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  • 1
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    Archean molecular fossils and the early rise of eukaryotes (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-08-14
    Description: Molecular fossils of biological lipids are preserved in 2700-million-year-old shales from the Pilbara Craton, Australia. Sequential extraction of adjacent samples shows that these hydrocarbon biomarkers are indigenous and syngenetic to the Archean shales, greatly extending the known geological range of such molecules. The presence of abundant 2alpha-methylhopanes, which are characteristic of cyanobacteria, indicates that oxygenic photosynthesis evolved well before the atmosphere became oxidizing. The presence of steranes, particularly cholestane and its 28- to 30-carbon analogs, provides persuasive evidence for the existence of eukaryotes 500 million to 1 billion years before the extant fossil record indicates that the lineage arose.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Brocks, J J -- Logan, G A -- Buick, R -- Summons, R E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Aug 13;285(5430):1033-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉School of Geosciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia. jochen.brocks@agso.gov.au〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10446042" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Atmosphere ; Australia ; *Biological Evolution ; Biomarkers/analysis ; Cholestanes/analysis ; Cyanobacteria/physiology ; Eukaryotic Cells/*physiology ; Fossils ; Geologic Sediments/*chemistry ; Hydrocarbons/*analysis ; Lipids/*analysis ; Paleontology ; Photosynthesis ; Steroids/*analysis ; Triterpenes/*analysis
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 2
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    The antiquity of oxygenic photosynthesis: evidence from stromatolites in sulphate-deficient Archaean lakes (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992-01-03
    Description: The Tumbiana Formation, about 2700 million years old, was largely deposited in ephemeral saline lakes, as judged by the unusual evaporite paragenesis of carbonate and halite with no sulfate. Stromatolites of diverse morphology occur in the lacustrine sediments, some with palimpsest fabrics after erect filaments. These stromatolites were probably accreted by phototropic microbes that, from their habitat in shallow isolated basins with negligible sulfate concentrations, almost certainly metabolized by ozygenic photosynthesis.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Buick, R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Jan 3;255(5040):74-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Botanical Museum, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11536492" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Archaea ; Australia ; Bacteria ; *Biological Evolution ; Carbonates/analysis/chemistry/metabolism ; Earth (Planet) ; *Environmental Microbiology ; *Evolution, Planetary ; *Fossils ; Fresh Water ; Geologic Sediments/*analysis/microbiology ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Paleontology ; Photosynthesis/*physiology ; Sodium Chloride/analysis ; Sulfates/analysis
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 3
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    A whiff of oxygen before the great oxidation event? (2007)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2007-09-29
    Description: High-resolution chemostratigraphy reveals an episode of enrichment of the redox-sensitive transition metals molybdenum and rhenium in the late Archean Mount McRae Shale in Western Australia. Correlations with organic carbon indicate that these metals were derived from contemporaneous seawater. Rhenium/osmium geochronology demonstrates that the enrichment is a primary sedimentary feature dating to 2501 +/- 8 million years ago (Ma). Molybdenum and rhenium were probably supplied to Archean oceans by oxidative weathering of crustal sulfide minerals. These findings point to the presence of small amounts of O2 in the environment more than 50 million years before the start of the Great Oxidation Event.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Anbar, Ariel D -- Duan, Yun -- Lyons, Timothy W -- Arnold, Gail L -- Kendall, Brian -- Creaser, Robert A -- Kaufman, Alan J -- Gordon, Gwyneth W -- Scott, Clinton -- Garvin, Jessica -- Buick, Roger -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Sep 28;317(5846):1903-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA. anbar@asu.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17901330" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Australia ; Geologic Sediments/*chemistry ; Isotopes/analysis ; Molybdenum/analysis ; Oceans and Seas ; Osmium/analysis ; Oxidation-Reduction ; *Oxygen/analysis ; Rhenium/analysis ; Seawater/chemistry ; Sulfur/analysis ; Sulfur Isotopes/analysis ; Temperature ; Uranium/analysis
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 4
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    Abrupt and gradual extinction among Late Permian land vertebrates in the Karoo basin, South Africa (2005)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-01-22
    Description: The Karoo basin of South Africa exposes a succession of Upper Permian to Lower Triassic terrestrial strata containing abundant terrestrial vertebrate fossils. Paleomagnetic/magnetostratigraphic and carbon-isotope data allow sections to be correlated across the basin. With this stratigraphy, the vertebrate fossil data show a gradual extinction in the Upper Permian punctuated by an enhanced extinction pulse at the Permian-Triassic boundary interval, particularly among the dicynodont therapsids, coinciding with negative carbon-isotope anomalies.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ward, Peter D -- Botha, Jennifer -- Buick, Roger -- De Kock, Michiel O -- Erwin, Douglas H -- Garrison, Geoffrey H -- Kirschvink, Joseph L -- Smith, Roger -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2005 Feb 4;307(5710):709-14. Epub 2005 Jan 20.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA. argo@u.washington.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15661973" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biodiversity ; Carbon Isotopes/analysis ; *Ecosystem ; Environment ; *Fossils ; Geologic Sediments ; Magnetics ; Plants ; South Africa ; Time ; *Vertebrates
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 5
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    Isotopic evidence for biological nitrogen fixation by molybdenum-nitrogenase from 3.2 Gyr (2015)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-02-18
    Description: Nitrogen is an essential nutrient for all organisms that must have been available since the origin of life. Abiotic processes including hydrothermal reduction, photochemical reactions, or lightning discharge could have converted atmospheric N2 into assimilable NH4(+), HCN, or NOx species, collectively termed fixed nitrogen. But these sources may have been small on the early Earth, severely limiting the size of the primordial biosphere. The evolution of the nitrogen-fixing enzyme nitrogenase, which reduces atmospheric N2 to organic NH4(+), thus represented a major breakthrough in the radiation of life, but its timing is uncertain. Here we present nitrogen isotope ratios with a mean of 0.0 +/- 1.2 per thousand from marine and fluvial sedimentary rocks of prehnite-pumpellyite to greenschist metamorphic grade between 3.2 and 2.75 billion years ago. These data cannot readily be explained by abiotic processes and therefore suggest biological nitrogen fixation, most probably using molybdenum-based nitrogenase as opposed to other variants that impart significant negative fractionations. Our data place a minimum age constraint of 3.2 billion years on the origin of biological nitrogen fixation and suggest that molybdenum was bioavailable in the mid-Archaean ocean long before the Great Oxidation Event.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stueken, Eva E -- Buick, Roger -- Guy, Bradley M -- Koehler, Matthew C -- England -- Nature. 2015 Apr 30;520(7549):666-9. doi: 10.1038/nature14180. Epub 2015 Feb 16.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Earth &Space Sciences and Astrobiology Program, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1310, USA. ; Department of Geology, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park 2006, South Africa.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25686600" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Biological Evolution ; Evolution, Molecular ; Geologic Sediments/chemistry ; History, Ancient ; Molybdenum/*metabolism ; *Nitrogen Fixation ; Nitrogen Isotopes/*analysis ; Nitrogenase/*metabolism ; Oceans and Seas ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Time Factors
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 6
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    Air density 2.7 billion years ago limited to less than twice modern levels by fossil raindrop imprints (2012)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-03-30
    Description: According to the 'Faint Young Sun' paradox, during the late Archaean eon a Sun approximately 20% dimmer warmed the early Earth such that it had liquid water and a clement climate. Explanations for this phenomenon have invoked a denser atmosphere that provided warmth by nitrogen pressure broadening or enhanced greenhouse gas concentrations. Such solutions are allowed by geochemical studies and numerical investigations that place approximate concentration limits on Archaean atmospheric gases, including methane, carbon dioxide and oxygen. But no field data constraining ground-level air density and barometric pressure have been reported, leaving the plausibility of these various hypotheses in doubt. Here we show that raindrop imprints in tuffs of the Ventersdorp Supergroup, South Africa, constrain surface air density 2.7 billion years ago to less than twice modern levels. We interpret the raindrop fossils using experiments in which water droplets of known size fall at terminal velocity into fresh and weathered volcanic ash, thus defining a relationship between imprint size and raindrop impact momentum. Fragmentation following raindrop flattening limits raindrop size to a maximum value independent of air density, whereas raindrop terminal velocity varies as the inverse of the square root of air density. If the Archaean raindrops reached the modern maximum measured size, air density must have been less than 2.3 kg m(-3), compared to today's 1.2 kg m(-3), but because such drops rarely occur, air density was more probably below 1.3 kg m(-3). The upper estimate for air density renders the pressure broadening explanation possible, but it is improbable under the likely lower estimates. Our results also disallow the extreme CO(2) levels required for hot Archaean climates.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Som, Sanjoy M -- Catling, David C -- Harnmeijer, Jelte P -- Polivka, Peter M -- Buick, Roger -- England -- Nature. 2012 Mar 28;484(7394):359-62. doi: 10.1038/nature10890.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Earth and Space Sciences and Astrobiology Program, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1310, USA. sanjoy.m.som@nasa.gov〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22456703" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Air/*analysis ; *Atmospheric Pressure ; Carbon Dioxide/analysis ; Climate Change/history ; *Fossils ; History, Ancient ; Nitrogen/analysis ; Oxygen/analysis ; *Rain ; South Africa ; Temperature ; Volcanic Eruptions/history
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 7
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    Early life: Ancient acritarchs (2010)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-02-19
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Buick, Roger -- England -- Nature. 2010 Feb 18;463(7283):885-6. doi: 10.1038/463885a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20164911" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Bacteria/chemistry/cytology ; China ; Eukaryotic Cells/chemistry/cytology ; *Fossils ; Geologic Sediments/*microbiology ; History, Ancient ; Oceans and Seas ; *Phylogeny ; Reproducibility of Results ; Seawater/*microbiology ; South Africa
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 8
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    Late Archean biospheric oxygenation and atmospheric evolution (2007)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2007-09-29
    Description: High-resolution geochemical analyses of organic-rich shale and carbonate through the 2500 million-year-old Mount McRae Shale in the Hamersley Basin of northwestern Australia record changes in both the oxidation state of the surface ocean and the atmospheric composition. The Mount McRae record of sulfur isotopes captures the widespread and possibly permanent activation of the oxidative sulfur cycle for perhaps the first time in Earth's history. The correlation of the time-series sulfur isotope signals in northwestern Australia with equivalent strata from South Africa suggests that changes in the exogenic sulfur cycle recorded in marine sediments were global in scope and were linked to atmospheric evolution. The data suggest that oxygenation of the surface ocean preceded pervasive and persistent atmospheric oxygenation by 50 million years or more.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kaufman, Alan J -- Johnston, David T -- Farquhar, James -- Masterson, Andrew L -- Lyons, Timothy W -- Bates, Steve -- Anbar, Ariel D -- Arnold, Gail L -- Garvin, Jessica -- Buick, Roger -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Sep 28;317(5846):1900-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Departments of Geology and Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742-4211, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17901329" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Atmosphere ; Australia ; Bacteria/metabolism ; Geologic Sediments/*chemistry/microbiology ; Oxidation-Reduction ; *Oxygen ; Seawater ; South Africa ; Sulfates/chemistry/metabolism ; *Sulfur/chemistry/metabolism ; Sulfur Isotopes/analysis ; Time
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 9
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    Isotopic evidence for an aerobic nitrogen cycle in the latest Archean (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-02-21
    Description: The nitrogen cycle provides essential nutrients to the biosphere, but its antiquity in modern form is unclear. In a drill core though homogeneous organic-rich shale in the 2.5-billion-year-old Mount McRae Shale, Australia, nitrogen isotope values vary from +1.0 to +7.5 per mil (per thousand) and back to +2.5 per thousand over approximately 30 meters. These changes evidently record a transient departure from a largely anaerobic to an aerobic nitrogen cycle complete with nitrification and denitrification. Complementary molybdenum abundance and sulfur isotopic values suggest that nitrification occurred in response to a small increase in surface-ocean oxygenation. These data imply that nitrifying and denitrifying microbes had already evolved by the late Archean and were present before oxygen first began to accumulate in the atmosphere.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Garvin, Jessica -- Buick, Roger -- Anbar, Ariel D -- Arnold, Gail L -- Kaufman, Alan J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Feb 20;323(5917):1045-8. doi: 10.1126/science.1165675.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Earth and Space Sciences and Astrobiology Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-1310, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19229033" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Aerobiosis ; Anaerobiosis ; Archaea/*metabolism ; Australia ; Bacteria/*metabolism ; Biological Evolution ; Geologic Sediments/*chemistry ; Nitrates/chemistry/metabolism ; Nitrites/chemistry/metabolism ; Nitrogen/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Nitrogen Fixation ; Nitrogen Isotopes/*analysis ; Oceans and Seas ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Oxygen/*chemistry/metabolism ; Quaternary Ammonium Compounds/chemistry/metabolism ; Time
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 10
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    Atmospheric science: Ancient air caught by shooting stars (2016)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-05-14
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zahnle, Kevin -- Buick, Roger -- England -- Nature. 2016 May 11;533(7602):184-6. doi: 10.1038/533184a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Space Science Division, NASA Ames Research Centre, Moffett Field, California 94035-1000, USA. ; Department of Earth &Space Sciences, and in the Astrobiology Program, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1310, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27172041" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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