Geologic Sediments/*chemistry ; Hydrocarbons/*analysis ; Lipids/*analysis ; Paleontology ; Photosynthesis ; Steroids/*analysis ; Triterpenes/*analysis
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    Turtle origins (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-03-13
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Rieppel, O -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Feb 12;283(5404):945-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Geology, The Foeld Museum, Chicago, IL 60605-2496, USA. rieppel@fmppr.fmnh.org〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10075558" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; DNA/genetics ; Phylogeny ; Reptiles/anatomy & histology/classification/genetics ; Turtles/anatomy & histology/*classification/*genetics
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    Science and scripture (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-11-30
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Brosnan-Watters, G -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Oct 22;286(5440):681.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10577221" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Biological Evolution ; Kansas ; *Religion and Science ; Science/*education
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    Impaired B cell development and proliferation in absence of phosphoinositide 3-kinase p85alpha (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-01-15
    Description: Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) activation has been implicated in many cellular responses, including fibroblast growth, transformation, survival, and chemotaxis. Although PI3K is activated by several agents that stimulate T and B cells, the role of PI3K in lymphocyte function is not clear. The mouse gene encoding the PI3K adapter subunit p85alpha and its splice variants p55alpha and p50alpha was disrupted. Most p85alpha-p55alpha-p50alpha-/- mice die within days after birth. Lymphocyte development and function was studied with the use of the RAG2-deficient blastocyst complementation system. Chimeric mice had reduced numbers of peripheral mature B cells and decreased serum immunoglobulin. The B cells that developed had diminished proliferative responses to antibody to immunoglobulin M, antibody to CD40, and lipopolysaccharide stimulation and decreased survival after incubation with interleukin-4. In contrast, T cell development and proliferation was normal. This phenotype is similar to defects observed in mice lacking the tyrosine kinase Btk.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Fruman, D A -- Snapper, S B -- Yballe, C M -- Davidson, L -- Yu, J Y -- Alt, F W -- Cantley, L C -- R01 GM041890/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Jan 15;283(5400):393-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Signal Transduction, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA. dfruman@bidmc.harvard.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9888855" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antigens, CD45/analysis ; Apoptosis ; B-Lymphocytes/cytology/enzymology/*immunology ; Catalytic Domain ; Cell Cycle ; Chimera ; Chromones/pharmacology ; Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology ; Female ; Gene Targeting ; Immunoglobulins/*blood ; *Lymphocyte Activation ; Lymphocyte Count ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Morpholines/pharmacology ; Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors/genetics/*metabolism ; Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/genetics/metabolism ; Spleen/immunology ; T-Lymphocytes/cytology/enzymology/immunology
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    Broadly protective vaccine for Staphylococcus aureus based on an in vivo-expressed antigen (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-05-29
    Description: Vaccines based on preferential expression of bacterial antigens during human infection have not been described. Staphylococcus aureus synthesized poly-N-succinyl beta-1-6 glucosamine (PNSG) as a surface polysaccharide during human and animal infection, but few strains expressed PNSG in vitro. All S. aureus strains examined carried genes for PNSG synthesis. Immunization protected mice against kidney infections and death from strains that produced little PNSG in vitro. Nonimmune infected animals made antibody to PNSG, but serial in vitro cultures of kidney isolates yielded mostly cells that did not produce PNSG. PNSG is a candidate for use in a vaccine to protect against S. aureus infection.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉McKenney, D -- Pouliot, K L -- Wang, Y -- Murthy, V -- Ulrich, M -- Doring, G -- Lee, J C -- Goldmann, D A -- Pier, G B -- AI2335/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 May 28;284(5419):1523-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Department of Medicine, Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10348739" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antibodies, Bacterial/*biosynthesis/blood ; Bacterial Capsules/immunology ; Child ; Female ; Genes, Bacterial ; Humans ; Immunization, Passive ; Immunoglobulin G/biosynthesis/blood ; Kidney/immunology/microbiology ; Kidney Diseases/immunology/microbiology/prevention & control ; Mice ; Polysaccharides, Bacterial/biosynthesis/*immunology ; Rabbits ; Staphylococcal Infections/immunology/microbiology/*prevention & control ; Staphylococcal Vaccines/*immunology ; Staphylococcus aureus/genetics/*immunology ; Vaccination
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    Truncated RanGAP encoded by the Segregation Distorter locus of Drosophila (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-03-12
    Description: Segregation Distorter (SD) in Drosophila melanogaster is a naturally occurring meiotic drive system in which the SD chromosome is transmitted from SD/SD+ males in vast excess over its homolog owing to the induced dysfunction of SD+-bearing spermatids. The Sd locus is the key distorting gene responsible for this phenotype. A genomic fragment from the Sd region conferred full distorting activity when introduced into the appropriate genetic background by germline transformation. The only functional product encoded by this fragment is a truncated version of the RanGAP nuclear transport protein. These results demonstrate that this mutant RanGAP is the functional Sd product.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Merrill, C -- Bayraktaroglu, L -- Kusano, A -- Ganetzky, B -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Mar 12;283(5408):1742-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory of Genetics, 445 Henry Mall, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10073941" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Carrier Proteins/chemistry/*genetics/physiology ; Cell Nucleus/metabolism ; Crosses, Genetic ; DNA, Complementary ; *Drosophila Proteins ; Drosophila melanogaster/*genetics/physiology ; Female ; *GTPase-Activating Proteins ; Gene Duplication ; Gene Expression ; *Genes, Insect ; Male ; *Meiosis ; Nuclear Proteins/chemistry/*genetics/physiology ; RNA, Messenger/genetics ; Spermatids/physiology ; Sulfotransferases/chemistry/genetics ; Transcription, Genetic ; Transformation, Genetic
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    Mycolactone: a polyketide toxin from Mycobacterium ulcerans required for virulence (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-02-05
    Description: Mycobacterium ulcerans is the causative agent of Buruli ulcer, a severe human skin disease that occurs primarily in Africa and Australia. Infection with M. ulcerans results in persistent severe necrosis without an acute inflammatory response. The presence of histopathological changes distant from the site of infection suggested that pathogenesis might be toxin mediated. A polyketide-derived macrolide designated mycolactone was isolated that causes cytopathicity and cell cycle arrest in cultured L929 murine fibroblasts. Intradermal inoculation of purified toxin into guinea pigs produced a lesion similar to that of Buruli ulcer in humans. This toxin may represent one of a family of virulence factors associated with pathology in mycobacterial diseases such as leprosy and tuberculosis.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉George, K M -- Chatterjee, D -- Gunawardana, G -- Welty, D -- Hayman, J -- Lee, R -- Small, P L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Feb 5;283(5403):854-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9933171" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Bacterial Toxins/chemistry/*isolation & purification/*toxicity ; Cell Cycle/drug effects ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Chromatography, Thin Layer ; Female ; Guinea Pigs ; L Cells (Cell Line) ; Macrolides ; Mass Spectrometry ; Mice ; Mycobacterium Infections, Nontuberculous/microbiology/pathology ; Mycobacterium ulcerans/chemistry/*pathogenicity ; Necrosis ; Skin/microbiology/pathology ; Skin Diseases, Bacterial/microbiology/pathology ; Virulence
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    Clonal interference and the evolution of RNA viruses (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-09-11
    Description: In asexual populations, beneficial mutations that occur in different lineages compete with one another. This phenomenon, known as clonal interference, ensures that those beneficial mutations that do achieve fixation are of large effect. Clonal interference also increases the time between fixations, thereby slowing the adaptation of asexual populations. The effects of clonal interference were measured in the asexual RNA virus vesicular stomatitis virus; rates and average effects of beneficial mutations were quantified.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Miralles, R -- Gerrish, P J -- Moya, A -- Elena, S F -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Sep 10;285(5434):1745-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institut Cavanilles de Biodiversitat i Biologia Evolutiva and Departament de Genetica, Universitat de Valencia, Apartado 22085, 46071 Valencia, Spain.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10481012" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adaptation, Physiological ; Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Cell Line ; Confidence Intervals ; Cricetinae ; Gene Frequency ; Genes, Viral ; Likelihood Functions ; Models, Biological ; Models, Statistical ; *Mutation ; Vesicular stomatitis Indiana virus/genetics/*physiology ; Virus Replication
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Cholesterol-lowering drugs may boost bones (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-12-28
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Vogel, G -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Dec 3;286(5446):1825-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10610568" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Anticholesteremic Agents/*pharmacology ; Bone Density/*drug effects ; Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2 ; Bone Morphogenetic Proteins/biosynthesis ; Clinical Trials as Topic ; Female ; Humans ; Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors/*pharmacology ; Lovastatin/*pharmacology ; Mice ; Osteogenesis/*drug effects ; Osteoporosis/drug therapy ; Rats ; Simvastatin/pharmacology ; *Transforming Growth Factor beta
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    Evolution. Handsome finches win a boost for their offspring (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-10-26
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Vogel, G -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Oct 1;286(5437):23.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10532882" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Dihydrotestosterone/metabolism ; Egg Yolk/metabolism ; Female ; Genes ; Male ; Ovum/*metabolism ; *Sexual Behavior, Animal ; Songbirds/genetics/*physiology ; Testosterone/*metabolism
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    Going beyond appearances to find life's history (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-07-17
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Vogel, G -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Jun 25;284(5423):2112-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10409070" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Bacteria ; *Biological Evolution ; *Eukaryotic Cells ; *Fossils ; Geologic Sediments/*microbiology ; Hydrocarbons/analysis ; Isotopes ; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy ; X-Rays
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  • 83
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    The vomeronasal organ (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-10-26
    Description: The vomeronasal organ (VNO) is a chemoreceptor organ enclosed in a cartilaginous capsule and separated from the main olfactory epithelium. The vomeronasal neurons have two distinct types of receptor that differ from each other and from the large family of odorant receptors. The VNO receptors are seven-transmembrane receptors coupled to GTP-binding protein, but appear to activate inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate signaling as opposed to cyclic adenosine monophosphate. The nature of stimulus access suggests that the VNO responds to nonvolatile cues, leading to activation of the hypothalamus by way of the accessory olfactory bulb and amygdala. The areas of hypothalamus innervated regulate reproductive, defensive, and ingestive behavior as well as neuroendocrine secretion.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Keverne, E B -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Oct 22;286(5440):716-20.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Sub-Department of Animal Behaviour, University of Cambridge, Madingley, Cambridge CB3 8AA, UK. ebk10@cus.cam.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10531049" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Action Potentials ; Afferent Pathways ; Animals ; Behavior, Animal ; Chemoreceptor Cells/chemistry/*physiology ; Female ; GTP-Binding Proteins/metabolism ; Humans ; Hypothalamus/physiology ; Male ; Neurons, Afferent/*physiology ; Olfactory Bulb/physiology ; Pheromones/physiology ; Receptors, Cell Surface/chemistry/genetics/*physiology ; Signal Transduction ; Vomeronasal Organ/anatomy & histology/innervation/*physiology
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    Science and scripture (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-11-30
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Moore, J W -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Oct 22;286(5440):681.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10577222" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Biological Evolution ; Kansas ; *Politics ; *Religion and Science ; Science/*education
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  • 85
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    Drosophila S6 kinase: a regulator of cell size (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1999-09-25
    Description: Cell proliferation requires cell growth; that is, cells only divide after they reach a critical size. However, the mechanisms by which cells grow and maintain their appropriate size have remained elusive. Drosophila deficient in the S6 kinase gene (dS6K) exhibited an extreme delay in development and a severe reduction in body size. These flies had smaller cells rather than fewer cells. The effect was cell-autonomous, displayed throughout larval development, and distinct from that of ribosomal protein mutants (Minutes). Thus, the dS6K gene product regulates cell size in a cell-autonomous manner without impinging on cell number.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Montagne, J -- Stewart, M J -- Stocker, H -- Hafen, E -- Kozma, S C -- Thomas, G -- F32 GM15926/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Sep 24;285(5436):2126-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Friedrich Miescher Institute, Maulbeerstrasse 66, 4058 Basel, Switzerland.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10497130" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Base Sequence ; Body Constitution ; Cell Count ; Cell Division ; Cell Size ; Drosophila melanogaster/cytology/*enzymology/genetics/*growth & development ; Epithelial Cells/cytology ; Female ; Genes, Insect ; Larva/cytology/growth & development ; Male ; Metamorphosis, Biological ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Ribosomal Protein S6 Kinases/genetics/*metabolism ; Wings, Animal/*cytology/growth & development
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    Mitochondrial evolution (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-03-05
    Description: The serial endosymbiosis theory is a favored model for explaining the origin of mitochondria, a defining event in the evolution of eukaryotic cells. As usually described, this theory posits that mitochondria are the direct descendants of a bacterial endosymbiont that became established at an early stage in a nucleus-containing (but amitochondriate) host cell. Gene sequence data strongly support a monophyletic origin of the mitochondrion from a eubacterial ancestor shared with a subgroup of the alpha-Proteobacteria. However, recent studies of unicellular eukaryotes (protists), some of them little known, have provided insights that challenge the traditional serial endosymbiosis-based view of how the eukaryotic cell and its mitochondrion came to be. These data indicate that the mitochondrion arose in a common ancestor of all extant eukaryotes and raise the possibility that this organelle originated at essentially the same time as the nuclear component of the eukaryotic cell rather than in a separate, subsequent event.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gray, M W -- Burger, G -- Lang, B F -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Mar 5;283(5407):1476-81.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biochemistry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4H7, Canada. M.W.Gray@Dal.Ca〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10066161" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Archaea/genetics ; Bacteria/genetics ; *Biological Evolution ; DNA, Mitochondrial/chemistry/*genetics ; *Eukaryotic Cells/physiology/ultrastructure ; Evolution, Molecular ; Genes ; Mitochondria/*genetics ; Models, Biological ; Phylogeny ; Symbiosis
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    Neurogenesis in the neocortex of adult primates (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-10-16
    Description: In primates, prefrontal, inferior temporal, and posterior parietal cortex are important for cognitive function. It is shown that in adult macaques, new neurons are added to these three neocortical association areas, but not to a primary sensory area (striate cortex). The new neurons appeared to originate in the subventricular zone and to migrate through the white matter to the neocortex, where they extended axons. These new neurons, which are continually added in adulthood, may play a role in the functions of association neocortex.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gould, E -- Reeves, A J -- Graziano, M S -- Gross, C G -- EY11347-29/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- MH52423-05/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Oct 15;286(5439):548-52.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Psychology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA. goulde@princeton.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10521353" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Aging ; Animals ; Astrocytes/cytology ; Axons/ultrastructure ; Bromodeoxyuridine ; Cell Differentiation ; Cell Division ; Cell Movement ; Cell Survival ; Female ; Lateral Ventricles/cytology ; Macaca fascicularis ; Male ; Microscopy, Confocal ; Neocortex/*cytology/physiology ; Neurons/*cytology/physiology ; Parietal Lobe/*cytology/physiology ; Prefrontal Cortex/*cytology/physiology ; Temporal Lobe/*cytology/physiology ; Visual Cortex/cytology/physiology
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    Evolution flies (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-11-30
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Schall, J J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Oct 15;286(5439):414.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10577202" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Drosophila/genetics ; Periodicals as Topic ; Publishing
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    Mouse models of tumor development in neurofibromatosis type 1 (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-12-11
    Description: Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is a prevalent familial cancer syndrome resulting from germ line mutations in the NF1 tumor suppressor gene. Hallmark features of the disease are the development of benign peripheral nerve sheath tumors (neurofibromas), which can progress to malignancy. Unlike humans, mice that are heterozygous for a mutation in Nf1 do not develop neurofibromas. However, as described here, chimeric mice composed in part of Nf1-/- cells do, which demonstrates that loss of the wild-type Nf1 allele is rate-limiting in tumor formation. In addition, mice that carry linked germ line mutations in Nf1 and p53 develop malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNSTs), which supports a cooperative and causal role for p53 mutations in MPNST development. These two mouse models provide the means to address fundamental aspects of disease development and to test therapeutic strategies.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cichowski, K -- Shih, T S -- Schmitt, E -- Santiago, S -- Reilly, K -- McLaughlin, M E -- Bronson, R T -- Jacks, T -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Dec 10;286(5447):2172-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology and Center for Cancer Research and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10591652" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cell Line ; Chimera ; *Disease Models, Animal ; Female ; *Genes, Neurofibromatosis 1 ; Genes, p53 ; Germ-Line Mutation ; Humans ; Loss of Heterozygosity ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mice, Transgenic ; Mutation ; Nerve Sheath Neoplasms/*genetics/*pathology ; Nerve Tissue Proteins/analysis/physiology ; Neurofibromatosis 1/*genetics/*pathology ; Neurofibromin 1 ; Proteins/analysis/physiology ; S100 Proteins/analysis ; Schwann Cells/chemistry/ultrastructure ; Stem Cells
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    Modulation of respiratory frequency by peptidergic input to rhythmogenic neurons in the preBotzinger complex (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1999-11-24
    Description: Neurokinin-1 receptor (NK1R) and mu-opioid receptor (muOR) agonists affected respiratory rhythm when injected directly into the preBotzinger Complex (preBotC), the hypothesized site for respiratory rhythmogenesis in mammals. These effects were mediated by actions on preBotC rhythmogenic neurons. The distribution of NK1R+ neurons anatomically defined the preBotC. Type 1 neurons in the preBotC, which have rhythmogenic properties, expressed both NK1Rs and muORs, whereas type 2 neurons expressed only NK1Rs. These findings suggest that the preBotC is a definable anatomic structure with unique physiological function and that a subpopulation of neurons expressing both NK1Rs and muORs generate respiratory rhythm and modulate respiratory frequency.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2811082/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2811082/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gray, P A -- Rekling, J C -- Bocchiaro, C M -- Feldman, J L -- HL37941/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- HL40959/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- R01 HL040959/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- R01 HL040959-12/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Nov 19;286(5444):1566-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Neurobiology, University of California Los Angeles, Box 951763, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1763, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10567264" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Enkephalin, Ala(2)-MePhe(4)-Gly(5)-/pharmacology ; Female ; In Vitro Techniques ; Medulla Oblongata/cytology/drug effects/*physiology ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Neurons/chemistry/drug effects/*physiology ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Receptors, GABA-B/analysis/physiology ; Receptors, Neurokinin-1/agonists/analysis/*physiology ; Receptors, Opioid, mu/agonists/analysis/*physiology ; Respiratory Mechanics/drug effects/*physiology ; Substance P/pharmacology ; Synaptic Transmission/drug effects
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    Evolution flies (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1999-11-30
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gregory, T R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Oct 15;286(5439):414.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10577201" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Drosophila/genetics ; Selection, Genetic
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    Documenting speciation (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1999-11-30
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Knox, J S -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Oct 22;286(5440):684.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10577224" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Asteraceae/genetics ; *Biological Evolution ; Phylogeny ; *Poaceae/genetics
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    Highly visible, curiously intangible (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-04-17
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Clark, G A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Mar 26;283(5410):2029, 2031-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Anthropology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-2402, USA. gaclark@asu.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10206911" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Africa ; Animals ; *Archaeology ; *Biological Evolution ; Europe ; History, Ancient ; *Hominidae ; Humans ; Models, Biological ; *Paleontology
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    Forming the robust australopithecine face (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-05-08
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Morell, V -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Apr 9;284(5412):230-1.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10232966" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Africa ; Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Face/anatomy & histology ; Facial Bones/*anatomy & histology ; History, Ancient ; Hominidae/*anatomy & histology ; Humans ; Molar/anatomy & histology ; Paleodontology ; Paleontology ; Phylogeny
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  • 95
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    Selfish sentinels in cooperative mammals (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1999-06-05
    Description: Like humans engaged in risky activities, group members of some animal societies take turns acting as sentinels. Explanations of the evolution of sentinel behavior have frequently relied on kin selection or reciprocal altruism, but recent models suggest that guarding may be an individual's optimal activity once its stomach is full if no other animal is on guard. This paper provides support for this last explanation by showing that, in groups of meerkats (Suricata suricatta), animals guard from safe sites, and solitary individuals as well as group members spend part of their time on guard. Though individuals seldom take successive guarding bouts, there is no regular rota, and the provision of food increases contributions to guarding and reduces the latency between bouts by the same individual.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Clutton-Brock, T H -- O'Riain, M J -- Brotherton, P N -- Gaynor, D -- Kansky, R -- Griffin, A S -- Manser, M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Jun 4;284(5420):1640-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Large Animal Research Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK. thcb@hermes.cam.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10356387" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Behavior, Animal ; *Cooperative Behavior ; Feeding Behavior ; Female ; *Herpestidae ; Male ; Nutritional Status
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 96
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    Gene defect linked to Rett syndrome (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-10-26
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gura, T -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Oct 1;286(5437):27.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10532886" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Chromosomal Proteins, Non-Histone ; Chromosome Mapping ; DNA-Binding Proteins/*genetics ; Female ; *Gene Expression Regulation ; Humans ; Male ; Methyl-CpG-Binding Protein 2 ; Mice ; Mice, Knockout ; Mutation ; Repressor Proteins/*genetics ; Rett Syndrome/*genetics ; X Chromosome/*genetics
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 97
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    Variability in spike trains during constant and dynamic stimulation (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-03-19
    Description: In a recent study, it was concluded that natural time-varying stimuli are represented more reliably in the brain than constant stimuli are. The results presented here disagree with this conclusion, although they were obtained from the same identified neuron (H1) in the fly's visual system. For large parts of the neuron's activity range, the variability of the responses was very similar for constant and time-varying stimuli and was considerably smaller than that in many visual interneurons of vertebrates.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Warzecha, A K -- Egelhaaf, M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Mar 19;283(5409):1927-30.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Lehrstuhl fur Neurobiologie, Fakultat fur Biologie, Universitat Bielefeld, Postfach 10 01 31, D-33501 Bielefeld, Germany. ak.warzecha@biologie.uni-bielefeld.de〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10082467" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Action Potentials ; Animals ; Brain/physiology ; Diptera/*physiology ; Female ; Motion Perception ; Neurons/*physiology ; Photic Stimulation ; Time Factors ; Visual Pathways
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 98
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    Stimulation of bone formation in vitro and in rodents by statins (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-12-03
    Description: Osteoporosis and other diseases of bone loss are a major public health problem. Here it is shown that the statins, drugs widely used for lowering serum cholesterol, also enhance new bone formation in vitro and in rodents. This effect was associated with increased expression of the bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) gene in bone cells. Lovastatin and simvastatin increased bone formation when injected subcutaneously over the calvaria of mice and increased cancellous bone volume when orally administered to rats. Thus, in appropriate doses, statins may have therapeutic applications for the treatment of osteoporosis.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mundy, G -- Garrett, R -- Harris, S -- Chan, J -- Chen, D -- Rossini, G -- Boyce, B -- Zhao, M -- Gutierrez, G -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Dec 3;286(5446):1946-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉OsteoScreen, 2040 Babcock Road, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA. mundy@uthscsa.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10583956" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Bone Density/*drug effects ; Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2 ; Bone Morphogenetic Proteins/biosynthesis/genetics/pharmacology ; Cell Line ; Female ; Fibroblast Growth Factor 1 ; Fibroblast Growth Factor 2/pharmacology ; Humans ; Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors/pharmacology ; Lovastatin/*pharmacology ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred ICR ; Organ Culture Techniques ; Osteoblasts/*drug effects/metabolism ; Osteoclasts/drug effects ; Osteogenesis/*drug effects ; Osteoporosis/drug therapy ; Ovariectomy ; Promoter Regions, Genetic/drug effects ; Rats ; Recombinant Proteins/pharmacology ; Simvastatin/*pharmacology ; Skull ; Transfection ; *Transforming Growth Factor beta
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 99
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    The evolution of dinosaurs (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-06-26
    Description: The ascendancy of dinosaurs on land near the close of the Triassic now appears to have been as accidental and opportunistic as their demise and replacement by therian mammals at the end of the Cretaceous. The dinosaurian radiation, launched by 1-meter-long bipeds, was slower in tempo and more restricted in adaptive scope than that of therian mammals. A notable exception was the evolution of birds from small-bodied predatory dinosaurs, which involved a dramatic decrease in body size. Recurring phylogenetic trends among dinosaurs include, to the contrary, increase in body size. There is no evidence for co-evolution between predators and prey or between herbivores and flowering plants. As the major land masses drifted apart, dinosaurian biogeography was molded more by regional extinction and intercontinental dispersal than by the breakup sequence of Pangaea.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sereno, P C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Jun 25;284(5423):2137-47.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10381873" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Birds/anatomy & histology/physiology ; Body Constitution ; Feathers ; Flight, Animal ; Fossils ; Locomotion ; *Paleontology ; Phylogeny ; *Reptiles/anatomy & histology/physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 100
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    Genetic mechanisms of age regulation of human blood coagulation factor IX (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-07-31
    Description: Blood coagulation capacity increases with age in healthy individuals. Through extensive longitudinal analyses of human factor IX gene expression in transgenic mice, two essential age-regulatory elements, AE5' and AE3', have been identified. These elements are required and together are sufficient for normal age regulation of factor IX expression. AE5', a PEA-3 related element present in the 5' upstream region of the gene encoding factor IX, is responsible for age-stable expression of the gene. AE3', in the middle of the 3' untranslated region, is responsible for age-associated elevation in messenger RNA levels. In a concerted manner, AE5' and AE3' recapitulate natural patterns of the advancing age-associated increase in factor IX gene expression.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kurachi, S -- Deyashiki, Y -- Takeshita, J -- Kurachi, K -- AG13283/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- HL38644/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- HL53713/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- etc. -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Jul 30;285(5428):739-43.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0618, USA. kkurachi@umich.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10426997" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *3' Untranslated Regions ; Aging/blood/*genetics ; Animals ; Consensus Sequence ; DNA Footprinting ; Dinucleotide Repeats ; Factor IX/*genetics/metabolism ; Female ; *Gene Expression Regulation ; Genetic Vectors ; Humans ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Transgenic ; RNA, Messenger/genetics/metabolism ; *Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid ; Transcription Factors/genetics/metabolism ; Transcription, Genetic ; Tumor Cells, Cultured
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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