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  • 1
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    Defense of a simplified physical model [Physical Sciences] (2015)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-08-05
    Description: We thank Sullivan and Cruz for their thoughtful letter (1). They raise a very important point: an ignited strip of nitrocellulose is not a wildfire. The two systems differ in fuel, topography, and flame dynamics—to say nothing of scaling; direct links between them are difficult to draw. With this point,...
    Keywords: Letters
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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  • 2
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    Multigait soft robot [Chemistry] (2011)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2011-12-21
    Description: This manuscript describes a unique class of locomotive robot: A soft robot, composed exclusively of soft materials (elastomeric polymers), which is inspired by animals (e.g., squid, starfish, worms) that do not have hard internal skeletons. Soft lithography was used to fabricate a pneumatically actuated robot capable of sophisticated locomotion (e.g., fluid movement of limbs and multiple gaits). This robot is quadrupedal; it uses no sensors, only five actuators, and a simple pneumatic valving system that operates at low pressures (
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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  • 3
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    Forming electrical networks in three dimensions by self-assembly (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-08-19
    Description: Self-assembly of millimeter-scale polyhedra, with surfaces patterned with solder dots, wires, and light-emitting diodes, generated electrically functional, three-dimensional networks. The patterns of dots and wires controlled the structure of the networks formed; both parallel and serial connections were generated.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gracias -- Tien -- Breen -- Hsu -- Whitesides -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Aug 18;289(5482):1170-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10947979" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 4
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    Fabrication of a cylindrical display by patterned assembly (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-04-16
    Description: We demonstrate the patterned assembly of integrated semiconductor devices onto planar, flexible, and curved substrates on the basis of capillary interactions involving liquid solder. The substrates presented patterned, solder-coated areas that acted both as receptors for the components of the device during its assembly and as electrical connections during its operation. The components were suspended in water and agitated gently. Minimization of the free energy of the solder-water interface provided the driving force for the assembly. One hundred and thirteen GaAlAs light-emitting diodes with a chip size of 280 micrometers were fabricated into a prototype cylindrical display. It was also possible to assemble 1500 silicon cubes, on an area of 5 square centimeters, in less than 3 minutes, with a defect rate of approximately 2%.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Jacobs, Heiko O -- Tao, Andrea R -- Schwartz, Alexander -- Gracias, David H -- Whitesides, George M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Apr 12;296(5566):323-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA. hjacobs@ece.umn.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11951039" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 5
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    Hierarchically ordered oxides (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-12-18
    Description: Porous silica, niobia, and titania with three-dimensional structures patterned over multiple length scales were prepared by combining micromolding, polystyrene sphere templating, and cooperative assembly of inorganic sol-gel species with amphiphilic triblock copolymers. The resulting materials show hierarchical ordering over several discrete and tunable length scales ranging from 10 nanometers to several micrometers. The respective ordered structures can be independently modified by choosing different mold patterns, latex spheres, and block copolymers. The examples presented demonstrate the compositional and structural diversities that are possible with this simple approach.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Yang -- Deng -- Zhao -- Feng -- Pine -- Chmelka -- Whitesides -- Stucky -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Dec 18;282(5397):2244-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉P. Yang, D. Zhao, G. D. Stucky, Department of Chemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA. T. Deng and G. M. Whitesides, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA. P. Feng〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9856944" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 6
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    Design and self-assembly of open, regular, 3D mesostructures (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-05-13
    Description: Self-assembly provides the basis for a procedure used to organize millimeter-scale objects into regular, three-dimensional arrays ("crystals") with open structures. The individual components are designed and fabricated of polyurethane by molding; selected faces are coated with a thin film of liquid, metallic alloy. Under mild agitation in warm, aqueous potassium bromide solution, capillary forces between the films of alloy cause self-assembly. The structures of the resulting, self-assembled arrays are determined by structural features of the component parts: the three-dimensional shape of the components, the pattern of alloy on their surfaces, and the shape of the alloy-coated surfaces. Self-assembly of appropriately designed chiral pieces generates helices.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Breen -- Tien -- Oliver -- Hadzic -- Whitesides -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 May 7;284(5416):948-51.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10320372" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 7
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    Dynamic aggregation of chiral spinners (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-04-27
    Description: An object spinning at the surface of a liquid creates a chiral vortex. If the spinning object is itself chiral, its shape modifies the characteristics of the vortex; interactions between that vortex and other vortices then depend on the chirality of the objects that produce them. This paper describes the aggregation of millimeter-sized, chiral magnetized plates floating at a liquid-air interface and rotating under the influence of a rotating external magnetic field. This external field confines all the plates at densities that cause the vortices they generate to interact strongly. For one set of plates investigated, plates of one chirality attract one another, and plates of the other chirality repel other plates of both chiralities.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Grzybowski, Bartosz A -- Whitesides, George M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Apr 26;296(5568):718-21.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA. bgrzybowskigmwgroup.harvard.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11976449" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 8
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    Mirrorless lasing from mesostructured waveguides patterned by soft lithography (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-01-22
    Description: Mesostructured silica waveguide arrays were fabricated with a combination of acidic sol-gel block copolymer templating chemistry and soft lithography. Waveguiding was enabled by the use of a low-refractive index (1.15) mesoporous silica thin film support. When the mesostructure was doped with the laser dye rhodamine 6G, amplified spontaneous emission was observed with a low pumping threshold of 10 kilowatts per square centimeter, attributed to the mesostructure's ability to prevent aggregation of the dye molecules even at relatively high loadings within the organized high-surface area mesochannels of the waveguides. These highly processible, self-assembling mesostructured host media and claddings may have potential for the fabrication of integrated optical circuits.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Yang -- Wirnsberger -- Huang -- Cordero -- McGehee -- Scott -- Deng -- Whitesides -- Chmelka -- Buratto -- Stucky -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Jan 21;287(5452):465-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering, Department of Materials, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA. Department of Chemistry, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10642543" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 9
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    Submicrometer patterning of charge in thin-film electrets (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-03-07
    Description: Thin-film electrets have been patterned with trapped charge with submicrometer resolution using a flexible, electrically conductive electrode. A poly(dimethylsiloxane) stamp, patterned in bas-relief and supporting an 80-nanometer-thick gold film, is brought into contact with an 80-nanometer-thick film of poly(methylmethacrylate) supported on n-doped silicon. A voltage pulse between the gold film and the silicon transfers charge at the contact areas between the gold and the polymer electret. Areas as large as 1 square centimeter were patterned with trapped charges at a resolution better than 150 nanometers in less than 20 seconds. This process provides a new method for patterning; it suggests possible methods for high-density, charge-based data storage and for high-resolution charge-based printing.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Jacobs, H O -- Whitesides, G M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Mar 2;291(5509):1763-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA. hjacobs@gmwgroup.harvard.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11230687" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 10
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    Chaotic mixer for microchannels (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-01-26
    Description: It is difficult to mix solutions in microchannels. Under typical operating conditions, flows in these channels are laminar-the spontaneous fluctuations of velocity that tend to homogenize fluids in turbulent flows are absent, and molecular diffusion across the channels is slow. We present a passive method for mixing streams of steady pressure-driven flows in microchannels at low Reynolds number. Using this method, the length of the channel required for mixing grows only logarithmically with the Peclet number, and hydrodynamic dispersion along the channel is reduced relative to that in a simple, smooth channel. This method uses bas-relief structures on the floor of the channel that are easily fabricated with commonly used methods of planar lithography.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stroock, Abraham D -- Dertinger, Stephan K W -- Ajdari, Armand -- Mezic, Igor -- Stone, Howard A -- Whitesides, George M -- GM51559/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Jan 25;295(5555):647-51.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA. stroock@fas.harvard.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11809963" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Chemistry, Physical ; Diffusion ; Microchemistry ; Miniaturization ; Physicochemical Phenomena ; Pressure ; *Rheology/instrumentation ; Viscosity
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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