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  • 1
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    Lunar mare volcanism: lateral heterogeneities in volcanic activity and relationship with crustal structure (2014)
    Geological Society (of London)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-03-22
    Description: Lunar mare basalts are spatially unevenly distributed, and their abundances differ between the nearside and farside of the Moon. Although mare asymmetry has been attributed to thickness variations in the low-density anorthositic crust, the eruptive mechanism of lunar magma remains unknown. In this study, we investigate the relationship between mare distribution and crustal thickness using geological and geophysical data obtained by the SELENE (Kaguya) and the Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory spacecraft, and quantitatively re-evaluate the influence of the anorthositic crust on magma eruption. We identify a lateral heterogeneity in the upper limit of crustal thickness that allows magma extrusion to the surface. In the Procellarum KREEP Terrane, where the surface abundances of heat-producing elements are extremely high, magmas can erupt in regions of crustal thickness below about 30 km. In contrast, magma eruptions are limited to regions of crustal thickness below about 20 km in other nearside regions, around 10 km in the South Pole–Aitken Basin and approximately 5 km in the farside Felspathic Highland Terrane. Such heterogeneity may result from lateral variations in magma production in the lunar mantle and/or crustal density.
    Print ISSN: 0305-8719
    Electronic ISSN: 2041-4927
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Geological Society (of London)
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  • 2
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    Universal primers for fish metabarcoding (2015)
    Royal Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-08-01
    Description: We developed a set of universal PCR primers (MiFish-U/E) for metabarcoding environmental DNA (eDNA) from fishes. Primers were designed using aligned whole mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) sequences from 880 species, supplemented by partial mitogenome sequences from 160 elasmobranchs (sharks and rays). The primers target a hypervariable region of the 12S rRNA gene (163–185 bp), which contains sufficient information to identify fishes to taxonomic family, genus and species except for some closely related congeners. To test versatility of the primers across a diverse range of fishes, we sampled eDNA from four tanks in the Okinawa Churaumi Aquarium with known species compositions, prepared dual-indexed libraries and performed paired-end sequencing of the region using high-throughput next-generation sequencing technologies. Out of the 180 marine fish species contained in the four tanks with reference sequences in a custom database, we detected 168 species (93.3%) distributed across 59 families and 123 genera. These fishes are not only taxonomically diverse, ranging from sharks and rays to higher teleosts, but are also greatly varied in their ecology, including both pelagic and benthic species living in shallow coastal to deep waters. We also sampled natural seawaters around coral reefs near the aquarium and detected 93 fish species using this approach. Of the 93 species, 64 were not detected in the four aquarium tanks, rendering the total number of species detected to 232 (from 70 families and 152 genera). The metabarcoding approach presented here is non-invasive, more efficient, more cost-effective and more sensitive than the traditional survey methods. It has the potential to serve as an alternative (or complementary) tool for biodiversity monitoring that revolutionizes natural resource management and ecological studies of fish communities on larger spatial and temporal scales.
    Keywords: ecology, environmental science, taxonomy and systematics
    Electronic ISSN: 2054-5703
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Published by Royal Society
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  • 3
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    Variation of the lunar highland surface roughness at baseline 0.15–100 km and the relationship to relative age (2014)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-03-12
    Description: We report the surface roughness analysis of the lunar highlands for the baseline range 0.15–100 km. We use the Median Differential Slope α m to investigate the scale dependency of the roughness and derive the global α m distribution from SELENE Laser Altimeter and Terrain Camera data. While α m ( l ) versus baseline l (km) plots vary among different highland types, all highlands commonly show a peak at 3–30 km. The Pre-Nectarian surface shows a relatively large α m (20–30 km). Our analysis is supported by the simulation of synthetic surface cratering models and crater statistics. In our simulation, a peak of α m (30 km) is successfully reproduced. The actual crater density shows good correlation with an empirical roughness indicator. However, a large part of the Nectarian surface shows a peak at 6–9 km baseline. This peak may be caused by secondary craters and ejecta deposit textures from the Nectarian system basins.
    Print ISSN: 0094-8276
    Electronic ISSN: 1944-8007
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 4
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    A method for attitude control of telescopes making use of an inverted pendulum (2018)
    Institute of Physics (IOP)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-12-16
    Description: We propose an attitude control method of a telescope using an inverted pendulum. A cylindrical telescope tube with a sharp bottom end is put on a motorized XY linear stage. The upper edge of the tube is supported by 4 pressure sensors. When the tube begins to deviate from the vertical, torque arises to try to throw down the tube. Then, the pressure sensors detect the stress and the XY linear stage displaces the bottom of the tube so as to make the stress zero. Sensitivity to the verticality or stress intensity acting on pressure gauges does not depend on the size of the tube but on the mass. This character is advantageous to miniaturization.
    Print ISSN: 1757-8981
    Electronic ISSN: 1757-899X
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Published by Institute of Physics (IOP)
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  • 5
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    Single-nucleotide mutation rate increases close to insertions/deletions in eukaryotes (2008)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-07-22
    Description: Mutation hotspots are commonly observed in genomic sequences and certain human disease loci, but general mechanisms for their formation remain elusive. Here we investigate the distribution of single-nucleotide changes around insertions/deletions (indels) in six independent genome comparisons, including primates, rodents, fruitfly, rice and yeast. In each of these genomic comparisons, nucleotide divergence (D) is substantially elevated surrounding indels and decreases monotonically to near-background levels over several hundred bases. D is significantly correlated with both size and abundance of nearby indels. In comparisons of closely related species, derived nucleotide substitutions surrounding indels occur in significantly greater numbers in the lineage containing the indel than in the one containing the ancestral (non-indel) allele; the same holds within species for single-nucleotide mutations surrounding polymorphic indels. We propose that heterozygosity for an indel is mutagenic to surrounding sequences, and use yeast genome-wide polymorphism data to estimate the increase in mutation rate. The consistency of these patterns within and between species suggests that indel-associated substitution is a general mutational mechanism.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Tian, Dacheng -- Wang, Qiang -- Zhang, Pengfei -- Araki, Hitoshi -- Yang, Sihai -- Kreitman, Martin -- Nagylaki, Thomas -- Hudson, Richard -- Bergelson, Joy -- Chen, Jian-Qun -- England -- Nature. 2008 Sep 4;455(7209):105-8. doi: 10.1038/nature07175. Epub 2008 Jul 20.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Biology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China. dtian@nju.edu.cn〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18641631" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Computational Biology ; Drosophila melanogaster/genetics ; Eukaryotic Cells/*metabolism ; *Evolution, Molecular ; Genome/*genetics ; Genomics ; Humans ; Macaca mulatta/genetics ; Mice ; Models, Genetic ; Mutagenesis, Insertional/*genetics ; Oryza/genetics ; Pan troglodytes/genetics ; Point Mutation/*genetics ; Rats ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae/genetics ; Sequence Alignment ; Sequence Deletion/*genetics
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 6
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    Genetic effects of captive breeding cause a rapid, cumulative fitness decline in the wild (2007)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2007-10-06
    Description: Captive breeding is used to supplement populations of many species that are declining in the wild. The suitability of and long-term species survival from such programs remain largely untested, however. We measured lifetime reproductive success of the first two generations of steelhead trout that were reared in captivity and bred in the wild after they were released. By reconstructing a three-generation pedigree with microsatellite markers, we show that genetic effects of domestication reduce subsequent reproductive capabilities by approximately 40% per captive-reared generation when fish are moved to natural environments. These results suggest that even a few generations of domestication may have negative effects on natural reproduction in the wild and that the repeated use of captive-reared parents to supplement wild populations should be carefully reconsidered.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Araki, Hitoshi -- Cooper, Becky -- Blouin, Michael S -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Oct 5;318(5847):100-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Zoology, 3029 Cordley Hall, Oregon State University Corvallis, OR 97331, USA. arakih@science.oregonstate.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17916734" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Animals, Domestic/genetics/physiology ; Animals, Wild/genetics/physiology ; *Breeding ; Female ; Fisheries ; Male ; Oncorhynchus mykiss/genetics/*physiology ; Oregon ; Population Dynamics ; *Reproduction ; Time Factors
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 7
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    Lunar global shape and polar topography derived from Kaguya-LALT laser altimetry (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-02-14
    Description: A global lunar topographic map with a spatial resolution of finer than 0.5 degree has been derived using data from the laser altimeter (LALT) on board the Japanese lunar explorer Selenological and Engineering Explorer (SELENE or Kaguya). In comparison with the previous Unified Lunar Control Network (ULCN 2005) model, the new map reveals unbiased lunar topography for scales finer than a few hundred kilometers. Spherical harmonic analysis of global topographic data for the Moon, Earth, Mars, and Venus suggests that isostatic compensation is the prevailing lithospheric support mechanism at large scales. However, simple rigid support is suggested to dominate for the Moon, Venus, and Mars for smaller scales, which may indicate a drier lithosphere than on Earth, especially for the Moon and Venus.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Araki, H -- Tazawa, S -- Noda, H -- Ishihara, Y -- Goossens, S -- Sasaki, S -- Kawano, N -- Kamiya, I -- Otake, H -- Oberst, J -- Shum, C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Feb 13;323(5916):897-900. doi: 10.1126/science.1164146.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan. arakih@miz.nao.ac.jp〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19213910" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 8
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    Coronary artery spasm induced in atherosclerotic miniature swine (1983)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1983-08-05
    Description: Angiographically demonstrable coronary artery spasm could be provoked repeatedly by giving intracoronary or intravenous injections of histamine to miniature swine with experimentally induced atherosclerotic lesions of the coronary artery. The spasm induced in this way subsided either spontaneously or after the administration of nitroglycerin and was prevented by a calcium antagonist or an agent that blocks histamine H1 receptors. This model, which suggests that atherosclerotic changes may be one of the primary factors in the occurrence of coronary artery spasm, should facilitate studies on the pathogenesis of this condition.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Shimokawa, H -- Tomoike, H -- Nabeyama, S -- Yamamoto, H -- Araki, H -- Nakamura, M -- Ishii, Y -- Tanaka, K -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1983 Aug 5;221(4610):560-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6408736" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Arteriosclerosis/complications/pathology/*physiopathology ; Cimetidine/pharmacology ; Coronary Vasospasm/*chemically induced ; Coronary Vessels/drug effects/pathology ; Dogs ; Ergonovine/pharmacology ; Histamine/pharmacology ; Humans ; Nitroglycerin/pharmacology ; Phenylephrine/pharmacology ; Serotonin/pharmacology ; Swine ; Swine, Miniature
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 9
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    Mechanical regulation of bone homeostasis through p130Cas-mediated alleviation of NF-{kappa}B activity (2019)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈p〉Mechanical loading plays an important role in bone homeostasis. However, molecular mechanisms behind the mechanical regulation of bone homeostasis are poorly understood. We previously reported p130Cas (Cas) as a key molecule in cellular mechanosensing at focal adhesions. Here, we demonstrate that Cas is distributed in the nucleus and supports mechanical loading–mediated bone homeostasis by alleviating NF-B activity, which would otherwise prompt inflammatory processes. Mechanical unloading modulates Cas distribution and NF-B activity in osteocytes, the mechanosensory cells in bones. Cas deficiency in osteocytes increases osteoclastic bone resorption associated with NF-B–mediated RANKL expression, leading to osteopenia. Upon shear stress application on cultured osteocytes, Cas translocates into the nucleus and down-regulates NF-B activity. Collectively, fluid shear stress–dependent Cas-mediated alleviation of NF-B activity supports bone homeostasis. Given the ubiquitous expression of Cas and NF-B together with systemic distribution of interstitial fluid, the Cas–NF-B interplay may also underpin regulatory mechanisms in other tissues and organs.〈/p〉
    Electronic ISSN: 2375-2548
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of mechanical stress on the volume phase transition of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) based polymer gels (2000)
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 113 (2000), S. 7640-7645 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The effects of mechanical stress on the volume phase transition of a poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPA) gel as well as a copolymer gel composed of N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPA) and sodium acrylate (SA) were investigated in the relatively low stress region. The PNIPA gel without elongational stress showed the behavior close to the second order phase transition. The character of the first order transition became clear under tension, and the transition temperature increased with increasing applied stress. Similar behavior was observed for the NIPA-SA copolymer gel, but the copolymer gel showed the first order transition in the whole stress range investigated. The thermodynamical linear region, where the transition temperature varies linearly with applied stress, was narrower than the mechanical linear region determined by the stress–strain relation of the gels. The change in the transition behavior by the application of the mechanical stress originated chiefly from the volume change in the gels by the applied mechanical stress. It was found that the curve of the transition temperature against applied stress corresponds to the phase boundary between the swollen and collapsed phases for the gels. On the basis of the experimental data, a phenomenological model describing the volume phase transition of the polymer gels is proposed in the frame of the Landau-type free energy expression. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1312273
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