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  • 1
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    Stability, precision, and near-24-hour period of the human circadian pacemaker (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-06-26
    Description: Regulation of circadian period in humans was thought to differ from that of other species, with the period of the activity rhythm reported to range from 13 to 65 hours (median 25.2 hours) and the period of the body temperature rhythm reported to average 25 hours in adulthood, and to shorten with age. However, those observations were based on studies of humans exposed to light levels sufficient to confound circadian period estimation. Precise estimation of the periods of the endogenous circadian rhythms of melatonin, core body temperature, and cortisol in healthy young and older individuals living in carefully controlled lighting conditions has now revealed that the intrinsic period of the human circadian pacemaker averages 24.18 hours in both age groups, with a tight distribution consistent with other species. These findings have important implications for understanding the pathophysiology of disrupted sleep in older people.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Czeisler, C A -- Duffy, J F -- Shanahan, T L -- Brown, E N -- Mitchell, J F -- Rimmer, D W -- Ronda, J M -- Silva, E J -- Allan, J S -- Emens, J S -- Dijk, D J -- Kronauer, R E -- MO1-RR02635/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- P01-AG09975/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- R01-GM53559/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Jun 25;284(5423):2177-81.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Circadian, Neuroendocrine, and Sleep Disorders Section, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 221 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10381883" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Aged ; Aging/*physiology ; Biological Clocks/genetics/*physiology ; Body Temperature ; Circadian Rhythm/genetics/*physiology ; Darkness ; Female ; Humans ; Hydrocortisone/blood ; Light ; Male ; Melatonin/blood ; Middle Aged ; Sleep
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 2
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    Is there an intrinsic period of the circadian clock? Response (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-09-07
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Czeisler, C A -- Dijk, D J -- Kronauer, R E -- Brown, E N -- Duffy, J F -- Allan, J S -- Shanahan, T L -- Rimmer, D W -- Ronda, J M -- Mitchell, J F -- Silva, E J -- Emens, J S -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 May 19;288(5469):1174-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Circadian, Neuroendocrine, and Sleep Disorders Section, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11536927" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biological Clocks/genetics/*physiology ; Chronobiology Phenomena ; Circadian Rhythm/genetics/*physiology ; Darkness ; Humans ; Sleep
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 3
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    Bright light induction of strong (type 0) resetting of the human circadian pacemaker (1989)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1989-06-16
    Description: The response of the human circadian pacemaker to light was measured in 45 resetting trials. Each trial consisted of an initial endogenous circadian phase assessment, a three-cycle stimulus which included 5 hours of bright light per cycle, and a final phase assessment. The stimulus induced strong (type 0) resetting, with responses highly dependent on the initial circadian phase of light exposure. The magnitude and direction of the phase shifts were modulated by the timing of exposure to ordinary room light, previously thought to be undetectable by the human pacemaker. The data indicate that the sensitivity of the human circadian pacemaker to light is far greater than previously recognized and have important implications for the therapeutic use of light in the management of disorders of circadian regulation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Czeisler, C A -- Kronauer, R E -- Allan, J S -- Duffy, J F -- Jewett, M E -- Brown, E N -- Ronda, J M -- 1-RO1-AG06072/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- 2-S07-RR-05950/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- 5-M01-RR00888/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1989 Jun 16;244(4910):1328-33.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2734611" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; *Circadian Rhythm ; Humans ; Male ; Models, Biological ; *Phototherapy ; Time Factors
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 4
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    Bright light resets the human circadian pacemaker independent of the timing of the sleep-wake cycle (1986)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1986-08-08
    Description: Human circadian rhythms were once thought to be insensitive to light, with synchronization to the 24-hour day accomplished either through social contacts or the sleep-wake schedule. Yet the demonstration of an intensity-dependent neuroendocrine response to bright light has led to renewed consideration of light as a possible synchronizer of the human circadian pacemaker. In a laboratory study, the output of the circadian pacemaker of an elderly woman was monitored before and after exposure to 4 hours of bright light for seven consecutive evenings, and before and after a control study in ordinary room light while her sleep-wake schedule and social contacts remained unchanged. The exposure to bright light in the evening induced a 6-hour delay shift of her circadian pacemaker, as indicated by recordings of body temperature and cortisol secretion. The unexpected magnitude, rapidity, and stability of the shift challenge existing concepts regarding circadian phase-resetting capacity in man and suggest that exposure to bright light can indeed reset the human circadian pacemaker, which controls daily variations in physiologic, behavioral, and cognitive function.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Czeisler, C A -- Allan, J S -- Strogatz, S H -- Ronda, J M -- Sanchez, R -- Rios, C D -- Freitag, W O -- Richardson, G S -- Kronauer, R E -- 1 R01-AG-04912-02/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- 1 R01-HD-20174-01/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- AFOSR-83-0309/PHS HHS/ -- etc. -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1986 Aug 8;233(4764):667-71.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3726555" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Aged ; Body Temperature ; *Circadian Rhythm ; Female ; Humans ; Hydrocortisone/blood ; *Light ; Sleep/*physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 5
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    Sleep, performance, circadian rhythms, and light-dark cycles during two space shuttle flights (2001)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Sleep, circadian rhythm, and neurobehavioral performance measures were obtained in five astronauts before, during, and after 16-day or 10-day space missions. In space, scheduled rest-activity cycles were 20-35 min shorter than 24 h. Light-dark cycles were highly variable on the flight deck, and daytime illuminances in other compartments of the spacecraft were very low (5.0-79.4 lx). In space, the amplitude of the body temperature rhythm was reduced and the circadian rhythm of urinary cortisol appeared misaligned relative to the imposed non-24-h sleep-wake schedule. Neurobehavioral performance decrements were observed. Sleep duration, assessed by questionnaires and actigraphy, was only approximately 6.5 h/day. Subjective sleep quality diminished. Polysomnography revealed more wakefulness and less slow-wave sleep during the final third of sleep episodes. Administration of melatonin (0.3 mg) on alternate nights did not improve sleep. After return to earth, rapid eye movement (REM) sleep was markedly increased. Crewmembers on these flights experienced circadian rhythm disturbances, sleep loss, decrements in neurobehavioral performance, and postflight changes in REM sleep.
    Keywords: Life Sciences (General)
    Type: American journal of physiology. Regulatory, integrative and comparative physiology (ISSN 0363-6119); Volume 281; 5; R1647-64
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  • 6
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    Ambient Light Intensity, Actigraphy, Sleep and Respiration, Circadian Temperature and Melatonin Rhythms and Daytime Performance of Crew Members During Space Flight on STS-90 and STS-95 Missions (1999)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-05-27
    Description: Sleep disruption and associated waking sleepiness and fatigue are common during space flight. A survey of 58 crew members from nine space shuttle missions revealed that most suffered from sleep disruption, and reportedly slept an average of only 6.1 hours per day of flight as compared to an average of 7.9 hours per day on the ground. Nineteen percent of crewmembers on single shift missions and 50 percent of the crewmembers in dual shift operations reported sleeping pill usage (benzodiazepines) during their missions. Benzodiazepines are effective as hypnotics, however, not without adverse side effects including carryover sedation and performance impairment, anterograde amnesia, and alterations in sleep EEG. Our preliminary ground-based data suggest that pre-sleep administration of 0.3 mg of the pineal hormone melatonin may have the acute hypnotic properties needed for treating the sleep disruption of space flight without producing the adverse side effects associated with benzodiazepines. We hypothesize that pre-sleep administration of melatonin will result in decreased sleep latency, reduced nocturnal sleep disruption, improved sleep efficiency, and enhanced next-day alertness and cognitive performance both in ground-based simulations and during the space shuttle missions. Specifically, we have carried out experiments in which: (1) ambient light intensity aboard the space shuttle is assessed during flight; (2) the impact of space flight on sleep (assessed polysomnographically and actigraphically), respiration during sleep, circadian temperature and melatonin rhythms, waking neurobehavioral alertness and performance is assessed in crew members of the Neurolab and STS-95 missions; (3) the effectiveness of melatonin as a hypnotic is assessed independently of its effects on the phase of the endogenous circadian pacemaker in ground-based studies, using a powerful experimental model of the dyssomnia of space flight; (4) the effectiveness of melatonin as a hypnotic is assessed during the STS-90 (Neurolab) and STS-95 missions in a double-blind placebo-controlled trial. In both flight-based experiments, the effects of melatonin on sleep stages and spectral composition of the EEG during sleep will be determined as well as its effects on daytime alertness and performance; (5) the impact of space flight on sleep and waking neurobehavioral alertness and performance in 30-45-year-old astronauts is compared with its impact in a 77-year-old astronaut. This case study is the first to assess the effects of space flight on an older individual. Because the investigators are still blind to the treatment in this double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, preliminary results will be presented independent of the drug condition.
    Keywords: Aerospace Medicine
    Type: Proceedings of the First Biennial Space Biomedical Investigators' Workshop; 544-546
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  • 7
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    Association of sleep-wake habits in older people with changes in output of circadian pacemaker (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Many elderly people complain of disturbed sleep patterns but there is not evidence that the need to sleep decreases with age; it seems rather that the timing and consolidation of sleep change. We tried to find out whether there is a concurrent change in the output of the circadian pacemaker with age. The phase and amplitude of the pacemaker's output were assessed by continuous measurement of the core body temperature during 40 h of sustained wakefulness under constant behavioural and environmental conditions. 27 young men (18-31 years) were compared with 21 older people (65-85 years; 11 men, 10 women); all were healthy and without sleep complaints. The mean amplitude of the endogenous circadian temperature oscillation (ECA) was 40% greater in young men than in the older group. Older men had a lower mean temperature ECA than older women. The minimum of the endogenous phase of the circadian temperature oscillation (ECP) occurred 1 h 52 min earlier in the older than in the young group. Customary bedtimes and waketimes were also earlier in the older group, as was their daily alertness peak. There was a close correlation between habitual waketime and temperature ECP in young men, which may lose precision with age, especially among women. These findings provide evidence for systematic age-related changes in the output of the human circadian pacemaker. We suggest that these changes may underlie the common complaints of sleep disturbance among elderly people. These changes could reflect the observed age-related deterioration of the hypothalamic nuclei that drive mammalian circadian rhythms.
    Keywords: Life Sciences (General)
    Type: Lancet (ISSN 0140-6736); 340; 8825; 933-6
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  • 8
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    Stability, precision, and near-24-hour period of the human circadian pacemaker (1999)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Regulation of circadian period in humans was thought to differ from that of other species, with the period of the activity rhythm reported to range from 13 to 65 hours (median 25.2 hours) and the period of the body temperature rhythm reported to average 25 hours in adulthood, and to shorten with age. However, those observations were based on studies of humans exposed to light levels sufficient to confound circadian period estimation. Precise estimation of the periods of the endogenous circadian rhythms of melatonin, core body temperature, and cortisol in healthy young and older individuals living in carefully controlled lighting conditions has now revealed that the intrinsic period of the human circadian pacemaker averages 24.18 hours in both age groups, with a tight distribution consistent with other species. These findings have important implications for understanding the pathophysiology of disrupted sleep in older people.
    Keywords: Life Sciences (General)
    Type: Science (ISSN 0036-8075); 284; 5423; 2177-81
    Format: text
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