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  • 1983  (44,932)
  • 1982  (44,745)
  • 1
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Resume Chez les Guêpes et les Frelons, les cellules sont hexagonales lorsqu'elles sont situées dans les zones centrales du rayon. Les cellules périphériques, comme toutes les cellules au début de leur construction, ont des parois arrondies plutôt que angulaires. La transformation d'une cellule en forme de gobelet, à parois arrondies, en une cellule hexagonale avec un angle de 120° entre les parois est partiellement due à des processus de transformation des parois cellulaires existantes au moment où de nouvelles parois leur sont attachées depuis le côté extérieur. Le développement de la construction des cellules initiales aboutit à 6 parois dans les rayons construits autour d'une seule cellule centrale ou à 5,5 parois lorsqui'il y a 2 cellules centrales contiguës. Cependant, dans les constructions ultérieures, ce type d'évolution des parois diminue graduellement à mesure que de nouveaux anneaux de cellules sont ajoutés, pour atteindre une valeur moyenne de 3 nouvelles parois par cellule, indépendamment du fait que le rayon s'est construit autour d'une ou de deux cellules centrales. Les résultats présentés dans cet article sur l'utilisation plus efficiente des parois dans les rayons plus grands apportent une confirmation du caractère économique de l'utilisation des matériaux dans la construction du rayon par les Vespinæ.
    Notes: Summary The individual cell in the hornet or wasp comb is hexagonal in cross-section when it is one of the inner “ring” of cells. On the other hand, peripheral cells, like all cells built initially, have rounded rather than angled walls. This transformation from a goblet-shaped cell with rounded walls to an hexagonally-walled cell with an angle of 120° between each two walls is partly acheived by additional processing of the existing cell walls as new walls (between old and new cells) are accreted onto them from the outside. The comb cells are essentially hexagonal so that the “expenditure” in the building of the initial cell(s) is either 6 walls (in combs built around a single central cell) or 5.5 walls (where there are two abutting, central cells). With subsequent building, however, this “wall expenditure” diminishes gradually as more rings of cells are laid down, approaching an average value of 3 new walls per cell regardless of whether the comb is built around one or rather two central cells. Presented data on more efficient wall utilization in the larger combs offer further confirmation of the frugality of comb construction by Vespinæ.
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  • 2
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    Insectes sociaux 29 (1982), S. 44-66 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The typical outdoor workers of red wood ants (Formica polyctena Förster) leave the nest spontaneously, even in satiated and undisturbed colonies. It is supposed that their task is not only foraging, but also to occupy a territory. After an one-day withdrawal of sugared water, the number of typical outdoor workers staying outside the nest increases, and additional outdoor workers which normally do not leave the nest in satiated colonies take part in foraging. On the average, these worker ants are younger than typical outdoor workers. Information about the degree of hunger in an ant colony is, at least partly, transferred by means of a pheromone which acts on satiated worker ants, too. After one-day's withdrawal of sugared water, ant colonies react to offering of 1-molar sugared water with an increase in the number of ants leaving the nest. Satiated colonies do not react, nor do hungry colonies to 0,1-molar sugared water or, except slightly, to the liquid from crushed insects. Apparently the recruited ants do not differ from the additional outdoor workers characterized above. The ants are at least partly recruited by means of a pheromone, which acts independently of whether they are hungry or satiated. The contents of Dufour's gland or their main component, n-undecane, cause the worker ants to leave the nest in the same way as does the odor from an alarmed nest. Ant colonies also react with a food alarm to the offering of prey, over a distance of approximately 10 m between nest and feeding place. Since the ants usually leave the feeding place only after a long period of fighting (1–2 h) and do not return to it, the reaction of a colony to prey starts later and is weaker than the reaction to sugared water. Therefore, this behaviour is appropriate not to the capture of single prey insects, but to the utilisation of accumulations of prey.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die typischen Außendiensttiere der roten Waldameisen (Formica polyctena Förster) verlassen das Nest spontan, auch bei gesättigten und ungestörten Völkern. Vermutlich haben sie nicht nur die Aufgabe, Nahrung zu sammeln, sondern auch, das Nestterritorium zu besetzen. Nach einem eintägigen Entzug von Zuckerwasser steigt die Anzahl der typischen Außendiensttiere, die sich jeweils außerhalb des Nestes aufhalten, und es beteiligen sich zusätzliche Außendiensttiere am Nahrungseintrag, die bei gesättigten Völkern das Nest nicht verlassen. Diese sind im Durchschnitt jünger als die typischen Außendiensttiere. Die Information über den Hungerzustand in einem Ameisenvolk wird zumindest teilweise durch ein Pheromon übertragen, das auch auf gesättigte Arbeiterinnen wirkt. Nach einem eintägigen Entzug von Zuckerwasser reagieren Ameisenvölker auf das Angebot einer 1 molaren Zuckerlösung mit einer Steigerung in der Anzhal der auslaufenden Arbeiterinnen. Gesättigte Völker reagieren nicht, und auch hungrige Völker reagieren nicht auf 0,1 molare Zuckerlösung und nur wenig auf Flüssigkeit aus zerquetschten Insekten. Die rekrutierten Arbeiterinnen unterscheiden sich anscheinend nicht von den oben charakterisierten zusätzlichen Außendiensttieren. Die Ameisen werden zumindest teilweise mit Hilfe eines Pheromons rekrutiert, das unabhängig davon wirkt, ob sie gesättigt oder hungrig sind. Der Inhalt von Dufourdrüsen oder seine Hauptkomponente, n-Undecan, bewirken eine ebensolche Auslaufsteigerung der Arbeiterinnen wie Duftstoffe aus einem alarmierten Volk. Ameisenvölker reagieren auch auf das Angebot von Beute mit einem Nahrungsalarm, und zwar über eine Entfernung von etwa 10 m zwischen Nest und Futterplatz. Da die Arbeiterinnen den Futterplatz meistens erst nach längerem Kampf (1–2 h) verlassen und nicht zu ihm zurückkehren, beginnt ein Nahrungsalarm zu Beute später und ist schwächer ausgeprägt als ein Nahrungsalarm zu Zuckerwasser. Deshalb ist dieses Verhalten nicht dazu geeignet, einzelne Beuteinsekten zu überwältigen, sondern dazu, Ansammlungen von Beutetieren zu nutzen.
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  • 3
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    Insectes sociaux 29 (1982), S. 15-24 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Resume L'organisation sociale chez lesDictyna et lesMallos comprend des espèces solitaires, des espèces qui vivent en groupes et gardent des territoires (grégaires, territoriales), et une espèce vivant en groupe (Mallos gregalis) qui ne conserve pas de territoires (grégaire, non-territoriale). L'interattraction par l'intermédiaire de la soie existe chezM. gregalis et chez une espèce grégaire, territoriale (Dictyna calcurata); mais elle ne semble pas exister chez une autre espèce grégaire, territoriale (M. trivittatus) ni chez une espèce solitaire (M. niveus). Les femelles adultes deM. gregalis ont été repoussées par la soie d'autres espèces de dictynides. Toutes les espèces qui ont été testées ont été repoussées par la soie de l'araignée aranéideAraneus diadematus.
    Notes: Summary Social organization withinDictyna andMallos includes solitary species, species that live in groups and maintain territories (communal, territorial), and a group-living species (Mallos gregalis) that does not maintain territories (communal, non-territorial). Silk-mediated interattraction occurs inM. gregalis and in a communal, territorial species (Dictyna calcurata); but it does not seem to occur in another communal, territorial species (M. trivittatus), nor in a solitary species (M. niveus). Adult females ofM. gregalis were repelled by the silk of other dictynid species. All spiders that were tested were repelled by the silk of an araneid spider (Araneus diadematus).
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  • 4
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    Insectes sociaux 29 (1982), S. 86-94 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Resume Dans le développement des ovarioles des ouvrières deFormica sanguinea, on peut distinguer huit phases qui correspondent à celles de la fourmi rousseFormica polyctena (Otto, 1958). Ces phases constituent un cycle bien défini chez des ouvrières dont l'âge est connu précisément: les tubes indifférenciés des jeunes individus montrent un nombre croissant de chambres gonflées, le maximum étant atteint vers la quatrième semaine. Une dégénération assez rapide se manifeste peu après, de sorte que la plupart des ovarioles apparaissent comme des tubes vides contenant encore quelques corps jaunes. Chez les ouvrières âgées de plus d'une année et demie, on trouve des ovarioles à des phases différentes, d'après la situation physiologique de l'ouvrière dans le nid: les fourrageuses ont toujours des ovarioles complètement dégénérées tandis que les ouvrières hivernantes peuvent posséder des ovarioles dans une phase de régression moins avançée. Le nombre d'ovarioles paraît lié à la taille: les petites ouvrières ont en moyenne deux ovarioles de chaque côté, les plus grandes de trois à cinq.
    Notes: Summary As in the red wood antFormica polyctena (Otto, 1958) the ovariole development inFormica sanguinea workers consists of eight stages well defined in time. This is revealed by investigations on workers of well known age. The undifferentiated tubes in young workers develop more and more into protuberant chambers, reaching a maximum growth around the fourth week. They then regress rather rapidly and after five weeks most ovarioles look like empty tubes containing some yellow bodies. Ovarioles of workers older than one year and a half, however, can be in various stages according to their physiological condition in the nest: foraging workers always have fully degenerated ovarioles, while the hibernating individuals still can have ovarioles in an early regression stage. The number of ovarioles seems to be related to body length: small individuals have on the average two ovarioles on each side, larger ones three to five.
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  • 5
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    Insectes sociaux 29 (1982), S. 118-123 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Resume Les ouvrières et les mâles deScaptotrigona postica éclosent de cellules morphologiquement identiques. Habituellement, chaque cellule ne contient qu'une seule abeille. Cependant, nos observations montrent que quelques cellules, dispersées sur le rayon à couvain, contiennent plusieurs œufs. Etant donné que les œufs supplémentaires donnent des mâles, ils ont probablement été pondus par des ouvrières nourrices, après la ponte de la reine. Bien qu'il n'y ait pas de différence morphologique entre cellules de mâles et cellules d'ouvrières, elles contiennent une quantité de nourriture significativement différente. Les mâles sont élevés dans des cellules qui contiennent moins de nourriture que celles où sont élevées les ouvrières: la différence est significative au niveau de 1 %. Ceci conduit à penser que l'ouvrière pourrait reconnaître la cellule avant de pondre et que cette reconnaissance se ferait à partir de la quantité de nourriture contenue dans la cellule.
    Notes: Summary Workers and males of the stingless beeScaptotrigona postica emerge from morphologically similar cells. Normally only one bee is reared in each brood cell, but we found that some of the cells, interspersed throughout the brood comb, contained more than one egg. Because these additional eggs produced adult males, they were probably laid by nurse bees (workers) after the queen had oviposited in the cells concerned. Although there is no morphological difference between male and worker cells a significant difference was found in the amount of food inside them. The cell where the male is reared shows less food than the worker cell, difference that is statistically significant at 1% level. This fact suggests that: the worker might recognise the cell before oviposition and that this recognition is based on the difference of food quantity.
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  • 7
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    Insectes sociaux 29 (1982), S. 164-174 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Resume ChezLasius sakagamii, le taux de reproduction est en relation avec la densité des reines dans chaque nid. Dans les nids à forte densité de reines, le développement des ovaires et le taux de ponte de chaque reine sont plus faibles que dans les autres nids, alors que le nombre des œufs dans chaque nid est plus élevé. En général, dans les nids à très forte densité de reines (plus du 25 reines par mètre carré de nid) ou avec des faibles rapports ouvrières/reine (moins de 5 000 ouvrières pour une reine), aucune reine ailée n'est produite. C'est aussi le cas des nids où les rapports larves/ouvrière sont élevés (plus de 5 larves par ouvrière). D'autre part, la production des ouvrières et des mâles est plus grande dans les nids à forte densité de reines que dans ceux où la densité de celle-ci est faible.
    Notes: Summary The reproduction rate ofL. sakagamii is related to the queen density in each nest. In nests with higher queen densities, the ovarian development and the egg-laying rate of each queen is lower, though the number of eggs produced per nest is larger. In general, in nests with very high queen densities (more than about 25 queens per square meter of nest) or low worker/queen ratios (less than about 5,000 workers per queen), no alate queens are produced. Further, nests with high larva/worker ratios (more than about 5 larvae per worker) also produce no alate queens. On the other hand, the production of workers and males is larger in nests with high queen densities than in those with low queen densities.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In the antCataglyphis cursor, the parthenogenetic reproductive eggs laid by workers are bigger than the mated queens' ones. Laboratory studies about the evolution of the egg length were carried out in colonies with and without a queen. An attempt was made to estimate the number of eggs produced by each type of society. In societies with a queen, workers remain unproductive and the queen's laying is about one thousand eggs in a season; new queens and males can be yielded but many new workers are brought up. In queenless societies, workers lay a lot of eggs, breed young queens foremost, sometimes males and fewer new workers. There as no biased eggs; the nurse's physiological state sets the female larvæ toward queens or workers. In the normal turnover, the alates are born from eggs of the early season, which are the biggest ones. But small sized late eggs can also evolve into queens if the larvæ are bred by workers whose ovaries are active. That is particularly noticeable in queenless colonies where queens can be obtained from eggs laid eleven weeks after the start of oviposition.
    Notes: Resume Chez la FourmiCataglyphis cursor, les ouvrières orphelines produisent par parthénogénèse des œufs reproducteurs plus volumineux que ceux des reines fécondées. On a étudié en élevage, l'évolution de la longueur des œufs dans des sociétés avec reine et des sociétés sans reine et tenté d'estimer le nombre d'œufs produits par des colonies d'effectifs variés. Dans les sociétés avec reine, les ouvrières restent stériles dans les conditions normales et la ponte royale est d'environ un millier d'œufs dans la saison; il peut se former des jeunes reines et des mâles, mais il apparaît surtout beaucoup de nouvelles ouvrières. Dans les sociétés orphelines, les ouvrières pondent un grand nombre d'œufs, élèvent en priorité des jeunes reines, parfois des mâles et moins de nouvelles ouvrières. Il n'existe pas d'œufs préorientés. C'es l'état physiologique des ouvrières nourrices qui conditionne de devenir reine ou ouvrière des larves femelles: dans le cycle normal, les ailés sont issus des œufs du début de ponte, qui sont les plus gros; mais des œufs tardifs et de plus petite taille peuvent aussi donner des reines si les larves qui en sont issues sont élevées par des ouvrières dont l'ovaire est en activité. Cela est particulièrement évident dans les sociétés orphelines où l'on peut obtenir des reines à partir d'œufs pondus onze semaines après le début de la ponte.
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  • 9
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    Insectes sociaux 29 (1982), S. 308-331 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Resume La fourmi migratriceNeivamyrmex nigrescens a été étudiée sur le terrain pour déterminer comment le recrutement, l'emplacement et la quantité de nourriture influencent la fréquence, la distance et la direction des émigrations. Les observations sur l'affouragement montrent que les émigrations sont habituellement précédées par des raids, se poursuivent sur une colonne de raid réussi et se terminent près des sites de raids. Cependant, le recrutement alimentaire n'est pas un préliminaire nécessaire à l'émigration, pas plus que les émigrations ne se font toujours dans un endroit où il y a beaucoup de raids. En général, le nouveau nid n'est pas construit sur un site de raids, et il y a un court délai entre la découverte d'un site de nidification et le déclenchement de l'émigration. La direction, la distance et le déroulement temporel des émigrations sont liés plus directement à la découverte des sites de nidification qu'aux sites de raids, ce qui suggère des mécanismes de recrutement distincts. Etant donné que les raids et les émigrations disparaissent lorsqu'on suralimente les colonies, ces conduites ont un facteur de motivation commun, en l'occurrence la stimulation du couvain. L'effet réciproque entre la stimulation générale issue du couvain et le recrutement à des stimulations spécifiques, suscite une utilisation efficace du temps d'activité à la surface et empêche une exposition inutile de la reine et du couvain. La tendance à émigrer dans les endroits où il y a beaucoup de raids provient de la découverte d'un nid dans un tel endroit. Ainsi une colonie suit-elle généralement sa réserve de nourriture. Cependant, les émigrations gênent beaucoup les raids et ont probablement évolué dans des conditions écologiques très différentes de celles de la présente étude.
    Notes: Summary Field studies ofNeivamyrmex nigrescens were conducted to determine how recruitment to, location and amount of food affect emigration frequency, distance and direction. Observations of foraging showed that emigrations were usually preceded by raids, proceeded over a successful raid column, and terminated near raid sites. Recruitment to food was not a necessary prelude to emigration, however, nor did emigrations always move to an area of heavy raiding. The new nest was not usually formed in a raid site, and there was a short latency from the discovery of the nest site to the onset of the emigration. Direction, distance, and timing of emigrations were related more directly to discovery of nest sites than raid sites, suggesting separate recruitment mechanisms. Because both raids and emigrations were eliminated by overfeeding of colonies, these behaviors share a common motivating factor, namely, brood stimulation. The interplay between general arousal from the brood and recruitment to specific stimuli promotes efficient use of surface activity time and prevents unnecessary exposure of queen and brood. The tendency to emigrate into areas of heavy raids results from the discovery of a nest in that area; thus a colony generally follows its food supply. Emigrations interfere considerably with raiding, however, and probably evolved under ecological conditions very different from the present study.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die mandibularen Drüsen der AmeiseWasmannia auropunctata enthalten 2,5-dimethyl-3-isopentylpyrazin, eine Verbindung mit der andere gleich-artige Nestbewohner von gestorten Arbeitern herbeigelockt werden. Während einer aggressiven interspezifischen Begegnung kann die kleine Ameise das Alkylpyrazin als ein Abstossungsmittel benutzen und ihren Opponenten noch dazu mit ihrem wirkungsvollen giftigen Stich untauglich machen. Alkylpyrazine sind schon früher in Vertreten der Unterfamilien Ponerinæ, Formicinæ und Dolichoderinæ gefunden worden, jedoch ist dies der erste Bericht über Alkylpyrazine in den mandibularen Drüsen einer Art der Myrmicinæ.
    Notes: Summary Mandibular glands of the ant,Wasmannia auropunctata, contain 2,5-dimethyl-3-isopentylpyrazine, a compound which attracts nestmates to disturbed workers. During interspecific aggressive encounters, this small ant may utilize the alkylpyrazine as a repellent as well as disabling opponents with its potent sting venom. Alkylpyrazines have been previously identified as cephalic products from ants of the subfamilies Ponerinæ, Formicinæ, and Dolichoderinæ but this is the first report of an alkylpyrazine from the mandibular glands of a member of the Myrmicinæ.
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  • 11
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    Insectes sociaux 29 (1982), S. 383-401 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary For two colonies ofPolistes reared in close proximity to one another, a series of physiological and ethological indices was determined for all of the female offspring surviving until mid-july. The indices chosen concern physiological parameters related to ovarian function, and ethological parameters expressing forms of integration into colony life. Multivariate analysis leads to the recognition of a number of clusters which fall into two functional groups: one is oriented towards the function of laying eggs and the other towards the function of maintenance of the colony. In spite of the obvious analogy, these two groups do not coincide perfectly with the two castes conventionally distinguished in the female sex; their divergence results from a succession of factors implicating both the state of belonging to a caste of the different individuals, and the direct causal factors the exact nature of which remains to be stated precisely.
    Notes: Resume Dans deux guêpiers dePolistes, placés au voisinage l'un de l'autre, on relève une série d'indices physiologiques et éthologiques sur l'ensemble des descendantes encore vivantes à la mi-juillet; les indices choisis concernent des paramètres physiologiques liés à la fonction ovarienne et des paramètres éthologiques exprimant des formes d'intégration à la vie de la colonie. L'analyse factorielle conduit à discerner un certain nombre de sous-populations, que l'on peut regrouper en deux grandes séries dont on propose une interprétation fonctionnelle: l'une s'orientant vers la fonction de ponte et l'autre vers la fonction d'entretien de la colonie. Malgré une analogie évidente, ces deux séries ne coïncident pas parfaitement avec les deux castes classiquement discernées dans le sexe femelle; leur divergence résulte d'une série de facteurs impliquant à la fois l'appartenance de caste des divers individus et des facteurs causaux immédiats dont la nature exacte reste à préciser.
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  • 12
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Resume Nous avons réalisé une étude expérimentale du développement de grandes larves ayant hiverné, chez 4 espèces deMyrmica. Utilisant une gamme de températures de 15°C à 25°C, nous avons montré que: 1. Il n'y a pas de différences entre les espèces quant à l'effet de la température sur les durées de développement. Toutes suivent le modèle: log. durée de développement =a-b T°C, avec la même valeur pour b. Ceci donne un Q10 effectif d'environ 3,1. Ce résultat est en accord avec les estimations de respirométrie chez les ouvrières de fourmis. 2. Les valeurs de a diffèrent de façon significative entre la plupart des espèces, ce qui confirme la différence intrinsèque que nous avions démontrée à la température constante de 22,5°C dans un précédent travail. Les durées de développement larvaire peuvent être ainsi classées, de la plus rapide à la plus lente:Myrmica ruginodis Nyl.,Myrmica rubra L.,Myrmica scabrinodis Nyl. etMyrmica sabuleti Meinert. A toutes les températures, il faut 1,5 fois plus de temps àM. sabuleti qu'àM. ruginodis pour qu'une grande larve ayant hiverné se transforme en nymphe blanche. 3. Nous n'avons pas observé de grandes différences dans la survie des larves et la production des reines, aux températures utilisées dans nos expériences. La plupart des espèces survivent le mieux à 22°C environ. 4. Les résultats sont brièvement discutés en fonction de la distribution écologique des 4 espèces dans le Sud de l'Angleterre. 5. Nous discutons les effets possibles d'un régime de température variable. Nous suggérons que l'amplitude des variations peut ne pas avoir un effet important alors que la périodicité des variations pourrait avoir un effet plus important.
    Notes: Summary The effect of temperature upon the development of large hibernated larvaæ of fourMyrmica species has been tested experimentally. Over the viable temperature range of 15–25°C, it was found that: 1. There are no differences between the species in the effect of temperature upon development times. All fit the model log Dev. time=a-b T°C with a common value for b. This gives an effective Q10 of about 3.1 which agrees with respirometrical estimates for worker ants. 2. The value for the intercept (a) differs significantly between most species confirming the intrinsic difference that has been demonstrated at a constant 22.5°C in previous work. The development times of larvæ can be ordered from fastest to slowest being:Myrmica ruginodis Nyl.,Myrmica rubra L.,Myrmica scabrinodis Nyl. andMyrmica sabuleti Meinert. At any temperature it takesM. sabuleti about 1.5 times as long asM. ruginodis to grow from a large hibernated larva to a white pupa. 3. No large differences in larval survival or gyne production could be detected between the temperature treatments. There was an indication that most species, survived best at about 22°C. 4. The results are discussed briefly in terms of the ecological distribution of the four species in the South of England. 5. The possible effects of a fluctuating temperature regime are discussed, it is suggested that the amplitude of fluctuations may not have any great effect whereas the periodicity could be more important.
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  • 13
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    Insectes sociaux 30 (1983), S. 149-164 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Chromosomenzahlen von 40 Ameisenarten werden mitgeteilt. Für 22 Arten wird zusätzlich der Karyotyp vorgelegt. Die haploiden Chromosomenzahlen bewegen sich zwischen n=8 und n=26. Bemerkenswert sind die Karyotypen der GattungLasius. Diese Karyotypen besitzen, abgesehen von einem oder zwei mediozentrischen Paaren, ausschliesslich acrozentrische Chromosomen. Alle übrigen Karyotypen bestehen überwiegend aus medio- bzw. submediozentrischen Chromosomen. In der GattungCamponotus entspricht die Gruppierung in Untergattungen auch einer Gruppierung von unterschiedlichen Chromosomenzahlen. Für die GattungenAphœnogaster undLeptothorax gilt diese Entsprechung nicht.
    Notes: Summary The chromosome numbers of 40 ant species are reported. For 22 species the karyotypes as well as the chromosome numbers are presented. The chromosome numbers range between n=8 and n=26. Remarkable karyotypes are those of the genusLasius in exhibiting mainly acrocentric chromosomes. In all other karyotypes the majority of chromosomes show medio- or submediocentric centromere position. Differences in chromosome numbers in the genusCamponotus reflect the grouping in subgenera with the exception ofTanœmyrmex. This pattern is not true for the generaAphœnogaster andLeptothorax, where a variety of chromosome numbers were found in the different subgenera.
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    Insectes sociaux 30 (1983), S. 210-220 
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    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Density effects inEublaberus distanti have been tested upon larvæ in groups of 20, 100 and 500 individuals. Increased density leads to higher larval mortality, particularly in young larvæ, a larger difference between slow development and rapid development, and a decrease in adult size. Density effects in cockroaches can be explained in terms of population dynamics comparable to phasic modifications of desert Locusts.
    Notes: Resume Les effets de la densité ont été testés sur des lots de larves de l'espèceEublaberus distanti, lots de 20, 100 et 500 individus par 615 cm2. Lorsque la densité augmente, la mortalité larvaire s'accroit, surtout chez les larves jeunes. L'augmentation de densité accentue les différences entre individus à développement rapide et développement plus lent, de même qu'elle implique une réduction de taille chez les adultes. Les effets de la densité s'expliquent par la dynamique de la régulation des populations de Blattes, comparable aux modifications phasaires des Acridiens migrateurs.
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    Insectes sociaux 30 (1983), S. 235-240 
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    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Ein Volk vonHarpagoxenus sublœvis wurde in einem naturnahen Habitat künstlich angesiedelt. Am 7. und 8. Juli 1981, zwischen 2015 und 2130 MEZ, konnte erstmalig unter Freilandbedingungen das Locksterzelverhalten ergatomorpher Jungweibchen in Nestnähe beobachtet werden. Gleichzeitig fand am 7. Juli ein Sklavenraubzug desHarpagoxenus-Volkes auf ein benachbartesLeptothorax acervorum (Fabricius)-Nest statt. Das bisher nur aus Laborbeobachtungen bekannte Sexualverhalten wird somit unter Freilandbedingungen in gleicher Form gezeigt.
    Notes: Summary A colony ofHarpagoxenus sublœvis was artificially established in a near-natural habitat. The sexual calling behavior of young ergatomorphic queens was observed for the first time under field conditions on July 7 and 8 1981, between 2015 and 2130 Central European Time. Simultaneously, on July 7, theHarpagoxenus colony conducted a slave raid on a neighboring nest ofLeptothorax acervorum (Fabricius). Previously the sexual behavior was known only from laboratory studies, these observations now show that it is performed in an identical manner under natural conditions.
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    Insectes sociaux 30 (1983), S. 255-258 
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    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The author proposes a new method of marking (with wire rings) which renders possible the individual identification of all the members of the colony.
    Notes: Resume L'auteur propose une nouvelle méthode de marquage, au moyen de ceintures de métal, permettant d'identifier chaque membre de la société.
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In the antCataglyphis cursor, four categories of workers can be defined: minim, small, medium, large and very large. In each category, the workers are able to lay reproductive eggs and to produce, by parthenogenesis, queens, males and new workers of all sizes. Medium sized workers show the higher productivity. Average egg size and fecundity are related to workers size. All eggs seem able to develop. Difference between workers appear more quantitative than qualitative; the monophasic polymorphism of this species corresponds to this biological resemblance.
    Notes: Resume Chez la fourmiCataglyphis cursor, on peut définir 4 catégories d'ouvrières: minimes, petites, moyennes, grandes et très grandes. Dans chaque catégorie, les ouvrières sont capables de pondre et de produire par parthénogenèse, des reines, des mâles et de nouvelles ouvrières de toutes tailles. Les ouvrières moyennes présentent la plus forte productivité. La grosseur moyenne des œufs et la fécondité varient avec la taille des ouvrières; tous les œufs semblent capables de se développer. Les différences entre ouvrières apparaissent donc davantage comme quantitatives que qualitatives; le polymorphisme monophasique de l'espèce correspond bien à cette similitude biologique.
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    Insectes sociaux 30 (1983), S. 57-69 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Resume Les reines du frelon oriental sont agressives l'une envers l'autre au début de la saison active, pendant les mois de mai, juin et juillet: elles défendent leur “Lebenraum” à l'intérieur du nid et ne permettent à aucune autre reine de pénétrer dans leur territoire. A cette période, toute rencontre de 2 reines, dans le nid de l'une ou dans tout autre endroit, déclenche un comportement agressif mutuel. Le combat qui s'ensuit peut durer des heures et dans son déroulement, si l'une des reines défait l'autre elle la pique au cou jusqu'à la mort. Cependant, dans de nombreux exemples, le combat n'apporte pas de solution: les combattants épuisés se retirent avant de reprendre le combat. D'autres fois, l'une des reines peut réussir à mutiler sa rivale en amputant l'extrémité de ses pattes. La reine estropiée abandonne le combat en adoptant une posture d' “infériorité” à l'égard du vainqueur et en offrant de la nourriture. Nous avons décrit en détail les différentes phases du combat entre les reines mises par deux.
    Notes: Summary Queens of the Oriental hornet are aggressive towards one another in the beginning of the active season, during the months of May, June and July: they defend their “Lebenraum” within the nest and do not enable any other queen to enter their territory. At that period any encounter between two queens, whether within the nest of the one or anawhere else, releases mutual aggressive behavior. The ensuing combat may last for hours and in its course, if the one queen beats the other, it stings it to death in the neck. In many instances, however, the combat remains unresolved and the exhausted combatants withdraw to recuperate before resuming their battle. At other times, one of the queens may succeed in maiming its rival by amputating the tips of its limbs at which point the disabled queen concedes the fight by assuming an “inferior” posture towards the victor and making a food offering. The various phases in the combat between queen pairs are described in detail.
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    Description / Table of Contents: Resume Les distributions de trois «formes», en réalité des espèces jumelles d'Iridomyrmex purpureus furent étudiées près de Morgan en Australie du Sud, où la précipitation annuelle est de 230 mm. La dispersion des colonies a été décrite en détail pour une «forme bleue» et pour la formepurpureus sens. strict. qui existait dans cette région bien au-delà de ses limites pour les basses précipitations. Une colonie exceptionnellement grande d'I. purpureus couvrait un territoire de 10 ha: comprenant plus de 85 nids, elle avait plus de 1 500 entrées individuelles. Nous avons décrit les interactions entre les ouvrières des différentes formes, et leurs interactions au sein et entre les colonies de la même forme. La totalité de la faune de fourmis de la région et les faunes qui accompagnaient les différentes espèces d'Iridomyrmex furent étudiées au moyen de récoltes faites à la main et de piègeages dans des fosses. La diversité (abondance d'espèces) et la présence d'espèces de fourmis sans adaptations particulières sont liées au type de végétation et auxIridomyrmex associées. Les prises dans les pièges suggérant que le nombre d'individus et le nombre d'espèces d'autres taxons actifs à la surface du sol, en particulier les collemboles, sont affectés par le nombre de fourmis, en particulier les espèces d'Iridomyrmex et d'autres fourmis sans adaptations particulières. Au niveau évolutif, lesIridomyrmex influencent aussi la faune associé. On a noté la présence d'araignées zodariides présentant un mimétisme de couleur par rapport aux espèces presque identiques d'I. purpureus, dont ils sont des prédateurs. Nous avons noté et discuté des cas possibles de mimétisme d'I. purpureus par des fourmis du genreCamponotus.
    Notes: Summary The distributions of three “forms”, actually sibling species, of meat ant were studied near Morgan, South Australia, an area with mean annual rainfall of 230 mm. Colony dispersion is described for a “blue form” and for formpurpureus sens. strict. which occurs in this locality far beyond its normal low rainfall limit. An unusually large colony ofpurpureus had a territory covering 10 ha with more than 85 nests and over 1,500 individual nest entrances. Worker interactions between forms, and within and between colonies within forms are described. The ant fauna of the locality as a whole and the faunas accompanying differentIridomyrmex species were investigated by means of hand collections and pitfall trapping. Diversity (species — richness) and the occurrence of widely adapted ant species are related to vegetation type and associatedIridomymex. Catches of pitfall traps suggested that the numbers of individuals and species of other taxa active on the soil surface, predominantly Collembola, were affected by numbers of ants, particularlyIridomyrmex species and other, widely adapted ants.Iridomyrmex also influence associated fauna at an evolutionary level. The presence of zodariid spiders which are sibling species-specific colour mimics and predators of meat ants is noted. Possible cases of mimicry of meat ants by ants of the genusCamponotus are recorded and discussed.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 120 (1982), S. 79-94 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Monsoon ; Rainfall ; Tropical meteorology
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The paper deals with an application of a stochastic model to the frequency and duration of precipitation events. With the aid of the model, the magnitudes ofmth highest rainfall amount in 24 hours' duration with 97.5% probability are obtained for various climatic regimes over a tropical monsoon region. There is good agreement between them-day minimum rainfall estimated through the model and the observed value. The model satisfactorily explains the frequency of the extreme rainfall event.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 120 (1982), S. 249-260 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Correlation function ; Interpolation ; Network design
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The study examines the correlation function of tropical monsoon rainfall on monthly, seasonal and annual time scales and obtains the relationship between this function and the distance. The area selected for study is Vidarbha with a fairly dense network of rain gauges. Vidarbha is a meteorological sub-division of the state of Maharashtra in India. Utilizing the relationship between the correlation function of the rainfall field and the distance, the errors of optimum interpolation of rainfall at a point have been computed by applying the method of optimum interpolation byGandin (1970). Relationships between the errors of interpolation and distance have been evaluated and from this the maximum spacing allowed between rain gauges for a specified tolerable error in interpolation has been estimated for each of the periods.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 120 (1982), S. 67-78 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Monsoon ; Transport ; Tropical meteorology ; Water vapour
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    Notes: Abstract The advective monthly mean transfer of water vapour in the layer below 700 mbar is investigated for India for the years 1962 to 1972 and for the months January to September. The average zonal and meridional components of the transfer of water vapour for India are obtained. They are further averaged for different combinations of the pre-monsoon months from January to May and are correlated with the summer monsoon rainfall. The correlation coefficients for zonal transfer of water vapour are either negative or small positive for different combinations of the months mentioned above. The correlation coefficients for the meridional transfer of water vapour are positive. The maximum value is 0.74 for the March to May combination and is statistically significant at the 1% level. An extensive investigation is, therefore, made for the March to May averages of water vapour transfer for four broad regions of India. The parameters of water vapour transfer for these regions are compared with the threshold values and the prediction category, normal or drought, for the subsequent summer monsoon season is determined for all years. The correlation coefficient between the index of drought, as determined from parameters of water vapour transport and rainfall departure, is statistically significant at the 2% level.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 120 (1982), S. 123-135 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Tropical meteorology ; Atmospheric electricity
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The results of atmospheric electric measurements over a twenty year period (1961–1980) are reviewed for Ibadan situated in the tropical rain forest of Nigeria. The aim is to present the data in an easily accessible form.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 120 (1982), S. 197-201 
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    Pure and applied geophysics 120 (1982), S. 54-66 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Atmospheric radioactivity ; Wind erosion ; Resuspension rate ; Vegetation contamination
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    Notes: Abstract A method for the determination of resuspension parameters of radioactive fall-out from nuclear explosions, deposited on soil from the stratospheric reservoir, is presented. The seasonal variation ofk α-137Cs resuspension parameter, the trend ofk α with time in 1963–1978, the trend over this period of time of the wind component fraction of the concentration of global137Cs in the surface boundary layer over arable and natural soils are given. An estimate of radioactive contamination of vegetation by the effect considered is given as an example of practical use of this work.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 120 (1982), S. 108-116 
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    Keywords: Atmospheric electricity ; Fair weather electric field ; Effect of pollution on potential gradient in atmosphere
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    Notes: Abstract The measurement and monitoring of atmospheric pollutants is an important aspect of pollution studies. A novel method of assessment of the level of pollution in the atmosphere is conceived using point discharge and potential gradients. The present paper is an attempt to show that measurement of the point discharge current (PDC) and potential gradient (PG) can be used to provide information regarding the nature of charges and level of pollution in the atmosphere. The measurement of the PDC and PG in different localities is presented and discussed.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 120 (1982), S. 151-166 
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    Keywords: Source mechanisms ; Rock mechanics ; Microcracks
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    Notes: Abstract Focal mechanisms for 116 acoustic emission events associated with uniaxial cyclic loading of Westerly granite have been investigated using P-wave first-motions. Polarities were observed at eight transducers positioned on the sample to provide good azimuthal coverage. The P-wave radiation patterns can be fit by a quadrupole source but not by a simple pure tensional source. The predominant orientations of the two nodal planes for the quadrupole fit were subparallel to and perpendicular to the σ1 direction. Events with ‘close’ hypocenters, i.e., within a radius of 3 mm, display a remarkable similarity in focal mechanisms irrespective of the cycle or time within a cycle at which they occur. The polarity observations of 48 of 116 acoustic emission events could be fit with the simple quadrupole indicating that the microfracturing processes even in uniaxial compression often simplistically portrayed as propagating axial cracks are indeed quite complex.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 120 (1982), S. 167-185 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Corsica ; Historical seismicity ; Macroseismic study
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract The documents that we have compiled (archives, newspaper reports and seismic catalogues) enabled us to go back to the end of the 18th century in the seismic history of Corsica. The number of felt earthquakes (epicentres off shore or on the island) which were documented during the two and a half centuries is relatively low. Maximum intensities have reached VI or rarely VII. The seismic activity is mainly located in the North-East of Corsica, near faults which have recently been active between the ‘Corse schisteuse’ (Alpine domain) and the ‘Plaine Orientale’ (Quaternary, Neogene). A seismic crisis happened recently (1978–1979) in this area where present activity of some of these faults has been suggested. Macroseismic studies have been conducted for the main shocks (I max=VI and V) in order to locate them accurately. Two among them (April 3, 1978 and March 27, 1979) are studied here in detail. Using the Kövesligethy formula hypocenters are respectively found at 4.5±0.5 km and around 5 km, whereas the corresponding absorption factors are 0.020 and 0.031. Such depths show that the two events affected the upper crust of Corsica (30 km).
    Notes: Résumé L'étude des documents (archives, presse et catalogues sismiques) que nous avons consultés, nous a permis de remonter jusqu'à la fin du XVIIIe siècle dans l'histoire sismologique corse. Le nombre des séismes ressentis (épicentres en mer ou sur l'île) recensés pendant ces deux siècles et demi est relativement faible. Les intensités maximales ont parfois atteint le degré VI, plus rarement VII. L'activité sismique touche principalement une région située au Nord-Est de la Corse, au voisinage de failles au rejeu récènt et séparent le domaine de la Corse schisteuse (alpin) du domaine de la Plaine Orientale (Quaternaire, Néogène). Une crise sismique récente (1978–1979) a de nouveau secoué cette même région où on a suggéré l'activité actuelle de certaines de ces failles. Les plus importants de ces séismes (I max=VI et V) ontifait l'objet d'enquêtes macrosismiques qui permettent d'en préciser les épicentres. Deux d'entre-eux ont été étudiés en détail (3 avril 1978 et 27 mars 1979); en utilisant la relation de Kövesligethy, les hypocentres se situent respectivement à 4,5±0.5 km et vers 5 km, pour des coefficients d'absorption de 0,020 et 0,031. Ces profondeurs indiquent que ces deux séismes ont mis en jeu des éléments superficiels de la croûte corse (30 km).
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    Pure and applied geophysics 120 (1982), S. 229-248 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Meridional transport ; Monsoon ; Sensible heat
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    Notes: Abstract Spherical harmonic analysis is made of the grid point values of geopotential heights at 700 mb and 300 mb levels for the months April to August for the years 1967 and 1972. The year 1967 is a good monsoon year and 1972 is a bad monsoon year in India. Meridional transport of sensible heat is obtained in wave number domain using spherical harmonic coefficients at 500 mb level form=1 to 10 andn−m=0 to 10, wherem represents the wave number round the globe andn−m gives the numbers of zero points from north pole to south pole excluding the poles themselves. Large northward transports of sensible heat in the month of May and in the monsoon months at the subtropics are characteristic of bad monsoon. Wave 1 transports sensible heat southward (forn−m=0) and wave 2 transports sensible heat northward (forn−m=4). Strengthening of wave 1 is conducive to good monsoon year and strengthening of wave 2 is conducive to bad monsoon year. These are the same features obtained in Fourier analysis. The contrasting features exist in waves 1 and 2 both in good and in bad monsoon and are better defined in the present analysis than in the Fourier analysis of the earlier study. However, waves 1 and 2 reveal clearer contrast in the present analysis than in the Fourier analysis. Bad monsoon activity is associated with large divergence of heart at subtropics and large convergence of heat at extra tropics.
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    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Fourier transform method ; Self-potential anomalies
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    Notes: Abstract The self-potential anomaly due to a two-dimensional inclined sheets of finite depth extent has been analysed in the frequency domain using the Fourier transform. Expression for the Fourier amplitude and phase spectra are derived. The Fourier amplitude and phase spectra are analysed so as to evaluate the parameters of the sheet. Application of this method on two anomalies (synthetic and field data) has given good results.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 120 (1982), S. 422-436 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Monex-79 ; Objective analysis ; Wind field
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The monsoon sub-programme of FGGE deployed a variety of observing systems such as research aircraft, research vessels, floating ballooms, and a geostationary satellite, etc. during the special observational period of Monex-79, with a view to making the best possible data set available for studies on various aspects of the monsoon circulation. Whether the data obtained from the various observational platorms improve the representation of the monsson systems, flow patterns, etc. in the analysis is the basis of this study. For this, the objective analyses of the wind field were made with different data sets, first using only the data from conventional observation platforms, subsequently including the data from aircraft and ships and then finally including the data from the satellite. These analyses were compared with carefully made subjective analyses. It is inferred that the addition of data has a positive impact on the objective analysis and the improvement in the analysis is more marked in the data-void region like the Arabian Sea compared to the region where observational stations are distributed fairly stisfactorily. It is also inferred that the impact of the aircraft/ship data on the analysis is more consistent than the data from the satellite.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 120 (1982), S. 483-494 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Flood ; Precipitation ; Tropical meteorology
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    Notes: Abstract The rainstorm of 17 to 21 July 1981 which caused exceptionally heavy rains and floods in arid Rajasthan, was analysed. It was observed that 7 stations in the rainstorm area broke their previous 80-year record of one-day rainfall, and two of these stations equalled their respective estimates of probable maximum precipitation (PMP). A comparison of areal raindepths of this rainstorm with the similar raindepths of past severe-most rainstorms of this region showed that this rainstorm gave unprecedented raindepths up to about 38 850 sq. km (i.e. 15 000 sq. miles) for a 3-day duration.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 120 (1982), S. 495-502 
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    Keywords: Cloudiness ; Sunshine ; Tropical meteorology
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    Notes: Abstract The relationship between point cloudiness and sunshine derived cloud cover in India is investigated using data collected from 33 stations. It has been found that point cloudiness, in general, overestimates sunshine derived cloud cover. The latitudinal dependence of the overestimation is discussed. The significance of the precise quantification of cloudiness in radiation budget studies is briefly mentioned.
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    Keywords: Wave scattering ; Elastic heterogeneity ; Three-dimensional modeling
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    Notes: Abstract The formal solutions of displacement field to the problem of elastic wave scattering and diffraction due to an infinitely long rigid cylinder embedded in an infinite elastic medium by an impulsive point source have been obtained in the integral form. The integrals for the reflected and the diffracted waves both in the shadow zone and in the illuminated zone are evaluated asymptotically for the early time motion by the Reisdue-Cagniard method and the Saddle-point-Cagniard method. Numerical results of the diffractedP, S andPS waves at a fixed circum-distance from the surface of the rigid cylinder show noticeably that (1) the energy partition for the diffractedS wave is small in comparison with that for the diffractedP wave, (2) the wave form of the diffractedS wave is broader and more diffused than that of the diffractedP wave, (3) the direction of the radial motions of the diffractedP andS waves varies as a function of the observational point, and (4) the energy partition for the diffractedP wave is much smaller than that for the direct or the reflectedP waves.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 120 (1982), S. 642-647 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Atmospheric kinetic energy ; Climate models
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    Notes: Abstract The winter simulations of the GLAS climate model and the NCAR community climate model are used to examine the maintenance of the atmospheric kinetic energy. It is found that the kinetic energy is generated in the lower latitudes south of the maximum westerlies, transported northward and then, destroyed in the midlatitudes north of the maximum westerlies. Therefore, the atmospheric kinetic energy is maintained by the counterbalance between the divergence (convergence) of kinetic energy flux and generation (destruction) of kinetic energy in lower (middle) latitudes.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 120 (1982), S. 682-690 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Atmospheric electricity ; Atmospheric electric potential gradient
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Atmospheric electric potential gradient measurments were made near the ground at Vishakapatnam (17°42′N, 83°18′E). The diurnal variation of potential gradient during fair weather has been studied. The characteristic pattern of potential gradient in different months, different seasons and its annual variation are examined.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 120 (1982), S. 721-757 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Edge waves ; shelf waves ; Kelvin waves
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Free and forced oscillations of shallow water in an infinitely long rotating channel of parabolic cross-section are analyzed. The pure cross-channel oscillations ofChrystal (1905) and solutions for zero rotation first discussed byProudman (1925) andHidaka (1932) are special asymptotic solutions for the free modes of this model. However, for increasingly large, along-shore wave number, our solutions donot uniformly approach those ofReid (1958) andBall (1967) for a single shore-line and semi-infinite ocean. A method of computing eigen frequencies and eigen functions for the general problem is described, and a sufficient number of these are exhibited graphically to permit visualization of the transitions between the asymptotic regions. The forced problem consists of an incoming wave-train or surge generated at the center of the channel. Amplitude and transports near the shore are computed for a wide range of dimensionless incoming-wave frequencies and rotational frequencies.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 120 (1982), S. 784-794 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Depth estimation ; magnetized layers ; long-wavelength anomalies ; spectral analysis ; reduction to the pole
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A large extent aeromagnetic survey, covering a 9°×9° degree of a Precambrian shield area in SE Brazil, was used to analyse long wavelength magnetic anomalies with the purpose of determining the magnetic structure of the lithosphere. Data analysis based on a novel approach to the estimation of the parameters in the statistical model ofSpector andGrant (1970), reveals a highly magnetized lower crust, bounded by an essentially non-magnetic upper mantle. The highly magnetized layer can be associated with a higher density lower crust model, derived from gravity and seismic data available in the area, suggesting a compositional transition from upper to lower crust. It was also verified that the operation of reduction to the pole, which is singular at the geomagnetic equator, performs quite satisfactorily at the low geomagnetic inclination of the area, bringing into accordance the long wavelength anomalies with the structural trends.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 120 (1982), S. 840-849 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Earthquake magnitude ; Magnitude-frequency relationships
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The relationship between frequency and magnitude in homogeneous series of earthquakes is studied. The linear relation of Gutenberg and Richter between the logarithm of frequency and the magnitude is found to be applicable only in a restricted range of magnitudes. The plots of the cumulative number of earthquakes versus magnitude for 20 different series (the total number of events in a single series ranging from about 50 to more than 3000) clearly indicate the presence of vertical asymptotes. This fact suggests that upper and lower limits could exist for the magnitude of a single event, i.e. for the energy that can be released in an earthquake. From the position of the vertical asymptotes it is possible to obtain the upper and lower bounds of magnitude for each series of earthquakes. The empirical shape of the cumulative number-magnitude distribution can be well represented by equilateral hyperbolas. A ‘least χ2’ method has been used to obtain the best-fitting hyperbolas and corresponding the minimum and maximum magnitudes for each series. The shape of the frequency-magnitude relationship is discussed in lesser detail. It is found, however, that after suitable rescaling the earthquakes in each series follow much the same law, with a comparatively small scatter.
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    Development genes and evolution 191 (1982), S. 28-36 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Polarity ; Maternal effect ; Nurse cells ; Embryogenesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The mutationdicephalic (dic) affects follicle development and thereby alters the antero-posterior polarity of embryonic patterning. It maps at a single locus (3–46.0±1.0) and can be characterized as a semi-dominant maternal effect mutation with low penetrance. Indic follicles, the 15 nurse cells form two clusters located at opposite poles of the oocyte; the numerical distribution of the nurse cells among the clusters varies from 7:8 to 1:14. Thedic egg shell carries a micropyle (anterior marker) at either pole, but the misshapen respiratory appendages are restricted to one of the two poles in most eggs. The malformed eggs rarely yield larvae and these are always abnormal anteriorly and/or posteriorly. The segment pattern expressed in their cuticle may represent two anterior parts of opposite polarities (double head type), two posterior parts of opposite polarities (double abdomen type, rare) or show uniform polarity. Lability of organization at the cystocyte stage appears as the primary developmental defect of the mutant.
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  • 42
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Triturus alpestris embryos ; Melanophores ; Xanthophores
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The change in distribution of melanophores from stage 28+ (uniform melanophore pattern) to stage 34 (banded melanophore pattern) and the participation of xanthophores in these changes has been investigated inTriturus alpestris embryos by studying the social behaviour of single cells. While melanophores are clearly visible from outside the embryo at stage 28+, xanthophores cannot be recognized from the outside until after stage 34. In ultrathin sections of stage 34 embryos, xanthophores are observed alternating with melanophores in a zonal distribution (Epperlein 1982). Using detached pieces of dorsolateral trunk skin, which retain their chromatophores after detachment, the entire distribution of melanophores and xanthophores can be visualized in a scanning electron microscope (SEM). In ambiguous cases (early stages), cells were reprocessed for transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and the presence of the characteristic pigment organelles was assessed. In addition, xanthophores were specifically identified by pteridine fluorescence with dilute ammonia. Pteridines were also identified chromatographically in skin homogenates. The combination of these methods allowed precise identification and quantitative determination of melanophores and xanthophores. Both cell types were present as codistributed, biochemically differentiated cells at stage 28+. Changes in the pattern up to stage 34 were due to the rearrangement at the epidermal-mesodermal interface of a relatively fixed number of melanophores which became preferentially localised at the dorsal somite edge and at the lateral plate mesoderm, and to the distribution of an increasing number of xanthophores to subepidermal locations in the dorsal fin and between the melanophore bands. Concomitant was an increase in the thickness of the epidermal basement membrane and a change in shape of chromatophores from elongate via stellate to rosette shaped, which may be correlated with a shift from migratory to sessile phases.
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    Development genes and evolution 191 (1982), S. 68-68 
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    Development genes and evolution 191 (1982), S. 64-67 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Hydra attenuata ; Recombination of ecto- and endoderm ; Polarity ; Morphogenetic gradients
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Ectoderm and endoderm of the gastric column ofHydra attenuata Pall. were separated from each other and reassembled with either the same (controls) or opposite polar orientation. The controls always regenerated a head and basal disc according to the original polarity. In those specimens in which the polarity of ecta- and endoderm was opposite 33 specimens out of 41 reconstituted a single polyp whose body axis was clearly identifiable. Of these cases 8 followed the polarity of the ectoderm, 3 obeyed that of the endoderm, and 22 formed axes perpendicular to the original longitudinal axis. In 5 cases 2 specimens regenerated from the reassembled specimens. It is thus demonstrated that axial polarity ofHydra is determined by both the ecto- and the endoderm.
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    Development genes and evolution 192 (1983), S. 1-7 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Fat body ; Basement membrane ; Ageing ; Transplantation ; Monoclonal antibody
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The hemocytes oftu-Sz ts melanotic tumor larvae ofDrosophila melanogaster encapsulate heterospecific and surface-modified homospecific tissue implants, but do not encapsulate unmodified homospecific implants (R. Rizki and Rizki 1980). In the present study we usedtu-Sz ts hosts to assay changes in larval fat body surfaces during development. Donor fat bodies from various ages of larvae were accepted (remained unencapsulated) intu-Sz ts hosts whereas fat bodies from donors with everted spiracles and all subsequent stages of development that were tested were rejected (encapsulated). Since the demarcation between acceptance and rejection by thetu-Sz ts blood cells did not coincide with the gross morphological changes that appear in the fat body during metamorphosis (dissolution of the basement membrane and dispersal of the freed fat body cells at pupation), we compared acceptable and nonacceptable fat body surfaces by three other methods. Fat body surface ultrastructure was examined, fat bodies were treated with fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated lectins, and fat body surfaces were reacted with a monoclonal antibody specific for basement membrane. These approaches did not uncover fat body surface changes associated with eversion of the anterior spiracles, suggesting that recognition of tissue surface heterogeneities by the insect hemocytes exceeds the resolving power of the other three methods. However, the monoclonal antibody fails to bind to the basement membrane ofD. virilis larvae, whose fat body is always rejected intu-Sz ts hosts. This supports our suggestion that the molecular architecture of the basement membrane may be important in eliciting the encapsulation response.
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  • 46
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    Development genes and evolution 192 (1983), S. 13-20 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Hydra carnea ; Fertilization ; Sperm-egg interactions ; Site-specificity
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Fertilization in the freshwater hydrozoanHydra carnea has been examined by light, scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Sperm penetrate the jelly coat which covers the entire egg surface only at the site of the emission of the polar bodies. The egg surface exhibits a small depression, the so called fertilization pit at this site. Sperm-egg fusion takes place only at the bottom of the fertilization pit.Hydra sperm lack a structurally distinct acrosome and in most of the observed cases, fusion was initiated by contact between the membrane of the lateral part of the sperm head and the egg surfacce. Neither microvilli nor a fertilization cone are formed at the site of gamete fusion. The process of membrane fusion takes only a few seconds and within 1 to 2 min sperm head and midpiece are incorporated in the egg. Electron dense material is released by the egg upon insemination but cortical granule exocytosis does not occur and a fertilization envelope is not formed. The possible polyspermy-preventing mechanisms in hydrozoans are discussed. Hydra eggs can be cut into halves whereupon the egg membranes reseal at the cut edges and the fragments assume a spherical shape. Fragments containing the female pronucleus can be inseminated and exhibit normal cleavage and development. The observation that in such isolated parts the jelly coat will not fuse along the cut edges was used to determine its role in site-specific gamete fusion. These experiments indicate that site-specificity of gamete fusion can be attributed to special membrane properties at the fertilization pit.
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    Development genes and evolution 192 (1983), S. 28-36 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Budding ; Polarity ; Positional information ; Ascidian
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary In the polysteelid ascidian,Polyandrocarpa misakiensis, buds can arise at any antero-posterior positional level around the basal margin of a functional zooid. In this study, each bud was cut into anterior and posterior halves along its proximo-distal axis. When an anterior half was combined with a posterior half from a higher (more posterior) level, the future zooid developed the same anteroposterior polarity as a normal bud. When the same operation was performed with a posterior half from a lower (more anterior) level, the antero-posterior polarity was inverted, resulting in a reversed body asymmetry (situs inversus viscerum). Bud polarity depended not on the size or the growth stage of the fragmented buds, but on the difference in parental positional levels from which respective buds to be fused had originated. Surgically constructed doublehalf buds developed a single polarity instead of a pattern reduplication. Insertion experiments with bud pieces showed that the gap between the positional levels was recognized at the proximal region of operated buds. The results of this study are inconsistent with the predictions of the polar coordinate model for pattern formation. It is concluded that a parent zooid possesses antero-posterior position-specific potential for determining bud polarity.
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    Development genes and evolution 192 (1983), S. 37-41 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Tunicamycin ; Exogastrulation ; Neural induction ; Cell permeability
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Bufo arenarum eggs at late blastula and gastrula were treated with tunicamycin, an inhibitor of glycoprotein glycosylation, to investigate its effects on morphogenesis and neural induction. Because of the low permeability of the amphibian egg to a number of drugs, the blastocoel was opened surgically prior to treatment. Almost all of the eggs treated with the antimetabolite, at a concentration of 10 μg/ml, from late blastula stage for 24h exhibited exogastrulation. The effect is dose- and stage-dependent as shown by the lower proportion of exogastrulae obtained when eggs are treated at a lower concentration (5 μg/ml) or after the onset of gastrulation. Treatment with the antimetabolite did not interfere with neural induction, as partial exogastrulae developed a small neural tube. The most striking biochemical effect was an enhanced uptake of glucose, mannose and leucine. The incorporation of mannose into acid-insoluble material was severely inhibited by tunicamycin, with a concomitant decrease of leucine incorporation into the acid-soluble pool.
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    Development genes and evolution 192 (1983), S. 51-51 
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    Development genes and evolution 192 (1983), S. 48-50 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Hybrid lethality ; Imaginal discs ; Interspecific transplantation
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Females ofDrosophila melanogaster, crossed with males ofDrosophila mauritiana, produce only female offspring. The male hybrid larvae grow very slowly, fail to pupate and die after prolonged larval life. Imaginal discs from these male hybrids transplanted into Drosophila melanogaster larvae can give rise to adult structures with normal patterns. Differentiation of hybrid imaginal disc tissue is improved by short term culture in non-hybrid larvae prior to metamorphosis, suggesting that the hybrid larval haemolymph is inadequate to sustain normal imaginal disc growth. This may represent the physiological basis of the reproductive isolating mechanism separating the twoDrosophila species
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  • 51
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Immunofluorescence ; Telotrophic Meroistic Ovary ; Postribosomal Particles ; Insect Oogenesis ; Early Insect Development
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary During previtellogenesis, the oocytes of the telotrophic meroistic ovary ofDysdercus are provided with ribosomes and ribonucleoprotein (RNP) particles by the nurse cells. At the end of vitellogenesis, the oocyte itself becomes active as shown by autoradiography. The proteins synthesized by the oocyte are stored in cytoplasmic postribosomal particles which are preformed by the tropharium. The proteins of these particles were separated by SDS polyacrylamide gels and their endogenous oocyte proteins revealed by fluorography. The synthesis, transport, and storage of the postribosomal particles are demonstrated by indirect immunofluorescence. The young oocytes of previtellogenic follicles show a diffuse distribution of these particles. In late vitellogenesis, fluorescence becomes more and more concentrated in spots throughout a distinct region in the middle part of the oocyte. Thus, in freshly laid eggs, the periplasm is free of fluorescence. During migration of the cleavage nuclei the postribosomal particles were shifted into the cortex. Fluorescence is then most intense in the periplasmic region. During blastoderm formation, however, fluorescence decreases.
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  • 52
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Early neurogenesis ; Neurogenic mutants ; Drosophila
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    Notes: Summary The central nervous system (CNS) ofDrosophila develops from precursor cells called neuroblasts. Neuroblasts segregate in early embryogenesis from an apparantly undifferentiated ectoderm and move into the embryo, whereas most of the remaining ectodermal cells continue development as epidermal cell precursors. Segregation of neuroblasts occurs within a region called the neurogenic field. We are interested in understanding how the genome ofDrosophila controls the parcelling of the ectoderm into epidermal and neural territories. We describe here mutations belonging to seven complementation groups which effect an abnormal neurogenesis. The phenotypes produced by these mutations are similar. Essential features of these phenotypes are a conspicuous hypertrophy of the CNS accompanied by epidermal defects; the remaining organs and tissues of the mutants are apparently unaffected. The study of mutant phenotype development strongly suggests this phenotype to be due to misrouting into the neural pathway of development of ectodermal cells which in the wildtype would have given rise to epidermal cells, i.e. to an initial enlargement of the neurogenic region at the expense of the epidermogenic region. These observations indicate that the seven genetic loci revealed by the mutations described in this study contribute to control the neurogenic field. The present results suggest that in wildtype development neurogenic genes are supressed within all derivatives of the mesoderm and endoderm and some derivatives of the ectoderm, and conditionally expressed in the remaining ectoderm. The organisation of the neurogenic field in the wildtype is discussed.
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  • 53
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Gastropoda ; Mesoderm induction ; Dorsoventral polarity ; Epigenetics ; Mosaic/regulative development
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    Notes: Summary In equally cleaving gastropods, the interactions between micromeres and macromeres involved in the determination of the mesentoblast mother cell (3D) were studied by changing the spatial arrangement of the micromeres by deleting one first quartet micromere or its progeny. A fixed relation was found between the deletion site and the place of origin of 3D; therefore, a fixed relation also exists in the configuration of the three remaining first quartet micromeres and the 3D. These results argue against the possibility that the animal-vegetal interactions do not choose between macromeres, but only permit the expression of a choice already made in another way and at another moment. The results are consistent with a stochastic model in which accidental differences between the macromeres in the number or extent of contacts with first quartet micromeres play a discriminating role during micromere — macromere interactions, that lead to 3D determination. Embryos which lack a given first quartet micromere show a total absence of regulation in the larval head pattern; only the cephalic plates show regulative abilities while forming the adult head structures. Therefore, in later stages new activating and restraining factors seem to play a part in the head development.
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  • 54
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    Development genes and evolution 192 (1983), S. 86-94 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Dictyostelium discoideum ; Pattern formation ; Differentiation markers
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The appearance and spatial distrubution of ultrastructural markers ofDictyostelium discoideum differentiation were quantitatively analysed. Our results combined with data from the literature on the functions of cells at various stages of development lead to the following conclusions. When food is no longer available all amoebae initially develop an autophagic apparatus in order to sustain metabolism. After slugs have been formed, autophagy is suppressed in the prespore cells. During aggregation a number of cells gradually form prespore characteristics. These cells arise at random but later they become located in the basal part of the tip-forming aggregate. From the early slug stage onwards, cells of the posterior two third region gradually enter into the prespore pathway. During prolonged slug migration the optimal acquirement of prespore characteristics is blocked. Cells of the anterior region show no active differentiation but they maintain the morphology and most of the functions of aggregating cells. At the rear-guard of the slug and later on in the basal region of the maturing fruiting body, a second anteriorlike region appears. Actual stalk cell differentiation takes place only at the apex and at the base of the developing fruiting body.
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    Development genes and evolution 192 (1983), S. 95-102 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Polychaeta ; Typosyllis ; Reproduction ; Endocrine control
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary When exposed to a “winter” light-temperature cycle, reproduction in the polychaeteTyposyllis prolifera is inhibited by a hormone from the proventriculus. When exposed to a “summer” cycle, worms show periodic reproduction following an endogenous lunar rhythmictiy. The endocrine system mediating the stimulation of reproduction by summer conditions, was studied by extirpation and transplantation of prostomium and/or proventriculus. A previously unknown prostomial hormone was found to play a major role in this process. Summer conditions induce a temporary endocrine activity in the prostomium. This homone probably does not act directly on peripheral targets, but stimulates reproduction by inactivating the proventricular endocrine system. The experimental evidence of a hierarchic neuroendocrine system governing reproductive activity in syllid polychaetes is discussed.
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    Development genes and evolution 192 (1983), S. 108-112 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Gangliosides ; Fetal human brain ; Acetylcholinesterase
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Correlative histological, histochemical and biochemical investigations on laminar compartments from four different areas of fetal human neopallium at 28 weeks of gestation revealed discrete distribution of gangliosides in the cerebral wall. Highest level of total ganglioside concentration was found in the layers of cortical anlage (cortical plate and “subplate layer”) which are concomittantly characterized by highest activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and which are known to be involved in intensive synaptogenesis at this stage of cortical development. In three of four areas the proportion of GD1a — ganglioside from total ganglioside amount tended to increase and that of GT1b to decrease from inside (ventricle) to outside (cortical anlage) throughout the cerebral wall.
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    Development genes and evolution 192 (1983), S. 120-129 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Intracellular inhibition ; Polar lobe-Polychaeta ; Embryogenesis
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The embryo ofSabellaria cementarium (Polychaeta) forms a polar lobe at each of the first two cleavage divisions which becomes absorbed into one of the blastomeres at the end of the division. Lobe removal experiments show that the polar lobe preceding first cleavage is necessary for the development of the apical tuft and the posttrochal region of the trochophore larva. The polar lobe preceding second cleavage is smaller than the first polar lobe and is necessary only for post-trochal region development. In blastomere isolation experiments, isolates containing the C but not the D blastomere form apical tufts. Isolates containing the D but not the C blastomere do not form apical tufts. When the polar lobe preceding second cleavage is removed and the C and D blastomeres are separated and raised in isolation, each can form an apical tuft. When the second cleavage is equalized with sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) such that both the C and the D blastomeres receive second polar lobe material, no apical tuft is formed. These results suggest that apical tuft determinants are distributed to both the C and D blastomeres at second cleavage but that the second polar lobe contains an inhibitor for apical tuft formation which is shunted to the D blastomere after the completion of second cleavage.
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    Development genes and evolution 192 (1983), S. 130-137 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Vegetalizing factor ; Inducer concentration ; Incubation time with inducer ; Pattern formation
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    Notes: Summary Early amphibian gastrula ectoderm (Xenopus laevis) has been treated with vegetalizing factor using the sandwich technique, varying the period of incubation and the inducer concentration. The pattern of induced tissues depends on three factors: the inducer concentration, the size of inducer pellet and the time of exposure of ectodermal target cells to inducer. Short treatment with inducer will result in the formation of blood cells and heart structures. An increase in incubation time or inducer concentration, or both, will cause the formation of increasing amounts of such dorsal mesodermal structures as pronephros, somites and notochord. Neural structures can only be observed in explants with considerable amounts of somites and notochord. Ectoderm treated with high concentrations of vegetalizing factor for the whole period of competence will differentiate into endoderm. Furthermore, the results show thatX. laevis ectoderm does not show any autoneuralizing tendency under our experimental conditions. It therefore seems to be a suitable tool for the study of primary embryonic induction.
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  • 59
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Mouse embryogenesis ; Cytochalasin B ; Polyploid ; Chromosome replication ; Protein synthesis
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    Notes: Summary The cleavage of fertilized mouse eggs was prevented during cytochalasin B incubation and consequently these eggs became tetraploid the following day during in vitro culture. When the eggs were cultured further in normal medium, they cleaved and gave rise to tetraploid blastocysts. Protein synthesis was analysed in these embryos at different developmental stages using two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The protein synthesis pattern of one-cell tetraploid eggs was intermediate between those of normal one- and two-cell embryos. Tetraploid two-cell embryos expressed protein sets equivalent to those of untreated four-cell embryos, and tetraploid four-cell embryos synthesized proteins similar to those of four- to eight-cell controls. At subsequent pre-implantation stages the asynchrony was no longer detectable. When fertilized eggs were cultured continuously in the presence of cytochalasin B, they became tetraploid, octoploid and more and more polyploid without cleavage occurring. The protein synthesis patterns expressed by these one-cell polyploid eggs did not resemble that of normal fertilized eggs, but were similar to those of cleaving control embryos and blastocysts of equivalent age and nuclear division. These results strongly suggest that in early mouse embryos stage-specific translation is temporally correlated with chromosome replication (karyokinesis) and independent of cell division (cytokinesis) or cell interaction.
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    Development genes and evolution 192 (1983), S. 152-158 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Calliphora ; Fat body ; RNA polymerase ; Ecdysteroids
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary In vivo labelling of RNA polymerases I and II with S35-methionine shows that ecdysterone causes a de novo synthesis of both enzymes in nuclei of fat body cells inCalliphora 3rd instar larvae. Binding experiments with H3-α-amanitin demonstrate that the concentration of RNA polymerase II molecules increases two- to threefold within 3 h after ecdysterone treatment. The enhanced polymerase concentration coincides with an enhanced enzymatic activity and an increase in RNA synthesis in response to ecdysteroids.
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  • 61
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    Keywords: Embryonic induction ; Epithelial cell differentiation ; Organ culture ; Immunoperoxidase
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    Notes: Summary Undifferentiated metanephric mesenchymes, when grown in transfilter contact with an inductor tissue, differentiate into epithelial kidney tubules. The segregation of these tubules into the different segments of the nephron was studied. In explants grown in continuous transfilter contact with the inductor, immunohistological and histochemical markers specific for the glomerular epithelial, proximal tubule, and distal tubule cells appeared by 4 1/2 to 5 days, 4 days, and 5 days of culture, respectively. Electron microscopy confirmed segmentation of the tubules: Avascular glomeruli with glomerular basement membrane material, proximal tubules with brush border formation, and distal tubules were revealed in the explants after 5 days of culture. A short (18 h) transfilter induction pulse, followed by a prolonged subculture in the absence of the inductor, resulted sulted in the formation of only a small number of tubules in about half of the explants while the rest remained undifferentiated. These scarce tubules showed the markers specific for the proximal tubules only. The segregation of all three aspects of the nephron seems to be programmed during the transfilter culture, but apparently the time needed for the induction of the different segments varies.
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    Development genes and evolution 192 (1983), S. 159-163 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: RNA synthesis ; Early insect embryogenesis ; Nucleotide pools
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    Notes: Summary The total amount of ATP and UTP was measured in embryos ofDrosophila melanogaster andBruchidius obtectus at different development stages. The pool-sizes were measured by their ability to enhance poly(AU) synthesis in an in vitro test, using RNA polymerase ofE. coli, poly-d(AT), ATP, and3H-UTP. In embryos ofD. melanogaster, the amount of UTP decreased from 4.5 pmoles/ embryo during cleavage and early blastoderm to 2 pmoles at later stages. The ATP pool decreased from 14 pmoles/ embryo to 6 pmoles at the same developmental stages. In embryos ofB. obtectus, the UTP pool expanded from about 1 pmole/embryo during cleavage and early blastoderm to about 3 pmoles during gastrulation and organogenesis. Much more ATP was found inB. obtectus embryos: during fertilization 23 pmoles/embryo were found. At late syncytial blastoderm stages the amount of ATP rose to about 50 pmoles/embryo. At cellular blastoderm stages and during gastrulation only 26 pmoles/embryo of ATP were found. During organogenesis the ATP pool decreased to about 14 pmoles/embryo.
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    Development genes and evolution 192 (1983), S. 179-188 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Pattern formation ; Molecular asymmetries ; Mirror-image doublets ; Cortical pattern ; Ciliate
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    Notes: Summary Mirror-image doublets of the hypotrich ciliateParaurostyla weissei were induced by modifying culture conditions. Successive steps of doublet formation involve inhibiting the separation of daughter cells during cell division and the shifting of these to attain a parallel configuration. The posterior part of the adoral band of membranelles in the right component then turns to the left and fuses with the distal terminal of the membranellar band in the left component. In effect, part of the adoral band and some of the paroral membranelles become apposed upside down, and the paroral membranelles of the right component are located on the left side of the adoral membranelles. A new site of oral primordium formation is initiated at the junction of the two oral apparatuses, the ciliature of which is arranged in a mirror-image pattern. During further cortical reorganization, the whole body ciliature of the right component becomes organized as a mirror-image of the normal left component. Both components of the doublet show the same ultrastructure of body ciliature and lack the right marginal cirri; the symmetry-reversal half, however, possesses multiple rows of left marginal cirri. The individual adoral membranelles and paroral membranelles in the symmetry-reversal component are rotated anteroposteriorly. Some aspects of the patterning of cortical structures are discussed.
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    Development genes and evolution 192 (1983), S. 222-227 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Silkmoth chorion ; Transcription ; Northern analysis
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary cDNA clones for two distinct families ofBombyx mori chorion protiens, Class A (m2774) and Class Hc (m5000), were used to study the developmental regulation of specific chorion mRNAs. Individual follicles from maturing ovarioles were assayed by Northern blotting techniques and amino acid pulse-labeling to determine concomitant RNA accumulation and protein synthesis patterns with a temporal resolution of 2.2–2.6 h of developmental age. RNAs hybridizing to the two cloned chorion sequences at high criterion showed distinctive, non-overlapping patterns of accumulation during the middle-late and very late stages of choriogenesis. Moreover, the periods of expression of these RNAs coincided exactly with the synthetic periods of two distinct subsets of chorion proteins, one containing Class A and B components, and the other containing Class Hc components alone. These results suggest that chorion gene transcription and translation are tightly coupled.
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  • 65
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    Keywords: Amphibia ; Cleavage cycle ; Gastrulation ; Asymmetry ; Time-lapse cinematography
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    Notes: Summary The animal and the vegetative side of 15 embryos ofXenopus laevis were studied from the 5th cleavage to gastrulation by means of time-lapse cinematography. The duration of cleavage cycles, defined for the embryo as a whole as the period between the earliest blastomere divisions of one cycle to those of the next, varies quite a lot between individual embryos, both with respect to synchronous and lengthened cycles. Cycle lengthening may start at either cycle 10, 11 or 12. Cycle 13 deviates from the individual rhythm, and moreover its duration is inversely correlated with the period elapsing from the beginning of this cycle to the onset of gastrulation which occurs in cycles 14 or 15. In each cleavage cycle, the regional sequence of first blastomere divisions is visible on films as a “cleavage wave” runming over the animal cap. The direction of the waves varies in different embryos during the synchronous period but begins to change from cycle 10 onwards, resulting in a similar direction in most embryos prior to gastrulation: from the ventral/left to the dorsal/right half. This change reflects an asymmetry in the lengthening of the cycles in the animal cap: more dorsally than ventrally, and more on the right than on the left. The possible significance of the results for the timing of gastrulation and for the pattern of the future embryo is discussed.
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    Development genes and evolution 192 (1983), S. 228-233 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Cell fusion ; Oogenesis ; Somatic nurse cells ; Dipteran insect
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    Notes: Summary Formation of the oocyte-nurse chamber complex in the cecidomyid insectMycophila speyeri was studied in situ and in vitro by electron microscopy and time-lapse cinemicrography. At the end of the oogonial divisions each oogonium passes through a mitotic division with incomplete cytokinesis. This division gives rise to two sister cells, a prospective nurse cell and the oocyte, which remain connected by an intercellular bridge. In two phases of nurse chamber formation, first four and then (usually) one or two ovarian cells of mesodermal origin fuse with the prospective nurse cell. This results in a syncytial nurse chamber containing one germ-cell-derived nucleus and a varying number of mesoderm-cell-derived nuclei. In two subsequent fusion steps, two mesodermal cells fuse with the oocyte, giving rise to an oocyte containing one large and two small nuclei. Thus, four fusion steps lead to the formation of the complete oocyte-nurse chamber complex. Characteristics of the cell fusions are: (1) in each case one or more somatic cell(s) fuse with a germ-line cell and (2) cell contact between the fusing cells is established by the somatic cell, which approaches the germ-line cells.
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    Development genes and evolution 192 (1983), S. 248-255 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Morphogenesis ; Ooplasmic segregation ; Polar Lobe ; Cell surface ; cytochalasin B
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    Notes: Summary In the eggs ofSabellaria alveolata specific morphogenetic determinants are segregated into the vegetal part of the egg which is constricted off to form a polar lobe during the first cleavages. Segregation is supposed to take place during meiosis. In this paper we describe the appearance of a patch of small blebs at the vegetal pole of the eggs after both the first and the second meiotic division and after the first cleavage, as assessed by scanning electron microscopy. We investigated the possible functional relationship between the segregation process and the modulation of the surface architecture at the vegetal pole by treating the eggs with cytochalasin B during meiosis. As a result, both the appearance of the blebs and the development of lobe-dependent structures in the larva are suppressed. From this result it is argued that cortical processes at the vegetal pole are likely to be involved in the segregation of morphogenetic determinants.
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    Development genes and evolution 191 (1982), S. 112-118 
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    Keywords: Mollusca ; Mosaic development ; Polar lobe ; Determination ; Regulation
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    Notes: Summary The significance of the first quartet of micromeres for the morphogenesis ofBithynia — a polar lobe-forming gastropod-has been studied by deletion experiments. After removal of the whole first quartet at the 8-cell stage a dorsoventrally organized veliger larva is formed. Apparently, an interaction between the animal micromeres and a vegetal macromere, which is essential for the origin of a dorsoventral organization in equally cleaving gastropods, is not required in polar lobe forming eggs. It is concluded that in these eggs dorsoventrality is determined by segregation of the polar lobe. The embryos, in which the first quartet has been removed, never develop head structures. This indicates that the capacity to form head structures is restricted to the first quartet of micromeres. Deletion of a specific first quartet micromere (1a, 1b, 1c or 1d) showed, however, that the individual cells of this quartet are not strictly determined right from their origin. Frequently regulative development was observed after removal of individual first quartet cells.
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    Development genes and evolution 191 (1982), S. 127-133 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Primary hypoblast ; Chick ; Cell Proliferation ; Colchicine
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Proliferative patterns in colchicine treated embryos during the first few hours of incubation, Eyal-Giladi and Kochav stages XI–XIII, clarify the role of cell division in the anterolateral expansion of the primary hypoblast as well as the expansion of the entire blastoderm. A layer of primary hypoblast (extra-embryonic endoderm) can form in the absence of cell division. Colchicine, in concentrations used here, does not prevent ingression of cells from the upper layer to the primary hypoblast and establishment of intercellular contacts. These processes, however modified, remain sufficiently operative so that a hypoblast layer forms. In addition, colchicine does not prevent radial expansion of the whole blastoderm. The demonstrated distribution of proliferative rates in the blastoderm can be the source of cells for blastoderm radial expansion, shape changes and for hypoblast development supplementing ingression of cells from the upper layer.
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    Development genes and evolution 191 (1982), S. 119-126 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Primary hypoblast ; Chick ; SEM ; Polyingression
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    Notes: Summary Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) indicates that the primary hypoblast forms beneath the area pellucida during the first 8 h of incubation mainly by establishment of contact among cells which move downward out of the epiblast. This movement, polyingression, begins posteriorly and continues antero-laterally during the period of primary hypoblast formation. Polyingression produces many pits and possibly a crescentic fold in the embryo upper surface with corresponding cell clusters and a ridge on the lower surface. Fixationin situ helps prevent formation of artifactual folds and wrinkles facilitating interpretation of the SEM images. Formation of intercellular adhesions which lead to development of an epithelial primary hypoblast proceeds in a posterior to anterior direction along with polyingression. This epithelialization begins with elaboration of numerous filamentous processes by cells as they arrive from the epiblast, and continues with ongoing input of cells, merging of cells and cell clusters, and cell flattening. We have also shown (Weinberger and Brick 1982) that proliferation of ingressing cells provides additional cells for hypoblast development.
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  • 71
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    Keywords: Cortical contraction ; Pronuclear migration ; Sperm trail ; Xenopus ; Amphibians
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    Notes: Summary The cortical contraction begins 4 min after insemination and one minute after prick activation. During the next 4 min, the pigment margin moves 15 degrees toward the animal pole. The cortex then relaxes to the prefertilization level over the next 10 min. Contrary to earlier estimations, the cortical contraction occurs during the same time span as the wave of cortical granule exocytosis. We suggest that the two events may result from a common stimulus. The sperm trail (ST) forms during the relaxation of the cortex. The ST first appears as a conically-shaped trail of pigment in the cytoplasm; it then elongates into a funnel-shaped trail as the male pronucleus migrates into the egg. The base of the cytoplasmic ST can be seen on the surface of the egg as a circular condensation of pigment. The male and female pronuclei migrate at a constant rate of 12 μm per minute. The male pronucleus migrates by the enlargement of its aster, whereas, it appears that the female pronucleus is dependent on the male aster for its motion.
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    Development genes and evolution 191 (1982), S. 246-256 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Tubifex egg ; Ooplasmic segregation ; Pole plasm ; Microfilaments ; Cytochalasin B
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    Notes: Summary Ooplasmic segregation, i.e. the accumulation of pole plasm in theTubifex egg, consists of two steps: (1) Cytoplasm devoid of yolk granules and lipid droplets migrates toward the egg periphery and forms a continuous subcortical layer around the whole egg; (2) the subcortical cytoplasm moves along the surface toward the animal pole in the animal hemisphere and toward the vegetal pole in the vegetal hemisphere, and finally accumulates at both poles of the egg to form the animal and vegetal pole plasms. Whereas the subcortical layer increases in volume during the first step, it decreases during the second step. This is ascribed to the compact rearrangement in the subcortical layer of membraneous organelles such as endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria. The number of membraneous organelles associated with the cortical layer increases during the second step. Electron microscopy reveals the presence of microfilaments not only in the cortical layer but also in the subcortical layer. Subcortical microfilaments link membraneous organelles to form networks; some are associated with bundles of cortical microfilaments. The thickness of the cortical layer differs regionally. The pattern of this difference does not change during the second step. On the other hand, the subcortical cytoplasm moves ahead of the ‘stationary’ cortical layer. The accumulation of pole plasm is blocked by cytochalasin B but not by colchicine. The first step of this process is less sensitive to cytochalasin B than the second step, suggesting that these two steps are controlled by differnt mechanisms. The mechanical aspects of ooplasmic segregation in theTubifex egg are discussed in the light of the present observations.
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    Development genes and evolution 191 (1982), S. 264-269 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Sexcombless ; Foreleg basitarsus ; Genital disc
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    Notes: Summary The chromosome which carries the mutationsexcombless (In(1)sx) affects males and females ofD. melanogaster. In the male foreleg basitarsi the number of sexcomb teeth is dramatically reduced from 10 to 0.7 and the number of transverse rows of bristles is increased from 6 to 8. Females homozygous forIn(1)sx show a normal bristle pattern in the foreleg basitarsus. The genital disc derivatives of both male and femaleIn(1)sx flies are strongly affected. While the external genitalia show a duplicated or a reduced bristle pattern, the internal genitalia are mostly absent. However, the sexually dimorphic tergites and sternites of the abdomen remain unaffected. The male-specific effect on the basitarsus and the general effects on the genital disc derivatives are proposed to represent two different phenotypic effects ofIn(1)sx which may derive from mutations at different gene loci in the inverted chromosome.
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    Development genes and evolution 191 (1982), S. 270-276 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Stored poly(A)RNA ; RNP particles ; α-amanitin ; Cordycepin ; Interstitial cells
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    Notes: Summary The formation of tentacles and stolons during metamorphosis is severely disturbed if inhibitors of mRNA metabolism are applied during certain phases of development. The periods of sensitivity to α-amanitin are late gastrulation and the disk stage of metamorphosis. A cordycepin sensitive phase exists during the first hour of metamorphosis. In all drug sensitive phases an enhanced poly(A) synthesis is found indicating increased mRNA metabolism in these stages. Pulse-chase experiments show that planula larvae store a poly(A)-rich RNA population sedimenting between 28–18s. These long living molecules are of embryonic origin, are located in RNP particles and are degraded during metamorphosis. The particles in question appear to be stored mainly in interstitial cells. In early metamorphosis no uridine is incorporated but labelled poly(A) is added to preexisting molecules.
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    Development genes and evolution 191 (1982), S. 281-284 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Mammals ; Brain cortex ; Gangliosides ; Glycoproteins ; AChE ; Development
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Developmental profiles of 11 gangliosides, concentration of lipid- and glycoprotein-bound sialic acid, and activity of AChE of the rat and mouse cerebral cortex were followed from the 7th day of gestation to the 21st postnatal day. There are three main changes in ganglioside concentration, which are similar in both species. The first occurs from gestation day 10 until birth: parallel to decreased proliferation, cell migration, and neuroblast differentiation, GM3 and GD3 in mouse cortex and GD3 in the rat's decreases in favor of GQ1b, GT1b, and GD1a. The second occurs from birth until the first postnatal week: Parallel to increased growth and arborization of dendrites and axons as well as synaptogenesis in rats and mice, there is a two-fold rise of GD1a, whereas GQ1b and GT1b remain on a nearly constant level. Concomitantly, GM3 and GD3 decreases. The third period of ganglioside changes starts in the second postnatal week, parallel to onset of myelination, and is characterized by an increase of GM1 in parallel with a decrease of the polysialogangliosides GT1b and GQ1b.
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    Development genes and evolution 191 (1982), S. 285-288 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Imaginal discs ; homoeosis ; Compartments ; Aldehyde oxidase
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    Notes: Summary The aldehyde oxidase staining pattern in wing discs ofDrosophila melanogaster bearing the genotypesap blt /ap blt andap blt andap blt /ap 73n showns changes from the wild-type pattern. Extensive areas of the presumptive dorsal posterior wing blade, which are normally unstained, have enzyme activity in these mutants. In wings of these genotypes, dorsal posterior structures are replaced by dorsal anterior wing structures. A strong correlation has been found between the frequencies of various staining patterns in the discs and the extent of transformation in the cuticular structures of the wing, which is consistent with the idea that aldehyde oxidase activity can be used as an indicator in the wing disc of this transformation. Unlike the homoeotic mutationengrailed, apterous has not been interpreted as a selector gene yet the work reported here shows thatapterous alleles can cause changes resembling those of theengrailed phenotype both in aldehyde oxidase staining behaviour and in the cuticular transformation.
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    Development genes and evolution 191 (1982), S. 301-308 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Enzyme Patterns ; Imaginal discs ; D. melanogaster ; Territories ; Pattern formation
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Analysis of the development of the aldehyde oxidase (AO) pattern in the wing pouch ofD. melanogaster showed that the extension of areas with AO activity occurs in steps. This indicates that the activation of this enzyme is regulated in groups of cells. It is proposed to use the term ‘territory’ for such a cell group. In the wing pouches ofD. melanogaster, D. simulans andMusca, corresponding parts of the disc become AO positive at comparable developmental stages. This indicates that AO becomes active in individual territories in a specific sequence. Borderlines of the distribution pattern of different enzymes in the wing pouch ofDrosophila and other dipteran species are in agreement with those found for the development of the AO pattern or are complementary to them. This indicates the existence of a common set of territories in the wing pouches of all higher diptera. Borderlines of patterns, as caused by different genetic constitution, are also in accord with this set of territories. The borderlines of some territories coincide with the compartmental A/P or D/V boundary. The results support the idea that both the location of compartmental boundaries and that of borderlines of enzyme territories are determined by a single mechanism. The distribution and the shape of the territories in the wing pouch is best explained by the reaction-diffusion model proposed by Meinhardt (1980), which involves three different gradients.
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  • 78
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    Keywords: Thymus ; Amphibia ; Cell populations
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    Notes: Summary Twenty days after fertilization (stage 40) the thymus ofPleurodeles waltlii consists of two main cell types: epithelial reticular cells (71%) and lymphoid stem-cells (24%). Between day 20 and day 72 (stage 53) the lymphoid stem-cells differentiate into lymphocytes, via the lymphoblast state. Commencing at day 20, epithelial reticular cells are transformed into epithelial reticular dense cells. Following day 65, other epithelial reticular cells begin to differentiate into epithelial hypertrophic cells, and these subsequently form thymic cysts. During this whole period intense proliferation takes place. The three types of polynuclear cells (neutrophil, eosinophil, and basophil), the macrophages, and the plasmocytes differentiate outside the thymus then migrate into it through the vascular system. Around day 72 (stage 53), the mature thymus consists of two parts: the first is visible as a background or cortex-like area, the second comprises medulla like spots, formed by small numbers of cysts. Around metamorphosis the cell populations reach a stable state. After metamorphosis the relative frequency of the lymphoid cell population progressively decreases, while the proportion of epithelial hypertrophic cells, together with cyst surface area, is increased. Consequently the ratio of cysts/background area increases with age.
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    Development genes and evolution 191 (1982), S. 331-334 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Genetic mosaics ; Cell autonomy ; Cell affinities ; Drosophila melanogaster
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary InDrosophila melanogaster, segmental specification takes place in groups of cells around the blastoderm stage. This segmental specification requires the function of the genes of the bithorax-complex. We have studied preblastoderm mosaics (gynandromorphs) of mutant (bx 3,pbx, Ubx, Ubx 80) and wildtype (heterozygotes for these alleles) cells. The results show a total cell autonomy in the differentiation of both wildtype and homoeotially transformed cells. However, several unexpected phenotypes were found. They are discussed in terms of the function of the bithorax genes and early interactions between mutant and wildtype territories.
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    Development genes and evolution 191 (1982), S. 335-339 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Gap junction ; Wing disc
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The distribution of gap junctions in mature larvalDrosophila melanogaster wing discs was analyzed by means of quantitative electron microscopy. Gap junctions are non-randomly distributed in the proximal-distal disc axis and in the apical-basal cell axis of the epithelium. In the epithelial cells, the surface density, number and length of gap junctions are greatest in the apical cell region and distal disc region. The average gap junction surface density is 0.0572 μm−1 and 2.77% of the lateral cell surface is composed of gap junctions. In the adepithelial cells, the gap junction surface density is 0.0005 μm−1 and 0.06% of the cell surface is composed of gap junctions. No gap junctions were observed between epithelial cells and adepithelial cells. The absolute area of gap junctions was estimated in a proximal-distal strip of cells in the disc and is considerably less in the folded regions of the epithelium compared to the flat notum and wing pouch regions. The results are discussed with respect to pattern formation and growth control in imaginal discs.
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    Development genes and evolution 191 (1982), S. 348-354 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Dictyostelium ; Pattern Formation ; Scanning electron microscopy ; Chemotaxis
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Scanning electron microscopic observations ofDictyostelium discoideum cell masses during slug formation revealed two populations around the anterior tip; one group of cells resembled elongated aggregation stream cells and their orientation suggested that they move to the tip, whereas the other group of cells were isodiametric and showed no obvious orientation. In seeking further evidence for a role of differential cAMP chemotaxis in the orientation and movement of slug cells the anterior prestalk cells were compared to the posterior prespore cells in two chemotaxis tests. When a cell mass is placed on cAMP agar the prestalk cells exhibited better movement to cAMP sources but when the gradient was generated in a diffusion chamber the prestalk cells did not. This evidence suggested that the cells which are better able to generate a cAMP gradient might form part of the anterior zone of the slug.
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    Development genes and evolution 191 (1982), S. 366-370 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Polyadenylated RNA ; Complementary repetitive sequences ; Protein coding sequences ; Gene regulation ; Xenopus embryo
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Electron microscopy revealed that transcripts of complementary repetitive sequence elements are widely distributed among long poly (A) containing RNA molecules of Xenopus laevis. cDNA/RNA hybridization experiments suggest that many of these polyadenylated transcripts carry protein coding sequences which are interrupted by repetitive elements. Our in-vitro translation experiments indicate that removal of repetitive elements must precede the utilization of protein coding sequences associated with them. Thus processing of maternal transcripts may be of significance in the regulation of gene expression during early development.
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    Development genes and evolution 192 (1983), S. A3 
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    Development genes and evolution 191 (1982), S. 381-384 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Polyteny ; DNA content ; Drosophila melanogaster
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The amounts of DNA in midgut and Malpighian tubule cells of adult maleDrosophila melanogaster have been determined by Feulgen-DNA cytophotometry. The DNA values fall into discrete classes reflecting different levels of polyteny. The maximum level is 64C in the midgut, 256C in Malpighian tubules, and the modal values are 32C and 128C respectively. The data provide no evidence for extensive underreplication of heterochromatin. It is suggested that the reduced amount of satellite DNA found in the tissues of young adult flies may be a consequence of the fact that cycles of DNA replication started in the pre-adult stages are not completed until some hours after eclosion.
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    Development genes and evolution 192 (1983), S. 8-12 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Determination ; Mesoderm ; Dorsal marginal zone ; Cynops
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The stepwise process of the formation and determination of mesoderm inCynops pyrrhogaster was analyzed. The presumptive ectoderm (PE) of the early gastrula was transformed into mesoderm within 12 h when transplanted into the upper half of the dorsal marginal zone of the same stage. The self-differentiation capacity and the neural-inducing activity of this newly mesodermized PE (MPE) were examined by both isolation and sandwich cultures. The MPE showed self-differentiation for notochord and muscle in the isolation culture. In the sandwich culture, the MPE made contact with the PE of the successive gastrula stages. The MPE was capable of inducing neural tissues even in the PE of the mid-gastrula, which has high neural competence but loses it within a short period of 6 h. These results show that firstly the mesodermization of the PE is completed within 12 h and secondly both the self-differentiation capacity and the neural-inducing activity are established immediately after the mesodermization of the PE.
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    Development genes and evolution 192 (1983), S. 21-27 
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    Keywords: Vitamin A (Retinoic acid) ; Chick embryo ; Integument Morphogenesis ; Ptilopody
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Intra-amniotic injection of 125 μg of retinoic acid to 10-day old chick embryos causes the formation of feathers on the scales of the anterior face of the tarsometatarsus. The early effects of retinoic acid (RA) on the chick foot integument have been studied between 12 h and 72 h following RA injections by two methods. Firstly, sequential fixation in glutaraldehyde and then osmium tetroxide to follow the early changes at the macroscopical and ultrastructural levels. Secondly, sequential grafts of contralateral samples on to chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) of nontreated chick embryos to test their morphogenetic performance and to determine the minimum time for RA to take effect. Results show that during the first 24 h RA causes morphological changes of both epidermal and dermal cells in almost half of the injected embryos. In particular, the dermal-epidermal junction is transformed from scale-type into feather-type. However, the development of grafted samples shows that feather morphogenesis is irreversibly undertaken only 24 to 48 h after the treatment. At this stage, roundish feather-like placodes are formed instead of the normal rectangular, scale placodes. The scales, the formation of which has been temporarily inhibited, resume their development between 48 h and 72 h after the the injection, proximally to the feather buds, so that feathers are finally carried by the distal tips of the scales.
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  • 87
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Vitellin ; Yolk granule ; Yolk protein ; Silkworm ; Embryogenesis ; Immunocytochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Vitellin was purified from eggs of the silkworm,Bombyx mori, by a new method in which vitellin was extracted from isolated yolk granules. The purified vitellin had a molecular weight of 540,000. An antibody against purified vitellin was prepared in rabbits. It reacted with the hemolymph vitellogenin as well as with purified vitellin, but not with other proteins in the hemolymph or in the extract from yolk granules. The anti-vitellin IgG was used to immunocytochemically locate vitellin in theBombyx non-diapause egg during early developmental stages. In the egg, just after oviposition, vitellin was located in internal yolk granules and in small yolk granules of the periplasm. During the early developmental stages studied, vitellin was not metabolized uniformly throughout the egg. The vitellin of the internal yolk granules located at the posterior-dorsal part and of the small peripheral yolk granules was utilized in 16 h and 2 days, respectively, after oviposition. A thin, very vitellin-poor layer was located between the periplasm and the vitellin-rich interior in the newly laid egg. it was always in close contact with the periphery where blastoderm and germ-band cells developed.
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  • 88
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    Development genes and evolution 192 (1983), S. 164-170 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Imaginal disc ; Morphogenesis ; Tissue culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The early morphogenesis of the eye-antennal disc ofDrosophila in response to 20-hydroxy ecdysone involves the curling of the eye anlagen dorsally over the antenna. During this process, the area of the peripodial membrane is substantially reduced. The peripodial membrane is taut at this stage, and if it is cut the curling of the disc cannot continue, and the eye anlagen returns to its original position within one minute of the operation. In contrast, cutting the columnar epithelium between the eye and antennal anlagen does not disrupt curling, but actually facilitates it. During curling, the cells of the peripodial membrane appear healthy, and exhibit basal extensions. We suggest that the curling of the eye is mediated by the conversion of cuboidal peripodial membrane cells into pseudostratified columnar epithelium at the edges of the peripodial membrane. Subsequently, cells of the peripodial membrane secrete first a pupal cuticle, and then an imaginal cuticle.
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  • 89
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    Development genes and evolution 192 (1983), S. 171-178 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Differentiation ; Digestive tract ; Endoderm ; Organ culture ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The self-differentiation potency of the endoderm of the chick embryo was investigated mainly by transmission electron microscopy. Endodermal fragments isolated from 4- to 6-day stomach or small intestine were cultured in the absence of mesenchyme and were able to differentiate in vitro into organ-specific epithelia. Endodermal fragments isolated from the stomach region differentiated into a pseudo-stratified epithelium with periodic acid Schiff-positive mucous granules in the apical cytoplasm, while those from the small intestinal region differentiated into a simple columnar epithelium with a striated border which was positive in alkaline phosphatase activity. These features are comparable with those of the mucous secretory epithelium of the normal embryonic stomach and the absorptive epithelium of normal embryonic small intestine, respectively. Next, the self-differentiation potencies were investigated of the upper and lower layers of the blastoderms, at stages 1–5 of Hamburger and Hamilton (H. and H.). Both stomach-type and small-intestine-type epithelia developed only when fragments of the lower layer isolated from the blastoderms older than stage 3 of H. and H. were cultured, suggesting that cells possessing the potency to differentiate into the stomach- and small-intestine-type epithelia exist in the definitive endoderm at the beginning of its formation.
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  • 90
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    Development genes and evolution 192 (1983), S. 189-195 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster ; Embryo Metabolism ; Protein biosynthesis ; Ovary ; Growth and development egg yolk
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The accumulation of endogenously synthesized non-yolk proteins, and of exogenously derived yolk, was quantitated during oogenesis and embryogenesis ofDrosophila. Rates of non-yolk protein accumulation were calculated, and were correlated with polysome content at each developmental stage. Three distinct phases of non-yolk protein accumulation were observed: 1) relatively slow accumulation, lasting to stage 9 of oogenesis; 2) very rapid accumulation between stages 10 and 12 of oogenesis, when half of the protein of the mature egg is accumulated in less than 4 h; and 3) no further protein accumulation from stage 12 of oogenesis through at least the gastrula stage of embryogenesis. During phases 1 and 2, rates of non-yolk protein accumulation correlate well with the polysome content of egg chambers. Surprisingly, during the entire phase 3 the content of polysomes remains at high levels, even though no detectable protein accumulation occurs. This finding is in agreement with the low levels of protein synthesis that have been measured during early embryogenesis, and strongly suggests that late in oogenesis the efficiency of translation suddenly drops by about 20-fold. Moreover, our results imply that polysome content cannot always be directly correlated with protein synthetic activity.
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  • 91
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Balbiani ring ; Cell-free translation ; Chironomus messenger RNA ; Secretory proteins
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Cell-free translation of salivary gland RNA or of purified Balbiani ring RNA (75S) in a reticulocyte lysate system gives rise to high molecular weight translational products (HMTP). In addition to a common size (approx. 1×106 daltons) HMTP share imunogenic determinants with the giant secretory proteins of salivary glands. This suggests that HMTP correspond to in vivo secreted proteins and thus, corroborates the notion that 75S-RNA is the messenger for these proteins. The time course of HMTP synthesis and the lack of appearance of lower molecular weight components as translational products of 75S-RNA indicate that the synthesis of HMTP (and of secretory proteins) occurs in one piece by an uninterrupted process. HMTP are regarded the largest polypeptides so far synthesized in a cell-free system.
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  • 92
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Collagen ; Fibronectin ; Laminin ; Skin ; Scale morphogenesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Collagen types I and III were purified from the skin of 3-or 7-week-old chickens, collagen type IV from bovine skin or EHS mouse tumour, fibronectin from human serum, and laminin from EHS mouse tumour. Antibodies were produced in rabbits or sheep, and used in indirect immunofluorescence on frozen sections of 9-to 16-day-old normal or mutant (scaleless) chick-embryo foot skin. In normal scale-forming skin and inscaleless skin, the distribution of anti-laminin and anti-type IV collagen label was uniform along the dermal-epidermal junction and showed no stage-related variations, except for fluorescent granules located in the dermis of early scale rudiments. By contrast, in normal scale-forming skin, the density of anti-types I and III label decreased in the dermis within scale rudiments, whereas it gradually increased in interscale skin. Conversely, anti-fibronectin label accumulated at a higher density within scale rudiments than in interscale skin. In the dermis of thescaleless mutant, anti-types I and III label and antifibronectin label were distributed evenly: the density of anti-collagen label increased with age, while that of antifibronectin decreased and almost completely vanished in 16-day-old skin, except around blood vessels. The microheterogeneous distribution of some extracellular matrix components, namely interstitial collagen types I and III and fibronectin, is interpreted as part of the morphogenetic message that the dermis is known to transmit to the epidermis during the formation of scales. The even distribution of these components in mutantscaleless skin is in agreement with this view. Basement membrane constituents laminin and type-IV collagen do not appear to be part of the dermal morphogenetic message.
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  • 93
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    Development genes and evolution 192 (1983), S. 280-284 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Evagination ; Morphogenesis ; Metamorphosis ; Intersexual genital disc ; Drosophila
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Morphogenetic movements of the intersexual genital disc of thedoublesex-dominant mutant ofDrosophila melanogaster were followed during metamorphosis. Intersexual genital discs contain well developed genital primordia of both sexes as well as an anal primordium, and all of these primordia evaginate simultaneously. The female genital primordium is deflected to the ventral side by the male genital primordium which is located anterior to it. Subsequently the anterior parts of the two genital primordia project their internal appendages in parallel in the anterior direction. The morphogenetic movements closely resemble those of the corresponding parts of normal males and females. The disc opens at the stalk along the posterior edge and the two genital primordia completely evert their posterior parts. These areas undergo complex rearrangements whereby the anlage for the male genital arch as well as that for the 8th tergite evert and move around the lateral side of the disc. They both fuse dorsally after enclosing the anal tube. The formation of the characteristic abnormalities of the intersexual genitalia seems not to result simply from spatial problems of the simultaneous evagination of the genital anlagen but rather to be a direct result of the ambiguous genetic signalling in the intersexual cells of these primordia.
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  • 94
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Cell degeneration ; Imaginal disc ; Basal lamina ; Blood cells
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The mutationsvestigial (vg; recessive) andUltravestigial (vg U; dominant) ofDrosophila melanogaster give rise to identical mutant adult phenotypes in which much of the cases this results from cell death in the presumptive wing margin of the wing disc in the third larval instar, but the process of cell degeneration is quite different in the two mutants. Invg cell death occurs continuously throughout the third larval instar, while invg U it occurs only in the early third instar. Cells fragment and some of the fragments condense, becoming electron dense (“apoptosis”). Both condensed and ultrastructurally normal cell fragments are extruded to the basal side of thevg disc epithelium. They accumulate under the basal lamina in the wing pouch area until they are phagocytosed by blood cells entering the wing pouch during the six hours following pupariation. Fragments are not extruded from thevg U epithelium but are apparently phagocytosed by neighboring epithelial cells. The basal lamina undergoes mophological changes following pupariation and is phagocytosed by blood cells in both wild-type andvestigial, but investigial the degenerated cell fragments are also engulfed by the same blood cells.
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  • 95
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    Development genes and evolution 192 (1983), S. 295-298 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Leafhopper egg ; Combination of germ anlage parts ; Test for regeneration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Immerging U-shaped germ bands of the leafhopperEuscelis plebejus were cut twice by constriction in order to combine the anterior and posterior ends of the embryo. Although these terminal parts fused in a number of cases, no intercalary regeneration was observed. In addition, the experiments revealed that constriction during anatrepsis (germ anlage extension) causes gaps of varying size in the abdominal part of the segment pattern. The data suggest that “differential adhesion” between yolk cells and the surface of the germ anlage might play a part in the immersion of the germ anlage into the yolk.
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  • 96
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    Development genes and evolution 192 (1983), S. 299-302 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Differentiation ; Teratogens ; Drosophila ; 5-Azacytidine ; Methylation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The effects of cytidine and cytidine analogs were studied inDrosophila embryonic cell cultures and two wild-type established cell lines, Oregon-R and Schneider line 2. Primary embryonic cultures have been shown to be an excellent system for the study of embryonic development; a number of cell types undergo normal differentiation in vitro. Treatment of these cultures with putative teratogens resulted in an inhibition of muscle and/or neuron differentiation in our study. Treatment of these cells with cytidine and seven other analogs had no effect on neuron and muscle differentiation. The compound 5-azacytidine, when added to primary cell cultures, inhibited normal differentiation at subtoxic doses while inducing the production of three proteins that comigrate with the heat-shock proteins, hsp 23, 22a and 22b. 5-Azacytidine did not stimulate differentiation in Oregon-R or SchneiderDrosophila cell lines. The in vitro blockage of differentiation by 5-azacytidine suggests that it may act as a teratogen.
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  • 97
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    Development genes and evolution 191 (1982), S. 1-4 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Embryo ; RNA ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Frog embryo nuclear and cytoplasmic RNA populations, labeled in vivo and in vitro, were hybridized to, filterbound homologous and heterologous DNA. The transcription of homologous (frog) repetitive DNA into nuclear RNA decreases qualitatively during development while the transcription of heterologous (minnow, human) repetitive DNA into nuclear RNA remains relatively constant qualitatively. The diversity of homologous repetitive mRNA increases during development, but there is only a slight change in the diversity of heterologous repetitive mRNA transcripts. There is a marked restriction of transport of the heterologous RNA sequences to the cytoplasm at a later stage of development.
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  • 98
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    Development genes and evolution 191 (1982), S. 69-83 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Body asymmetry ; Maternal inheritance ; Cleavage pattern ; Timing of gene action ; Gastropod
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The genetics of body asymmetry inLymnaea peregra follows a maternal mode of inheritance involving a single locus with dextrality being dominant to sinistrality. Maternal inheritance implies that all members of a brood have the same phenotype, however, some broods contain a few individuals of opposite coil. One purpose of this paper is to explain the origin of these anomalous individuals. Genetic analyses of sinistral broods with a few dextral individuals have led to the development of a cross-over model, with the anomalous dextrals originating as a consequence of crossing over either during meiosis or mitosis in the female germ line. The crossover either reconstitutes the dextral gene from previously dissociated parts, or creates a dextral gene by means of a position effect. The probability of a crossover event depends upon the appropriate combination of complementary sinistral chromosomes. Each crossover event has the potential of creating a unique dextral gene. Genetic analyses of dextral broods containing a few sinistral individuals have demonstrated that different dextral genes vary in penetrance. The dextral gene produces a product during oogenesis which influences the pattern of cleavage in the embryo; this cleavage pattern is translated into the appropriate body asymmetry. The other purpose of this paper is to provide an assay for this gene product. Cytoplasm from dextral eggs injected into uncleaved sinistral eggs causes these eggs to cleave in a dextral pattern. Cytoplasm from sinistral eggs has no effect on the cleavage pattern of dextral eggs. While the dextral gene product is made during oogenesis, it does not function in controlling cleavage until just before this process begins.
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  • 99
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Helix aspersa ; Gonadal Extract ; Protein Study ; Dosage ; Electrophoresis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The total soluble protein content in crude extracts of gonads ofHelix aspersa Müller from different stages of its life cycle was quantified and then resolved into different protein fractions using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. It was found that both the protein content and wet weight of the gonads increased during growth but decreased markedly during the copulation and egg-laying phases. Electrophoretic analysis of the extracts from different stages revealed that additional fractions progressively appeared and that in adults, the number and comcentration of the bands changed in response to physiological conditions (activity, copulation, egg-laying or hibernation) so that the maximum number of 27 fractions was observed during the active phase. We have attempted to correlate these biochemical observations with previously published descriptions of histological changes that occur during the development of the gonad.
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  • 100
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    Development genes and evolution 191 (1982), S. 103-111 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Polytene Chromosomes ; Ecdysteroids ; Fat Body
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Changes in polytene chromosome 3 L puffing patterns in the fat body ofDrosophila melanogaster larvae and prepupae are compared to those in the salivary gland. While some general features are common to the two tissues, there are differences which reflect their different developmental roles. In vitro experiments with fat body chromosomes show that they have a distinct response to ecdysteroids which is different from that of salivary gland chromosomes, and which does not,in this culture system, reproduce the changes observed in normal development. In short term culture experiments, the fat body chromosomes appear more sensitive to ecdysteroids than the salivary gland chromosomes and, although 20-OH ecdysone is more active than ecdysone in these assays, the possibility is not excluded that ecdysone has a role in normal development as it appears to alter gene activity at physiological levels in these cells.
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