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  • Angiosperms  (85)
  • RFLP  (79)
  • Springer  (164)
  • American Meteorological Society
  • 1995-1999
  • 1990-1994  (164)
  • 1993  (58)
  • 1991  (106)
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Publisher
  • Springer  (164)
  • American Meteorological Society
Years
  • 1995-1999
  • 1990-1994  (164)
Year
  • 1
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Mitochondrial DNA ; RFLP ; Leptinotarsa decemlineata ; Colorado potato beetle ; population genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary This study demonstrates variability in restriction enzyme cleavage sites of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) among four popalations of Colorado potato beetle (CPB). A suite of three enzymes (EcoRI,HpaI,PstI) was sufficient to discriminate among the populations tested. Individuals heteroplasmic for restriction enzyme patterns were found in some populations. Variability in CPB mtDNA should prove useful in efforts to trace the origin and dispersal of the species in North America.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Chloroplast 4.5S rRNA ; Cytosolic and chloroplast 5S rRNAs ; 5.8S rRNA ; 18S rRNA ; Nucleotide sequences ; Phylogenetic trees ; Angiosperms ; Gymnosperms ; Monocotyledons ; Dicotyledons
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Complete or partial nucleotide sequences of five different rRNA species, coded by nuclear (18S, 5.8S, and 5S) or chloroplast genomes (5S, 4.5S) from a number of seed plants were determined. Based on the sequence data, the phylogenetic dendrograms were built by two methods, maximum parsimony and compatibility. The topologies of the trees for different rRNA species are not fully congruent, but they share some common features. It may be concluded that both gymnosperms and angiosperms are monophyletic groups. The data obtained suggest that the divergence of all the main groups of extant gymnosperms occurred after the branching off of the angiosperm lineage. As the time of divergence of at least some of these gymnosperm taxa is traceable back to the early Carboniferous, it may be concluded that the genealogical splitting of gymnosperm and angiosperm lineages occurred before this event, at least 360 million years ago, i.e., much earlier than the first angiosperm fossils were dated. Ancestral forms of angiosperms ought to be searched for among Progymnospermopsida. Genealogical relationships among gymnosperm taxa cannot be deduced unambiguously on the basis of rRNA data. The only inference may be that the taxon Gnetopsida is an artificial one, andGnetum andEphedra belong to quite different lineages of gymnosperms. As to the phylogenetic position of the two Angiospermae classes, extant monocotyledons seem to be a paraphyletic group located near the root of the angiosperm branch; it emerged at the earliest stages of angiosperm evolution. We may conclude that either monocotyledonous characters arose independently more than once in different groups of ancient Magnoliales or that monocotyledonous forms rather than dicotyledonous Magnoliales were the earliest angiosperms. Judging by the rRNA trees, Magnoliales are the most ancient group among dicotyledons. The most ancient lineage among monocotyledons leads to modern Liliaceae.
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  • 3
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    Plant cell reports 12 (1993), S. 293-297 
    ISSN: 1432-203X
    Keywords: Lycopersicon esculentum ; Genetic marker ; Intraspecific genetic map ; DNA polymorphism ; Isozyme ; RFLP ; RAPD
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The existing molecular genetic maps of the tomato, Lycopersicon spp, are constructed based on isozyme and RFLP polymorphisms between tomato species. These maps are useful for certain applications but have few markers that exhibit sufficient polymorphisms for intraspecific analysis and manipulations within the cultivated tomato. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relative potential of RAPD technology, as compared to isozymes and RFLPs, to generate polymorphic DNA markers within cultivated tomatoes. Sixteen isozymes and 25 RFLP clones that were known to detect polymorphism between L. esculentum and L. pennellii, and 313 random oligonucleotide primers were examined. None of the isozymes and only four of the RFLP clones (i.e., 16%) revealed polymorphism between the cultivated varieties whereas up to 63% of the RAPD primers detected one or more polymorphic DNA fragments between these varieties. All RAPD primers detected polymorphism between L. esculentum and L. pennellii genotypes. These results clearly indicate that RAPD technology can generate sufficient genetic markers exploiting sequence differences within cultivated tomatoes to facilitate construction of intraspecific genetic maps.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-203X
    Keywords: Rice (Oryza sativa) ; Genetic Marker ; Genetic Map ; Integrated Linkage Map ; RFLP
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Application of genetic linkage maps in plant genetics and breeding can be greatly facilitated by integrating the available classical and molecular genetic linkage maps. In rice, Oryza sativa L., the classical linkage map includes about 300 genes which correspond to various important morphological, physiological, biochemical and agronomic characteristics. The molecular maps consist of more than 500 DNA markers which cover most of the genome within relatively short intervals. Little effort has been made to integrate these two genetic maps. In this paper we report preliminary results of an ongoing research project aimed at the complete integration and alignment of the two linkage maps of rice. Six different F2 populations segregating for various phenotypic and RFLP markers were used and a total of 12 morphological and physiological markers (Table 1) were mapped onto our recently constructed molecular map. Six linkage groups (i.e., chr. 1, 3, 7, 9, 11 and 12) on our RFLP map were aligned with the corresponding linkage groups on the classical map, and the previous alignment for chromosome 6 was further confirmed by RFLP mapping of an additional physiological marker on this chromosome. Results from this study, combined with our previous results, indicate that, for most chromosomes in rice, the RFLP map encompasses the classical map. The usefulness of an integrated genetic linkage map for rice genetics and breeding is discussed.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: bark storage protein ; gene clustering ; RFLP ; systemic response
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Two wound-inducible cDNAs from poplar leaves show sequence identity to vegetative storage proteins (VSP) that accumulate seasonally in poplar bark tissues. We have compared the genomic organization, cDNA sequences and expression of the genes encoding the wound-inducible cDNAs (win4) with that of a bark VSP (called bark storage protein, or BSP). There appear to be several win4 genes in the poplar genome which segregate as a single locus and are therefore likely to be clustered. The same is true of the BSP genes. The win4 locus is linked (map distance of 5 cM) to the BSP locus, consistent with a common evolutionary origin of the genes. A near full-length win4 cDNA shows 75% sequence identity to BSP cDNAs. Both win4 and BSP are systemically wound-inducible; win4 transcripts accumulate in leaves and stems, whereas BSP transcripts accumulate almost exclusively in stems. A phloem transport-dependent signaling mechanism appears to be involved in systemic win4 expression after wounding. In contrast to BSP gene expression, win4 genes are not expressed in response to short day conditions. The data indicate win4 and BSP genes are differentially regulated, and their products may play important roles in the storage and reallocation of nitrogen in perennial plants.
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  • 6
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    Plant molecular biology 21 (1993), S. 99-108 
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: fusion protein ; Oenothera ; plastome ; RFLP ; unidentified open reading frame
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The chloroplast DNA encodes genes for components of photosynthesis and the transcription-translation machinery; a number of unidentified open reading frames (ORFs) are also present. To determine whether a large ORF in the inverted repeat of chloroplast DNA of tobacco (ORF2280) encodes a chloroplast protein, a conserved region of the ORF was expressed in Escherichia coli. An antibody against the ORF protein was prepared using the purified fusion protein as an antigen. When incubated with proteins from the soluble fraction of tobacco, spinach and Oenothera chloroplasts, the antiserum detects relatively labile polypeptides, which have apparent molecular weights of 170 to 180 kDa. The ORF in tobacco and spinach is large enough to encode a protein of 240–250 kDa, thus it is possible that post-transcriptional or post-translational processing reduces the size of the expression product. Analysis of Oenothera chloroplasts representing four different plastome types revealed endonuclease restriction fragment length polymorphisms in chloroplast DNA indicative of insertion/deletion events in a region of the chloroplast DNA that shared significant sequence similarity with ORF2280. The ORF2280 antiserum was used to demonstrate that there are qualitative differences in the ORF proteins from different Oenothera plastome types.
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  • 7
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    Plant molecular biology 16 (1991), S. 831-839 
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: RFLP ; Oryza ; rice ; genome evolution ; allotetraploid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) were studied in fourteen accessions of CCDD genome allotetraploid wild rice species (Oryza latifolia, O. alta and O. grandiglumis). Fourteen nuclear RFLP markers previously mapped in AA genome-cultivated rice were used as probes. A phylogenetic tree, constructed by parsimony analysis based on RFLPs, grouped the accessions according to their geographic origin from Central or South America. Oryza alta, O. grandiglumis and one accession of O. latifolia grouped together as a subgroup, and our results suggested that the three taxa should be considered as populations of a single complex species. Duplicate loci, representing the two constituent genomes of the allotetraploid, were observed for most RFLP markers. By comparing RFLPs from the allotetraploids with those from a CC genome diploid wild species (O. officinalis), it was possible to detect RFLPs specific for both the CC and DD genomes of the allotetraploid. In inter-accession F2 populations, independent segregation of RFLP markers for CC and DD genomes was observed.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: chromosome assignment ; dihaploid progenies ; heterozygosity ; potato ; rDNA ; RFLP
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Restriction map and organization of rDNA was inferred from analysis of dihaploid progenies of two tetraploid genotypes of cultivated potato. Each tetraploid genotype was characterized by a specific distribution of different types of rDNA repetition units on their four homologous chromosomesII. The genotypes were heterozygous and differed by the kind of units carried by each chromosomeII. Models for the generation of the observed organization are discussed and supported by first cloning studies.
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  • 9
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    Plant molecular biology 22 (1993), S. 437-446 
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: RFLP ; genome ; PFGE ; multicopy markers ; symbiosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) was used to study a cluster of molecular markers in the soybean genome. There were 550 kb per centimorgan (cM) in the cluster, which is close to the calculated average for the whole genome. The analysis was complicated by the presence of duplicated sequences, and some ambiguities arising from this were resolved by using second-dimension conventional electrophoresis to relate physical maps to the RFLP map of soybean. The results show that there is a high degree of conservation of ‘rare cutter’ sites between homoeologous regions. Finally, PFGE can confirm physical linkage of monomorphic copies of markers, which can aid in the study and comparison of homoeologous regions that are invisible to RFLP analysis.
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  • 10
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 82 (1991), S. 393-398 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Maize ; Helminthosporium turcicum race1 ; RFLP ; NILs ; Mapping
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We have identified tight linkage of an RFLP marker to theHt1 gene of maize that confers resistance to the fungal pathogenHelminthosporium turcicum race 1. This was accomplished by the use of four pairs of near isogenic lines (NILs; B73, A619, W153R, and CM105), each differing by the presence or the absence of the geneHt1. SinceHt1 maps to chromosome 2, 26 clones already mapped to this chromosome were labeled and probed against Southern blots of these NILs DNA digested with three restriction enzymes:EcoRI,BamHI, andHindIII. Six markers exhibited an RFLP for at least one pair of NILs. Presumptive linkage was further tested by analyzing the segregation of five of the six markers (one was monomorphic in the cross studied) and resistance toH. turcicum race 1 on 95 F2 individuals from the cross DF20 × LH146Ht. The results indicate a tight linkage between one of the DNA markers,UMC150B, and theHt1 gene.
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  • 11
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 82 (1991), S. 697-703 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: RFLP ; Bamboo ; Phyllostachys ; Chloroplast DNA ; Germplasm screening
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Bamboo species are difficult to identify because flowering material is seldom available and taxonomy is of necessity based on vegetative characters. To evaluate the utility of restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis in bamboo systematics and germplasm screening, a library of random genomic probes from a Phyllostachys nigra PstI library was constructed. Probes from the library were used to screen bamboo germplasm consisting mostly of temperate bamboos of the genus Phyllostachys. RFLP variation was abundant, and species-specific patterns were readily obtained. Chloroplast DNA showed little variation among the bamboo accessions analyzed.
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  • 12
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: RFLP ; PCR ; Rice ; Inheritance ; Nonradioactive
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Thirty mapped Indica rice genomic (RG) clones were partially sequenced from each end. From such sequence data, pairs of oligonucleotides were synthesized to act as primers for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of the corresponding loci in crude total DNA preparations. The PCR products from DNA of Indica varieties were of the sizes expected from the sizes of the corresponding RG clones. However, size polymorphisms were seen between PCR products from Indica and Japonica varieties, and among wildOryza species. Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) was observed between PCR products of Indica varieties simply by electrophoretic analysis of restricted products, without the need for Southern hybridization or radiolabelling. The RFLPs noted between varieties ARC6650 and Phalguna were inherited in recombinant inbred lines derived from a cross between them. The RFLPs were detectable in PCR products amplified from DNA extracted by a simple procedure from single seedlings or leaves, and revealed genetic heterogeneity in cultivated lines. An approach is described that is relevant to the acceleration of classical plant breeding through molecular techniques.
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  • 13
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 83 (1991), S. 89-96 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: RFLP ; Alfalfa ; Genetic diversity ; Phylogenetic tree ; Gene duplication
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) is a major forage crop throughout the world. Although alfalfa has many desirable traits, continued breeding is required to incorporate pest resistances and other traits. We conducted this study to determine the amount of restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) variability present within and between diploid and tetraploid alfalfa populations, and whether or not this variability is sufficient for construction of an RFLP map. Diploid plants from M. sativa ssp. falcata, ssp. coerulea, and ssp. sativa and tetraploid spp. sativa cultivars ‘Apollo,’ ‘Florida 77,’ and ‘Spredor 2’ were included. A total of 19 cDNA clones was probed onto genomic Southern blots containing DNA digested by EcoRI, HindIII, or BamHI. Phylogenetic trees were produced, based on parsimony analysis of shared restriction fragments. Evidence for extensive gene duplication was found; most probes detected complex patterns of restriction fragments. Large amounts of variation are present within all diploid subspecies. M. sativa ssp. falcata plants formed clusters distinct from ssp. sativa or ssp. coerulea plants, which were not distinctly clustered. Some M. sativa ssp. falcata plants were more similar to the other groups than to other plants within ssp. falcata. Variation among tetraploid cultivars showed that Florida 77 and Apollo had more similarities than either showed with Spredor 2. All three cultivars showed large within-population variation, with Apollo being the most diverse and Spredor 2 the least. Based on these results, development of an RFLP map at the diploid level appears possible. Also, differentiation of cultivars, particularly ones of divergent origin, seems possible based on RFLP patterns.
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  • 14
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Pea ; Pea seed-borne mosaic virus ; Disease resistance ; Genome mapping ; RFLP
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The location of sbm-1 on the Pisum sativum genetic map was determined by linkage analysis with eight syntenic molecular markers. Analysis of the progeny of two crosses confirmed that sbm-1 is on chromosome 6 and permitted a more detailed map of this chromosome to be constructed. The inclusion of Fed-1 and Prx-3 among the markers facilitated the comparison of our map with the classical genetic map of pea. The sbm-1 gene is most closely linked to RFLP marker GS185, being separated by a distance of about 8 cM. To determine the practical value of GS185 as a marker for sbm-1 in plant breeding programs, the GS185 hybridization pattern and virus-resistance phenotype were compared in of a collection of breeding lines and cultivars. Three GS185 hybridization patterns were discerned among the lines. A strong association was found between one of these patterns and resistance to PSbMV.
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  • 15
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 86 (1993), S. 181-188 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Sugarcane ; Gramineae ; Tissue culture ; RFLP ; Molecular analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The genomic stability of tissue culture regenerants of sugarcane (Saccharum spp. hybrids, cvs ‘CP721210’, ‘CP68-1067’ and ‘B43-62’) was analyzed by DNA restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). Plants regenerated from calli, cell suspensions, cryopreserved cell suspensions and protoplasts were used. Total DNA isolated from 19 different sources was digested with EcoRI, HindIII, BamHI, BamHI, EcoRI and PstI and probed with six known maize mitochondrial genes (coxI, coxII, atpA, atp6, atp9 and rrn18-rrn5), three random maize mitochondrial cosmid clones, two random maize chloroplast cosmid clones and a wheat Nor locus clone. Hybridization patterns indicated that the variation observed was minor and appeared only in the secondcycle regenerants. No differences were observed among the three cultivars and the regenerants from calli, suspension culture, cryopreserved suspension culture and protoplasts. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) isolated from ‘CP72-1210’ plants and its embryogenic cell suspensions, and bulk samples from all ‘CP72-1210’ regenerants pooled together were digested with EcoRI, HindIII, PstI, BamHI and SalI and probed with three recombinationally active wheat mtDNA clones, K′, K3 and X2. No variation in the mtDNA restriction patterns was observed between the ‘CP72-1210’ plants and its regenerants. However, restriction pattern variation was observed only from EcoRI digestion, and hybridization patterns of K3, K′ and X2 revealed minor variations in the mtDNA of cell suspensions when compared with the DNA of the ‘CP72-1210’ plant. Except for a qualitative variation detected by the X2 probe and minor stoichiometric variations detected by the K3 probe, sugarcane DNAs were found to be stable after plant regeneration.
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  • 16
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 86 (1993), S. 301-307 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: RFLP ; Polyploid ; Nondisjunction ; Interspecific hybrid ; Cottonwood
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary While constructing a genetic linkage map of a hybrid poplar genome (Populus trichocarpa x P. deltoides), we identified several restriction fragment length polymorphismus (RFLPs) for which the parental trees are heterozygous. Although 8 of the 11 F1 hybrid offspring inherited, as expected, single RFLP alleles from each parent, 3 F1 trees in the mapping pedigree inherited both maternal alleles along with a single paternal allele at some loci. Aneuploidy or polyploidy in these 3 F1 trees due to partial or complete nondisj unction during female gametogenesis is the simplest explanation for this finding. Of the 3 f1 offspring with supernumerary RFLP alleles 2 have triploid nuclear DNA contents as measured by fluorescence flow cytometry; the 3rd F1 with supernumerary alleles has a sub-triploid nuclear DNA content and is probably aneuploid. Among the tri/aneuploid hybrids, leaf quantitative traits either are skewed toward those values characteristic of the P. trichocarpa female parent (adaxial stomate density, petiole length: blade length ratio; abaxial color) or show transgressive variation (epidermal cell size). Abaxial leaf color was used to screen a large population of P. trichocarpa x P. deltoides hybrids for further evidence of tri/aneuploidy. In each case where a “white” abaxial leaf surface was observed and the nuclear DNA content measured, the hybrid proved to be tri/aneuploid. All sexually mature female triploids examined were sterile, although the inflorescences completed their development in the absence of embryo formation. The (probably) aneuploid F1 hybrid is a fertile female. Of 15 female P. trichocarpa parents used in crosses to P. deltoides, 10 produced one or more tri/aneuploid hybrid offspring. In an intraspecific cross using a P. trichocarpa female that had produced triploid hybrids with five different P. deltoides males, no tri/aneuploid offpsring were found.
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  • 17
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 86 (1993), S. 329-332 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: RFLP ; Alfalfa ; Genetic map ; Segregation distortion ; Plant breeding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We have developed a restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) linkage map in diploid alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) to be used as a tool in alfalfa improvement programs. An F2 mapping population of 86 individuals was produced from a cross between a plant of the W2xiso population (M. sativa ssp. sativa) and a plant from USDA PI440501 (M. sativa ssp. coerulea). The current map contains 108 cDNA markers covering 467.5 centimorgans. The short length of the map is probably due to low recombination in this cross. Marker order may be maintained in other populations even though the distance between clones may change. About 50% of the mapped loci showed segregation distortion, mostly toward excess heterozygotes. This is circumstantial evidence supporting the maximum heterozygote theory which states that relative vigor is dependent on maximizing the number of loci with multiple alleles. The application of the map to tetraploid populations is discussed.
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  • 18
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 86 (1993), S. 811-821 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Brassica ; Interspecific hybridization ; Amphidiploid ; RFLP ; Evolution ; Nuclear ; cytoplasmic interaction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In a previous study we proposed that cytoplasmic genomes have played an important role in the evolution of Brassica amphidiploid species. Based on this and other studies, we hypothesized that interactions between the maternal cytoplasmic genomes and the paternal nuclear genome may cause alterations in genome structure and/or gene expression of a newly synthesized amphidiploid, which may play an important role in the evolution of natural amphidiploid species. To test this hypothesis, a series of synthetic amphidiploids, including all three analogs of the natural amphidiploids B. napus, B. juncea, and B. Carinata and their reciprocal forms, were developed. These synthetic amphidiploids were characterized for morphological traits, chromosome number, and RFLPs revealed by chloroplast, mitochondrial, and nuclear DNA clones. The maternal transmission of chloroplast and mitochondrial genomes was observed in all of the F1 hybrids examined except one hybrid plant derived from the B. rapa x B. oleracea combination, which showed a biparental transmission of organelles. However, the paternal chloroplast and mitochondrial genomes were not observed in the F2 progeny. Nuclear genomes of synthetic amphidiploids had combined RFLP patterns of their parental species for all of the nuclear DNA clones examined. A variation in fertility was observed among self-pollinated progenies of single amphidiploids that had completely homozygous genome constitutions. Comparisons between natural and synthetic amphidiploids based on restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) patterns indicated that natural amphidiploids are considerably more distant from the progenitor diploid species than the synthetic amphidiploids. The utility of these synthetic amphidiploids for investigating the evolution of amphidiploidy is discussed.
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  • 19
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 86 (1993), S. 833-836 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: T. aestivum ; RFLP ; Fingerprint
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Two probes, specific for HMW-glutenins and γ-gliadins have been used to identify 50 common wheat Italian cultivars, most of which are closely related, and four common wheat cultivars originating outside Italy. The probes revealed complex polymorphic patterns; three probe/enzyme combinations had the necessary sensitivity for the identification of all 54 cultivars. As already shown for potato and barley, the use of four-cutter restriction enzymes and polyacrylamide gels proved particularly useful for detecting polymorphism.
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  • 20
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 86 (1993), S. 383-388 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Mitochondria ; Inheritance ; RFLP ; Larix ; Conifers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Restriction fragment length polymorphisms between Larix leptolepis and Larix decidua were identified in heterologous hybridization experiments, using wheat mitochondrial DNA probes specific for atp9, coxI, nad3/rps12, and orf25. Analysis of eight individuals of each reciprocal hybrid of these two species revealed that mitochondrial DNA was maternally inherited. Furthermore, sequences homologous to wheat orf25 were also identified in Larix gmelini, Larix siberica, Larix olgensis, and Larix laricina, as well as Ginkgo biloba, Picea mariana, Picea glauca and Pinus contorta.
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  • 21
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: DNA ; RFLP ; Soybean ; Genetic map
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Genetic markers were mapped in segregating progeny from a cross between two soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) cultivars: ‘Minsoy’ (PI 27.890) and ‘Noir 1’ (PI 290.136). A genetic linkage map was constructed (LOD ⩾ 3), consisting of 132 RFLP, isozyme, morphological, and biochemical markers. The map defined 1550cM of the soybean genome comprising 31 linkage groups. An additional 24 polymorphic markers remained unlinked. A family of RFLP markers, identified by a single probe (hybridizing to an interspersed repeated DNA sequence), extended the map, linking other markers and defining regions for which other markers were not available.
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  • 22
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 86 (1993), S. 573-578 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: COXI ; COXII ; Maternal inerhitance ; mtDNA ; RFLP
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We have studied two mitochondrial DNA polymorphisms in 741 individuals from 16 allopatric populations ofPinus banksiana Lamb. andPinus contorta Dougl. Restriction fragments of both polymorphisms distinguished the two species qualitatively, except in aP. Banksiana population whose ancestors were involved in hybridization withP. contorta.COXI-associated restriction fragments were monomorphic within species, whileCOXII-associated restriction fragments were highly variable inP. contorta (Hes=0.68). Population differentiation was substantial inP. contorta (Fst=0.31 among subspecies; mean Fst=0.66 within subspecies) and consistent with predictions for maternally inherited markers. Plant mitochondrial markers appear to be useful for the investigation of seed migration routes, hybridization and introgression, breeding zone designation, and the development of germ plasm conservation sampling strategies.
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  • 23
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Hordeum vulgare ; Microdissection ; Microcloning ; Chromosome specific library ; RFLP
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We have applied a refined microdissection procedure to create a plasmid library of the barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) chromosome arm 1HS. The technical improvements involved include synchronization of meristematic root tissue, a metaphase drop-spread technique, paraffin protection of the collection drop to avoid evaporation, and a motorized and programmable microscope stage. Thirteen readily-discernible telocentric chromosomes have been excised from metaphases of synchronized root-tip mitoses. After lysis in a collection drop (2 nl), the DNA was purified, restricted withRsaI, ligated into a vector containing universal sequencing primers, and amplified by the polymerase chain reaction. Finally, the amplified DNA was cloned into a standard plasmid vector. The size of the library was estimated to be approximately 44,000 recombinant plasmids, of which approximately 13% can be utilized for RFLP analysis. Tandem repetitive probes could be rapidly excluded from further analysis after colony hybridization with labelled total barley DNA. Analysis of 552 recombinant plasmids established that: (1) the insert sizes ranged between 70 and 1150 bp with a mean of 250 bp, (2) approximately 60% of the clones contained highly repetitive sequences, and (3) all single- or low-copy probes tested originate from chromosome 1HS. Four probes were genetically mapped, using an interspecificH. vulgare xH. spontaneum F2 population. One of these probes was found to be closely linked to theMla locus conferring mildew resistance.
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  • 24
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 86 (1993), S. 837-842 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Androgenesis ; RFLP ; Maize ; Agronomic evaluation ; Gametoclonal variation
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The homogeneity of anther culture-derived lines of maize has been evaluated by means of field observations and molecular markers. The homogeneity of the doubled haploid (DH) lines was shown by the absence of segregation for morphological oligogenic traits. The intravariance for polygenic traits for 42 DH and two conventionally derived lines was similar, which confirmed the homozygosity of the DH lines. More than 100 RFLP markers were tested on 189 DH lines derived from two crosses, DH5 x DH7 and A188 x DH7, and 60 single-seed descent (SSD, F6) lines derived from A188 x DH7. The overall rate of heterozygosity for all of the DH lines was approximatively 1% and pertained to 6 lines out of 189, while it was 8.5% for the SSD lines after four selfings. A precise description of the material used suggested that the events which led to this unexpected heterozygozity in DH lines were more likely to have occurred after rather than during the androgenetic process. Nine duplicated pairs of genotypes were found within the DH lines, indicating that a single microspore-derived structure can fragment to give two identical plantlets. Despite the extensive screening with more than 100 markers, only 2 lines showed unexpected banding profiles, and these were probably gametoclonal variants. The use of a direct regeneration system that avoids any callus phase might explain this low frequency of gametoclonal variation.
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  • 25
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: DNA ; RFLP ; QTL ; Soybean ; Recombinant inbreds
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract An experimental test is described for linkages between RFLP markers and quantitative trait loci (QTL). Two hundred and eighty-four F7-derived recombinant inbred lines (RIL) obtained from crossing the soybean cultivars (Glycine max L. Merr.) ‘Minsoy’ and ‘Noir 1’ were evaluated for maturity, plant height, lodging, and seed yield. RIL exhibiting an extreme phenotype for each trait (earliest and latest plants for maturity, etc.) were selected, and two bulked DNA samples were prepared for each trait. A Southern transfer of the digested bulked DNA was hybridized with restriction fragement length polymorphism (RFLP) probes, and linkages with QTL were established by quantitating the amount of radioactive probe that bound to fragments defining alternative parental RFLP alleles. When an RFLP marker was linked to a QTL, one parental allele predominated in the bulked DNA from a particular phenotype; the other allele was associated with the opposite phenotype. When linkage was absent, radioactivity was associated equally with both alleles for a given phenotype (or with both phenotypes for a given allele). These results confirmed RFLP-QTL associations previously discovered by interval mapping on a smaller segregating population from the same cross. New linkages to QTL were also verified.
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  • 26
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 87 (1993), S. 278-287 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Maize ; RFLP ; Recombination ; Disturbed segregation ; DH/SSD lines
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Doubled-haploid (DH) and single-seed-descent (SSD) lines in maize have been compared for quantitatively inherited traits and for RFLP markers. The comparisons of the distributions for agromorphological traits do not allow definite conclusions to be drawn on the similarity of the two reproductive systems. We have used more than 100 RFLP markers to provide a precise description of the parental allele frequency and the recombination fractions. A comparison of two DH populations shows that non-random meiotic reassortment is influenced by differences in the anther culture capacities of the two parental lines. For the DH lines derived from the cross DH5 x DH7, involving two responsive lines in anther culture, the distortion in segregation (P 〈 0.05) affected less than 20% of the genome with half of the deviations towards each parent. DH lines derived from the cross A188 x DH7, where A188 is a non-responsive line, showed more than twice this level of distortion and an excess of DH7 alleles was found for almost all of the skewed loci. The recombination fractions were homogeneous between the two DH populations for most of the genome. The genome sizes calculated with the DH and the SSD lines derived from the same cross, A188 x DH7, were also similar, which suggests that no selection against recombinant gametes occurs during anther culture. The observed recombination fraction after five meioses (SSD) is on average twice as large as after one meiosis (DH). No difference is observed for recombination fractions greater than 20%. Despite a precise description of the material at the molecular level, it has not been possible to make a definite conclusion as to whether or not the differences in some morphological characters are the consequences of differences in the segregation ratio and/or the recombination frequency. However, the agromorphological evaluation shows a narrow range in differences between the two types of lines and suggests that the use of DH lines is possible in breeding programmes.
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  • 27
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Lycopersicon esculentum ; L. pennellii ; Fusarium wilt ; RFLP ; Disease resistance
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The inheritance and linkage relationships of a gene for resistance to Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici race 1 were analyzed. An interspecific hybrid between a resistant Lycopersicon pennellii and a susceptible L. esculentum was backcrossed to L. esculentum. The genotype of each backcross-1 (BC1) plant with respect to its Fusarium response was determined by means of backcross-2 progeny tests. Resistance was controlled by a single dominant gene, I1, which was not allelic to I, the traditional gene for resistance against the same fungal pathogen that was derived from L. pimpinellifolium. Linkage analysis of 154 molecular markers that segregated in the BC1 population placed I1 between the RFLP markers TG20 and TG128 on chromosome 7. The flanking markers were used to verify the assignment of the I1 genotype in the segregating population. The results are discussed with reference to the possibility of cloning Fusarium resistance genes in tomato.
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  • 28
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Plasmid-like DNA ; Rice ; Mitochondrial DNA ; RFLP ; Nucleo-mitochondrial DNA transmission
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    Notes: Summary B1 and B2 are small, circular, mitochondrial plasmid-like DNAs found in male-sterile cytoplasm (cms-Bo) of rice. In this study, nuclear sequences homologous to these DNAs were investigated among a number of rice cultivars. Several copies of nuclear B1-and B2-homologous sequences were detected in all examined cultivars, regardless of the presence or absence of the B1 and B2 DNAs in mitochondria, indicating that the existence of the B1- and B2-homologous sequences in the rice nuclear genome was widespread. A restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) was detected for both sequences, and we propose that these DNAs could be useful RFLP markers for the rice nuclear genome. To analyze these nuclear homologues genetically, segregation analysis of the RFLP was carried out in the F2 progenies of an Indica-Japonica rice hybrid. Of the B1 homologues, there were two nonallelic fragments, one specific to the Indica parent and the other to the Japonica. These results indicate that the B1 and B2 homologues were dispersed in the nuclear genome. The integration of B1-homologous DNA into the nuclear DNA may have occurred independently after sexual isolation of the Indica and Japonica rice varietal groups, or a intranuclear transposition of these sequences took place during the process of rice differentiation into the varietal groups.
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  • 29
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Phaseolus interspecific hybrid ; RFLP ; Beans
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    Notes: Summary Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) was determined among P. vulgaris genotypes and Phaseolus species using 19 probes. The incidence of polymorphism was high (70–86%) between species, but relatively low (22–26%) between genotypes of P. vulgaris. Suitable probes were identified for the analysis of P. vulgaris and P. coccineus hybrids. The segregation pattern in F2 populations was Mendelian for two probes (LHB and VEE20) and non-Mendelian for GS-g, CHS, and CHI. Statistical analyses indicated gametic selection with preferential transmission of the P. vulgaris alleles, which may account for the selective recovery of P. vulgaris progeny types observed earlier. The available hybrids of P. vulgaris and P. coccineus and the high degree of interspecific RFLP will facilitate the construction of a linkage map for Phaseolus.
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  • 30
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Rye ; Genetic mapping ; RFLP ; Storage protein ; Isozyme
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A map of chromosome 1R of rye was constructed using 16 molecular and biochemical loci. From long arm to short arm, known-function loci were placed in the order: XAdh — XLee — Glu-R1[Sec-3] — XPpdk-1R — XEm-1R-1 — XEm-1R-2 — Centromere — XNor-R1 —Gpi-R1 — XGli-R1 [Sec-1a] along with six anonymous genomic and cDNA clones from wheat. The map, which spans 106 cM with 12 loci clustered in a 15-cM region around the centromere, shows reasonably good agreement with previously published maps for the centromeric region, whereas the XNor-R1 — Gpi-R1 region gives a much larger distance than previously reported.
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  • 31
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: RFLP ; Potato ; Tomato ; Genetic maps
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    Notes: Summary An RFLP linkage map of the potato is presented which comprises 304 loci derived from 230 DNA probes and one morphological marker (tuber skin color). The self-incompatibility locus of potato was mapped to chromosome I, which is homoeologous to tomato chromosome I. By mapping chromosome-specific tomato RFLP markers in potato and, vice versa, potato markers in tomato, the different potato and tomato RFLP maps were aligned to each other and the similarity of the potato and tomato genome was confirmed. The numbers given to the 12 potato chromosomes are now in accordance with the established tomato nomenclature. Comparisons between potato RFLP maps derived from different genetic backgrounds revealed conservation of marker order but differences in chromosome and total map length. In particular, significant reduction of map length was observed in interspecific compared to intraspecific crosses. The distribution of regions with distorted segregation ratios in the genome was analyzed for four potato parents. The most prominent distortion of recombination was found to be caused by the self-incompatibility locus.
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  • 32
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 85 (1993), S. 784-792 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Wheat ; Rye ; Barley ; RFLP ; Biochemical markers ; Genetic maps
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Genetic maps of the homoeologous group-2 chromosomes were constructed, comprising 114 loci in wheat and 34 loci in rye. These include the genes coding for sucrose synthase, sedoheptulose-1,7-bisphosphatase, a bZIP protein (EmBP-1), a peroxidase and an abscisic acid-induced protein (#7). Overall, gene orders are highly conserved in the genomes of wheat, barley and rye, except for the distal ends of chromosome arms 2BS and 2RS, which are involved in interchromosomal, probably evolutionary, translocations. Clustering of loci in the centromeric regions of the maps, resulting from the concentration of recombination events in the distal chromosomal regions, is observed in wheat and rye, but not in barley. Furthermore, loci for which homoeoloci can be detected in rye and barley tend to lie in the centromeric regions of the maps, while non-homoeologous and wheat-specific loci tend to be more evenly distributed over the genetic maps. Mapping of the group-2 chromosomes in the intervarietal ‘Timgalen’ x ‘RL4137’ cross revealed that the T. timopheevi chromosome segment introgressed into chromosome 2B in ‘Timgalen’ is preferentially transmitted. Recombination is also greatly reduced in that segment.
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  • 33
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Translocations ; Rye ; RFLP ; Genetic maps ; Comparative mapping ; Co-linearity
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    Notes: Summary An RFLP-based genetic map of Secale Cereale has provided evidence for multiple evolutionary translocations in the rye genome relative to that of hexaploid wheat. DNA clones which have previously been mapped in wheat indicated that chromosome arms 2RS, 3RL, 4RL, 5RL, 6RS, 6RL, 7RS and 7RL have all been involved in at least one translocation. A possible evolutionary pathway, which accounts for the present day R genome relative to the A, B and D genomes of wheat, is presented. The relevance of these results for strategies designed to transfer useful genes from rye, and probably other related species, to wheat is discussed.
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  • 34
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 86 (1993), S. 97-104 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Vigna ; Numerical taxonomy ; RFLP ; Asiatic grams ; Cowpea ; Bambara groundnut
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The taxonomy of the genus Vigna has been primarily based on morphological attributes. We have used 27 genomic clones from soybean, common bean, mungbean and cowpea to examine restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) among 44 accessions of different species belonging to four subgenera of the genus Vigna. One accession each of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) and soybean (Glycine max) was included in the study. Total DNA from the various genotypes was digested with one restriction enzyme (Eco RV). Results of a numerical taxonomic analysis showed a high level of genetic variation within the genus with a remarkably higher amount of variation associated with Vigna sp. from Africa relative to those from Asia. The distinctness of the Asiatic grams in subgenus Ceratotropis, cowpea in section Catiang, bambara groundnut (V. subterranean) and members of the subgenus Plectotropis was elucidated by this study. Members of the subgenus Plectotropis were closer in genome homology to those of subgenus Vigna section Catiang than to those of subgenus Ceratotropis. The relative positions of some genotypes to one another on the dendrogram and minimum spanning tree were discussed in regard to hybridisations aimed generating well-saturated genomic maps and interspecies transfer of desirable genes.
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 86 (1993), S. 975-984 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Chemiluminescence ; Genotyping costs ; RAPD ; RFLP ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Three molecular marker protocols, chemiluminescent restriction fragment length polymorphisms (c-RFLPs), radioactivity-based restriction fragment length polymorphisms (r-RFLPs), and randomly amplified DNA polymorphisms (RAPDs) were compared in terms of cost and time efficiency. Estimates of cost of supplies and time requirements were obtained from simulations of maize (Zea mays L.) genotyping experiments utilizing protocols currently in use. The increase in total cost with increasing numbers of individuals genotyped and markers analyzed is higher for RAPDs than for RFLPs. RAPDs were generally found to be more cost and time efficient for studies involving small sample sizes, while RFLPs have the advantage for larger sample sizes. Because of the shorter exposure times involved, c-RFLPs require less time than r-RFLPs to obtain a given amount of information. Variations in the protocols, such as number of re-uses of Southern blots or cost of Taq DNA polymerase per reaction of amplification, also affect the relative merits of RAPDs and RFLPs. Two examples were analyzed where molecular markers are used: a germ plasm survey and quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping in a segregating population. No protocol was found to be the most cost and time efficient over the entire range of sample sizes and number of marker loci studied.
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 87 (1993), S. 81-88 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Theobroma cacao ; RFLP ; Mitochondrial genome ; Chloroplast genome ; Diversity study
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The variability of cocoa (Theobroma cacao) cytoplasmic genomes has been investigated. A total of 177 cocoa clones was surveyed for restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) in chloroplast DNA and in mitochondrial DNA using two restriction endonucleases and various heterologous cytoplasmic probes. A high level of polymorphism was found for the mitochondrial genome. This study points up a structuring of the species that fits with the distinction between the Criollo and Forastero populations. In contrast to all previous analyses, a higher level of polymorphism is found among the Criollo clones while the Forastero clones form quite a homogeneous group.
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  • 37
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Barley ; RFLP ; 5S rDNA ; Genetic mapping ; Physical mapping
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    Notes: Abstract The 5S rDNA locus on the long arm of barley chromosome 2(2H) was genetically mapped in two crosses in relation to 30 other RFLP loci. Comparison of the genetic maps with the previously published physical position of the 5S rDNA, determined by in-situ hybridization, showed that there was a marked discrepancy between physical and genetic distance in both crosses, with recombination being less frequent in the proximal part of the arm. Pooled information from the present study and other published genetic maps showed that at least 26 of the 44 (59%) RFLPs that have been mapped on 2(2H)L lie distal to the 5S rDNA locus even though this region is only 27% of the physical length of the arm. The distribution of RFLP markers is significantly different from expected (P 〈 0.01), implying that the low-copy sequences used for RFLP analysis occur more frequently in distal regions of the arm and, or, that sequences in distal regions are more polymorphic.
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  • 38
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Solanum spegazzinii ; Globodera rostochi ensis ; Nematode resistance ; QTL ; RFLP
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    Notes: Abstract We report the identification and mapping of two quantitative trait loci (QTLs) of Solanum spegazzinii BGRC, accession 8218-15, involved in resistance to the potato cyst-nematode Globodera rostochiensis pathotype Ro1, by means of restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs). For this purpose we crossed a susceptible diploid S. tuberosum with the resistant S. spegazzinii, and tested the F1 population for resistance to the Ro1 pathotype. Since the F1 segregated for the resistance, the S. spegazzinii parent was concluded to be heterozygous at the nematode resistance loci. For the mapping of the resistance loci we made use of RFLP markers segregating for S. spegazzinii alleles in the F1. One hundred and seven RFLP markers were tested in combination with four different restriction enzymes; 29 of these displayed a heterozygous RFLP pattern within S. spegazzinii and were used for mapping. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was applied to test the association of the RFLP patterns of these markers with nematode resistance. Two QTLs involved in disease resistance to Globodera rostochiensis pathotype Ro1 were identified and mapped to chromosomes 10 and 11 respectively.
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  • 39
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 87 (1993), S. 561-567 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Senecio ; Somatic hybrid ; Cybrid ; RFLP ; Isozyme
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Twenty fusants of S. Jacobaea L. (chlorophyll deficient) (x) fuchsii Gmel. (wild-type) were investigated by studying chromosome number, isozymes, and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). Sublines were established from primary shoots, and clones were grown from isolated protoplasts. Out of the 12 hybrid lines 9 had the amphidiploid chromosome number of 80 (2x = 40) as concluded from each one subline. Three hybrid lines showed reduced chromosome numbers between 60 and 76, indicating karyotypic instability. Additive isozyme complements with peroxidase, esterase, malate dehydrogenase, and glutamate-oxalacetate transaminase activities were found. In the RFLP analyses, three ptDNA probes were able to demonstrate the origin of plastomes from either one or both parents, but singular chondriomes from either parent were traced with a mtDNA probe. The results of detailed studies with sublines and clones of two hybrid lines revealed that the chlorophylldeficiency mutation of one parental S. jacobaea clone is located in the genome and that of the other one is located in the plastome. Eight fusant lines were putative cybrids. Mutant plastids were not transmitted into the regenerated putative cybrid shoots. The mtDNA of S. jacobaea alone was detected with a mtDNA probe in seven putative cybrid lines; in one line mtDNA fragments of both the parents were traced. In three lines, the nucleus and the plastids only showed S. fuchsii characters, but the mtDNA was of S. jacobaea.
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  • 40
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Brassica ; Genome ; Isozymes ; RFLP ; Fatty acids
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Six Brassica napus — B. nigra disomic addition lines were characterized by isozyme, fatty acid, and RFLP markers. The markers were arranged in six synteny groups, representing six of the eight chromosomes present in the B. nigra genome. Synteny group 1 displayed high levels of linoleic and linolenic acids in the seeds of the B. nigra parent. Synteny group 3 accumulated higher levels of eicosenoic and erucic acid than B. nigra. Three of the lines transmitted the alien chromosome to 100% of the progeny. The rest had variable transmission rates but all were above 50%. Most of the lines produced disomic addition plants in their progeny, suggesting pollen transmission of the alien chromosome. In addition to the marked lines, six others remained unmarked. These could be grouped into two classes according to their alien chromosome transmission. It is likely that they represent the two other B. nigra chromosomes that remained uncharacterized by the markers. No diploid individuals carrying B. nigra genome-specific markers were detected in the progenies studied.
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  • 41
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Glycine max ; Near-isogenic lines ; Molecular markers ; RFLP ; Linkage ; Genetic map
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A molecular marker analysis of a near-isogenic line (NIL), its donor parent (DP), and its recurrent parent (RP) can provide information about linkages between molecular markers and a conventional marker introgressed into the NIL. If the DP and RP possess different alleles for a given molecular marker, and if the NIL possesses the same allele as the DP, then it is reasonable to presume a linkage between that molecular marker and the introgressed marker. In this study, we examined the utility of RFLPs as molecular markers for the NIL genemapping approach. The allelic status of fifteen RFLP loci was determined in 116 soybean RP/NIL/DP line sets; 66 of the ‘Clark’ RP type and 50 of the ‘Harosoy’ RP type. Of the 1740 possible allelic comparisons (116 NILs x 15 RFLP loci), 1638 were tested and 462 (33.9%) of those were informative (i.e., the RP and DP had different RFLP alleles). In 15 (3.2%) of these 462 cases the NIL possessed the DP-derived RFLP allele, leading to a presumption of linkage between the RFLP locus and the introgressed conventional marker locus. Two presumptive linkages, pK-3 — and pK-472 — Lf i, were subsequently confirmed by cosegregation linkage analysis. Although not yet confirmed, two other associations, pk-7 ab and pK-229 — y 9 seemed to be plausible linkages, primarily because the pk-7 — ab association was detected in two independently derived NILs and both markers of the pK-229 — y 9 association were known to be linked to Pb. The data obtained in this investigation indicated that RFLP loci were useful molecular markers for the NIL gene-mapping technique.
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  • 42
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 81 (1991), S. 221-226 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: RFLP ; Deletion mapping ; Genome evolution
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A series of RFLP and isozyme markers were followed in the progenies of two alien addition lines of Brassica campestris-oleracea. One of the lines, carrying the C genome chromosome 4 as the alien chromosome, was surveyed for six markers. Fifty-four percent of the plants carrying alien chromosomes displayed all the expected makers, whereas the rest had one to five markers missing. The second line for C genome chromosome 5 displayed a similar behavior when surveyed for three markers. All three markers were transmitted together in 46% of the plants carrying alien chromosomes, whereas the rest carried only one or two of the markers. The loss of markers was associated with reduced chromosome size caused by deletions. The observed chromosome deficiencies permitted deletion analysis for a rough physical mapping and ordering of the markers on the two C genome chromosomes. The deletions observed may represent another mechanism for molding the chromosomes of the Brassica genomes during their evolution.
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  • 43
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 81 (1991), S. 227-232 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Callus cultures ; RFLP ; Zea mays ; Oryza sativa ; Regeneration ; Somaclonal variation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Tissue culture of the Zea mays inbred line A188 resulted in the regeneration of plants having a high level of phenotypic variation compared to seed-grown control plants. To determine how such variation was induced and whether this could be related to specific in vitro culture methods, callus cultures were established and maintained on different, commonly used culture media. Plants were regenerated and the genomic DNA of callus cultures and regenerants analysed for RFLP differences. The results show that regardless of the gene probe used, callus formation resulted in significant deviations from the DNA pattern normally found in seed-grown control plants. Alterations in gene copy number also occurred. As differentiation and organogenesis began, the level of DNA variation fell, and most of the regenerated plants showed a genetic similarity to the controls; those with RFLP differences were the somaclonal variants.
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  • 44
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 81 (1991), S. 397-400 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Hexaploid wheat ; Chromosome-specific ; DNA sequence ; RFLP
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary An unusual genomic DNA clone, PSR454, was isolated from a partial genomic library of wheat. This sequence is moderately repeated and detects at least 30 related sequences, all located in a tight linkage block on the long arm of chromosome 3B. When used as a RFLP probe, PSR454 detects a high level of polymorphism between wheat varieties that carry the sequence. There is no detectable hybridisation to sequences in one-third of the varieties tested, providing an “on-off” polymorphism that can be detected on dot blots, rather than the more resource-consuming conventional Southern analysis.
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  • 45
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 81 (1991), S. 565-570 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Peanut ; RFLP ; Plant breeding ; Genetic diversity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary RFLP variability was studied in eight U.S. peanut cultivars, representing the four market types, and in 14 wild Arachis species accessions, using random genomic clones from a PstI library. Very low levels of RFLP variability were found among the allotetraploids, which included the U.S. cultivars and Arachis monticola, a wild species. The diploid wild species were very diverse, however. RFLP patterns of the allotetraploids were more complex than the diploids, and the two constituent genomes could usually be distinguished. On the basis of RFLP band sharing, A. ipaensis, A. duranensis, and A. spegazzinii appeared most closely related to the diploid progenitor species of the allotetraploids. A dendrogram of relationships among the diploid wild species was constructed based on band sharing.
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  • 46
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 82 (1991), S. 57-64 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Cultivated rice ; Wild rice ; RFLP ; Satellite DNA ; Evolution
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A 352-bp EcoRI fragment from rice DNA was cloned and shown to be a member of a tandem repeat. Sequence determination revealed homologies with human alpha satellite DNA and maize knob heterochromatin specific repeat. This 352-bp sequence is highly specific for the AA genome of rice. However, copy number and sequence organization are variable, depending on the accession analyzed. Several examples of amplification were observed in O. rufipogon and O. longistaminata. Use of resolutive polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and 4-bp cutter enzymes allowed one to distinguish between the Indica and Japonica subtypes of O. sativa. The same method also discriminates between two groups of O. rufipogon, the presumed ancestor of O. sativa, suggesting that the present day Indica and Japonica subtypes originated independently from two O. rufipogon distinct populations.
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 82 (1991), S. 771-776 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Secale cereale ; RFLP ; α-Amylase ; Genetics ; Isozymes
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Rye α-Amy1, α-Amy2, and α-Amy3 genes were studied in the cross between inbred lines using wheat α-amylase cDNA probes. The α-Amy1 and α-Amy2 probes uncovered considerable restriction fragment length polymorphism, whereas the α-Amy3 region was much more conserved. The numbers of restriction fragments found and the F2 segregation data suggest that there are three α-Amy1 genes, two or three α-Amy2 genes, and three α-Amy3 genes in rye. These conclusions were supported by a simultaneous study of α-amylase isozyme polymorphism. The F2 data showed the three individual α-Amy1 genes to span a distance of 3cM at the locus on chromosome 6RL. The genes were mapped relative to other RFLP markers on 6RL. On chromosome 7RL two α-Amy2 genes were shown to be separated by 5 cM. Linkage data within α-Amy3 on 5RL were not obtained since RFLP could be detected at only one of the genes.
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 83 (1991), S. 173-178 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Lycopersicon ; Sex ; Crossing-over ; RFLP
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We have determined that meiotic recombination differs between male and female gametes derived from the same plant. A single F1 plant was backcrossed to each of the parents, Lycopersicon esculentum and L pennellii, as the male (BCE) and female (BCP) parent, respectively. A total of 85 RFLP markers, covering more than 75% of the tomato genome, was used to construct a genetic map for both populations. Since both recurrent parents were homozygous, recombination measured in each population reflects crossing-over rates leading to male (BCE) and female (BCP) gametes. Comparisons were made by interval (genetic distance between two adjacent markers), by chromosome, and for the total length of the genome. Significantly less recombination was observed for male gametes at all levels. No significant relationship was found between areas of reduced recombination and approximate location to the centromere. That selection plays some role could not be eliminated, but no clear evidence was observed for single-locus selection as a major factor in the general reduction of crossing-overs in male gametes.
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 83 (1991), S. 209-216 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Wheat ; Gli-1 loci ; Gliadins ; LMW glutenins ; RFLP
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Probes related to γ-gliadins and to the LMW subunits of glutenin were used to determine the complexity of the Gli-1 loci, by RFLP analysis of euploid and aneuploid lines of bread wheat cv Chinese Spring and durum wheat cv Langdon. The two probes hybridised to separate sets of fragments derived from chromosomes 1 A, 1 B and 1D. The fragments related to the LMW subunit probe had a total copy number in HindIII digests of about 35 in Chinese Spring and 17 in Langdon, with more fragments derived from chromosomes 1D. The fragments hybridising to the γ-gliadin probe could be divided into two classes, based on whether they hybridised to the whole probe at high stringency or to the 3′ nonrepetitive region at moderate stringency. The fragments that failed to hybridise under these conditions were considered to be related to ω-gliadins. The fragments related to γ — and co-gliadins had total copy numbers of about 39 and 16, respectively, in HindIII digests of Chinese Spring, and about 24 and 12, respectively, in Langdon.
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  • 50
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Potato ; G. Rostochiensis ; RFLP ; Marker
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    Notes: Summary Resistance to the root cyst nematode Globodera rostochiensis is an agronomic trait that is at present incorporated into most new potato varieties. Major dominant genes are available that originate from wild and cultivated Solanum species closely related to the cultivated European potato (Solanum tuberosum ssp. tuberosum). One of those genes, H1, from S. Tuberosum ssp. andigena, was mapped to a distal position on potato chromosome V using restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) markers. The H1 locus segregates independently from Gro1, a second dominant gene presumably from S. Spegazzinii that confers resistance to G. Rostochiensis and which has been mapped to chromosome VII. One marker, CP113, was linked without recombination to the H1 locus.
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 85 (1993), S. 513-520 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: RFLP ; RAPD ; Linkage map ; Bean Common Mosaic Virus resistance ; Segregation distortion
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP)-based linkage map for common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) covering 827 centiMorgans (cM) was developed based on a F2 mapping population derived from a cross between BAT93 and Jalo EEP558. The parental genotypes were chosen because they exhibited differences in evolutionary origin, allozymes, phaseolin type, and for several agronomic traits. The segregation of 152 markers was analyzed, including 115 RFLP loci, 7 isozyme loci, 8 random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) marker loci, and 19 loci corresponding to 15 clones of known genes, 1 virus resistance gene, 1 flower color gene, and 1 seed color pattern gene. Using MAPMAKER and LINKAGE-1, we were able to assign 143 markers to 15 linkage groups, whereas 9 markers remained unassigned. The average interval between markers was 6.5 cM; only one interval was larger than 30 cM. A small fraction (9%) of the markers deviated significantly from the expected Mendelian ratios (1∶2∶1 or 3∶1) and mapped into four clusters. Probes of known genes belonged to three categories: seed proteins, pathogen response genes, and Rhizobium response genes. Within each category, sequences homologous to the various probes were unlinked. The I gene for bean common mosaic virus resistance is the first disease resistance gene to be located on the common bean genetic linkage map.
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  • 52
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: CMS ; Wild beet ; Cultivated sugar beet ; RFLP ; MtDNA variability
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    Notes: Summary Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) variation in natural Beta maritima populations has been characterized by way of Southern blot hybridizations of total DNA using non-radioactive probes and chemiluminescent detection. It was found that the previously described N (“normal”) mitochondrial type could be subdivided into three subtypes. A new mitochondrial genotype (type R) was distinguished in addition to the previously described type S. Both are male-sterile cytoplasms and can produce a. segregation of sexual phenotypes in their progenies depending on the nuclear background. The populations contained at least two to four different mitochondrial genotypes.
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  • 53
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Repeated DNA ; Restriction satellite ; RFLP ; Solanaceae ; Species-specificity
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    Notes: Summary Highly repeated DNA of potato (Solanum sp.) was characterized by cloning various major repeated elements of the nuclear genome. The percentage of the nuclear genome of the specific fractions and the restriction enzyme patterns were determined in order to show the distribution and organization of the respective repeats in the genome of Solanum tuberosum cultivars, dihaploid breeding lines and in wild species of Solanum. Several of the clones obtained were represented in a high copy number but showed no informative RFLP patterns. More information was gained from ‘restriction satellite’ repeats. The clone pR1T320 was found to contain satellite repeats (360 bp in length) that are proportionally present in the genome of all Solanum species at frequencies, between 0.5% and 2.6% and which are differently organized. This repeat was also found in the genera Lycopersicon, Datura and Nicotiana. With various restriction enzymes characteristic RFLP patterns were detected. A more or less genus-specific element for Solanum was the 183-bp repeat (clone pSA287; between 0.2–0.4% of the nuclear genome) that was present in the majority of the Solanum species analyzed except S. kurtzianum, S. bulbocastanum and S. pinnatisectum. In a few wild species (prominently in S. kurtzianum, S. demissum and S. acaule) a specific repeat type was detected (clone pSDT382; repeat length approximately 370 bp) that could be used to trace the wild species introduced into S. tuberosum cultivars. The repeats analyzed together with the 18S, 5.8S and 25S ribosomal DNA (1.9–5.2%, corresponding to 1800-5500 rDNA copies) comprised approximately 4–7% of the Solanum genome.
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 86 (1993), S. 173-180 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: DNA fingerprinting ; Grapevine ; RFLP ; rDNA ; Satellite DNA ; Vitis
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    Notes: Summary Repetitive DNA sequences present in the grapevine genome were investigated as probes for distinguishing species and cultivars. Microsatellite sequences, minisatellite sequences, tandemly arrayed genes and highly repetitive grapevine sequences were studied. The relative abundance of microsatellite and minisatellite DNA in the genome varied with the repeat sequence and determined their usefulness in detecting RFLPs. Cloned Vitis ribosomal repeat units were characterised and showed length heterogeneity (9.14–12.15 kb) between and within species. A highly repetitive DNA sequence isolated from V. vinifera was found to be specific only to those species classified as Euvitis. DNA polymorphisms were found between Vitis species and between cultivars of V. vinifera with all classes of repeat DNA sequences studied. DNA sequences suitable for DNA fingerprinting gave genotype-specific patterns for all of the cultivars and species examined. The DNA polymorphisms detected indicates a moderate to high level of heterozygosity in grapevine cultivars.
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 85 (1993), S. 1049-1054 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: RFLP ; Rye ; Dwarfism ; Vernalisation ; Genetic mapping
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    Notes: Summary RFLP mapping of chromosome 5R in the F3 generation of a rye (Secale cereale L.) cross segregating for gibberellic acid (GA3)-insensitive dwarfness (Ct2/ct2) and spring growth habit (Sp1/sp1) identified RFLP loci close to each of these agronomically important genes. The level of RFLP in the segregating population was high, and thus allowed more than half of the RFLP loci to be mapped, despite partial homozygosity in the parental F2 plant. Eight further loci were mapped in an unrelated F2 rye population, and a further two were placed by inference from equivalent genetic maps of related wheat chromosomes, allowing a consensus map of rye chromosome 5R, consisting of 29 points and spanning 129 cM, to be constructed. The location of the ct2 dwarfing gene was shown to be separated from the segment of the primitive 4RL translocated to 5RL, and thus the gene is probably genetically unrelated to the major GA-insensitive Rht genes of wheat located on chromosome arms 4BS and 4DS. The map position of Sp1 is consistent both with those of wheat Vrn1 and Vrn3, present on chromosome arms 5AL and 5DL, respectively, and with barley Sh2 which is distally located on chromosome arm 7L (= 5HL).
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  • 56
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: RFLP ; Mapping ; Barley ; Genome ; Centromeres
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    Notes: Abstract A map of the barley genome consisting of 295 loci was constructed. These loci include 152 cDNA restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), 114 genomic DNA RFLP, 14 random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), five isozyme, two morphological, one disease resistance and seven specific amplicon polymorphism (SAP) markers. The RFLP-identified loci include 63 that were detected using cloned known function genes as probes. The map covers 1,250 centiMorgans (cM) with a 4.2 cM average distance between markers. The genetic lengths of the chromosomes range from 124 to 223 cM and are in approximate agreement with their physical lengths. The centromeres were localized to within a few markers on all of the barley chromosomes except chromosome 5. Telomeric regions were mapped for the short (plus) arms of chromosomes 1, 2 and 3 and the long (minus) arm of chromosomes 7.
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 86 (1993), S. 481-491 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Potato ; Heterozygosity ; Heterosis ; RFLP ; Polyploids
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract It has been theorized that in cross-pollinated polyploid species hybrid vigor is maximized by the frequent occurrence of more than two alleles per chromosomal locus. In polyploid crops this condition of maximum heterozygosity has been reported to be associated with increased yield and optimum field performance. We report herein the first direct test of the maximum heterozygosity hypothesis. Molecular markers were used to examine the association between maximum heterozygosity and several components of yield in three different populations of tetraploid potatoes. The results indicate that the value of maximum heterozygosity is not universal but dependent on the genetic background of the material under evaluation. In a cross between adapted breeding lines, homozygosity was negatively correlated with tuber yield, and maximum heterozygosity was positively correlated with the proportion of tuber yield in the large-size fraction. In contrast, in crosses between adapted and unadapted parents, maximum heterozygosity had no detectable effect on any character. Quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis of the three populations reveals that, regardless of the genetic background, additive genetic effects are more strongly correlated with the components of yield than are any measures of heterozygosity and that some common QTLs may be influencing yield in all three populations.
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 86 (1993), S. 880-888 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: cDNA clones ; RFLP ; Genetic mapping ; Beta-tubulin ; Gene duplication
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    Notes: Abstract The proportion of non-tandem duplicated loci detected by DNA hybridization and the segregation of RFLPs using 90 independent randomly isolated cDNA probes was estimated by segregation analysis to be 17%. The 14 cDNA probes showing duplicate loci in progeny derived from a cross between Arabidopsis-thaliana ecotypes ‘Columbia x Landsberg erecta’ detected an average of 3.6 loci per probe (ranging from 2 to 6). The 50 loci detected with these 14 probes were arranged on a genetic map of 587 cM and assigned to the five A. Thaliana chromosomes. An additional duplicated locus was detected in progeny from a cross between ‘Landsberg erecta x Niederzenz’. The majority of duplicated loci were on different chromosomes, and when linkage between duplicate locus pairs was detected, these loci were always separated by at least 15 cM. When partial nucleotide sequence data were compared with GENBANK databases, the identities of 2 cDNA clones which recognized duplicate unlinked sequences in the A. Thaliana genome were determined to encode a chlorophyll a/b-binding protein and a beta-tubulin. Of the 8 loci carrying beta-tubulin genes 6 were placed on the genetic map. These results imply that gene duplication has been an important factor in the evolution of the Arabidopsis genome.
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  • 59
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: DNA ; RFLP ; QTL ; Genetic map ; Soybean
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    Notes: Abstract Quantitative trait loci (QTL) were mapped in segregating progeny from a cross between two soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) cultivars: ‘Minsoy’ (PI 27.890) and ‘Noir 1’ (PI 290.136). The 15 traits analyzed included reproductive, morphological, and seed traits, seed yield and carbon isotope discrimination ratios (13C/12C). Genetic variation was detected for all of the traits, and transgressive segregation was a common phenomenon. One hundred and thirty-two linked genetic markers and 24 additional unlinked markers were used to locate QTL by interval mapping and one-way analysis of variance, respectively. Quantitative trait loci controlling 11 of the 15 traits studied were localized to intervals in 6 linkage groups. Quantitative trait loci for developmental and morphological traits (R1, R5, R8, plant height, canopy height, leaf area, etc.) tended to be clustered in three intervals, two of which were also associated with seed yield. Quantitative trait loci for seed oil were separated from all the other QTL. Major QTL for maturity and plant height were linked to RFLP markers R79 (31% variation) and G173 (53% variation). Quantitative trait loci associated with unlinked markers included possible loci for seed protein and weight. Linkage between QTL is discussed in relation to the heritability and genetic correlation of the traits.
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  • 60
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Rice blast ; RFLP ; Retrotransposon
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    Notes: Abstract A genetic map of Magnaporthe grisea (anamorph=Pyricularia oryzae and P. grisea), the causal agent of rice blast disease, was generated from segregation data utilizing 97 RFLP markers, two isoenzyme loci and the mating type locus among progeny of a cross between parental strains Guy 11 and 2539. Of the seven chromosomes of M. Grisea, three were resolved by contour-clamped homogeneous electric field (CHEF) electrophoresis, while the remaining four migrated as two doublet bands. By utilizing differences between CHEF mobilities of unresolved chromosomes from the parental strains, Southern analysis with selected markers allowed the chromosomal assignment of all linkage groups. A small translocation involving 1 marker was found in the parental strains used to produce the segregating population from which the map was constructed. Nine classes of repetitive DNA elements were found in the genome of a fungal isolate pathogenic to rice. These occurred only a few times or not at all in the genomes of isolates showing reduced virulence on rice. One repetitive DNA was shown to have structural similarity to the Alu sequences found in primates, a sequence similarity to the copia-like elements of Drosophila, and peptide similarity to transposable elements found in Drosophila, other fungi, and higher plants.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 178 (1991), S. 195-223 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Podostemaceae ; Tristichoideae ; Indotristicha ramosissima ; Rheophytes ; water plants ; life history ; development ; root-shoot model ; leaf-stem intermediates ; phyllotaxis ; flower structure ; systematics
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    Notes: Abstract The developmental morphology ofIndotristicha ramosissima, a submerged rheophyte from South India, is described. Besides creeping organs (called roots) there are branched shoots with two kinds of short-lived photosynthetic appendages: scales and compound structures (called ramuli). These ramuli may be interpreted as leaf-stem intermediates because they combine typical leaf characters (extra-axillary position, determinate growth, subtending an axillary bud) and typical stem characters (nearly radial symmetry, acropetal development with apical meristem, arrangement of the scaly subunits helical or irregular). Floral shoots arise from axillary exogenous buds along the vegetative shoots, occasionally also from endogenous buds along the roots and vegetative shoots. The uppermost scales and ramuli of each floral shoot form a cup-like structure around the base of the terminal flower.Indotristicha is thought to be primitive within theTristichoideae (Podostemaceae). Some morphogenetic switches are postulated in order to deriveIndotristicha from a putative ancestor that still showed the classical root-shoot model typical of most angiosperms.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 178 (1991), S. 225-233 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Gramineae ; Eleusine ; DNA amount ; intra- and interspecific variation ; karyotypes ; hybridisation ; polyploidy ; domestication ; evolution
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    Notes: Abstract 2C nuclear DNA amounts were determined in 30 collections belonging to 10 species ofEleusine. About a 2.5-fold variation in genome size is evident in the genus. The 2C DNA amount in the diploid species ranged from 2.50 pg inE. verticillata to 3.35 pg inE. intermedia. In contrast, the tetraploid species showed a range from 4.95 pg inE. africana to 6.13 pg inE. floccifolia. At intraspecific level 10 collections ofE. coracana, 6 ofE. indica, 4 ofE. africana, 2 ofE. tristachya, and 2 ofE. kigeziensis did not show any significant variation. However, 2 collections ofE. floccifolia, connected with polyploidy, displayed about 90% variation. Polyploid species showed approximately double the genome size of that of their corresponding diploids. An evolutionary increase in DNA amount is evident inE. coracana during the course of its origin and domestication fromE. africana.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 178 (1991), S. 235-245 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Orchidaceae ; Ophrys ; Orchis ; Anacamptis ; Polyploidy ; aneuploidy ; karyology ; systematics
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    Notes: Abstract Studies on chromosome numbers and karyotypes in Orchid taxa from Apulia (Italy) revealed triploid complements inOphrys tenthredinifera andOrchis italica. InO. tenthredinifera there is no significant difference between the diploid and the triploid karyotypes. The tetraploid cytotype ofAnacamptis pyramidalis forms 36 bivalents during metaphase I in embryo sac mother cells. Aneuploidy was noticed inOphrys bertolonii ×O. tarentina with chromosome numbers n = 19 and 2n = 38. There were diploid (2n = 2x = 36), tetraploid (2n = 4x = 72), hexaploid (2n = 6x = 108) and octoploid (2n = 8x = 144) cells in the ovary wall of the diploid hybridOphrys apulica ×O. bombyliflora. Evolutionary trends inOphrys andOrchis chromosomes are discussed.
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    Molecular genetics and genomics 239 (1993), S. 115-121 
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: RFLP ; Disease resistance ; Duplicated sequence ; Recombination ; Linked repeats ; Hypervariable loci
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Rp1 is a disease resistance complex and is the terminal morphological marker on the short arm of maize chromosome 10. Several restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs), which map within 5 map units of Rp1, were examined to determine if they are also complex in structure. Two RFLP loci, which mapped distally to Rp1, BNL3.04 and PIO200075, existed in a single copy in all maize lines examined. These two loci cosegregated perfectly in 130 test cross progeny. Two RFLP loci that map proximally to Rp1 had unusual structures, which have not yet been reported for maize RFLPs; the loci were complex, with variable numbers of copies in different maize lines. One of the loci, NPI285, occasionally recombined in meiosis to yield changes in the number of copies of sequences homologous to the probe. The other proximal locus, detected by the probes NPI422, KSU3, and KSU4, was relatively stable in meiosis and no changes in the number of restriction fragments were observed. The similarity in map position between Rp1 and the complex RFLP loci indicate there may be genomic areas where variable numbers of repeated sequences are common. The structure of these complex loci may provide insight into the structure and evolution of Rp1.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 178 (1991), S. 153-178 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Scrophulariaceae ; Angelonia ; Anthophoridae ; Centris ; Oil flowers ; pollination
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The manner whereby the oil-producing bisaccate flowers ofAngelonia (Scrophulariaceae) are pollinated by female oil-collecting bees is reported for the first time. Observations were made in the Caatinga formation of Pernambuco, NE. Brazil, on four synchronopatric species. These differ in sizes and structural details of the corolla, level of flower exposition, and habitat preferences. All legitimate visitors wereCentris spp. (Anthophoridae):Angelonia hirta was mainly pollinated byC. fuscata andA. pubescens byC. hyptidis; A. bisaccata andA. hookeriana shared an unidentified species. Several exomalopsine, tetrapediine and meliponid bees exploit the flowers less descriminately for oil or pollen, respectively, without regularly contacting anthers and stigma. The flowers are protandrous, and are self-incompatible except those of the annualA. pubescens. After alighting, theCentris bees introduce their front legs simultaneously into each of the pouches and start alternate collecting movements to gather the oil from the trichome elaiophores. While doing so, they are forced by projections of the corolla floor to press their head under the anthers and stigma, whereby pollen is transferred with their frons or clypeus. On account of their collector type and behaviour,C. fuscata andC. spec. are not specialized toAngelonia but may equally exploit other nonrelated taxa for oil, whereasC. hyptidis exhibits oligolecty onA. pubescens. It possesses relatively elongate forelegs with padlike collectors suitable for sweeping the lipids from the scattered glandular hairs inside the divergent spurs of its host. It is the only species that also collects pollen (by buzzing) from the oil host.A. hirta and relatives, provided with dense elaiophore carpets, are, for their part, adapted to “scraping”Centris species with typical oil collectors. Flower and bee phenologies, although largely dependent on the irregular rainfalls, are not always coincident.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 178 (1991), S. 179-194 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Clusiaceae ; Harungana madagascariensis ; Androecium ; stamenpetal complex ; floral nectaries ; floral development ; floral anatomy
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The mature flower ofHarungana madagascariensis (Choisy)Poir. has an androecium of five antipetalous fascicles, consisting of four stamens each. The stamen fascicles alternate with five indented nectary scales. A SEM-study of the floral development, as well as a study of the floral anatomy was carried out to understand whether the nectariferous scales represent staminodia or are receptacular in nature and consequently whether or not the androecium ofHarungana, and theClusiaceae in general, is originally diplostemonous. The five petals originate by the splitting of petal-stamen complexes. Next the upper part of each complex differentiates basipetally in four stamens. The stamens remain fascicled and are lifted on a long stalk at maturity. Five carpel primordia are initiated united in a low ringwall. The five nectary scales appear after carpel inception and develop an external morphology reminiscent of anthers. The floral anatomy reveals an independent origin of sepal median traces and common sepal lateral traces, free petal traces, stamen fascicle traces and alternating vascular tissue which supplies the nectaries. The petal-stamen complexes are the result of a retardation in petal inception, linked with the absorption of petal tissue into the stamen primordia. The development of the stamen fascicles is discussed; it is suggested that they are of a secondary nature and do not appear as a reduction from a multistaminate androecium. The external morphology and vascular anatomy of the scales speaks in favour of a staminodial nature. The comparison with some other species of theClusiaceae gives evidence of a diplostemonous ancestry of the androecium.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 184 (1993), S. 41-76 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Steroids ; sterols ; ecdysones ; brassicanolides ; sapogenins ; saponins ; withanolides ; pregnanes ; cardenolides ; bufodienolides ; oxidation state ; skeletal specialization ; Sporne indices ; herbacity indices ; evolutionary steroid indices
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Abstract The use of steroids as taxonomic markers of the angiosperms was evaluated. To this end evolutionary advancement parameters, based on oxidation state and skeletal specialization of each steroid were calculated. The averages of these values for the steroids registered for a particular plant group were assumed to represent the evolutionary parameters of the plant group. Positive correlations of these chemical parameters and of morphological Sporne indices, as well as of herbacity indices, were observed to constitute a general trend. Furthermore, steroids are not uniformly distributed within a morphologically homogeneous plant group, but are replacement characters. Thus, in spite of their functional importance, steroids can be considered, analogously to many other classes of secondary metabolites, for chemosystematic purposes.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 184 (1993), S. 207-231 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Ericales ; Cladistics ; phylogeny ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A cladistic analysis of theEricales based on morphological, anatomical, embryological, and phytochemical data has been undertaken. Resulting from the analysis, 56 equally parsimonious cladograms were obtained. The tribeEnkiantheae was found to be the sister-group of the rest of theEricaceae, in which theEmpetraceae, theEpacridaceae, Pyrolaceae, andMonotropaceae are forming derived ingroups. It is thus concluded that theEricaceae are a paraphyletic assemblage as presently circumscribed, and thatEmpetraceae andEpacridaceae are better treated as members of theEricaceae.
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  • 69
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Asteraceae ; Robinsonia ; Adaptive radiation ; chloroplast DNA ; ribosomal DNA
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    Notes: Abstract Restriction site mutations in the chloroplast (cpDNA) and ribosomal DNA (rDNA) were examined in 41 populations representing five of the seven recognized species of the genusRobinsonia, which is endemic to the Juan Fernandez Islands. No intraspecific variation was detected for cpDNA but one population of one of the species (R. evenia) had a restriction site mutation in rDNA not detected elsewhere. No restriction site mutations were unique to all species ofRobinsonia relative to the species ofSenecio used as outgroups. All 13 mutations (eight from cpDNA and five from rDNA) are restricted to single species, and thus provide no cladistically useful information within the genus. The distribution of mutations is concordant with the hypothesis of a rapid adaptive radiation ofRobinsonia subsequent to the dispersal of its ancestor to Masatierra.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 184 (1993), S. 259-283 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Asteraceae ; Astereae ; Cladistics ; evolution ; phylogeny ; classification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract TheAstereae were surveyed and the genera arranged in 23 informal groups. The generic groups were used to sample representative genera for a cladistic analysis based on morphological characters. The resulting cladogram was used for discussion of evolution and subtribal classification within the tribe. The lower basic chromosome numbers x = 4, 5, 6, and 8 are interpreted as reductions from a primitive x = 9. The subtribeGrangeinae occupies a phylogenetically basal position as sister group to the rest of the tribe. This may be divided into two large groups, largely corresponding to the homochromousSolidagininae and to the heterochromousAsterinae sensu lato, i.e. including theBellidinae, Hinterhuberinae, Conyzinae, andBaccharidinae. The latter four subtribes are derived within theAsterinae, and hence reduced to synonymy. Several intercontinental relationships indicate that a geographical subdivision of the tribe should be avoided, although in our analysis most of the groups proved to be restricted to one of five major regions.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 185 (1993), S. 99-122 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Asclepiadaceae ; Periplocaceae ; Translator ultrastructure ; translator ontogenesis ; floral evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Ein wesentlicher Unterschied zwischen den beiden FamilienPeriplocaceae undAsclepiadaceae besteht in der Ausbildung der Translatoren, mit deren Hilfe der Pollen von Insekten übertragen wird. Bei denPeriplocaceae kleben die Pollentetraden an dem Translator, dieser selbst haftet mit einer basalen Klebscheibe am Kopf des Pollinators. DieAsclepiadaceae verzichten demgegenüber auf den Klebstoff, die Pollinien sind durch zwei Caudiculae mit einem Klemmkörper verbunden, der am Insekt klemmt. Im Zentrum dieser Arbeit steht die Frage, ob sich zwischen beiden Translatorformen Homologien finden lassen, die eine gemeinsame stammesgeschichtliche Herkunft begründen. Der Translator derPeriplocaceae besteht aus den drei Elementen Klebscheibe (adhesive disc), Stipes (stipe) und Pollenschaufel (spoon). Im typischen Fall sitzt der Stipes dorsal der Klebscheibe an, wodurch die Klebfläche selbst wie ein Stempel nach unten bzw. schräg nach außen gerichtet ist. Demgegenüber ist die geradlinige Anordnung von Stipes und Klebscheibe beiPeriploca graeca eine Ausnahme, die nicht als Basis für den Vergleich mit dem Asclepiadaceen-Translator dienen kann. In der Ontogenese wird der feste Teil der Klebscheibe, das Scutellum, zuerst angelegt und durch basale Sekretaddition als etwa rechtwinklig zur Griffelkopfoberfläche stehende Scheibe hinausgeschoben. Die Bildung des Scutellums erfolgt also von seiner Schmalseite aus. Im nächsten Schritt wird der Stipes-Ansatz am Scutellumrücken gebildet, auf diese Weise entsteht die gewinkelte Verbindung von Klebscheibe und Stipes. Der Anschluß der Pollenschaufel erfolgt etwas später ebenso wie die basale Verlängerung der Klebscheibe. Die Ontogenese zeigt, daß das primäre Element des Periplocaceen-Translators der obere Teil der Klebscheibe mit dem ihm dorsal ansitzenden basalen Stipesabschnitt ist. Innerhalb derAsclepiadaceae bilden die GattungenSecamone undFockea von den übrigen Gattungen abweichend gestaltete Translatoren aus, bei denen die Pollinien nicht an seitlichen Caudiculae, sondern an einer dorsalen Platte befestigt sind. Der morphologische Vergleich ergibt, daß die Translatoren beider Gattungen ausgeprägt plesiomorphe Züge tragen und als Zwischenformen zwischen dem Periplocaceen-Translator und dem elaborierten Asclepiadaceen-Translator angesehen werden können. Der Translator vonSecamone läßt sich mit dem primären Scutellum-Stipes-Komplex derPeriplocaceae homologisieren. Der Klemmkörper selbst entspricht einem nach vorn zusammengeschlagenen Scutellum, der die Pollinien tragende Dorsalfortsatz dem basalen Stipes. Für diese Homologisierung spricht nicht nur die relative Lage der Elemente der verglichenen Translatoren, sondern insbesondere ihre in den Grundzügen übereinstimmende Ontogenese. Von ausschlaggebender Bedeutung ist dabei die von der Schmalseite her erfolgende Bildung des Scutellums, die in der von der Basis aus fortschreitenden Anlegung desSecamone-Klemmkörpers ihre Entsprechung findet. Der Translator der GattungFockea stellt im Sinn des Stetigkeitskriteriums eine Zwischenform zwischen denSecamoneae und den elaboriertenAsclepiadaceae dar. Ohne diese Zwischenform wäre der morphologische Zusammenhang der Translatoren beider Taxa kaum zu belegen.Fockea stimmt mitSecamone in der Ausbildung des dorsalen Fortsatzes zur Pollinienanheftung wie auch in der Anheftung des adulten Translators an die Leitschiene mit Hilfe basaler Klebflächen überein. Eine Weiterentwicklung zeigtFockea in der Verlängerung des Translators parallel zur Griffelkopfoberfläche, die mit einer anfänglichen neuen Bodenbildung einhergeht. Diese neue Längsachse wie auch eine ausgeprägte Bodenstruktur sind charakteristisch für die Translatoren höher entwickelter Asclepiadaceen. Als auffälligstes Unterscheidungsmerkmal kommt bei ihnen die Befestigung der Pollinien mit Hilfe zweier Caudiculae hinzu. Aufgrund fehlender Zwischenstufen ist die phylogenetische Herkunft der Caudiculae bisher nur hypothetisch lösbar. Eine Ableitung von basalen Klebflächen wie etwa beiFockea wird für wahrscheinlich gehalten. Damit sind im elaborierten Asclepiadaceen-Translator nur noch Andeutungen von Elementen zu finden, die mit dem Translator vonSecamone homologisiert werden könnten. Nach den vorliegenden Untersuchungen erscheint der Entwicklungsschritt von der Periplocaceen-Stufe zum einfachsten Klemmkörper derAsclepiadaceae beiSecamone wesentlich geringer als die Evolution des Translators innerhalb derAsclepiadaceae selbst.
    Notes: Abstract This paper deals with the problem of homology between the translators inPeriplocaceae andAsclepiadaceae. Since most differences between the flowers in both families are based on the functional differences in the pollination process, it seems that the question of common ancestry can best be solved by clarifying the problem of the evolution of the translator itself. Ontogenetic investigation has revealed that the central element of the periplocoid translator is the adhesive disc together with the base of the stipe. The translator inSecamoneae (the most primitive tribe inAsclepiadaceae) is homologous to this element, and inSecamone the adhesive disc is transformed into the corpusculum while the stipe is represented by the dorsal process to which the pollinia are attached. The translator in the genusFockea represents an intermediate stage in the further phylogenetic elaboration of the asclepiad translator. It corresponds toSecamone in the development of a dorsal process for the attachment of the pollinia and in the special mode by which the corpusculum is attached to the anther wings. On the other hand, the elongated shape and the formation of a floor in the corpusculum are derived traits pointing to the more highly evolvedAsclepiadaceae, such as theAsclepiadeae. The question of the derivation of the caudicles is discussed and a hypothesis concerning their development from pre-adaptive elements inFockea is put forward. General conclusions are 1. thatPeriplocaceae andAsclepiadaceae are sister groups and that the common ancestor possessed a primitive translator composed of at least the two elements adhesive disc and stipe; 2. that the morphological difference of the translators betweenPeriplocaceae andSecamone is smaller than betweenSecamone and the more advancedAsclepiadaceae.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 187 (1993), S. 1-28 
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    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Rutaceae ; Cytoevolution ; chromosome base numbers ; dysploidy ; polyploidy ; cladistics ; gondwanan forests ; heathlands
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    Notes: Abstract Chromosome numbers for 9 tribes and 73 genera ofRutaceae are examined for the probable chromosome base numbers in these taxa. There is abundant dysploidy and infrageneric polyploidy in the largeRutoideae/Toddalioideae complex. We found that x = 18 was typical for the tribesZanthoxyleae andToddalieae; probably ancestral in theBoronieae and perhaps in theRuteae, Diosmieae, andCusparieae; and characteristic of subfamilyFlindersioideae. Considering the basic position of elements ofZanthoxyleae andToddalieae in the family it appears that diploid x = 18 is ancestral in theRutaceae. The morphologically advancedCitroideae are invariant for x = 9 and may be a product of dysploid reduction.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 187 (1993), S. 29-49 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Ranunculaceae ; Chloroplast DNA ; rearrangements ; mutation frequency ; phylogeny
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    Notes: Abstract Restriction site mapping of chloroplast DNA from 31 species representing 26 genera of theRanunculaceae was performed using eleven restriction endonucleases. The chloroplast genome varies in length from approximately 152 to 160 kb. Length variants are frequent in theRanunculaceae and range from usually less than 300 bp to rarely 1.5 kb. The inverted repeat is extended into the large single copy (LSC) region by 4–4.5 kb inAnemone, Clematis, Clematopsis, Hepatica, Knowltonia, andPulsatilla. Several inversions are present in the LSC-region of the cpDNA in all these genera and inAdonis. The frequency of restriction site mutations varies within the chloroplast genome in theRanunculaceae between 4 and 32 mutations per kilobase, and is lowest in the inverted repeat and the regions containing the ATPase-genes and the genespsaA, psaB, psbA, rpoB, andrbcL. A total of 547 phylogenetically informative restriction sites was utilized in cladistic analyses of the family using Wagner, Dollo, and weighted parsimony. These three parsimony analyses result in different tree topologies. Four, six, and one equally most parsimonious trees were obtained with Wagner, Dollo, and weighted parsimony, respectively. The amount of support for the monophyletic groups was evaluated using bootstrapping and decay analysis. All three parsimony methods suggest thatHydrastis is the sister group to the remainder of theRanunculaceae, and that theAnemone-Clematis group, which shares several derived cpDNA rearrangements, is monophyletic. Only a few of the traditional groups in theRanunculaceae are supported by cpDNA restriction side data. Only Dollo parsimony provides support for the hypothesis thatThalictroideae andRanunculoideae are monophyletic.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 187 (1993), S. 115-125 
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    Keywords: Poaceae ; Secale ; cpDNA variation ; RFLP ; phylogeny
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    Notes: Abstract The chloroplast genomes of 44 accessions ofSecale were surveyed for restriction site polymorphisms. The accessions were chosen to represent the geographic as well as taxonomic range of the genus. Using 12 restriction enzymes a total of 348 sites were detected. Twenty-nine mutation sites were phylogenetically informative and used in a cladistic analysis. Further, a 0.1 kb insertion separatedSecale from the outgroup species. Only the annual speciesS. sylvestre was distinct from the rest of the taxa. Cultivated rye together with both wild annual and wild perennial accessions were mixed among each other. Sequence divergence (p) among taxa ofSecale was low, varying from 0.000 to 0.005, suggesting a rather recent origin of the genus.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 188 (1993), S. 115-123 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Polygonaceae ; Rumex acetosella ; R. acetosella subsp.angiocarpus ; Vegetative growth ; seed size ; population differentiation ; phenotypic plasticity
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    Notes: Abstract Vegetative growth patterns ofRumex acetosella L. were investigated both in experimental conditions and in the field. Plants originating from geographically and ecologically contrasting areas expressed significant differentiation in height, weight, and leaf production, even at early stages. The plants belonging to subsp.angiocarpus grew thaller than other plants. The differences among populations grown in a uniform environment provide evidence for genetic differentiation in morphology. Plants in natural populations were considerably lighter than experimental plants, which intensively produced a large number of rosette leaves. These differences can be attributed to substantial phenotypic plasticity. When the correlation structure among the growth traits was analyzed, seed weight and early plant size appeared to influence future plant size.
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  • 76
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Cell cycle ; Double fertilization ; Endosperm ; Ephedra
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    Notes: Summary Fertilization inEphedra trifurca was examined with a combination of light and fluorescence microscopy. Developmental analysis clearly indicates that double fertilization events, similar to those described inE. nevadensis, regularly occur during the process of sexual reproduction inE. trifurca. In addition to the typical fusion of a sperm nucleus and egg nucleus, a second fertilization event occurs between the second sperm nucleus from an individual pollen tube and the ventral canal nucleus. Both of the fertilization events take place within the confines of an individual egg cell of the female gametophyte. Microspectrofluorometric data demonstrate that each nucleus involved in a sexual fusion event proceeds through the synthesis phase of the cell cycle and increases its DNA content from 1C to 2C before the process of nuclear fusion is completed. Photometric data also confirm that the product of the second fertilization event is equal in DNA content (4C) to the zygotic nucleus derived from the first fertilization event, and is prepared to enter into mitosis as a fully functional diploid nucleus.
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    Pharmacy world & science 13 (1991), S. 70-73 
    ISSN: 1573-739X
    Keywords: Algae ; Angiosperms ; Arthropods ; Bacteria ; Fungi ; Lichens ; Marine animals ; Quinones, naturally occurring
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Angiosperms, fungi (including lichens), and bacteria are the main sources of natural quinones. Small numbers are present in algae, ferns, conifers, sponges, echinoderms, other marine animals, and arthropods. In angiosperms quinones have some chemotaxonomic value at the genus and family level but more surveys are required.
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  • 78
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Cactaceae ; Echinocereus ; Natural hybridization ; systematics ; dioecy ; flavonoids
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    Notes: Abstract The origin ofEchinocereus ×lloydii Britt. & Rose, pro sp. (Lloyd's Hedgehog Cactus) was investigated using comparative morphology, cytology, biochemistry, and particularly, artificial hybridization. Numerous artificial crosses between the putative parentsE. coccineus Engelm. (a species of claret-up cactus) andE. dasyacanthus Engelm. (Texas Rainbow Cactus) were successful, resulting in the production of hundreds of seeds with hybrid embryos. The F1 hybrid progeny (i.e., syntheticE. ×lloydii) grew to sexual maturity in about four and one-half years, whereupon successful backcrosses and F2 generation hybrids were also obtained. The known F1 hybrids closely approximated naturalE. ×lloydii. The fertility of these syntheticE. ×lloydii was high, like their natural counterparts. The populations ofE. ×lloydii in Pecos County, Texas are inferred to have originated as the result of natural interspecific hybridization. It is assumed thatE. ×lloydii or similar plants may arise wherever the parental taxa grow sympatrically.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 178 (1991), S. 125-134 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Annonaceae ; Allozymes ; genetic variation ; systematics ; evolution in tropical woody plants
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    Notes: Abstract Five species ofAnnona and one species fromArtabotrys, Cananga, Polyalthia, andRollinia were investigated in regard to 11 different allozyme loci. Preliminary studies on small population samples ofAnnona suggest genetic uniformity in three species and variability within and between populations in two other species. The allotetraploid origin ofA. glabra is clearly shown by its hybrid enzyme bands. The genetic distance between fiveAnnona species partly corresponds with their morphological relationships; onlyA. muricata appears more separated than is suggested by morphology. A comparison of the five genera demonstrates close relationship betweenAnnona andRollinia. Two enzyme loci are identical within all taxa investigated and possibly may serve as a genetic marker for the family.
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  • 80
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Potato virus X ; Resistance genes ; RFLP ; Solanum tuberosum ; Genetic introgression
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    Notes: Summary Two different chromosomal locations of major genes controlling extreme resistance to potato virus X (PVX) were found by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of two populations segregating for the resistance. The resistance geneRx1 mapped to the distal end of chromosome XII, whereasRx2 was located at an intermediate position on linkage group V in a region where reduced recombination and segregation distortion have also been observed. These linkage anomalies were due to abnormal behaviour of the chromosome contributed by the resistant parent P34. The results presented were obtained using two different strategies for mapping genes of unknown location. One approach was the use of probes revealing polymorphic loci spread throughout the genome and resulted in the mapping ofRx1. The second approach was based on the assumption of possible linkage between the resistance gene and clone-specific DNA fragments introduced from a wild potato species.Rx2 was mapped by adopting this strategy.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 174 (1991), S. 1-4 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Zingiberaceae ; Globba ; Taxonomy ; Flora of Malesia and Malaysia
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    Notes: Abstract Based on personal collections ofGlobba unifolia Ridl. andG. unifolia var.sessiliflora Holtt., the latter is recognized as a distinct species. As the nameG. sessiliflora is already occupied, the nomen novumG. corneri is proposed in honour of Prof. DrE. J. H. Corner, who was the first collector of the plant.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 174 (1991), S. 5-16 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Caryophyllaceae ; Scleranthus ; Floral morphology ; within-population crosses
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract I used a discontinuous population ofScleranthus annuus (Caryophyllaceae) to study the effect of crossing distances on flower morphology of the progeny. Four types of progeny were produced by artificial selfing, crossing with pollen-donors from the same patch in the population, crossing with pollen from donors from other patches in the population and inter-population crosses. The size of gynoecium parts and 12 sepal characters in this petal-lacking species were significantly influenced by the type of cross and the patch in the population from where the seed-parents originated. All comparisons of progeny types except selfed vs progeny produced by within-patch crosses were significantly separated from each other, while all four seed-parent patches used were significantly separated in a multidimensional space.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 174 (1991), S. 17-35 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Solanaceae ; Nierembergia ; Tapinotaspis ; Centris ; Lanthanomelissa ; Paratetrapedia ; Pollination biology ; oil-flowers
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    Notes: Abstract A morphological and anatomical description of the floral syndrome ofNierembergia is given, including a survey of the presence of elaiophores in most of its species, chromatography of the floral oils and observations on the pollinator behaviour. The principal pollinators areTapinotaspis spp. includingT. chalybaea which is endowed with oil collectors on the middle legs. Other exomalopsines (Lanthanomelissa andParatetrapedia) and centridines (Centris) also visitNierembergia for pollen and oil. Based on these observations and on a morphological study of the fertile parts, different pollination modes are recognized and the biogeography and evolution of the genus is discussed.
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  • 84
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Leguminosae ; Medicago truncatula f.laxicycla ; M. laxispira ; Evolution ; adaptation ; seed germination ; chromosome number ; Flora of Libya
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    Notes: Abstract Medicago truncatula is a member ofMedicago sect.Spirocarpos, in which all 34 species have coiled fruit, usually tightly coiled, that permanently retain the seeds. A variant ofM. truncatula from Libya is unique for the species in possessing very loosely coiled fruits, and is here recognized as a new forma,M. truncatula f.laxicycla E. Small. In germination tests of a number of species ofMedicago, the unusual Libyan variant proved to be the only one in which rapid and simultaneous germination of most of the seeds occurred while still within a fruit. The loose coiling of the fruit of the Libyan variety appears to facilitate water entry and seedling escape. Its rapid germination might adapt it to respond quickly to intermittently available moisture, but at the cost of abandoning the strategy of intermittent germination adopted by other populations ofMedicago sect.Spirocarpos.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 174 (1991), S. 47-66 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Poaceae ; Hordeum patagonicum complex ; barley ; Classification ; numerical methods ; evolution
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    Notes: Abstract Seeds of theHordeum patagonicum complex were collected from the field and grown in the greenhouse. The aim was to take a sample of members of the complex, and on the basis of the phenotypic similarities in some morphological and physiological characters, determine whether distinct groups exist. When cluster analyses, to generate hypotheses, and orthodox statistical procedures, for hypotheses obtained a priori, were applied to the reproductive morphology, germination and flowering patterns, onlyH. patagonicum subsp.magellanicum, out of the five recognized taxa, could be distinguished consistently. The remaining four taxa, which overlapped considerably, could be re-formed into three groups whose centroids were different but whose ranges of variation were not distinct from each other. We conclude that the highly cross-compatible members of theH. patagonicum complex, first defined as species and later redefined as subspecies are probably no more than biotypes.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 174 (1991), S. 75-82 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Poaceae ; Triticeae ; Elymus ; Hordeum ; Intergeneric hybrids ; genome analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The results of genome analysis of five hybrids, viz.Elymus patagonicus ×Hordeum procerum, E. patagonicus ×H. tetraploidum, E. angulatus ×H. jubatum, E. angulatus ×H. lechleri, andE. angulatus ×H. parodii, are reported. The genomic constitution ofHordeum tetraploidum andH. jubatum is best given as H1H1H2H2, ofH. lechleri andH. parodii as H1H1H2H2H4H4, ofH. procerum as H1H1H2H2H3H3, and ofElymus patagonicus andE. angulatus as SSH1H1H2H2.
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  • 87
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Campanulaceae ; Campanula isophylla ; C. elatines ; C. elatinoides ; C. fragilis subsp.fragilis and subsp.cavolinii ; C. garganica ; C. fenestrellata subsp.istriaca ; C. portenschlagiana ; Allozyme variation ; heterozygosity ; Flora of Italy and W. Jugoslavia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Abstract Variability and genetic divergence of 11 field populations of seven species of theCampanula elatines andC. fragilis rock-plants group from the Mediterranean and pre-Alpine areas have been studied by starch-gel electrophoretic techniques.Campanula isophylla, C. elatines, C. elatinoides, C. fragilis subsp.fragilis and subs.cavolinii, C. garganica were collected in Italy, whilstC. fenestrellata subsp.istriaca andC. portenschlagiana came from W. Jugoslavia. Twelve enzymatic loci for each population were genetically analysed: PGI-1 and 2, PGM-2, IDH-1 and -2, SKDH, ME, ADH, GOT-2, MPI-1 and -2, SOD-1. The genetic distances among the above mentioned entities have been calculated by Nei's index and depicted in a dendrogram.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 174 (1991), S. 83-91 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Labiatae ; Teucrium sect.Chamaedrys ; Taxonomy ; trichomes ; Flora of Italy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Micromorphology and distribution of trichomes (both secretory and not) in different parts of plants of the five Italian species belonging toTeucrium sect.Chamaedrys have been studied. These characters neatly evidence the differences between the taxa considered; of particular interest are the observations concerning the dense coverage of peltate hairs on the abaxial face of the leaves ofT. flavum subsp.glaucum and the characters contributing to a better identification ofT. marum andT. subspinosum. The importance of the calyx indumentum as distinctive taxonomical character of the genusTeucrium is confirmed, stressing at the same time the necessity of completing the observations at micromorphological level.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 174 (1991), S. 93-101 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Orchidaceae ; Myrosmodes cochleare ; Pollination ; breeding system ; Andes of Venezuela
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Myrosmodes cochleare is a terrestrial orchid restricted to high elevations of the northern Andes. It is self-compatible but not autogamous. Flowering begins at the apex of the inflorescence, but flower size increases steadily towards the base. Fruit set of selfed flowers was found to increase significantly from the apex to the base of the inflorescence. Open-pollinated fruit set was significantly lower than hand-pollinated fruit set overall, but the highest levels occurred in the middle of the inflorescence. Eumenid wasps and a calliphorid fly were observed to pollinate the flowers, but visits were rare and occurred only during infrequent warm periods.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 174 (1991), S. 103-108 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Poaceae ; Triticeae ; Kengyilia habahenensis ; spec. nova ; Taxonomy ; genome analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Kengyilia habahenensis, spec. nova, from the Altai mountains, China, is described morphologically and cytologically. It has 2n = 42 chromosomes, and the genome formula PYS.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 174 (1991), S. 109-114 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Rhamnaceae ; Condalia ; Lipid analysis ; seed protein electrophoresis ; chemical variation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Seed oil composition (sterol esters and sterols) and seed protein profiles ofCondalia microphylla were investigated. The chemical differences observed may be attributed to genotypic changes and could support the existence of infraspecific taxa.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 174 (1991), S. 115-123 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Orchidaceae ; Anacamptis pyramidalis ; A. urvilleana ; Polyploidy ; isolation mechanisms ; speciation ; Flora of the Mediterranean ; Malta
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Anacamptis pyramidalis is a variable and wide-spread European-Mediterranean taxon. Beside a dominant cytotype with 2n = 36 it includes cytotypes with 2n = 54 and 63 in northern Tuscany (and the Eastern Pyrenees) and one with 2n = 72 on Malta. In contrast,A. urvilleana, formerly often misidentified and included inA. pyramidalis, is a monomorphic and distinct species, endemic to the Maltese Islands. It has 2n = 36, can be clearly separated by morphological and anatomical features and is isolated from partly sympatric populations ofA. pyramidalis with 2n = 72 by differences in chromosome number, flowering time and habitat preference.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 174 (1991), S. 125-137 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Liliaceae ; Allium schœnoprasum ; C-banding ; karyotype polymorphism ; geographical variation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Variation in C-banding was studied in seven populations ofAllium schœnoprasum from eastern N. America, including populations referable to var.sibiricum, var.laurentianum, and ± intermediate. 23 bands were recognized on five pairs of chromosomes, and were treated as 23 loci. No banding site was monomorphic throughout the plants studied. The level of polymorphism per population was 〉60%, and the average heterozygosity values varied from 0.21 to 0.27. The various “banding patterns” of chromosomes were shown to depend on the random combination of individual bands. Nei's genetic distances between populations varied from 0 to 0.070 (mean: 0.033). The matrix of genetic distances was analysed by non-metric multidimensional scaling, and the results showed a significant relationship between longitude and population scores on the ordination. The chromosomal data did not clearly discriminate between the two native varieties ofA. schœnoprasum, but were interpreted as a longitudinal cline. It is suggested that studies of C-banding variation in vascular plants should focus on individual banding sites, rather than on whole chromosome banding patterns.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 174 (1991), S. 139-158 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Gentianaceae ; Gentianella germanica ; Gentianella campestris ; Seasonal dimorphism ; seasonal differentiation ; seasonal ecotypes ; flowering time ; aestival and autumnal vicariads ; grazing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Plant samples were collected from 13 populations of the two speciesGentianella germanica andG. campestris. In addition, two samples from populations of grazed plants lacking their main stems were collected. A number of relevant morphological characters were measured, the flowering time, and the habitats of each population were studied. Some ecotypes ofG. germanica with clear differences in flowering time were recognized. Differences in flowering time and morphology between populations ofG. campestris seem to be clinal. The generally accepted theory of seasonal dimorphism with the assumption of separate aestival and autumnal vicariads proves to be inadequate. A hypothesis based upon the effect of human influences on the origin of this ecotypes is suggested.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 174 (1991), S. 159-169 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Fabaceae ; Arachis batizocoi ; A. hypogaea ; Genome analysis ; phylogenetic relationships
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Arachis batizocoi Krap. & Greg. is a suggested B genome donor to the cultivated peanut,A. hypogaea L. Until recently, only one accession of this species was available in U.S.A. germplasm collections for analyses and species variability had not been documented. The objective of this study was to determine the intraspecific variability ofA. batizocoi to better understand phylogenetic relationships in sect.Arachis. Five accessions of the species were used for morphological and cytological studies and then F1 intraspecific hybrids analyzed. Some variation was observed among accessions—for example, differences in seed size, plant height and branch length. The somatic chromosomes of accessions 9484, 30079, and 30082 were nearly identical, whereas, the karyotypes of accessions 30081 and 30097 have several distinct differences. For example, 30081 had significantly more asymmetrical chromosomes 2 and 6 and more median chromosomes 7 and 10, and 30097 had significantly more asymmetrical chromosomes 3 and 10 and more median chromosomes 1 and 5 than accessions 9484, 30079, and 30082. All F1 hybrids among accessions were highly fertile. Meiotic observations indicated that hybrids among accessions 9484, 30079, or 30082 had mostly bivalents. However, quadrivalents were observed when either 30081 or 30097 was crossed with the above three accessions and 30081 × 30097 had quadrivalents, hexavalents and octavalents. The presence of translocations is the most likely cause of multivalent formation inA. batizocoi hybrids. Cytological evolution via translocations has apparently been an important mechanism for differentiation in the species.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 174 (1991), S. 183-195 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Polygonaceae ; Rumex acetosa ; R. acetosella ; Sex ratios ; spatial segregation of the sexes ; environmental correlations ; density effects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Populations ofRumex acetosa andR. acetosella were studied during two growth seasons. The ramet sex ratios ofR. acetosa were always female-biased. InR. acetosella the sex ratios expressed more variation but were mostly female-biased. In both species the sex ratios commonly varied between subpopulations reflecting a partial spatial segregation of the sexes. No marked differences between sexes in vegetative vigour were detected in either species. Interactions between sex ratios, various soil characteristics and population densities were determined. Possible mechanisms for causing biased sex ratios and partial spatial segregation of the sexes are discussed.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 174 (1991), S. 197-211 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Rubiaceae ; Rubieae ; Asperula sect.Oppositifoliae ; sect. nova ; spec. novae:A. rezaiyensis ; A. rechingeri ; Galium spec. novae:G. anguineum ; G. azerbayjanicum ; G. plurifolium ; G. pseudomegalanthum ; G. kandavanense ; G. wendelboi ; G. sojakii ; G. subvelutinum var.oligotrichum ; var. nova ; G. decumbens ; G. problematicum ; stat. nov ; Flora of Iran
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Asperula sect.Oppositifoliae is validated. 2 new species ofAsperula and 7 new species and 1 variety ofGalium from Iran are described, discussed in respect to their affinities and illustrated. 2 subspecies are raised to species rank.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 175 (1991), S. 1-10 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Iridaceae ; Tigridieae ; Leaf anatomy ; systematics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Leaf anatomy is described in 32 species of 16 genera of the New World tribeTigridieae (Iridaceae, Iridoideae), including examples from both subtribesCipurinae andTigridiinae. Both plicate (pleated) and foliated (with flanges, or keel extensions) leaf types occur in both subtribes. However, amongTigridiinae, foliated leaves are restricted toTigridia and differ from the foliated leaves ofCipurinae in that they lack subepidermal marginal sclerenchyma, which is present in all the foliated species ofCipurinae. This indicates that the foliated leaf type has evolved at least twice in the tribe, since the plicate leaf, which most closely resembles the equitant leaf typical ofIridaceae, is probably plesiomorphic.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 174 (1991), S. 213-220 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Orchidaceae ; Platanthera bifolia ; Embryology ; embryo sac ; megasporogenesis ; megagametogenesis ; confocal scanning laser microscopy (CSLM)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Flowers ofPlatanthera bifolia were hand-pollinated and fixed in FPA50 after 2, 5, 7, 14, and 21 days. Ovules, made transparent in Herr's clearing fluid, were investigated using confocal scanning laser microscopy. Pollination initiates the megasporogenesis. Two days after pollination dyads are frequent. Three days later most embryo sacs contain two nuclei. Seven days after pollination the embryo sacs are 4–8-nucleate and some are organized, and a week later all embryo sacs are organized and fertilization takes place. The embryo sac development follows thePolygonum type. Twenty-one days after pollination the egg nuclei have been fertilized and the embryo sacs contain 2- to many-celled embryos. A suspensor is formed during early stages of embryo development but degenerates later. Fertilization of the central nucleus does not lead to endosperm development.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 175 (1991), S. 11-21 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Leguminosae ; Cicer ; Allozymes ; isozyme gene duplication ; phylogenetic relations ; polymorphism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Allozymic variation at 30 isozyme loci was examined electrophoretically in nine annual and one perennial species ofCicer. While most of the accessions examined were monomorphic, species can be differentiated on the basis of their enzyme phenotypes. Several groups of species were identified based upon genetic distance values. For example,C. arietinum, C. reticulatum, andC. echinospermum shared the same alleles for most of the loci exmained. PerennialC. anatolicum is also closely related to this group. Similarly,C. judaicum, C. bijugum, andC. pinnatifidum formed another group. Two annual species,C. chorassanicum andC. yamashitae clustered together, whereasC. cuneatum was the most distantly related species. Correlations were found between genetic distances and geographic distribution. Results from enzyme electrophoresis tend to support the previously reported taxonomic treatments based upon crossability and morphological similarity. However,C. yamashitae, which has been classified in the second crossability group, is quite distinct genetically and morphologically from the remaining species of the group. An isozyme gene duplication observed in the genus suggested the monophyletic origin of the species examined in the present study.
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