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  • Articles  (347)
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  • American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)  (347)
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  • 101
    Publication Date: 2007-08-11
    Description: Studies of the fat-derived hormone leptin have provided key insights into the molecular and neural components of feeding behavior and body weight regulation. An important challenge lies in understanding how the rewarding properties of food interact with, and can override, physiological satiety signals and promote overeating. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging to measure brain responses in two human patients with congenital leptin deficiency who were shown images of food before and after 7 days of leptin replacement therapy. Leptin was found to modulate neural activation in key striatal regions, suggesting that the hormone acts on neural circuits governing food intake to diminish the perception of food reward while enhancing the response to satiety signals generated during food consumption.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3838941/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3838941/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Farooqi, I Sadaf -- Bullmore, Edward -- Keogh, Julia -- Gillard, Jonathan -- O'Rahilly, Stephen -- Fletcher, Paul C -- 064351/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 068086/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- G0001354/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- G9824984/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Sep 7;317(5843):1355. Epub 2007 Aug 9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉University Department of Medicine and Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK. isf20@cam.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17690262" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adolescent ; Adult ; Brain Mapping ; Corpus Striatum/drug effects/*physiology ; Eating ; Feeding Behavior/drug effects/*physiology ; Female ; Humans ; Leptin/*deficiency/*physiology/therapeutic use ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Nucleus Accumbens/physiology ; Satiation/physiology ; Visual Perception/drug effects/physiology
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  • 102
    Publication Date: 2007-07-21
    Description: Understanding why some people establish and maintain effective control of HIV-1 and others do not is a priority in the effort to develop new treatments for HIV/AIDS. Using a whole-genome association strategy, we identified polymorphisms that explain nearly 15% of the variation among individuals in viral load during the asymptomatic set-point period of infection. One of these is found within an endogenous retroviral element and is associated with major histocompatibility allele human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-B*5701, whereas a second is located near the HLA-C gene. An additional analysis of the time to HIV disease progression implicated two genes, one of which encodes an RNA polymerase I subunit. These findings emphasize the importance of studying human genetic variation as a guide to combating infectious agents.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1991296/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1991296/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Fellay, Jacques -- Shianna, Kevin V -- Ge, Dongliang -- Colombo, Sara -- Ledergerber, Bruno -- Weale, Mike -- Zhang, Kunlin -- Gumbs, Curtis -- Castagna, Antonella -- Cossarizza, Andrea -- Cozzi-Lepri, Alessandro -- De Luca, Andrea -- Easterbrook, Philippa -- Francioli, Patrick -- Mallal, Simon -- Martinez-Picado, Javier -- Miro, Jose M -- Obel, Niels -- Smith, Jason P -- Wyniger, Josiane -- Descombes, Patrick -- Antonarakis, Stylianos E -- Letvin, Norman L -- McMichael, Andrew J -- Haynes, Barton F -- Telenti, Amalio -- Goldstein, David B -- G0200585/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- MC_U137884177/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- U19 AI067854/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- U19 AI067854-03/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Aug 17;317(5840):944-7. Epub 2007 Jul 19.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center for Population Genomics and Pharmacogenetics, Duke Institute for Genome Sciences and Policy, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17641165" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Cohort Studies ; DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics ; Disease Progression ; Female ; Genes, MHC Class I ; *Genome, Human ; HIV Infections/*genetics/immunology/therapy/*virology ; HIV-1/*physiology ; HLA-B Antigens/*genetics ; HLA-C Antigens/*genetics ; Haplotypes ; Humans ; Immediate-Early Proteins/genetics ; Major Histocompatibility Complex/*genetics ; Male ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; RNA, Untranslated ; Regression Analysis ; Viral Load
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  • 103
    Publication Date: 2007-08-19
    Description: Little is known about the neuronal mechanisms that subserve long-term memory persistence in the brain. The components of the remodeled synaptic machinery, and how they sustain the new synaptic or cellwide configuration over time, are yet to be elucidated. In the rat cortex, long-term associative memories vanished rapidly after local application of an inhibitor of the protein kinase C isoform, protein kinase M zeta (PKMzeta). The effect was observed for at least several weeks after encoding and may be irreversible. In the neocortex, which is assumed to be the repository of multiple types of long-term memory, persistence of memory is thus dependent on ongoing activity of a protein kinase long after that memory is considered to have consolidated into a long-term stable form.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Shema, Reut -- Sacktor, Todd Charlton -- Dudai, Yadin -- MH57068/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- R01 MH53576/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Aug 17;317(5840):951-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17702943" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Conditioning (Psychology) ; Enzyme Inhibitors/administration & dosage/*pharmacology ; Hippocampus/drug effects/enzymology/physiology ; Male ; Memory/*drug effects/*physiology ; Neocortex/drug effects/enzymology/*physiology ; Oligopeptides/administration & dosage/*pharmacology ; Protein Kinase C/*antagonists & inhibitors/*metabolism ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar ; Taste ; Time Factors
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  • 104
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2007-04-21
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉McLaren, Anne -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Apr 20;316(5823):339.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17446356" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cell Line ; Embryo Research ; Embryonic Stem Cells/*cytology/physiology ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Mice ; Nuclear Transfer Techniques ; *Oocyte Donation/ethics ; Ovum/*cytology/physiology ; Spermatozoa/cytology/physiology
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  • 105
    Publication Date: 2007-07-21
    Description: Queen mandibular pheromone (QMP) has profound effects on dopamine signaling in the brain of young worker honey bees. As dopamine in insects has been strongly implicated in aversive learning, we examined QMP's impact on associative olfactory learning in bees. We found that QMP blocks aversive learning in young workers, but leaves appetitive learning intact. We postulate that QMP's effects on aversive learning enhance the likelihood that young workers remain in close contact with their queen by preventing them from forming an aversion to their mother's pheromone bouquet. The results provide an interesting twist to a story of success and survival.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Vergoz, Vanina -- Schreurs, Haley A -- Mercer, Alison R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Jul 20;317(5836):384-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Zoology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17641204" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: 3-Methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylethanol/pharmacology ; Animals ; Bees/*physiology ; Behavior, Animal/drug effects ; Brain/physiology ; Conditioning (Psychology) ; Cues ; Dopamine/physiology ; Female ; *Learning/drug effects ; Male ; Odors ; Pheromones/chemistry/pharmacology/*physiology ; Reinforcement (Psychology) ; Social Behavior ; Sucrose
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  • 106
    Publication Date: 2007-01-20
    Description: Despite evidence pointing to a ubiquitous tendency of human minds to wander, little is known about the neural operations that support this core component of human cognition. Using both thought sampling and brain imaging, the current investigation demonstrated that mind-wandering is associated with activity in a default network of cortical regions that are active when the brain is "at rest." In addition, individuals' reports of the tendency of their minds to wander were correlated with activity in this network.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1821121/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1821121/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mason, Malia F -- Norton, Michael I -- Van Horn, John D -- Wegner, Daniel M -- Grafton, Scott T -- Macrae, C Neil -- MH49127/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- R01 NS033504/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R01 NS050614/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Jan 19;315(5810):393-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA. malia@nmr.mgh.harvard.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17234951" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Attention ; Brain Mapping ; Cerebral Cortex/*physiology ; Cognition ; Fantasy ; Female ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Nerve Net/physiology ; Thinking/*physiology
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  • 107
    Publication Date: 2007-07-07
    Description: Women are generally assumed to be more talkative than men. Data were analyzed from 396 participants who wore a voice recorder that sampled ambient sounds for several days. Participants' daily word use was extrapolated from the number of recorded words. Women and men both spoke about 16,000 words per day.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mehl, Matthias R -- Vazire, Simine -- Ramirez-Esparza, Nairan -- Slatcher, Richard B -- Pennebaker, James W -- MH 52391/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Jul 6;317(5834):82.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Psychology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA. mehl@email.arizona.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17615349" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adolescent ; Adult ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; *Sex Characteristics ; *Verbal Behavior
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  • 108
    Publication Date: 2007-11-24
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Vogel, Gretchen -- Holden, Constance -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Nov 23;318(5854):1224-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18033853" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Aged ; Animals ; *Cell Line ; *Cellular Reprogramming ; *Cloning, Organism ; Embryonic Stem Cells/*cytology ; Female ; Gene Transfer Techniques ; Humans ; Macaca mulatta ; Male ; Mice ; Pluripotent Stem Cells/*cytology ; Skin/*cytology/embryology
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  • 109
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2007-11-06
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Krasnow, Max M -- Truxaw, Danielle -- New, Joshua -- Gaulin, Steven J C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Nov 2;318(5851):745.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17982757" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Activities of Daily Living ; Cultural Characteristics ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Memory ; *Sex Characteristics
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  • 110
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2007-02-10
    Description: Achieving a fundamental understanding of the phenomena that will underpin both global stewardship and future technologies in energy calls for a thoughtful balance between large-scale immediate solutions using existing technology and the fundamental research needed to provide better solutions in the 50-year period.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Whitesides, George M -- Crabtree, George W -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Feb 9;315(5813):796-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA. gwhitesides@gmwgroup.harvard.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17289985" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Biomass ; Biotechnology ; Carbon Dioxide/chemistry ; Catalysis ; Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; Electricity ; Electrodes ; *Energy-Generating Resources ; Environment ; Photosynthesis ; *Research ; Solar Energy
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  • 111
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2007-11-10
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Whitfield, John -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Nov 9;318(5852):910-1.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17991841" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Ants/classification/*genetics/physiology ; Behavior, Animal ; Crosses, Genetic ; Female ; *Genes, Insect ; Genes, X-Linked ; Genetic Markers ; Hybridization, Genetic ; Isoptera/*genetics/physiology ; Male ; Reproduction ; Social Behavior
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  • 112
    Publication Date: 2007-09-18
    Description: Sjoblom et al. (Research Articles, 13 October 2006, p. 268) used data from cancer genome resequencing to identify genes with elevated mutation rates. Their analysis used point probabilities when it should have used P values for the hypotheses they intended to test. Reimplementing their analysis method with exact P values results in far fewer genes with mutation rates that achieve statistical significance.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Forrest, William F -- Cavet, Guy -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Sep 14;317(5844):1500; author reply 1500.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biostatistics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17872427" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Breast Neoplasms/*genetics ; Colorectal Neoplasms/*genetics ; Computational Biology ; *Consensus Sequence ; Female ; *Genes, Neoplasm ; Genome, Human ; Humans ; Male ; *Mutation ; Probability
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  • 113
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2007-11-10
    Description: Mating with another species (hybridization) is often maladaptive. Consequently, females typically avoid heterospecifics as mates. Contrary to these expectations, female spadefoot toads were more likely to choose heterospecific males when exposed to environmental conditions that favor hybridization. Indeed, those females with phenotypic characteristics for which hybridization is most favorable were most likely to switch from choosing conspecifics to heterospecifics. Moreover, environmentally dependent mate choice has evolved only in populations and species that risk engaging in, and can potentially benefit from, hybridization. Thus, when the benefits of mate choice vary, females may radically alter their mate selection in response to their own phenotype and their environment, even to the point of choosing males of other species.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pfennig, Karin S -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Nov 9;318(5852):965-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, Campus Box 3280, Coker Hall, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA. kpfennig@email.unc.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17991861" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Anura/*genetics/growth & development/*physiology ; Biological Evolution ; Ecosystem ; Female ; Fresh Water ; *Hybridization, Genetic ; Larva/growth & development ; Male ; Metamorphosis, Biological ; *Sexual Behavior, Animal ; Species Specificity
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  • 114
    Publication Date: 2007-12-08
    Description: Abuse of the dissociative anesthetic ketamine can lead to a syndrome indistinguishable from schizophrenia. In animals, repetitive exposure to this N-methyl-d-aspartate-receptor antagonist induces the dysfunction of a subset of cortical fast-spiking inhibitory interneurons, with loss of expression of parvalbumin and the gamma-aminobutyric acid-producing enzyme GAD67. We show here that exposure of mice to ketamine induced a persistent increase in brain superoxide due to activation in neurons of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase. Decreasing superoxide production prevented the effects of ketamine on inhibitory interneurons in the prefrontal cortex. These results suggest that NADPH oxidase may represent a novel target for the treatment of ketamine-induced psychosis.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Behrens, M Margarita -- Ali, Sameh S -- Dao, Diep N -- Lucero, Jacinta -- Shekhtman, Grigoriy -- Quick, Kevin L -- Dugan, Laura L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Dec 7;318(5856):1645-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatric Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0746, USA. mbehrens@ucsd.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18063801" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acetophenones/pharmacology ; Animals ; Brain/*drug effects/enzymology/metabolism ; Cells, Cultured ; Enzyme Activation ; Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology ; Glutamate Decarboxylase/metabolism ; Interneurons/*drug effects/enzymology/*metabolism ; Ketamine/*pharmacology ; Male ; Membrane Glycoproteins/*metabolism ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; NADPH Oxidase/*metabolism ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Parvalbumins/metabolism ; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate/antagonists & inhibitors/metabolism ; Superoxides/*metabolism ; Synaptic Transmission/drug effects ; Synaptosomes/metabolism
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  • 115
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2007-06-26
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mervis, Jeffrey -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Jun 22;316(5832):1683.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17588907" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Awards and Prizes ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; *Science ; *Women
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  • 116
    Publication Date: 2007-10-27
    Description: Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the subthalamic nucleus markedly improves the motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease, but causes cognitive side effects such as impulsivity. We showed that DBS selectively interferes with the normal ability to slow down when faced with decision conflict. While on DBS, patients actually sped up their decisions under high-conflict conditions. This form of impulsivity was not affected by dopaminergic medication status. Instead, medication impaired patients' ability to learn from negative decision outcomes. These findings implicate independent mechanisms leading to impulsivity in treated Parkinson's patients and were predicted by a single neurocomputational model of the basal ganglia.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Frank, Michael J -- Samanta, Johan -- Moustafa, Ahmed A -- Sherman, Scott J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Nov 23;318(5854):1309-12. Epub 2007 Oct 25.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Psychology and Program in Neuroscience, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA. mfrank@u.arizona.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17962524" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Aged ; Antiparkinson Agents/administration & dosage/*adverse effects/therapeutic use ; Basal Ganglia/physiology ; Conflict (Psychology) ; *Decision Making ; Deep Brain Stimulation/*adverse effects ; Dopamine Agents/administration & dosage/adverse effects/therapeutic use ; Female ; Humans ; Impulsive Behavior/*etiology ; Learning ; Levodopa/administration & dosage/adverse effects/therapeutic use ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Models, Neurological ; Neural Networks (Computer) ; Parkinson Disease/physiopathology/*psychology/*therapy ; Reaction Time ; Reinforcement (Psychology) ; Subthalamic Nucleus/*physiology
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  • 117
    Publication Date: 2007-04-14
    Description: Unconscious motivation in humans is often inferred but rarely demonstrated empirically. We imaged motivational processes, implemented in a paradigm that varied the amount and reportability of monetary rewards for which subjects exerted physical effort. We show that, even when subjects cannot report how much money is at stake, they nevertheless deploy more force for higher amounts. Such a motivational effect is underpinned by engagement of a specific basal forebrain region. Our findings thus reveal this region as a key node in brain circuitry that enables expected rewards to energize behavior, without the need for the subjects;awareness.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2631941/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2631941/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pessiglione, Mathias -- Schmidt, Liane -- Draganski, Bogdan -- Kalisch, Raffael -- Lau, Hakwan -- Dolan, Ray J -- Frith, Chris D -- 078865/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 May 11;316(5826):904-6. Epub 2007 Apr 12.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Wellcome Trust Centre for NeuroImaging, Institute of Neurology, University College London, 12 Queen Square London WC1N 3BG, UK. pessigli@ccr.jussieu.fr〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17431137" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Autonomic Nervous System/physiology ; Basal Ganglia/*physiology ; Brain Mapping ; Female ; Galvanic Skin Response ; Hand Strength ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; *Motivation ; Prosencephalon/*physiology ; *Reward ; *Subliminal Stimulation ; *Unconscious (Psychology)
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  • 118
    Publication Date: 2007-03-10
    Description: Sleep facilitates memory consolidation. A widely held model assumes that this is because newly encoded memories undergo covert reactivation during sleep. We cued new memories in humans during sleep by presenting an odor that had been presented as context during prior learning, and so showed that reactivation indeed causes memory consolidation during sleep. Re-exposure to the odor during slow-wave sleep (SWS) improved the retention of hippocampus-dependent declarative memories but not of hippocampus-independent procedural memories. Odor re-exposure was ineffective during rapid eye movement sleep or wakefulness or when the odor had been omitted during prior learning. Concurring with these findings, functional magnetic resonance imaging revealed significant hippocampal activation in response to odor re-exposure during SWS.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Rasch, Bjorn -- Buchel, Christian -- Gais, Steffen -- Born, Jan -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Mar 9;315(5817):1426-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Neuroendocrinology, University of Lubeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160/23a, 23538 Lubeck, Germany. rasch@kfg.uni-luebeck.de〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17347444" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Brain/physiology ; Brain Mapping ; *Cues ; Electroencephalography ; Female ; Hippocampus/*physiology ; Humans ; *Learning ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Memory/*physiology ; *Odors ; Sleep/*physiology ; Sleep, REM/physiology ; Wakefulness
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  • 119
    Publication Date: 2007-11-10
    Description: Variants in the FTO (fat mass and obesity associated) gene are associated with increased body mass index in humans. Here, we show by bioinformatics analysis that FTO shares sequence motifs with Fe(II)- and 2-oxoglutarate-dependent oxygenases. We find that recombinant murine Fto catalyzes the Fe(II)- and 2OG-dependent demethylation of 3-methylthymine in single-stranded DNA, with concomitant production of succinate, formaldehyde, and carbon dioxide. Consistent with a potential role in nucleic acid demethylation, Fto localizes to the nucleus in transfected cells. Studies of wild-type mice indicate that Fto messenger RNA (mRNA) is most abundant in the brain, particularly in hypothalamic nuclei governing energy balance, and that Fto mRNA levels in the arcuate nucleus are regulated by feeding and fasting. Studies can now be directed toward determining the physiologically relevant FTO substrate and how nucleic acid methylation status is linked to increased fat mass.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2668859/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2668859/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gerken, Thomas -- Girard, Christophe A -- Tung, Yi-Chun Loraine -- Webby, Celia J -- Saudek, Vladimir -- Hewitson, Kirsty S -- Yeo, Giles S H -- McDonough, Michael A -- Cunliffe, Sharon -- McNeill, Luke A -- Galvanovskis, Juris -- Rorsman, Patrik -- Robins, Peter -- Prieur, Xavier -- Coll, Anthony P -- Ma, Marcella -- Jovanovic, Zorica -- Farooqi, I Sadaf -- Sedgwick, Barbara -- Barroso, Ines -- Lindahl, Tomas -- Ponting, Chris P -- Ashcroft, Frances M -- O'Rahilly, Stephen -- Schofield, Christopher J -- 068086/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 077016/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- G108/617/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- G9824984/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- MC_U137761446/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- U54 GM064346/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Nov 30;318(5855):1469-72. Epub 2007 Nov 8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Chemistry Research Laboratory and Oxford Centre for Integrative Systems Biology, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, Oxon OX1 3TA, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17991826" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Brain/enzymology/metabolism ; Cell Nucleus/enzymology ; Computational Biology ; DNA/*metabolism ; DNA Methylation ; DNA, Single-Stranded/metabolism ; Eating ; Energy Metabolism ; Fasting ; Ferrous Compounds/metabolism ; Hypothalamus/enzymology/metabolism ; Ketoglutaric Acids/*metabolism ; Male ; Mice ; Mixed Function Oxygenases ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Oxo-Acid-Lyases/chemistry/*genetics/*metabolism ; RNA, Messenger/genetics/metabolism ; Recombinant Proteins/metabolism ; Succinic Acid/metabolism ; Thymine/analogs & derivatives/metabolism
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  • 120
    Publication Date: 2007-04-21
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gibbons, Ann -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Apr 20;316(5823):364-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17446368" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Female ; *Genetic Speciation ; Genetic Variation ; Gorilla gorilla/classification/*genetics/physiology ; Male ; Pan troglodytes/classification/genetics ; Sequence Analysis, DNA
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  • 121
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2007-07-07
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lawrence, Toby -- Hageman, Thorsten -- Balkwill, Frances -- G0501974/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- G0601867/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Jul 6;317(5834):51-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Centre for Translational Oncology, Institute of Cancer, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17615328" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Colonic Neoplasms/physiopathology ; Disease Progression ; Female ; Humans ; Immunity, Innate ; Interleukin-6/*metabolism ; Kupffer Cells/metabolism ; Liver Neoplasms, Experimental/immunology/physiopathology ; Male ; Mice ; Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88/*physiology ; NF-kappa B/metabolism ; Neoplasms/drug therapy/*physiopathology/prevention & control ; Sex Characteristics ; Signal Transduction
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  • 122
    Publication Date: 2007-04-28
    Description: The molecular mechanisms involved in the development of type 2 diabetes are poorly understood. Starting from genome-wide genotype data for 1924 diabetic cases and 2938 population controls generated by the Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium, we set out to detect replicated diabetes association signals through analysis of 3757 additional cases and 5346 controls and by integration of our findings with equivalent data from other international consortia. We detected diabetes susceptibility loci in and around the genes CDKAL1, CDKN2A/CDKN2B, and IGF2BP2 and confirmed the recently described associations at HHEX/IDE and SLC30A8. Our findings provide insight into the genetic architecture of type 2 diabetes, emphasizing the contribution of multiple variants of modest effect. The regions identified underscore the importance of pathways influencing pancreatic beta cell development and function in the etiology of type 2 diabetes.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3772310/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3772310/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zeggini, Eleftheria -- Weedon, Michael N -- Lindgren, Cecilia M -- Frayling, Timothy M -- Elliott, Katherine S -- Lango, Hana -- Timpson, Nicholas J -- Perry, John R B -- Rayner, Nigel W -- Freathy, Rachel M -- Barrett, Jeffrey C -- Shields, Beverley -- Morris, Andrew P -- Ellard, Sian -- Groves, Christopher J -- Harries, Lorna W -- Marchini, Jonathan L -- Owen, Katharine R -- Knight, Beatrice -- Cardon, Lon R -- Walker, Mark -- Hitman, Graham A -- Morris, Andrew D -- Doney, Alex S F -- Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium (WTCCC) -- McCarthy, Mark I -- Hattersley, Andrew T -- 083948/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 090532/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- G0000934/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- G0500070/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Jun 1;316(5829):1336-41. Epub 2007 Apr 26.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, OX3 7LJ, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17463249" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Aged ; Case-Control Studies ; Chromosome Mapping ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/*genetics ; Female ; Genes, p16 ; *Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; *Genome, Human ; Great Britain ; Homeodomain Proteins/genetics ; Humans ; Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Proteins/genetics ; Introns ; Male ; Meta-Analysis as Topic ; Middle Aged ; Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis ; *Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Transcription Factors/genetics
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  • 123
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2007-05-19
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Leblanc, Gerald A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 May 18;316(5827):980-1; author reply 980-1.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17510345" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Deer/anatomy & histology/*physiology ; Fathers ; Female ; *Fertility ; Male ; Paternal Exposure ; *Sex Ratio ; Testosterone/*metabolism
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  • 124
    Publication Date: 2007-11-17
    Description: The circadian clock temporally coordinates metabolic homeostasis in mammals. Central to this is heme, an iron-containing porphyrin that serves as prosthetic group for enzymes involved in oxidative metabolism as well as transcription factors that regulate circadian rhythmicity. The circadian factor that integrates this dual function of heme is not known. We show that heme binds reversibly to the orphan nuclear receptor Rev-erbalpha, a critical negative component of the circadian core clock, and regulates its interaction with a nuclear receptor corepressor complex. Furthermore, heme suppresses hepatic gluconeogenic gene expression and glucose output through Rev-erbalpha-mediated gene repression. Thus, Rev-erbalpha serves as a heme sensor that coordinates the cellular clock, glucose homeostasis, and energy metabolism.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Yin, Lei -- Wu, Nan -- Curtin, Joshua C -- Qatanani, Mohammed -- Szwergold, Nava R -- Reid, Robert A -- Waitt, Gregory M -- Parks, Derek J -- Pearce, Kenneth H -- Wisely, G Bruce -- Lazar, Mitchell A -- R01 DK45586/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Dec 14;318(5857):1786-9. Epub 2007 Nov 15.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18006707" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biological Clocks ; Cell Line ; Cell Line, Tumor ; *Circadian Rhythm/genetics ; DNA-Binding Proteins/*metabolism ; Energy Metabolism ; *Gene Expression Regulation ; Gluconeogenesis/genetics ; Glucose/*metabolism ; Glucose-6-Phosphatase/genetics/metabolism ; Heme/*metabolism ; Hemin/pharmacology ; Histone Deacetylases/metabolism ; Homeostasis ; Humans ; Male ; *Metabolic Networks and Pathways ; Mice ; Nuclear Proteins/metabolism ; Nuclear Receptor Co-Repressor 1 ; Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group D, Member 1 ; Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/*metabolism ; Repressor Proteins/metabolism
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  • 125
    Publication Date: 2007-09-08
    Description: Mammalian spermatogenesis produces numerous sperm for a long period based on a highly potent stem cell system, which relies on a special microenvironment, or niche, that has not yet been identified. In this study, using time-lapse imaging of green fluorescent protein-labeled undifferentiated spermatogonia (A(undiff)) and three-dimensional reconstitution, we revealed a biased localization of A(undiff) to the vascular network and accompanying Leydig and other interstitial cells, in intact testes. Differentiating spermatogonia left these niche regions and dispersed throughout the basal compartment of the seminiferous epithelium. Moreover, rearrangement of A(undiff) accompanied the vasculature alteration. We propose that the mammalian germline niche is established as a consequence of vasculature pattern formation. This is different from what is observed in Drosophila or Caenorhabditis elegans, which display developmentally specified niche structures within polarized gonads.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Yoshida, Shosei -- Sukeno, Mamiko -- Nabeshima, Yo-Ichi -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Sep 21;317(5845):1722-6. Epub 2007 Sep 6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Pathology and Tumor Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan. shosei@lmls.med.kyoto-u.ac.jp〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17823316" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factors/genetics ; Blood Vessels/cytology ; Green Fluorescent Proteins ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mice, Transgenic ; Nerve Tissue Proteins/genetics ; Seminiferous Tubules/blood supply/cytology ; Spermatogenesis ; Spermatogonia/*cytology ; Testis/blood supply/*cytology
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  • 126
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2007-06-09
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kaiser, Jocelyn -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Jun 8;316(5830):1418-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17556562" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use ; Benzamides/therapeutic use ; Bioterrorism ; Child, Preschool ; Fathers ; Humans ; Immunization Programs ; Indoles/therapeutic use ; Isoindoles ; Kaposi Varicelliform Eruption/*diagnosis/drug therapy ; Male ; *Military Personnel ; Public Health Practice ; Smallpox Vaccine/*adverse effects ; United States ; Vaccinia/*diagnosis/drug therapy/transmission
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2007-09-01
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Couzin, Jennifer -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Aug 31;317(5842):1160-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17761859" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adolescent ; Adolescent Medicine ; Adult ; Age Factors ; Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use ; Child ; Clinical Trials as Topic ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Neoplasms/*mortality/pathology/therapy ; Pediatrics ; Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/drug therapy/mortality/pathology ; Sex Characteristics ; Survival Rate
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2007-08-25
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Couzin, Jennifer -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Aug 24;317(5841):1020-1.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17717161" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Female ; *Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; *Genetic Variation ; Humans ; Male ; Polymorphism, Genetic ; Publishing/*standards ; *Sex Characteristics
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2007-10-06
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gibbons, Ann -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Oct 5;318(5847):32.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17916699" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Chicago ; *Fossils ; *Hominidae ; Kenya ; Male ; *Museums ; *Skeleton ; Travel
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2007-08-11
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gibbons, Ann -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Aug 10;317(5839):733.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17690266" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Female ; *Fossils ; *Hominidae/anatomy & histology/classification ; Humans ; Jaw/anatomy & histology ; Kenya ; Male ; Skull/anatomy & histology
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2007-05-15
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Miller, Greg -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 May 11;316(5826):826-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17495152" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced/etiology ; Abortifacient Agents, Nonsteroidal/adverse effects ; Animals ; Autistic Disorder/etiology ; Brain Stem/abnormalities/embryology ; Databases, Factual ; Databases, Nucleic Acid ; *Facial Expression ; Female ; Genes, Homeobox ; Humans ; Male ; Mice ; Misoprostol/adverse effects ; *Mobius Syndrome/complications/etiology/genetics/surgery ; Placental Circulation ; Pregnancy
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2007-03-21
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Moore, Jim -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Mar 16;315(5818):1493-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17370357" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Animal Experimentation/ethics ; Animals ; *Animals, Laboratory ; *Breeding ; Female ; Male ; *Pan troglodytes
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2007-10-06
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ritchie, Michael G -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Oct 5;318(5847):54-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉University of St. Andrews, Fife KY16 9AJ, UK. mgr@st-andrews.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17916717" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Fathers ; Feathers ; Female ; *Genetic Linkage ; *Genetic Speciation ; Hybridization, Genetic ; Male ; *Mating Preference, Animal ; Sex Chromosomes/*genetics ; Songbirds/anatomy & histology/genetics/*physiology
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2007-10-06
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Crawley, Jacqueline N -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Oct 5;318(5847):56-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-3730, USA. crawleyj@intra.nimh.nih.gov〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17916718" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Substitution ; Animals ; Autistic Disorder/*genetics ; Brain/anatomy & histology/*physiology ; Cell Adhesion Molecules, Neuronal ; *Disease Models, Animal ; Humans ; Male ; Maze Learning ; Membrane Proteins/*genetics/metabolism ; Memory ; Mice ; *Mutation ; Nerve Tissue Proteins/*genetics/metabolism ; Neural Inhibition ; Social Behavior ; Synapses/*physiology ; *Synaptic Transmission
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 135
    Publication Date: 2007-02-17
    Description: Elk (Cervus elaphus) in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem alter patterns of aggregation, habitat selection, vigilance, and foraging in the presence of wolves (Canis lupus). Antipredator behaviors like these can reduce predation risk but are also likely to carry costs. Data from five elk populations studied for 16 site years showed that progesterone concentrations (from 1489 fecal samples) declined with the ratio of elk to wolves. In turn, progesterone concentrations were a good predictor of calf recruitment in the subsequent year. Together, these data suggest that wolves indirectly affect the reproductive physiology and the demography of elk through the costs of antipredator behavior.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Creel, Scott -- Christianson, David -- Liley, Stewart -- Winnie, John A Jr -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Feb 16;315(5814):960.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Ecology, Montana State University, 310 Lewis Hall, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA. screel@montana.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17303746" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Deer/*physiology ; Ecosystem ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ; Feces ; Female ; Male ; Population Dynamics ; *Predatory Behavior ; Progesterone/metabolism ; Reproduction/*physiology ; *Wolves
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 136
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2007-02-03
    Description: Participants compared the mental capacities of various human and nonhuman characters via online surveys. Factor analysis revealed two dimensions of mind perception, Experience (for example, capacity for hunger) and Agency (for example, capacity for self-control). The dimensions predicted different moral judgments but were both related to valuing of mind.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gray, Heather M -- Gray, Kurt -- Wegner, Daniel M -- MH-49127/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- MH-71053/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Feb 2;315(5812):619.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Psychology, Harvard University, 33 Kirkland Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA. hgray@wjh.harvard.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17272713" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Child ; *Emotions ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; *Mental Processes ; Middle Aged ; *Morals ; *Perception ; *Personality ; Principal Component Analysis
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  • 137
    Publication Date: 2007-01-06
    Description: Wilms tumor is a pediatric kidney cancer associated with inactivation of the WT1 tumor-suppressor gene in 5 to 10% of cases. Using a high-resolution screen for DNA copy-number alterations in Wilms tumor, we identified somatic deletions targeting a previously uncharacterized gene on the X chromosome. This gene, which we call WTX, is inactivated in approximately one-third of Wilms tumors (15 of 51 tumors). Tumors with mutations in WTX lack WT1 mutations, and both genes share a restricted temporal and spatial expression pattern in normal renal precursors. In contrast to biallelic inactivation of autosomal tumor-suppressor genes, WTX is inactivated by a monoallelic "single-hit" event targeting the single X chromosome in tumors from males and the active X chromosome in tumors from females.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Rivera, Miguel N -- Kim, Woo Jae -- Wells, Julie -- Driscoll, David R -- Brannigan, Brian W -- Han, Moonjoo -- Kim, James C -- Feinberg, Andrew P -- Gerald, William L -- Vargas, Sara O -- Chin, Lynda -- Iafrate, A John -- Bell, Daphne W -- Haber, Daniel A -- P01-CA101942/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R37 CA054358/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R37 CA054358-17/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R37-CA058596/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- T32-CA009216/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Feb 2;315(5812):642-5. Epub 2007 Jan 4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical Center, Boston, MA 02114, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17204608" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing ; Alleles ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Cell Line ; Chromosome Deletion ; Chromosomes, Human, X/*genetics ; Female ; Gene Expression ; *Gene Silencing ; *Genes, Wilms Tumor ; Heterozygote ; Humans ; In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence ; Kidney/embryology/metabolism ; Kidney Neoplasms/*genetics ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Point Mutation ; Tumor Suppressor Proteins/chemistry/*genetics/physiology ; Wilms Tumor/*genetics ; beta Catenin/genetics
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  • 138
    Publication Date: 2007-08-04
    Description: The chemokines CCL21 and CXCL13 are immune factors that dictate homing and motility of lymphocytes and dendritic cells in lymphoid tissues. However, the means by which these chemokines are regulated and how they influence cell trafficking during immune responses remain unclear. We show that CCL21 and CXCL13 are transiently down-regulated within lymphoid tissues during immune responses by a mechanism controlled by the cytokine interferon-gamma. This modulation was found to alter the localization of lymphocytes and dendritic cells within responding lymphoid tissues. As a consequence, priming of T cell responses to a second distinct pathogen after chemokine modulation became impaired. We propose that this transient chemokine modulation may help orchestrate local cellularity, thus minimizing competition for space and resources in activated lymphoid tissues.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mueller, Scott N -- Hosiawa-Meagher, Karoline A -- Konieczny, Bogumila T -- Sullivan, Brandon M -- Bachmann, Martin F -- Locksley, Richard M -- Ahmed, Rafi -- Matloubian, Mehrdad -- AI30048/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Aug 3;317(5838):670-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Emory Vaccine Center and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA. mueller@microbio.emory.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17673664" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adoptive Transfer ; Animals ; Arenaviridae Infections/immunology ; B-Lymphocytes/immunology ; CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology ; CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology ; Cell Movement ; Chemokine CCL19 ; Chemokine CCL21 ; Chemokine CXCL13 ; Chemokines, CC/genetics/*metabolism ; Chemokines, CXC/genetics/*metabolism ; Cytokines/immunology/metabolism ; Dendritic Cells/immunology ; Down-Regulation ; Female ; Homeostasis ; Interferon-gamma/immunology/metabolism ; Listeriosis/*immunology ; Lymph Nodes/*immunology ; Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred Strains ; Mice, Transgenic ; RNA, Messenger/genetics/metabolism ; Spleen/*immunology ; Virus Diseases/*immunology
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  • 139
    Publication Date: 2007-02-17
    Description: Theoretical models have long pointed to the dentate gyrus as a possible source of neuronal pattern separation. In agreement with predictions from these models, we show that minimal changes in the shape of the environment in which rats are exploring can substantially alter correlated activity patterns among place-modulated granule cells in the dentate gyrus. When the environments are made more different, new cell populations are recruited in CA3 but not in the dentate gyrus. These results imply a dual mechanism for pattern separation in which signals from the entorhinal cortex can be decorrelated both by changes in coincidence patterns in the dentate gyrus and by recruitment of nonoverlapping cell assemblies in CA3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Leutgeb, Jill K -- Leutgeb, Stefan -- Moser, May-Britt -- Moser, Edvard I -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Feb 16;315(5814):961-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Centre for the Biology of Memory, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7489 Trondheim, Norway.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17303747" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Dentate Gyrus/cytology/*physiology ; Hippocampus/cytology/*physiology ; Male ; Neurons/physiology ; Orientation/physiology ; Rats ; Rats, Long-Evans ; Space Perception/*physiology
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  • 140
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2007-01-16
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stone, Richard -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Jan 12;315(5809):176-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17218503" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: 2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic Acid/analysis/*toxicity ; 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid/analysis/*toxicity ; Abnormalities, Drug-Induced/epidemiology/etiology ; Child ; Compensation and Redress/legislation & jurisprudence ; Defoliants, Chemical/analysis/*toxicity ; *Environmental Exposure ; Female ; Humans ; International Cooperation ; Male ; Maternal Exposure ; Meta-Analysis as Topic ; Neoplasms/chemically induced ; Paternal Exposure ; Soil Pollutants/analysis ; Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin/analysis/blood/*toxicity ; United States ; *Veterans ; Vietnam/epidemiology ; *Vietnam Conflict
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  • 141
    Publication Date: 2007-02-10
    Description: Extensive studies are currently being performed to associate disease susceptibility with one form of genetic variation, namely, single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). In recent years, another type of common genetic variation has been characterized, namely, structural variation, including copy number variants (CNVs). To determine the overall contribution of CNVs to complex phenotypes, we have performed association analyses of expression levels of 14,925 transcripts with SNPs and CNVs in individuals who are part of the International HapMap project. SNPs and CNVs captured 83.6% and 17.7% of the total detected genetic variation in gene expression, respectively, but the signals from the two types of variation had little overlap. Interrogation of the genome for both types of variants may be an effective way to elucidate the causes of complex phenotypes and disease in humans.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2665772/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2665772/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stranger, Barbara E -- Forrest, Matthew S -- Dunning, Mark -- Ingle, Catherine E -- Beazley, Claude -- Thorne, Natalie -- Redon, Richard -- Bird, Christine P -- de Grassi, Anna -- Lee, Charles -- Tyler-Smith, Chris -- Carter, Nigel -- Scherer, Stephen W -- Tavare, Simon -- Deloukas, Panagiotis -- Hurles, Matthew E -- Dermitzakis, Emmanouil T -- 065535/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 076113/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 077009/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 077014/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 077046/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Feb 9;315(5813):848-53.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17289997" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Cell Line ; Female ; Gene Deletion ; *Gene Dosage ; Gene Duplication ; *Gene Expression Regulation ; *Genetic Variation ; Genetics, Population ; *Genome, Human ; Genomics/methods ; Haplotypes ; Humans ; Linkage Disequilibrium ; Male ; Mutation ; Nucleic Acid Hybridization ; Phenotype ; *Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Regression Analysis
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  • 142
    Publication Date: 2007-02-03
    Description: Smell is an ancient sensory system present in organisms from bacteria to humans. In the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, gustatory and olfactory neurons regulate aging and longevity. Using the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, we showed that exposure to nutrient-derived odorants can modulate life span and partially reverse the longevity-extending effects of dietary restriction. Furthermore, mutation of odorant receptor Or83b resulted in severe olfactory defects, altered adult metabolism, enhanced stress resistance, and extended life span. Our findings indicate that olfaction affects adult physiology and aging in Drosophila, possibly through the perceived availability of nutritional resources, and that olfactory regulation of life span is evolutionarily conserved.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Libert, Sergiy -- Zwiener, Jessica -- Chu, Xiaowen -- Vanvoorhies, Wayne -- Roman, Gregg -- Pletcher, Scott D -- R01AG023166/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Feb 23;315(5815):1133-7. Epub 2007 Feb 1.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17272684" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Aging ; Animals ; Crosses, Genetic ; Diet ; Drosophila Proteins/*genetics/physiology ; Drosophila melanogaster/genetics/*physiology ; Female ; *Food ; *Longevity ; Male ; Models, Animal ; Mutation ; *Odors ; Phenotype ; Receptors, Odorant/*genetics/physiology ; Reproduction ; *Smell ; Transgenes ; Yeasts
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  • 143
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2007-01-27
    Description: No animals are known to possess both ultraviolet (UV) reflectance and fluorescence that are sex-specific. We provide evidence for this separation in the jumping spider Cosmophasis umbratica, which has UV reflectance and UV-induced green fluorescence restricted to males and females, respectively. During courtship, many of the studied pairs failed to show typical display posturing when UV light was blocked. Occluding the UV component of sunlight to only one of each pair also caused atypical behavior: Females showed no interest in non-UV-reflective courting males, and males either ignored or were lackluster in courting nonfluorescing females. These results demonstrate the importance of both sex-specific hues as sexual signals for effective intraspecific communication.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lim, Matthew L M -- Land, Michael F -- Li, Daiqin -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Jan 26;315(5811):481.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, 117543 Singapore.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17255504" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cues ; Female ; *Fluorescence ; Male ; Photoreceptor Cells, Invertebrate/*physiology ; Sex Characteristics ; *Sexual Behavior, Animal ; Spectrometry, Fluorescence ; Spiders/*physiology ; *Ultraviolet Rays
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  • 144
    Publication Date: 2007-08-19
    Description: Cooperative breeding systems are characterized by nonbreeding helpers that assist breeders in offspring care. However, the benefits to offspring of being fed by parents and helpers in cooperatively breeding birds can be difficult to detect. We offer experimental evidence that helper effects can be obscured by an undocumented maternal tactic. In superb fairy-wrens (Malurus cyaneus), mothers breeding in the presence of helpers lay smaller eggs of lower nutritional content that produce lighter chicks, as compared with those laying eggs in the absence of helpers. Helpers compensate fully for such reductions in investment and allow mothers to benefit through increased survival to the next breeding season. We suggest that failure to consider maternal egg-investment strategies can lead to underestimation of the force of selection acting on helping in avian cooperative breeders.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Russell, A F -- Langmore, N E -- Cockburn, A -- Astheimer, L B -- Kilner, R M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Aug 17;317(5840):941-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK. a.f.russell@sheffield.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17702942" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Behavior, Animal ; Body Weight ; *Breeding ; Clutch Size ; *Cooperative Behavior ; Eggs ; Energy Intake ; Female ; *Helping Behavior ; Male ; Oviposition ; Passeriformes/growth & development/*physiology
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  • 145
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2007-04-21
    Description: When first reported 4 years ago, gametogenesis from embryonic stem (ES) cells promised an accessible in vitro model to facilitate molecular analysis of the germ lineage. Formation of primordial germ cells is robust, but terminal gametogenesis remains inefficient and doubts about gamete function persist. Although useful for research, clinical use of ES cell-derived gametes appears a distant prospect.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Daley, George Q -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Apr 20;316(5823):409-10.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital Boston, Massachusetts, USA. george.daley@childrens.harvard.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17446394" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cell Differentiation ; Cells, Cultured ; Embryonic Stem Cells/*cytology ; Female ; *Gametogenesis ; Germ Cells/*cytology ; Humans ; Male ; Nuclear Transfer Techniques ; Oocytes/*cytology/physiology ; Oogenesis ; Spermatogenesis ; Spermatozoa/*cytology/physiology
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  • 146
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2007-04-21
    Description: The production of functional male gametes is dependent on the continuous activity of germline stem cells. The availability of a transplantation assay system to unequivocally identify male germline stem cells has allowed their in vitro culture, cryopreservation, and genetic modification. Moreover, the system has enabled the identification of conditions and factors involved in stem cell self-renewal, the foundation of spermatogenesis, and the production of spermatozoa. The increased knowledge about these cells is also of great potential practical value, for example, for the possible cryopreservation of stem cells from boys undergoing treatment for cancer to safeguard their germ line.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Brinster, Ralph L -- HDO44445/PHS HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Apr 20;316(5823):404-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Animal Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17446391" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cell Culture Techniques ; Cryopreservation ; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental ; Germ Cells/*cytology/physiology ; Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor/physiology ; Humans ; Male ; Mice ; Sertoli Cells/cytology/physiology ; Signal Transduction ; Spermatogenesis ; Spermatogonia/*cytology/physiology ; Stem Cell Transplantation ; Stem Cells/*cytology/physiology
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  • 147
    Publication Date: 2007-03-03
    Description: Stimulant addiction is often linked to excessive risk taking, sensation seeking, and impulsivity, but in ways that are poorly understood. We report here that a form of impulsivity in rats predicts high rates of intravenous cocaine self-administration and is associated with changes in dopamine (DA) function before drug exposure. Using positron emission tomography, we demonstrated that D2/3 receptor availability is significantly reduced in the nucleus accumbens of impulsive rats that were never exposed to cocaine and that such effects are independent of DA release. These data demonstrate that trait impulsivity predicts cocaine reinforcement and that D2 receptor dysfunction in abstinent cocaine addicts may, in part, be determined by premorbid influences.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1892797/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1892797/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Dalley, Jeffrey W -- Fryer, Tim D -- Brichard, Laurent -- Robinson, Emma S J -- Theobald, David E H -- Laane, Kristjan -- Pena, Yolanda -- Murphy, Emily R -- Shah, Yasmene -- Probst, Katrin -- Abakumova, Irina -- Aigbirhio, Franklin I -- Richards, Hugh K -- Hong, Young -- Baron, Jean-Claude -- Everitt, Barry J -- Robbins, Trevor W -- 076244/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- G0001354/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- G0401068/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- G0600196/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- G0600986/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Mar 2;315(5816):1267-70.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Behavioral and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EB, UK. jwd20@cam.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17332411" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Basal Ganglia/metabolism/radionuclide imaging ; Benzamides/metabolism ; Cocaine/*administration & dosage ; *Cocaine-Related Disorders/metabolism/psychology ; Corpus Striatum/metabolism/radionuclide imaging ; Dopamine/metabolism ; Dopamine Antagonists/metabolism/pharmacology ; *Impulsive Behavior ; Male ; Nucleus Accumbens/*metabolism/radionuclide imaging ; Positron-Emission Tomography ; Pyrrolidines/metabolism ; Rats ; Reaction Time ; Receptors, Dopamine D2/*metabolism ; Receptors, Dopamine D3/*metabolism ; *Reinforcement (Psychology) ; Self Administration ; Synaptic Transmission
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  • 148
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2007-02-03
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lindenfors, Patrik -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Feb 2;315(5812):596-7; author reply 596-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17272701" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Achievement ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Cognition ; Education/*methods ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Social Behavior ; Teaching/*methods
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  • 149
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2007-05-19
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Guo, Jerry -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 May 18;316(5827):974-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17510339" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Animals, Wild ; Breeding ; China ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Female ; Insemination, Artificial/veterinary ; Male ; Population Density ; Population Growth ; *Ursidae
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  • 150
    Publication Date: 2007-02-27
    Description: In Drosophila, repeat-associated small interfering RNAs (rasiRNAs) are produced in the germ line by a Dicer-independent pathway and function through the PIWI subfamily of Argonautes to ensure silencing of retrotransposons. We sequenced small RNAs associated with the PIWI subfamily member AGO3. Although other members of PIWI, Aubergine (Aub) and Piwi, associated with rasiRNAs derived mainly from the antisense strand of retrotransposons, AGO3-associated rasiRNAs arose mainly from the sense strand. Aub- and Piwi-associated rasiRNAs showed a strong preference for uracil at their 5' ends, and AGO3-associated rasiRNAs showed a strong preference for adenine at nucleotide 10. Comparisons between AGO3- and Aub-associated rasiRNAs revealed pairs of rasiRNAs showing complementarities in their first 10 nucleotides. Aub and AGO3 exhibited Slicer activity in vitro. These data support a model in which formation of a 5' terminus within rasiRNA precursors is guided by rasiRNAs originating from transcripts of the other strand in concert with the Slicer activity of PIWI.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gunawardane, Lalith S -- Saito, Kuniaki -- Nishida, Kazumichi M -- Miyoshi, Keita -- Kawamura, Yoshinori -- Nagami, Tomoko -- Siomi, Haruhiko -- Siomi, Mikiko C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Mar 16;315(5818):1587-90. Epub 2007 Feb 22.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute for Genome Research, University of Tokushima, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17322028" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Argonaute Proteins ; Drosophila Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Drosophila melanogaster/embryology/*genetics/metabolism ; Female ; Gene Library ; Male ; Models, Genetic ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Ovary/metabolism ; Peptide Initiation Factors/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; RNA Interference ; RNA, Small Interfering/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; RNA-Induced Silencing Complex ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; Retroelements ; Testis/metabolism
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  • 151
    Publication Date: 2007-12-22
    Description: Motor cortex output is capable of considerable reorganization, which involves modulation of excitability within the cortex. Does such reorganization also involve changes beyond the cortex, at the level of throughput from single motor cortex neurons to muscle activity? We examined such throughput during a paradigm that provided incentive for enhancing functional connectivity from motor cortex neurons to muscles. Short-latency throughput from a recorded neuron to muscle activity not present during some behavioral epochs often appeared during others. Such changes in throughput could not always be attributed to a higher neuron firing rate, to more ongoing muscle activity, or to neuronal synchronization, indicating that reorganization of motor cortex output may involve rapid changes in functional connectivity from single motor cortex neurons to alpha-motoneuron pools.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Davidson, Adam G -- Chan, Vanessa -- O'Dell, Ryan -- Schieber, Marc H -- R01/R37-NS27686/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Dec 21;318(5858):1934-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Departments of Neurology and Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18096808" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Action Potentials ; Animals ; Electrodes, Implanted ; Electromyography ; Forearm ; Hand ; Macaca mulatta ; Male ; Motor Cortex/cytology/*physiology ; Motor Neurons/*physiology ; Muscle, Skeletal/*innervation/*physiology ; Neurons/*physiology ; Synapses/physiology
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  • 152
    Publication Date: 2007-11-24
    Description: Theory of mind (ToM) to infer other people's current mental states and episodic memory of personal happenings have been assumed to be closely related. We report two participants with severely impaired episodic memory who perform indistinguishably from healthy controls on objective ToM tests. These results suggest that ToM can function independently of episodic memory.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Rosenbaum, R Shayna -- Stuss, Donald T -- Levine, Brian -- Tulving, Endel -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Nov 23;318(5854):1257.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Psychology, York University and Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada. shaynar@yorku.ca〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18033875" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Cognition ; Consciousness ; Humans ; Imagination ; Male ; *Memory ; Memory Disorders/psychology ; Middle Aged ; Self Concept
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  • 153
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2007-12-22
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Dec 21;318(5858):1848-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18096775" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Bacteria/genetics ; Forecasting ; Genetics, Microbial ; Genomics ; Humans ; MicroRNAs ; Neural Pathways ; Physical Phenomena ; Physics ; *Science
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  • 154
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    Unknown
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2007-12-22
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Dec 21;318(5858):1844-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18096773" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Climate ; Forecasting ; Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; Hominidae ; Humans ; Physical Phenomena ; Physics ; Primates/genetics ; *Science ; Spacecraft
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  • 155
    Publication Date: 2007-11-10
    Description: The role of behavioral mechanisms in animal invasions is poorly understood. We show that asymmetric mating interactions between closely related but previously allopatric genetic groups of the whitefly Bemisia tabaci, a haplodiploid species, have been a driving force contributing to widespread invasion and displacement by alien populations. We conducted long-term field surveys, caged population experiments, and detailed behavioral observations in Zhejiang, China, and Queensland, Australia, to investigate the invasion process and its underlying behavioral mechanisms. During invasion and displacement, we found increased frequency of copulation leading to increased production of female progeny among the invader, as well as reduced copulation and female production in the indigenous genetic groups. Such asymmetric mating interactions may be critical to determining the capacity of a haplodiploid invader and the consequences for its closely related indigenous organisms.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Liu, Shu-Sheng -- De Barro, P J -- Xu, Jing -- Luan, Jun-Bo -- Zang, Lian-Sheng -- Ruan, Yong-Ming -- Wan, Fang-Hao -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Dec 14;318(5857):1769-72. Epub 2007 Nov 8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China. shshliu@zju.edu.cn〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17991828" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; China ; Copulation ; *Ecosystem ; Female ; Hemiptera/classification/genetics/*physiology ; Male ; Population Dynamics ; Queensland ; Reproduction ; Sex Ratio ; *Sexual Behavior, Animal
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  • 156
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2007-12-22
    Description: The runners-up for 2007's Breakthrough of the Year include advances in cellular and structural biology, astrophysics, physics, immunology, synthetic chemistry, neuroscience, and computer science.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Dec 21;318(5858):1844-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18096772" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Algorithms ; Animals ; Cellular Reprogramming ; Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; Cosmic Radiation ; Humans ; Imagination ; Memory ; Physical Phenomena ; Physics ; Pluripotent Stem Cells ; Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/chemistry ; *Science ; T-Lymphocyte Subsets/cytology/immunology
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  • 157
    Publication Date: 2007-01-16
    Description: Contrary to the findings of Herbert et al. (Reports, 14 April 2006, p. 279), homozygous carriers of the C allele of the rs7566605 variant near the INSIG2 gene did not exhibit a significantly increased risk for obesity in a large population-based cross-sectional German study. A subgroup analysis, however, revealed that this allele significantly increased the risk for obesity in already overweight individuals.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Rosskopf, Dieter -- Bornhorst, Alexa -- Rimmbach, Christian -- Schwahn, Christian -- Kayser, Alexander -- Kruger, Anne -- Tessmann, Grietje -- Geissler, Ingrid -- Kroemer, Heyo K -- Volzke, Henry -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Jan 12;315(5809):187; author reply 187.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute of Pharmacology, Ernst Moritz Arndt University of Greifswald, Germany. dieter.rosskopf@uni-greifswald.de〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17218510" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Aged ; Alleles ; *Body Mass Index ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Female ; Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; *Genetic Variation ; Genotype ; Germany ; Humans ; Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/*genetics/physiology ; Male ; Membrane Proteins/*genetics/physiology ; Middle Aged ; Obesity/*genetics ; *Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
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  • 158
    Publication Date: 2007-10-06
    Description: Interbreeding between species (hybridization) typically produces unfit offspring. Reduced hybridization should therefore be favored by natural selection. However, this is difficult to accomplish because hybridization also sets the stage for genetic recombination to dissociate species-specific traits from the preferences for them. Here we show that this association is maintained by physical linkage (on the same chromosome) in two hybridizing Ficedula flycatchers. By analyzing the mating patterns of female hybrids and cross-fostered offspring, we demonstrate that species recognition is inherited on the Z chromosome, which is also the known location of species-specific male plumage traits and genes causing low hybrid fitness. Limited recombination on the Z chromosome maintains associations of Z-linked genes despite hybridization, suggesting that the sex chromosomes may be a hotspot for adaptive speciation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Saether, Stein A -- Saetre, Glenn-Peter -- Borge, Thomas -- Wiley, Chris -- Svedin, Nina -- Andersson, Gunilla -- Veen, Thor -- Haavie, Jon -- Servedio, Maria R -- Bures, Stanislav -- Kral, Miroslav -- Hjernquist, Marten B -- Gustafsson, Lars -- Traff, Johan -- Qvarnstrom, Anna -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Oct 5;318(5847):95-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Animal Population Biology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Post Office Box 40, 6666 ZG Heteren, Netherlands. s.a.sather@bio.uio.no〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17916732" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Feathers ; Female ; Gene Flow ; *Genetic Linkage ; *Genetic Speciation ; Hybridization, Genetic ; Male ; *Mating Preference, Animal ; Recombination, Genetic ; Reproduction ; Sex Chromosomes/*genetics ; Sexual Behavior, Animal ; Songbirds/anatomy & histology/genetics/*physiology
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  • 159
    Publication Date: 2007-09-08
    Description: Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) are characterized by impairments in social behaviors that are sometimes coupled to specialized cognitive abilities. A small percentage of ASD patients carry mutations in genes encoding neuroligins, which are postsynaptic cell-adhesion molecules. We introduced one of these mutations into mice: the Arg451--〉Cys451 (R451C) substitution in neuroligin-3. R451C mutant mice showed impaired social interactions but enhanced spatial learning abilities. Unexpectedly, these behavioral changes were accompanied by an increase in inhibitory synaptic transmission with no apparent effect on excitatory synapses. Deletion of neuroligin-3, in contrast, did not cause such changes, indicating that the R451C substitution represents a gain-of-function mutation. These data suggest that increased inhibitory synaptic transmission may contribute to human ASDs and that the R451C knockin mice may be a useful model for studying autism-related behaviors.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3235367/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3235367/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Tabuchi, Katsuhiko -- Blundell, Jacqueline -- Etherton, Mark R -- Hammer, Robert E -- Liu, Xinran -- Powell, Craig M -- Sudhof, Thomas C -- AS1264/Autism Speaks/ -- K08 MH065975/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- K08 MH065975-04/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- K08 MH065975-05/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- R01 MH081164/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- R37 MH52804-08/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Oct 5;318(5847):71-6. Epub 2007 Sep 6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17823315" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Substitution ; Animals ; Autistic Disorder/*genetics ; Brain/anatomy & histology/metabolism/*physiology ; Cell Adhesion Molecules, Neuronal ; *Disease Models, Animal ; Female ; Gene Targeting ; Hippocampus/physiology ; Humans ; Male ; Maze Learning ; Membrane Proteins/*genetics/metabolism ; Memory ; Mice ; Mice, Knockout ; *Mutation ; Nerve Tissue Proteins/*genetics/metabolism ; Social Behavior ; Somatosensory Cortex/physiology ; Synapses/*physiology ; *Synaptic Transmission ; Vesicular Glutamate Transport Protein 1/metabolism ; Vesicular Inhibitory Amino Acid Transport Proteins/metabolism
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  • 160
    Publication Date: 2007-07-21
    Description: Reduced insulin-like signaling extends the life span of Caenorhabditis elegans and Drosophila. Here, we show that, in mice, less insulin receptor substrate-2 (Irs2) signaling throughout the body or just in the brain extended life span up to 18%. At 22 months of age, brain-specific Irs2 knockout mice were overweight, hyperinsulinemic, and glucose intolerant; however, compared with control mice, they were more active and displayed greater glucose oxidation, and during meals they displayed stable superoxide dismutase-2 concentrations in the hypothalamus. Thus, less Irs2 signaling in aging brains can promote healthy metabolism, attenuate meal-induced oxidative stress, and extend the life span of overweight and insulin-resistant mice.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Taguchi, Akiko -- Wartschow, Lynn M -- White, Morris F -- DK38712/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- DK55326/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Jul 20;317(5836):369-72.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Division of Endocrinology, Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17641201" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Aging ; Animals ; Brain/*metabolism ; Circadian Rhythm ; Crosses, Genetic ; Diet ; Female ; Glucose/*metabolism ; *Homeostasis ; Insulin Receptor Substrate Proteins ; Insulin Resistance ; Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/*metabolism ; *Longevity ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Knockout ; Mice, Transgenic ; Overweight ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Oxygen Consumption ; Phosphoproteins/*metabolism ; Respiration ; *Signal Transduction ; Superoxide Dismutase/metabolism
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  • 161
    Publication Date: 2007-04-14
    Description: Hyperlipidemia, one of the most important risk factors for coronary heart disease, is often associated with inflammation. We identified lymphotoxin (LT) and LIGHT, tumor necrosis factor cytokine family members that are primarily expressed on lymphocytes, as critical regulators of key enzymes that control lipid metabolism. Dysregulation of LIGHT expression on T cells resulted in hypertriglyceridemia and hypercholesterolemia. In low-density lipoprotein receptor-deficient mice, which lack the ability to control lipid levels in the blood, inhibition of LT and LIGHT signaling with a soluble lymphotoxin beta receptor decoy protein attenuated the dyslipidemia. These results suggest that the immune system directly influences lipid metabolism and that LT modulating agents may represent a novel therapeutic route for the treatment of dyslipidemia.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lo, James C -- Wang, Yugang -- Tumanov, Alexei V -- Bamji, Michelle -- Yao, Zemin -- Reardon, Catherine A -- Getz, Godfrey S -- Fu, Yang-Xin -- 5 T32 GM07281/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- AI062026/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- CA097296/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- DK58891/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- HL 85516/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Apr 13;316(5822):285-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17431181" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cells, Cultured ; Dyslipidemias/drug therapy/etiology/metabolism ; Female ; Homeostasis ; Humans ; Hypercholesterolemia/etiology ; *Lipid Metabolism ; Lipids/blood ; Liver/*metabolism ; Lymphotoxin beta Receptor/*metabolism/therapeutic use ; Lymphotoxin-alpha/metabolism ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Signal Transduction ; T-Lymphocytes/metabolism ; Tumor Necrosis Factor Ligand Superfamily Member ; 14/genetics/*metabolism/therapeutic use
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  • 162
    Publication Date: 2007-12-01
    Description: In primates that are highly sexually dimorphic, males often reach maturity later than females, and young adult males do not show the size, morphology, and coloration of mature males. Here we describe extended male development in a hominin species, Paranthropus robustus. Ranking a large sample of facial remains on the basis of dental wear stages reveals a difference in size and robusticity between young adult and old adult males. Combined with estimates of sexual dimorphism, this pattern suggests that male reproductive strategy focused on monopolizing groups of females, in a manner similar to that of silverback gorillas. However, males appear to have borne a substantial cost in the form of high rates of predation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lockwood, Charles A -- Menter, Colin G -- Moggi-Cecchi, Jacopo -- Keyser, Andre W -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Nov 30;318(5855):1443-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Anthropology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK. c.lockwood@ucl.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18048687" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Body Size ; Female ; *Fossils ; Hominidae/anatomy & histology/*growth & development ; Male ; Maxilla/anatomy & histology/growth & development ; Paleodontology ; Predatory Behavior ; *Sex Characteristics ; Sexual Behavior, Animal ; Skull/anatomy & histology
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  • 163
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2007-04-21
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Dean, Rebecca -- Bonsall, Michael B -- Pizzari, Tommaso -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Apr 20;316(5823):383-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Edward Grey Institute, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17446381" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Aging/*physiology ; Animals ; Beetles/physiology ; Cell Aging ; Charadriiformes/physiology ; *Copulation ; Female ; *Fertilization ; Male ; Mating Preference, Animal ; *Sexual Behavior, Animal ; Spermatozoa/*physiology
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  • 164
    Publication Date: 2007-05-19
    Description: We present a draft sequence of the genome of Aedes aegypti, the primary vector for yellow fever and dengue fever, which at approximately 1376 million base pairs is about 5 times the size of the genome of the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae. Nearly 50% of the Ae. aegypti genome consists of transposable elements. These contribute to a factor of approximately 4 to 6 increase in average gene length and in sizes of intergenic regions relative to An. gambiae and Drosophila melanogaster. Nonetheless, chromosomal synteny is generally maintained among all three insects, although conservation of orthologous gene order is higher (by a factor of approximately 2) between the mosquito species than between either of them and the fruit fly. An increase in genes encoding odorant binding, cytochrome P450, and cuticle domains relative to An. gambiae suggests that members of these protein families underpin some of the biological differences between the two mosquito species.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2868357/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2868357/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Nene, Vishvanath -- Wortman, Jennifer R -- Lawson, Daniel -- Haas, Brian -- Kodira, Chinnappa -- Tu, Zhijian Jake -- Loftus, Brendan -- Xi, Zhiyong -- Megy, Karyn -- Grabherr, Manfred -- Ren, Quinghu -- Zdobnov, Evgeny M -- Lobo, Neil F -- Campbell, Kathryn S -- Brown, Susan E -- Bonaldo, Maria F -- Zhu, Jingsong -- Sinkins, Steven P -- Hogenkamp, David G -- Amedeo, Paolo -- Arensburger, Peter -- Atkinson, Peter W -- Bidwell, Shelby -- Biedler, Jim -- Birney, Ewan -- Bruggner, Robert V -- Costas, Javier -- Coy, Monique R -- Crabtree, Jonathan -- Crawford, Matt -- Debruyn, Becky -- Decaprio, David -- Eiglmeier, Karin -- Eisenstadt, Eric -- El-Dorry, Hamza -- Gelbart, William M -- Gomes, Suely L -- Hammond, Martin -- Hannick, Linda I -- Hogan, James R -- Holmes, Michael H -- Jaffe, David -- Johnston, J Spencer -- Kennedy, Ryan C -- Koo, Hean -- Kravitz, Saul -- Kriventseva, Evgenia V -- Kulp, David -- Labutti, Kurt -- Lee, Eduardo -- Li, Song -- Lovin, Diane D -- Mao, Chunhong -- Mauceli, Evan -- Menck, Carlos F M -- Miller, Jason R -- Montgomery, Philip -- Mori, Akio -- Nascimento, Ana L -- Naveira, Horacio F -- Nusbaum, Chad -- O'leary, Sinead -- Orvis, Joshua -- Pertea, Mihaela -- Quesneville, Hadi -- Reidenbach, Kyanne R -- Rogers, Yu-Hui -- Roth, Charles W -- Schneider, Jennifer R -- Schatz, Michael -- Shumway, Martin -- Stanke, Mario -- Stinson, Eric O -- Tubio, Jose M C -- Vanzee, Janice P -- Verjovski-Almeida, Sergio -- Werner, Doreen -- White, Owen -- Wyder, Stefan -- Zeng, Qiandong -- Zhao, Qi -- Zhao, Yongmei -- Hill, Catherine A -- Raikhel, Alexander S -- Soares, Marcelo B -- Knudson, Dennis L -- Lee, Norman H -- Galagan, James -- Salzberg, Steven L -- Paulsen, Ian T -- Dimopoulos, George -- Collins, Frank H -- Birren, Bruce -- Fraser-Liggett, Claire M -- Severson, David W -- 079059/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 5 R01 AI61576-2/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI059492/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 LM006845/LM/NLM NIH HHS/ -- R01 LM006845-08/LM/NLM NIH HHS/ -- R37 AI024716/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- UO1 AI50936/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Jun 22;316(5832):1718-23. Epub 2007 May 17.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute for Genomic Research, 9712 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, USA. nene@tigr.org〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17510324" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Aedes/*genetics/metabolism ; Animals ; Anopheles gambiae/genetics/metabolism ; Arboviruses ; Base Sequence ; DNA Transposable Elements ; Dengue/prevention & control/transmission ; Drosophila melanogaster/genetics ; Female ; Genes, Insect ; *Genome, Insect ; Humans ; Insect Proteins/genetics ; Insect Vectors/*genetics/metabolism ; Male ; Membrane Transport Proteins/genetics ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Multigene Family ; Protein Structure, Tertiary/genetics ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Sex Characteristics ; Sex Determination Processes ; Species Specificity ; Synteny ; Transcription, Genetic ; Yellow Fever/prevention & control/transmission
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  • 165
    Publication Date: 2007-11-17
    Description: Collective behavior based on self-organization has been shown in group-living animals from insects to vertebrates. These findings have stimulated engineers to investigate approaches for the coordination of autonomous multirobot systems based on self-organization. In this experimental study, we show collective decision-making by mixed groups of cockroaches and socially integrated autonomous robots, leading to shared shelter selection. Individuals, natural or artificial, are perceived as equivalent, and the collective decision emerges from nonlinear feedbacks based on local interactions. Even when in the minority, robots can modulate the collective decision-making process and produce a global pattern not observed in their absence. These results demonstrate the possibility of using intelligent autonomous devices to study and control self-organized behavioral patterns in group-living animals.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Halloy, J -- Sempo, G -- Caprari, G -- Rivault, C -- Asadpour, M -- Tache, F -- Said, I -- Durier, V -- Canonge, S -- Ame, J M -- Detrain, C -- Correll, N -- Martinoli, A -- Mondada, F -- Siegwart, R -- Deneubourg, J L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Nov 16;318(5853):1155-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Universite Libre de Bruxelles, Service d'Ecologie Sociale CP231, Avenue F. D. Roosevelt, 50, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium. jhalloy@ulb.ac.be〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18006751" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Choice Behavior ; Male ; Models, Biological ; Periplaneta/*physiology ; *Robotics ; *Social Behavior
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 166
    Publication Date: 2007-11-03
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Brumfiel, Elizabeth M -- di Leonardo, Micaela -- Hoffman, Katherine E -- Kuzawa, Christopher W -- McDade, Thom -- Schwartzman, Helen B -- Seligman, Rebecca -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Nov 2;318(5851):745.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17975047" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Activities of Daily Living ; Animals ; Cultural Characteristics ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Memory ; *Sex Characteristics
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 167
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    Unknown
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2007-02-06
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mackinnon, Phillip -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Feb 2;315(5812):596-7; author reply 596-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17278256" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Achievement ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Education/*methods ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; *Social Behavior ; Teaching/*methods
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 168
    Publication Date: 2007-06-26
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Normile, Dennis -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Jun 22;316(5832):1681.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17588905" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adipocytes/secretion ; Animals ; *Cytokines/metabolism/secretion ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Mice ; Nicotinamide Phosphoribosyltransferase ; Obesity/metabolism ; Publishing ; *Retraction of Publication as Topic ; Schools, Medical ; Universities
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 169
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    Unknown
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2007-12-01
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Dorin, Julia R -- Jackson, Ian J -- MC_U127527200/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- MC_U127527201/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Nov 30;318(5855):1395.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉MRC Human Genetics Unit, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK. ian.jackson@hgu.mrc.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18048676" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Agouti Signaling Protein/genetics/metabolism ; Animals ; Dogs/*genetics/metabolism ; Female ; Hair Color/*genetics ; Haplotypes ; Humans ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Transgenic ; Mutation ; Polymorphism, Genetic ; Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 1/*metabolism ; Sequence Deletion ; Signal Transduction ; Skin/metabolism ; beta-Defensins/chemistry/*genetics/*metabolism
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 170
    Publication Date: 2007-02-10
    Description: Flying insects have evolved sophisticated sensory capabilities to achieve rapid course control during aerial maneuvers. Among two-winged insects such as houseflies and their relatives, the hind wings are modified into club-shaped, mechanosensory halteres, which detect Coriolis forces and thereby mediate flight stability during maneuvers. Here, we show that mechanosensory input from the antennae serves a similar role during flight in hawk moths, which are four-winged insects. The antennae of flying moths vibrate and experience Coriolis forces during aerial maneuvers. The antennal vibrations are transduced by individual units of Johnston's organs at the base of their antennae in a frequency range characteristic of the Coriolis input. Reduction of the mechanical input to Johnston's organs by removing the antennal flagellum of these moths severely disrupted their flight stability, but reattachment of the flagellum restored their flight control. The antennae thus play a crucial role in maintaining flight stability of moths.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sane, Sanjay P -- Dieudonne, Alexandre -- Willis, Mark A -- Daniel, Thomas L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Feb 9;315(5813):863-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA. sane@u.washington.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17290001" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biomechanical Phenomena ; Biophysical Phenomena ; Biophysics ; *Flight, Animal ; Male ; Manduca/anatomy & histology/chemistry/*physiology ; Mathematics ; Movement ; Rotation ; Sense Organs/anatomy & histology/physiology ; Vibration ; Wings, Animal/anatomy & histology/*physiology
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  • 171
    Publication Date: 2007-05-05
    Description: The scale of larval dispersal of marine organisms is important for the design of networks of marine protected areas. We examined the fate of coral reef fish larvae produced at a small island reserve, using a mass-marking method based on maternal transmission of stable isotopes to offspring. Approximately 60% of settled juveniles were spawned at the island, for species with both short (〈2 weeks) and long (〉1 month) pelagic larval durations. If natal homing of larvae is a common life-history strategy, the appropriate spatial scales for the management and conservation of coral reefs are likely to be much smaller than previously assumed.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Almany, Glenn R -- Berumen, Michael L -- Thorrold, Simon R -- Planes, Serge -- Jones, Geoffrey P -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 May 4;316(5825):742-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies and School of Marine and Tropical Biology, James Cook University, Townsville QLD 4811, Australia. glenn.almany@jcu.edu.au〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17478720" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Anthozoa ; Barium Compounds ; Chlorides ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Female ; Geography ; Isotopes ; Larva/physiology ; Male ; Pacific Ocean ; Papua New Guinea ; Perciformes/growth & development/*physiology ; Population Dynamics ; Reproduction
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  • 172
    Publication Date: 2007-10-20
    Description: Genetic analysis of mammalian color variation has provided fundamental insight into human biology and disease. In most vertebrates, two key genes, Agouti and Melanocortin 1 receptor (Mc1r), encode a ligand-receptor system that controls pigment type-switching, but in domestic dogs, a third gene is implicated, the K locus, whose genetic characteristics predict a previously unrecognized component of the melanocortin pathway. We identify the K locus as beta-defensin 103 (CBD103) and show that its protein product binds with high affinity to the Mc1r and has a simple and strong effect on pigment type-switching in domestic dogs and transgenic mice. These results expand the functional role of beta-defensins, a protein family previously implicated in innate immunity, and identify an additional class of ligands for signaling through melanocortin receptors.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2906624/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2906624/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Candille, Sophie I -- Kaelin, Christopher B -- Cattanach, Bruce M -- Yu, Bin -- Thompson, Darren A -- Nix, Matthew A -- Kerns, Julie A -- Schmutz, Sheila M -- Millhauser, Glenn L -- Barsh, Gregory S -- R01 DK064265/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R01 DK064265-08/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Nov 30;318(5855):1418-23. Epub 2007 Oct 18.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Departments of Genetics and Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17947548" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Agouti Signaling Protein/genetics/metabolism ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Cell Line ; Chromosome Mapping ; Dogs/*genetics/metabolism ; Female ; Hair Color/*genetics ; Haplotypes ; Humans ; Keratinocytes/metabolism ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Transgenic ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Polymorphism, Genetic ; Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 1/*metabolism ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Sequence Deletion ; Signal Transduction ; Skin/metabolism ; beta-Defensins/chemistry/*genetics/*metabolism
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  • 173
    Publication Date: 2007-02-03
    Description: The 1918 influenza pandemic was a catastrophic series of virus outbreaks that spread across the globe. Here, we show that only a modest change in the 1918 influenza hemagglutinin receptor binding site alters the transmissibility of this pandemic virus. Two amino acid mutations that cause a switch in receptor binding preference from the human alpha-2,6 to the avian alpha-2,3 sialic acid resulted in a virus incapable of respiratory droplet transmission between ferrets but that maintained its lethality and replication efficiency in the upper respiratory tract. Furthermore, poor transmission of a 1918 virus with dual alpha-2,6 and alpha-2,3 specificity suggests that a predominant human alpha-2,6 sialic acid binding preference is essential for optimal transmission of this pandemic virus. These findings confirm an essential role of hemagglutinin receptor specificity for the transmission of influenza viruses among mammals.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Tumpey, Terrence M -- Maines, Taronna R -- Van Hoeven, Neal -- Glaser, Laurel -- Solorzano, Alicia -- Pappas, Claudia -- Cox, Nancy J -- Swayne, David E -- Palese, Peter -- Katz, Jacqueline M -- Garcia-Sastre, Adolfo -- P01 AI058113/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- U19 AI62623/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- U54 AIO57158/PHS HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Feb 2;315(5812):655-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Influenza Branch, Mailstop G-16, Division of Viral and Ricksettial Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA. tft9@cdc.gov〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17272724" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Amino Acid Substitution ; Animals ; Cell Line ; Disease Models, Animal ; Dogs ; Ferrets ; Galactose/metabolism ; Glycoconjugates/metabolism ; Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/*genetics/metabolism ; Humans ; Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/*genetics/pathogenicity/physiology ; Influenza, Human/pathology/*transmission/*virology ; Lung/pathology/virology ; Male ; *Mutation ; Nose/virology ; Receptors, Virus/metabolism ; Respiratory System/virology ; Sialic Acids/metabolism ; Virulence ; Virus Replication ; Virus Shedding
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  • 174
    Publication Date: 2007-12-08
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Holden, Constance -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Dec 7;318(5856):1539.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18063764" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alleles ; *Avoidance Learning ; Frontal Lobe/physiology ; *Genetic Variation ; Hippocampus/physiology ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Receptors, Dopamine D2/*genetics/metabolism ; *Reinforcement (Psychology) ; Reward
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  • 175
    Publication Date: 2007-09-29
    Description: Insect-specific baculoviruses are increasingly used as biological control agents of lepidopteran pests in agriculture and forestry, and they have been previously regarded as robust to resistance development by the insects. However, in more than a dozen cases of field resistance of the codling moth Cydia pomonella to commercially applied C. pomonella granulovirus (CpGV) in German orchards, resistance ratios exceed 1000. The rapid emergence of resistance is facilitated by sex-linkage and concentration-dependent dominance of the major resistance gene and genetic uniformity of the virus. When the gene is fixed, resistance levels approach 100,000-fold. Our findings highlight the need for development of resistance management strategies for baculoviruses.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Asser-Kaiser, S -- Fritsch, E -- Undorf-Spahn, K -- Kienzle, J -- Eberle, K E -- Gund, N A -- Reineke, A -- Zebitz, C P W -- Heckel, D G -- Huber, J -- Jehle, J A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Sep 28;317(5846):1916-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory of Biotechnological Crop Protection, Department of Phytopathology, Agricultural Service Center Palatinate (DLR Rheinpfalz), Breitenweg 71, 67435 Neustadt an der Weinstrasse, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17901332" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biological Assay ; Crosses, Genetic ; Female ; Genes, Dominant ; Genes, Insect ; Genes, Viral ; Genetic Linkage ; Granulovirus/genetics/*physiology ; *Inheritance Patterns ; Male ; Moths/*genetics/*virology ; *Pest Control, Biological ; Selection, Genetic ; Sex Chromosomes/*genetics
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  • 176
    Publication Date: 2007-04-21
    Description: Specific sequences are designated for de novo DNA methylation at CpG dinucleotides in mammalian germ cells. The result is the long-term transcriptional silencing of the methylated sequences, most of which are retrotransposons and CpG-rich sequences associated with imprinted genes. There is profound sexual dimorphism in both the nature of the sequences that undergo de novo methylation in germ cells and in the mechanism by which de novo methylation is regulated. The restriction of future gene expression by the imposition of heritable methylation patterns in germ cell genomes is characteristic of mammals but is rare in other taxa.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Schaefer, Christopher B -- Ooi, Steen K T -- Bestor, Timothy H -- Bourc'his, Deborah -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Apr 20;316(5823):398-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Genetics and Development, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17446388" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; DNA (Cytosine-5-)-Methyltransferase/genetics/metabolism ; *DNA Methylation ; Dinucleoside Phosphates/metabolism ; *Epigenesis, Genetic ; Female ; Gene Silencing ; Genomic Imprinting ; Germ Cells/cytology/*metabolism ; Male ; Mammals/*genetics ; Oocytes/cytology/metabolism ; RNA Interference ; Sex Characteristics ; Spermatogonia/cytology/metabolism
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  • 177
    Publication Date: 2007-11-24
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉van der Windt, Dirk J -- Kok, Niels F M -- Ijzermans, Jan -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Nov 23;318(5854):1239-40; author reply 1239-40.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18033865" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenoma, Liver Cell/etiology/physiopathology ; Animals ; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/*etiology ; Contraceptives, Oral, Hormonal/administration & dosage/adverse effects ; Disease Progression ; Estrogens/*administration & dosage/adverse effects ; Female ; Liver Diseases/complications ; Liver Neoplasms/etiology/*physiopathology ; Liver Neoplasms, Experimental/chemically induced/physiopathology ; Male ; Mice ; Risk Factors ; *Sex Characteristics
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  • 178
    Publication Date: 2007-11-10
    Description: The identification of neural stem and progenitor cells (NPCs) by in vivo brain imaging could have important implications for diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic purposes. We describe a metabolic biomarker for the detection and quantification of NPCs in the human brain in vivo. We used proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to identify and characterize a biomarker in which NPCs are enriched and demonstrated its use as a reference for monitoring neurogenesis. To detect low concentrations of NPCs in vivo, we developed a signal processing method that enabled the use of magnetic resonance spectroscopy for the analysis of the NPC biomarker in both the rodent brain and the hippocampus of live humans. Our findings thus open the possibility of investigating the role of NPCs and neurogenesis in a wide variety of human brain disorders.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4039561/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4039561/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Manganas, Louis N -- Zhang, Xueying -- Li, Yao -- Hazel, Raphael D -- Smith, S David -- Wagshul, Mark E -- Henn, Fritz -- Benveniste, Helene -- Djuric, Petar M -- Enikolopov, Grigori -- Maletic-Savatic, Mirjana -- 5K08 NS044276/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- K08 NS044276/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- K08 NS044276-01/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R01 NS032764/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R01-NS32764/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R21 NS053875/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R21 NS053875-01A1/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R21NS05875-1/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- T32DK07521-16/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Nov 9;318(5852):980-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉SUNY Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17991865" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adolescent ; Adult ; Adult Stem Cells/chemistry/*cytology ; Algorithms ; Animals ; Biomarkers/analysis/chemistry ; Brain/cytology/embryology ; Brain Chemistry ; Cell Differentiation ; Child ; Embryonic Stem Cells/chemistry/cytology ; Fatty Acids/*analysis/chemistry ; Female ; Hippocampus/chemistry/*cytology ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy/*methods ; Male ; Mice ; Neurons/chemistry/*cytology ; Protons ; Rats ; Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted ; Stem Cells/chemistry/*cytology
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 179
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2007-08-25
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Marx, Jean -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Aug 24;317(5841):1029-31.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17717165" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology/therapeutic use ; Cell Differentiation ; DNA Repair ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Mice ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Neoplasm Transplantation ; Neoplasms/*pathology/therapy ; Neoplastic Stem Cells/cytology/drug effects/*physiology ; Neovascularization, Pathologic ; Signal Transduction
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  • 180
    Publication Date: 2007-03-17
    Description: We tested the hypothesis that de novo copy number variation (CNV) is associated with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). We performed comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) on the genomic DNA of patients and unaffected subjects to detect copy number variants not present in their respective parents. Candidate genomic regions were validated by higher-resolution CGH, paternity testing, cytogenetics, fluorescence in situ hybridization, and microsatellite genotyping. Confirmed de novo CNVs were significantly associated with autism (P = 0.0005). Such CNVs were identified in 12 out of 118 (10%) of patients with sporadic autism, in 2 out of 77 (3%) of patients with an affected first-degree relative, and in 2 out of 196 (1%) of controls. Most de novo CNVs were smaller than microscopic resolution. Affected genomic regions were highly heterogeneous and included mutations of single genes. These findings establish de novo germline mutation as a more significant risk factor for ASD than previously recognized.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2993504/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2993504/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sebat, Jonathan -- Lakshmi, B -- Malhotra, Dheeraj -- Troge, Jennifer -- Lese-Martin, Christa -- Walsh, Tom -- Yamrom, Boris -- Yoon, Seungtai -- Krasnitz, Alex -- Kendall, Jude -- Leotta, Anthony -- Pai, Deepa -- Zhang, Ray -- Lee, Yoon-Ha -- Hicks, James -- Spence, Sarah J -- Lee, Annette T -- Puura, Kaija -- Lehtimaki, Terho -- Ledbetter, David -- Gregersen, Peter K -- Bregman, Joel -- Sutcliffe, James S -- Jobanputra, Vaidehi -- Chung, Wendy -- Warburton, Dorothy -- King, Mary-Claire -- Skuse, David -- Geschwind, Daniel H -- Gilliam, T Conrad -- Ye, Kenny -- Wigler, Michael -- MH076431/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- MH61009/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- MH64547/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- R01 MH076431/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- R01 MH076431-01/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Apr 20;316(5823):445-9. Epub 2007 Mar 15.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1 Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA. sebat@cshl.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17363630" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Asperger Syndrome/genetics ; Autistic Disorder/*genetics ; Case-Control Studies ; Child ; Cytogenetic Analysis ; Female ; Gene Deletion ; *Gene Dosage ; Gene Duplication ; Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; *Genome, Human ; Germ-Line Mutation ; Humans ; In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence ; Male ; Markov Chains ; Microsatellite Repeats ; *Mutation ; Nucleic Acid Hybridization ; Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis ; Parents ; Siblings
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  • 181
    Publication Date: 2007-03-17
    Description: Lymphocytes require sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) receptor-1 to exit lymphoid organs, but the source(s) of extracellular S1P and whether S1P directly promotes egress are unknown. By using mice in which the two kinases that generate S1P were conditionally ablated, we find that plasma S1P is mainly hematopoietic in origin, with erythrocytes a major contributor, whereas lymph S1P is from a distinct radiation-resistant source. Lymphocyte egress from thymus and secondary lymphoid organs was markedly reduced in kinase-deficient mice. Restoration of S1P to plasma rescued egress to blood but not lymph, and the rescue required lymphocyte expression of S1P-receptor-1. Thus, separate sources provide S1P to plasma and lymph to help lymphocytes exit the low-S1P environment of lymphoid organs. Disruption of compartmentalized S1P signaling is a plausible mechanism by which S1P-receptor-1 agonists function as immunosuppressives.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pappu, Rajita -- Schwab, Susan R -- Cornelissen, Ivo -- Pereira, Joao P -- Regard, Jean B -- Xu, Ying -- Camerer, Eric -- Zheng, Yao-Wu -- Huang, Yong -- Cyster, Jason G -- Coughlin, Shaun R -- HL07731/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- R01 HL065590/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Apr 13;316(5822):295-8. Epub 2007 Mar 15.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, 600 16th Street S472D, San Francisco, CA 94143-2240, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17363629" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Bone Marrow/*metabolism ; Chemotaxis, Leukocyte/physiology ; Chromatography, Liquid ; Endothelium, Vascular ; Female ; Hematopoietic Stem Cells/metabolism ; Lymphocytes/metabolism/*physiology ; Lysophospholipids/*biosynthesis/blood/deficiency/*physiology ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Phosphotransferases (Alcohol Group Acceptor)/genetics/metabolism ; Receptors, Lysosphingolipid/physiology ; Sphingosine/*analogs & derivatives/biosynthesis/blood/deficiency/physiology ; Tandem Mass Spectrometry
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  • 182
    Publication Date: 2007-10-06
    Description: Captive breeding is used to supplement populations of many species that are declining in the wild. The suitability of and long-term species survival from such programs remain largely untested, however. We measured lifetime reproductive success of the first two generations of steelhead trout that were reared in captivity and bred in the wild after they were released. By reconstructing a three-generation pedigree with microsatellite markers, we show that genetic effects of domestication reduce subsequent reproductive capabilities by approximately 40% per captive-reared generation when fish are moved to natural environments. These results suggest that even a few generations of domestication may have negative effects on natural reproduction in the wild and that the repeated use of captive-reared parents to supplement wild populations should be carefully reconsidered.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Araki, Hitoshi -- Cooper, Becky -- Blouin, Michael S -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Oct 5;318(5847):100-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Zoology, 3029 Cordley Hall, Oregon State University Corvallis, OR 97331, USA. arakih@science.oregonstate.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17916734" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Animals, Domestic/genetics/physiology ; Animals, Wild/genetics/physiology ; *Breeding ; Female ; Fisheries ; Male ; Oncorhynchus mykiss/genetics/*physiology ; Oregon ; Population Dynamics ; *Reproduction ; Time Factors
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  • 183
    Publication Date: 2007-03-31
    Description: One proposed strategy for controlling the transmission of insect-borne pathogens uses a drive mechanism to ensure the rapid spread of transgenes conferring disease refractoriness throughout wild populations. Here, we report the creation of maternal-effect selfish genetic elements in Drosophila that drive population replacement and are resistant to recombination-mediated dissociation of drive and disease refractoriness functions. These selfish elements use microRNA-mediated silencing of a maternally expressed gene essential for embryogenesis, which is coupled with early zygotic expression of a rescuing transgene.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Chen, Chun-Hong -- Huang, Haixia -- Ward, Catherine M -- Su, Jessica T -- Schaeffer, Lorian V -- Guo, Ming -- Hay, Bruce A -- GM057422/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM70956/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- NS042580/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- NS048396/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Apr 27;316(5824):597-600. Epub 2007 Mar 29.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Biology, Mail Code 156-29, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17395794" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/*genetics/physiology ; Animals ; Antigens, Differentiation/*genetics/physiology ; Crosses, Genetic ; DNA Transposable Elements ; Drosophila/embryology/*genetics/*physiology ; Drosophila Proteins/*genetics/physiology ; Embryonic Development ; Female ; Gene Expression ; *Genes, Insect ; *Genetic Engineering ; Heterozygote ; Homozygote ; Male ; MicroRNAs/genetics ; Molecular Sequence Data ; *RNA Interference ; Receptors, Immunologic/*genetics/physiology ; Recombination, Genetic ; *Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid ; Transgenes ; Zygote/physiology
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  • 184
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    Unknown
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2007-07-21
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Enserink, Martin -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Jul 20;317(5836):310-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17641176" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Costs and Cost Analysis ; Ethiopia ; Female ; Insecticides ; International Cooperation ; Male ; Pest Control, Biological/economics/*methods ; Reproduction ; *Tsetse Flies ; United Nations
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  • 185
    Publication Date: 2005-11-29
    Description: The estimation of the reward an action will yield is critical in decision-making. To elucidate the role of the basal ganglia in this process, we recorded striatal neurons of monkeys who chose between left and right handle turns, based on the estimated reward probabilities of the actions. During a delay period before the choices, the activity of more than one-third of striatal projection neurons was selective to the values of one of the two actions. Fewer neurons were tuned to relative values or action choice. These results suggest representation of action values in the striatum, which can guide action selection in the basal ganglia circuit.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Samejima, Kazuyuki -- Ueda, Yasumasa -- Doya, Kenji -- Kimura, Minoru -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2005 Nov 25;310(5752):1337-40.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Computational Neurobiology, ATR Computational Neuroscience Laboratories, 619-0288 Kyoto, Japan. samejima@lab.tamagawa.ac.jp〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16311337" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Action Potentials ; Animals ; Brain Mapping ; Caudate Nucleus/*physiology ; *Choice Behavior ; Corpus Striatum/*physiology ; Female ; Macaca ; Male ; Neurons/*physiology ; Probability ; Putamen/*physiology ; Regression Analysis ; Reinforcement (Psychology) ; *Reward
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  • 186
    Publication Date: 2005-06-11
    Description: We show that inferences of competence based solely on facial appearance predicted the outcomes of U.S. congressional elections better than chance (e.g., 68.8% of the Senate races in 2004) and also were linearly related to the margin of victory. These inferences were specific to competence and occurred within a 1-second exposure to the faces of the candidates. The findings suggest that rapid, unreflective trait inferences can contribute to voting choices, which are widely assumed to be based primarily on rational and deliberative considerations.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Todorov, Alexander -- Mandisodza, Anesu N -- Goren, Amir -- Hall, Crystal C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2005 Jun 10;308(5728):1623-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Psychology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA. atodorov@princeton.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15947187" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Aging ; Character ; Decision Making ; *Face/anatomy & histology ; Federal Government ; Female ; Forecasting ; Humans ; Intelligence ; Judgment ; Leadership ; Male ; *Mental Competency ; *Politics ; *Social Perception ; Stereotyping ; Trust ; United States
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 187
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    Unknown
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2005-08-06
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Marx, Jean -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2005 Aug 5;309(5736):864-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16081709" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Aging/physiology ; Alzheimer Disease/epidemiology/*prevention & control ; Animals ; Brain/physiology ; Education ; *Exercise ; Female ; Humans ; Life Style ; Male ; *Mental Processes
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  • 188
    Publication Date: 2005-10-29
    Description: Recurrent chromosomal rearrangements have not been well characterized in common carcinomas. We used a bioinformatics approach to discover candidate oncogenic chromosomal aberrations on the basis of outlier gene expression. Two ETS transcription factors, ERG and ETV1, were identified as outliers in prostate cancer. We identified recurrent gene fusions of the 5' untranslated region of TMPRSS2 to ERG or ETV1 in prostate cancer tissues with outlier expression. By using fluorescence in situ hybridization, we demonstrated that 23 of 29 prostate cancer samples harbor rearrangements in ERG or ETV1. Cell line experiments suggest that the androgen-responsive promoter elements of TMPRSS2 mediate the overexpression of ETS family members in prostate cancer. These results have implications in the development of carcinomas and the molecular diagnosis and treatment of prostate cancer.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Tomlins, Scott A -- Rhodes, Daniel R -- Perner, Sven -- Dhanasekaran, Saravana M -- Mehra, Rohit -- Sun, Xiao-Wei -- Varambally, Sooryanarayana -- Cao, Xuhong -- Tchinda, Joelle -- Kuefer, Rainer -- Lee, Charles -- Montie, James E -- Shah, Rajal B -- Pienta, Kenneth J -- Rubin, Mark A -- Chinnaiyan, Arul M -- 5P30 CA46592/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- P50CA69568/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA97063/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01AG21404/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- UO1 CA111275-01/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2005 Oct 28;310(5748):644-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, 1301 Catherine Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0602, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16254181" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Androgens/metabolism ; Cell Line, Tumor ; DNA-Binding Proteins/*genetics ; Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic ; Gene Rearrangement ; Humans ; In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence ; Male ; Membrane Proteins/*genetics ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Neoplasm Proteins/*genetics ; Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/*genetics ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Prostatic Neoplasms/*genetics ; Serine Endopeptidases/*genetics ; Trans-Activators/*genetics ; Transcription Factors/*genetics ; Translocation, Genetic
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  • 189
    Publication Date: 2005-01-22
    Description: Territorial behavior is expected to buffer populations against short-term environmental perturbations, but we have found that group living in African lions causes a complex response to long-term ecological change. Despite numerous gradual changes in prey availability and vegetative cover, regional populations of Serengeti lions remained stable for 10- to 20-year periods and only shifted to new equilibria in sudden leaps. Although gradually improving environmental conditions provided sufficient resources to permit the subdivision of preexisting territories, regional lion populations did not expand until short-term conditions supplied enough prey to generate large cohorts of surviving young. The results of a simulation model show that the observed pattern of "saltatory equilibria" results from the lions' grouping behavior.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Packer, Craig -- Hilborn, Ray -- Mosser, Anna -- Kissui, Bernard -- Borner, Markus -- Hopcraft, Grant -- Wilmshurst, John -- Mduma, Simon -- Sinclair, Anthony R E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2005 Jan 21;307(5708):390-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, 1987 Upper Buford Circle, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA. packer@cbs.umn.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15662005" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Algorithms ; Animals ; Antelopes ; *Behavior, Animal ; *Ecosystem ; Environment ; Female ; *Lions/physiology ; Male ; Models, Biological ; Plants ; Population Density ; Population Dynamics ; Predatory Behavior ; Reproduction ; Seasons ; Social Behavior ; Stochastic Processes ; Tanzania ; *Territoriality
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  • 190
    Publication Date: 2005-02-05
    Description: The gene encoding the Nod2 protein is frequently mutated in Crohn's disease (CD) patients, although the physiological function of Nod2 in the intestine remains elusive. Here we show that protective immunity mediated by Nod2 recognition of bacterial muramyl dipeptide is abolished in Nod2-deficient mice. These animals are susceptible to bacterial infection via the oral route but not through intravenous or peritoneal delivery. Nod2 is required for the expression of a subgroup of intestinal anti-microbial peptides, known as cryptdins. The Nod2 protein is thus a critical regulator of bacterial immunity within the intestine, providing a possible mechanism for Nod2 mutations in CD.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kobayashi, Koichi S -- Chamaillard, Mathias -- Ogura, Yasunori -- Henegariu, Octavian -- Inohara, Naohiro -- Nunez, Gabriel -- Flavell, Richard A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2005 Feb 4;307(5710):731-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Section of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15692051" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acetylmuramyl-Alanyl-Isoglutamine/*immunology ; Animals ; *Antibody Formation ; Female ; Gene Expression ; Gene Targeting ; Ileum/*immunology/microbiology ; *Immunity, Innate ; Immunity, Mucosal ; Immunoglobulins/biosynthesis ; Interleukins/biosynthesis ; Intestinal Diseases/immunology/microbiology ; Intestinal Mucosa/immunology/microbiology ; Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/*physiology ; Ligands ; Lipopolysaccharides/toxicity ; Listeria monocytogenes/growth & development/immunology/isolation & purification ; Listeriosis/*immunology/microbiology ; Liver/microbiology ; Macrophages/immunology ; Male ; Membrane Glycoproteins/physiology ; Mice ; Nod2 Signaling Adaptor Protein ; Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis ; Protein Precursors/biosynthesis/genetics ; Receptors, Cell Surface/physiology ; Serum Albumin/immunology ; Signal Transduction ; Spleen/microbiology ; Toll-Like Receptors ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/biosynthesis ; alpha-Defensins/*biosynthesis/genetics
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  • 191
    Publication Date: 2005-06-11
    Description: Biological control of malaria mosquitoes in Africa has rarely been used in vector control programs. Recent developments in this field show that certain fungi are virulent to adult Anopheles mosquitoes. Practical delivery of an entomopathogenic fungus that infected and killed adult Anopheles gambiae, Africa's main malaria vector, was achieved in rural African village houses. An entomological inoculation rate model suggests that implementation of this vector control method, even at the observed moderate coverage during a field study in Tanzania, would significantly reduce malaria transmission intensity.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Scholte, Ernst-Jan -- Ng'habi, Kija -- Kihonda, Japheth -- Takken, Willem -- Paaijmans, Krijn -- Abdulla, Salim -- Killeen, Gerry F -- Knols, Bart G J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2005 Jun 10;308(5728):1641-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Post Office Box 8031, 6700 EH Wageningen, Netherlands.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15947190" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Anopheles/*microbiology/parasitology/physiology ; Culex/microbiology/physiology ; Female ; Housing ; *Hypocreales/pathogenicity/physiology ; Insect Vectors/*microbiology/parasitology/physiology ; Longevity ; Malaria/prevention & control/transmission ; Male ; *Mitosporic Fungi/pathogenicity/physiology ; Models, Biological ; *Pest Control, Biological ; Plasmodium ; Spores, Fungal ; Tanzania
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  • 192
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2005-08-27
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Couzin, Jennifer -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2005 Aug 26;309(5739):1310-1.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16123271" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Aging/*genetics ; Animals ; Blood Glucose/analysis ; Female ; Glucuronidase ; Insulin/blood/metabolism ; Insulin Resistance ; Insulin-Like Growth Factor I/metabolism ; Longevity/*genetics ; Male ; Membrane Proteins/blood/*genetics/*physiology ; Mice ; Mutation ; Signal Transduction
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 193
    Publication Date: 2005-06-04
    Description: Unambiguous indicators of gender in dinosaurs are usually lost during fossilization, along with other aspects of soft tissue anatomy. We report the presence of endosteally derived bone tissues lining the interior marrow cavities of portions of Tyrannosaurus rex (Museum of the Rockies specimen number 1125) hindlimb elements, and we hypothesize that these tissues are homologous to specialized avian tissues known as medullary bone. Because medullary bone is unique to female birds, its discovery in extinct dinosaurs solidifies the link between dinosaurs and birds, suggests similar reproductive strategies, and provides an objective means of gender differentiation in dinosaurs.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Schweitzer, Mary H -- Wittmeyer, Jennifer L -- Horner, John R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2005 Jun 3;308(5727):1456-60.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Marine, Earth, and Atmospheric Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA. schweitzer@ncsu.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15933198" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Bone and Bones/*anatomy & histology/ultrastructure ; Chickens/anatomy & histology ; Dinosaurs/*anatomy & histology ; Dromaiidae/anatomy & histology ; Female ; Femur/anatomy & histology ; Male ; Palaeognathae/*anatomy & histology ; Reproduction ; *Sex Characteristics ; Sex Determination Analysis ; Struthioniformes/anatomy & histology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 194
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2005-10-01
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mervis, Jeffrey -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2005 Sep 30;309(5744):2149.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16195437" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Awards and Prizes ; *Biomedical Research ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; *National Institutes of Health (U.S.) ; *Research Personnel ; United States ; *Women
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 195
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2005-09-06
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Jolly, Alison -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2005 Sep 2;309(5740):1457.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16141032" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Behavior, Animal ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Hominidae/psychology ; Male
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 196
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    Unknown
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2005-07-30
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pennisi, Elizabeth -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2005 Jul 29;309(5735):694-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16051767" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Aggression ; Animals ; *Arthropods/physiology ; *Behavior, Animal ; *Birds/physiology ; Female ; Heteroptera/physiology ; Male ; Paternal Behavior ; Predatory Behavior ; Reproduction ; *Sexual Behavior, Animal ; *Smegmamorpha/physiology ; Spiders/physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 197
    Publication Date: 2005-10-08
    Description: The large-scale spatial dynamics and population structure of marine top predators are poorly known. We present electronic tag and photographic identification data showing a complex suite of behavioral patterns in white sharks. These include coastal return migrations and the fastest known transoceanic return migration among swimming fauna, which provide direct evidence of a link between widely separated populations in South Africa and Australia. Transoceanic return migration involved a return to the original capture location, dives to depths of 980 meters, and the tolerance of water temperatures as low as 3.4 degrees C. These findings contradict previous ideas that female white sharks do not make transoceanic migrations, and they suggest natal homing behavior.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bonfil, Ramon -- Meyer, Michael -- Scholl, Michael C -- Johnson, Ryan -- O'Brien, Shannon -- Oosthuizen, Herman -- Swanson, Stephan -- Kotze, Deon -- Paterson, Michael -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2005 Oct 7;310(5745):100-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Wildlife Conservation Society, 2300 Southern Boulevard, Bronx, NY 10460, USA. rbonfil@wcs.org〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16210537" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animal Identification Systems ; *Animal Migration ; Animals ; Australia ; Behavior, Animal ; Cues ; Female ; Homing Behavior ; Indian Ocean ; Male ; Population Dynamics ; Satellite Communications ; Sex Characteristics ; Sharks/*physiology ; South Africa ; Swimming ; Temperature
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 198
    Publication Date: 2005-01-18
    Description: Although albatrosses are paradigms of oceanic specialization, their foraging areas and migration routes when not breeding remain essentially unknown. Our continuous remote tracking of 22 adult gray-headed albatrosses for over 30 bird-years reveals three distinct strategies: (i) Stay in breeding home range; (ii) make return migrations to a specific area of the southwest Indian Ocean; and (iii) make one or more global circumnavigations (the fastest in just 46 days). The consistencies in patterns, routes, and timings offer the first hope of identifying areas of critical habitat for nonbreeding albatrosses, wherein appropriate management of longline fisheries might alleviate the plight of the world's most threatened family of birds.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Croxall, John P -- Silk, Janet R D -- Phillips, Richard A -- Afanasyev, Vsevolod -- Briggs, Dirk R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2005 Jan 14;307(5707):249-50.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ET, UK. jpcr@bas.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15653503" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Animal Migration ; Animals ; Birds/*physiology ; Breeding ; Environment ; Female ; *Homing Behavior ; Male ; Reproduction ; Seasons ; Sex Characteristics
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    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 199
    Publication Date: 2005-07-26
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kraus, Scott D -- Brown, Moira W -- Caswell, Hal -- Clark, Christopher W -- Fujiwara, Masami -- Hamilton, Philip K -- Kenney, Robert D -- Knowlton, Amy R -- Landry, Scott -- Mayo, Charles A -- McLellan, William A -- Moore, Michael J -- Nowacek, Douglas P -- Pabst, D Ann -- Read, Andrew J -- Rolland, Rosalind M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2005 Jul 22;309(5734):561-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Edgerton Research Laboratory, New England Aquarium, Boston, MA 02110-3399, USA. skraus@neaq.org〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16040692" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Atlantic Ocean ; Ecology ; *Ecosystem ; Environment ; Female ; Fisheries ; Male ; Mortality ; Population Dynamics ; Population Growth ; Public Policy ; Reproduction ; Ships ; *Whales/physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 200
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2005-07-26
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Vogel, Gretchen -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2005 Jul 22;309(5734):551-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16040685" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Brain/cytology/physiology ; Circadian Rhythm ; Female ; Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone/physiology/secretion ; Humans ; Hypogonadism/genetics ; Kisspeptins ; Leptin/genetics/physiology ; Male ; Mutation ; Neurons/physiology ; Proteins/genetics/*physiology ; Puberty/*physiology ; Receptors, Cell Surface/genetics/metabolism ; Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled ; Receptors, Leptin ; Receptors, Neuropeptide/genetics/*physiology ; Reproduction ; Signal Transduction ; Tumor Suppressor Proteins
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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